WO2006057217A1 - Drg蛋白質を制御するdfrp蛋白質およびその利用 - Google Patents
Drg蛋白質を制御するdfrp蛋白質およびその利用 Download PDFInfo
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- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a DFRP protein that controls DRG protein and a method for controlling DRG protein.
- the developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein (DRG) subfamily constitutes a division of the GTPase superfamily (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- Drg was first identified by the subtractive cDNA cloning method as a gene (NEDD-3) that is expressed at high levels in the developing mouse brain (see Non-Patent Documents 2 to 4).
- NEDD-3 subtractive cDNA cloning method
- Genes homologous to mouse drg have been reported in a wide variety of eukaryotic and archaeal species. These DRG proteins show remarkable similarities, suggesting that the role of DRG in cells is very important. Schenker et al.
- Non-Patent Document 5 conducted a DRG sequence search and reported that the DRG subfamily contains two closely related proteins, DRG1 (original DRG) and DRG2, but these DRG1 proteins And the physiological functions of DRG2 proteins and their regulatory mechanisms have not been elucidated so far.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Leipe, D. D. et al., (2002) Classification and evolution of P— loop GTP ases and related ATPases. J. Mol. Biol. 317, 41-72.
- Non-Patent Document 2 Kumar, S. et al., (1992) Identification of a set of genes with develop mentally down-regulated expression in the mouse brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185, 1155—1161.
- Non-Patent Document 3 Sazuka, T. et al., (1992) DRG: a novel developmentally regulated G TP— binding protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 363—370.
- Non-Patent Document 4 Sazuka, T. et al., (1992) Expression of DRG during murine embryonic development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 371-377.
- Non-Special Publication 5 Schenker, T. and Trueb, B. (1997) Assignment of the gene for a dev elopmentally regulated GTP-binding protein (DRG2) to human chromosome bands 17pl3——>> pl2 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 79, 274-275.
- DRG2 dev elopmentally regulated GTP-binding protein
- An object of the present invention is to elucidate the physiological functions and regulatory mechanisms of DRG proteins (DRG1 and DRG2) which are considered to be important regulators of cell proliferation.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide novel proteins DFRP1 and DFRP2 that specifically bind to DRG1 protein and DRG2 protein and regulate their expression.
- DRG1 and DRG2 have high homology over the entire length. Regions with particularly strong homology include the characteristic G-motif domain that can be the active center of GTPase and the C-terminal TGS domain associated with RNA binding (Ishikawa, K. et al., (2003) Cloning and char acterization of Xenopus laevis drg2, a member of the developmentally regulated GT P-binding protein subfamily. Gene 322, 105-112.). Based on these similarities, the phylogenetic analysis of DRG1 and DRG2 indicates that these proteins are likely to have similar functions. DRG1 and DRG2 belong to separate evolutionary branches ( Li, B. and Trueb, B.
- DRG represents a family of two closely related uTP-Dinding proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1491, 196-204. And Etheridge, N., et al, (1 999 ) Characterization of ATDRG1, a member of a new class of GTP-binding protein s in plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 39, 1113-1126.). Therefore, we hypothesized that DRG1 and DRG2 have distinct functions.
- the present inventors have proposed the physiological function of DRG protein for the first time in the present invention.
- DFRP DRG family regulatory proteins
- DFRP RG family regula tory nrotein
- Two new protein families, DFRP1 and DFRP2 were identified ( Figures 1B and 3).
- DFRP domain One interesting feature of DFRP is the existence of a unique domain that is named DFRP domain by the present inventors and shows high sequence identity among DFRPs (FIG. 1A). It was found that this DFRP domain is essential for binding to the DRG family ( Figure 2). Thus, for evolutionary conservation in eukaryotes, the binding of DFRP to DRG family members and the proper expression of the DRG protein is considered very important.
- SRG TAL-l
- TAL-l a transcription factor involved in hematopoiesis that can bind to DRG1
- over-expresses it also stabilizes the DRG1 protein
- DRG1 protein a transcription factor involved in hematopoiesis that can bind to DRG1 protein
- XH XH (199b; Association of a novel GTP binding protein, DRG, with TAL oncogenic proteins. Oncogene 12, 2343-2350.
- degradation occurs when DRG protein is released from a stable protein complex.
- Such degradation of free DRG molecules can be attributed to ubiquitin activase (El), conjugase (E2) and ligase. (E3) may be mediated by polyubiquitin by concerted action. Specific domains of DFRP can bind to these ubiquitin-related enzymes.
- DFRP2 is a protein that contains other domains such as RING fingers, IBR (In Between Ring fingers), UBA ⁇ UBC, and WD repeat domains, which are characteristic of proteins involved in degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Has an RWD domain often seen.
- two consecutive repeats of CCCH-type Zn fingers of DFRP1 are similar to C3HC4-type and C3H2C3-type RING fingers. We believe that these two Zn-finger repeats may be RI NG finger variants. In addition, one Zn finger can bind to ubiquitin.
- NPL4 novel zinc finger (NZF) domain force ER—associated degradation (ERAD) (Wang, B., Alam, S. L ”Meyer, H H “et al. (2003) Structure and ubiquitin interactions of the conserved zinc finger domain of Npl4. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 20225-20234.) 0 polyubiquitin -associated zinc finger (PAZ)
- PAZ polyubiquitin -associated zinc finger
- Histone deacetylase 6 binds polyubiquitin through its zinc finger ( PAZ domain) and copurifies with deubiq uitinating enzymes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 13425-13430.).
- LEREP04 renamed Faraca et al., was first identified as a gene that is rapidly transcribed in response to erythropoietin (Epo) signaling via the C-terminal truncated Epo receptor in erythroleukemia SKT6 cells.
- Epo erythropoietin
- Epo receptors relay key signals for growth (Shikama, Y., Barber, DL, D 'Andrea, AD and Sieff, CA (1996) A constitutively activated chimeric cytokine r eceptor confers factor-independent growth in hematopoietic Blood lines, Blood 88, 45 5-464.) o When stability is required for DRG1 cell function, the cell induces DFRP1 by such growth signals and consequently initiates DRG1 function. It is possible. However, abnormal expression of the DRG family results in cell transformation or cell cycle arrest (Mahajan, M. A "Park, ST and Sun, XH (1996) Association of an ovel GTP binding protein, DRG, with TAL oncogenic proteins.
- DRG1, DRG2, DFRP1, and DFRP2 are knocked out or knocked down and normal in the same manner as yeast when normal cancer cells that are not cancer cells, normal cells can be obtained by knocking down DRG1, DRG2, DFRP1, and DFRP2. There is a possibility that growth can be attenuated specifically in cancer cells.
- DRG1 and DFRP1 KD cells showed changes in mRNA of various factors. Involved in the stability of ribosomes on mRNA, directly or indirectly controlled mRNA stabilization. it seems to do.
- DFRP1 and DFRP2 are specific regulatory proteins of the DRG family (DRG1 and DRG2), respectively, and possibly suppressed the degradation by ubiquitin by binding, whereby DRG1 and DRG2 It was clarified that the expression of this protein is positively controlled. It was clarified that the expression of DRG1 and DRG2 did not exist!
- DR G1 knockdown cells using the human cancer cell line HeLaS3 have increased cell motility 'invasion' and metastasis capacity, while DRG2 knockdown cells have decreased, and cell adhesion is abnormally enhanced.
- the present invention specifically binds to DRG protein which is an important regulator of cell proliferation.
- DRG protein which is an important regulator of cell proliferation.
- novel proteins DFRP1 and DFRP2 that regulate their expression [1] the polypeptide according to (1) or (2) below,
- amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 consisting of an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted or added in the amino acid sequence from position 234 to position 295, Polypeptide having action ability
- a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 (human DFRP1 amino acid sequence) or SEQ ID NO: 4 (mouse DFRP1 amino acid sequence)
- SEQ ID NO: 9 base sequence of human drgl
- SEQ ID NO: 10 base sequence of mouse drgl
- a DRG1 protein stabilizer comprising the polypeptide according to [1] or [2] or the nucleic acid according to [3] as an active ingredient
- a cell motility inhibitor comprising the polypeptide according to [1] or [2] or the nucleic acid according to [3] as an active ingredient,
- a cancer cell growth inhibitor comprising the nucleic acid according to [6] or [7] as an active ingredient
- a screening method for a cell motility inhibitor comprising the following steps (1) to (3).
- test substance When the binding activity in the presence of the test substance is greater than the binding activity in the absence of the test substance, the test substance is selected as a candidate for cell motility inhibitor [12] And a screening method for a cell motility inhibitor having the step of (2),
- a screening method for a cell motility inhibitor having the following steps (1) and (2):
- a screening method for a cancer cell growth inhibitor comprising the following steps (1) to (3):
- test substance is selected as a candidate for a cancer cell growth inhibitor.
- a DRG2 protein comprising an amino acid sequence having one or more amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted or added in the amino acid sequence from position 132 to position 187 in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 8. Having the ability to interact with
- a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 8
- a gene comprising the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 5 (base sequence of human dfrp2) or SEQ ID NO: 7 (base sequence of mouse dfrp2) (2) A gene that hybridizes under stringent conditions with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 (base sequence of human dfrp2) or SEQ ID NO: 7 (base sequence of mouse dfrp2)
- nucleic acid having an activity of annealing to the transcription product of the gene described in (1) or (2) below, having a length of 15 bases or more, preferably 19 bases or more,
- a gene comprising the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 11 (base sequence of human drg2) or SEQ ID NO: 12 (base sequence of mouse drg2)
- a DRG2 protein stabilizer comprising the polypeptide according to [17] or [18] or the nucleic acid according to [19] as an effective component
- An intercellular adhesion promoter comprising the nucleic acid according to [22] or [23] as an active ingredient
- a cell movement inhibitor comprising the nucleic acid according to [22] or [23] as an active ingredient
- a cancer cell growth inhibitor comprising the nucleic acid according to [22] or [23] as an active ingredient, [28] an intercellular adhesion promoter or cell movement having the following step (1) force (3) Screening method for inhibitors,
- test substance When the binding activity in the presence of the test substance is lower than the binding activity in the absence of the test substance !, the test substance is selected as a candidate for an intercellular adhesion promoter or cell motility inhibitor.
- a screening method for an intercellular adhesion promoter or cell movement inhibitor comprising the following steps (1) and (2):
- a screening method for an intercellular adhesion promoter or cell motility inhibitor comprising the following steps (1) and (2): (1) A step of allowing a test substance to act on a cell having a promoter and a drg2 gene
- a screening method for a cancer cell growth inhibitor comprising the following steps (1) to (3):
- a screening method for a cancer cell growth inhibitor comprising the following steps (1) and (2):
- a method for treating cancer comprising a step of administering the cell motility inhibitor according to [9] or [26] to a patient,
- a method for treating cancer comprising a step of administering the cancer cell proliferation inhibitor according to [10] or [27] to a patient,
- a method for treating cancer comprising a step of administering the intercellular adhesion promoter according to [25] to a patient. Law.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram and a photograph relating to the identification of DFRP.
- A Domain structure and partial sequence alignment of mouse DFRP2 (GIR2) and DFRP1 (LEREP04).
- DFRP1 and DFRP2 had a region of high homology that we named “DFRP domain” (hatched box).
- the peptide sequences of mouse (M. musculus) (Mm), D. melanogaster (Dm) and S. cerevisiae (Sc) DFRP2 and DFRP1 were aligned.
- NCBI accession numbers are XP-125585 (DFRP2—Mm), NP.651227 (DFRP2—Dm), NP_010436 (DFRP2—Sc), NP—0812 10 (DFRPLMn), NP—610401 (DFRP1—Dm) and NP—014734 (DFRP1—Sc).
- B shows the interaction between DFRP2 (GIR2) or DFRP1 (LEREP04) and DRG protein. Extracts of 293T cells co-transfected with FLAG-labeled mouse DRG1 or DRG2, or empty control and Myc-labeled mouse DFRP2 or DFRP1 expression vector were immunoprecipitated using anti-FLAG antibody.
- IP Immunoprecipitation
- C It is a figure shown about the joint assembly in an in vivo. The protein extract of HeLa S3 cells was immunoprecipitated using antibodies against DFRP1, DRG1 and control IgG. The immunoprecipitation complex was then probed with anti-DRG1 antibody. The membrane was repeatedly stripped and re-searched repeatedly with anti-DFRP1 and anti-DRG2 antibodies.
- D Photograph showing immunofluorescence analysis of subcellular localization of DFRP1 and DRG1. HeLa S3 cells were stained with polyclonal antibodies against DFRP1 and DRG1.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram and a photograph showing the necessity of a DFRP domain for binding of DFRP and DRG protein.
- A Structural map of DFRP2 (upper section) and DFRP1 site deletion mutant (lower section). The hatched box indicates the DFRP domain. The gray filled bar corresponds to the highly conserved region of DFRP1 in eukaryotes shown in Figure 1 (A).
- B This figure shows the determination of the essential region of DFRP2 to interact with DRG2.
- GST fusion DFRP2 11 or its site deletion mutant and FLAG label An extract of 293T cells co-transfected with the DRG2 expression vector was incubated with dartathione sepharose beads.
- FIG. 3 is a photograph showing the regulation of DRG protein expression by DFRP.
- A It is a photograph showing an increase in the expression of DRG protein by co-expression with DFRP. Extracts of 293T cells co-transfected with Myc-labeled DRG1 or DRG2 and expression vector or FLAG-tagged DFRP1 or DFRP2 expression vector were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-Myc and anti-FLAG antibodies.
- B A photograph showing inhibition of ubiquitination of DRG protein by DFRP binding.
- the expression vector encoding HA-ubiquitin (Ub) (3 / ⁇ ) and 1 ⁇ LAG-DRG1 (left panel) or DRG2 (right panel) (3 ⁇ g) is Myc-DFRPl or DFRP2 ( 293T cells transfected with 1 or 5 ⁇ g) were treated for 3 hours in the presence (+) or absence ( ⁇ ) of 10 ⁇ M MG132 and then harvested.
- the IP panel and cell lysate were immunoprecipitated using an anti-FLAG antibody.
- the immunoprecipitated complex was searched with an anti-HA antibody to detect a polyubiquitin chain.
- the same membrane was used after repeated stripping and re-searched repeatedly with anti-FLAG and anti-Myc antibodies to detect DRG and DFRP, respectively.
- the black and white arrows indicate full-length Myc-DFRPl and Myc-DFRP2, respectively.
- the amount of protein applied was adjusted so that the amount of FLAG-DRG1 and FLAG-DRG2 was the same in all lanes.
- the loading of each sample was determined by preliminarily assessing the concentration on a separate plot using the same sample.
- the lysate panel and the cell lysate used for immunoprecipitation were analyzed by Western blot using anti-Myc antibody to detect DFRP. Same membrane After stripping the len, it was re-searched with anti-FLAG antibody to detect DRG1 and DRG2. For this membrane, we loaded an equal number of cell extracts onto SDS-PAGE.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph showing the disruption of the dfrpl gene in DT40 cells.
- A Structure of a partial Gallus gallus dfrpl locus and knockout construct. The hatched box indicates the exon of the duckpl dfrpl gene. The left exon contains the ZnF-1 domain.
- Bsr blasticidin
- HisD histidinol
- FIG. 5 is a photograph showing the regulation of DRG1 expression by DFRP1 in vivo.
- A Western blot of DT40 wild type, dfrpl —, —, dfrpl "'mil and dfrpl —, — mA Dl cells (mouse DFRP1 fl or ⁇ Dl (cells rescued in FIG. 2 (A)) (top Panel) and Northern blot (bottom panel) analysis, whole cell extracts separated by SDS-PAGE, then DRG1, DRG2, DFRP1 and tubulin (for internal load control) were detected with antibodies against. membrane iterates Sutoritsubingu was used Shi repeatedly.
- FIG. 6A is a photograph showing the expression analysis of dfrpl and drgl in Xenopus laevis (X. laevis).
- A Spatial expression of dfrpl and drgl transcripts during Xenopus embryonic development.
- A, b ventral view, front left;
- I, j Benzyl alcohol: Embryo clarification with benzyl benzoate (2: 1).
- ba arch; bcs, branch crest segment; bi, blood island; de, developing eye; e, eye; ft), forebrain; hb, hindbrain; hcs, hyoid crest Segment (hyoid crest segment); le, crystal; mb, middle moon; mcs, mandibular crest segment; nc, notochord; ov, otocyst; pr, pronephros; sc, spinal cord; sm, segment ; tnc, trunk nerve trunk.
- FIG. 6BC is a photograph showing the expression pattern of dfrpl and drgl in Xenopus laevis (X. laevis).
- B Photograph showing the tissue-specific expression of dfrpl mRNA in an adult xenopath. Total RNA was isolated from the adult tissue shown and used in the Northern blot method.
- C Temporal expression of dfrpl transcripts during X. laevis embryo development. Xenopus embryos were isolated at the indicated developmental stage and used in the Northern blot method.
- Fig. 7 shows the evaluation of DRG1, DRG2, DFRP1, and DFRP2 knockdown cells by Doxycyclin supplementation and the changes in mRNA expression of genes that control cell motility, morphology and cytoskeleton It is a photograph.
- Fig. 8 is a photograph showing a change in morphology of DRG1 knockdown.
- the lower photo is an enlarged view of the upper photo.
- FIG. 9 is a photograph showing changes in the actin skeleton of DRG1 knockdown cells.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing cell motility evaluation of DRG1 knockdown cells.
- FIG. 11 is a photograph showing the morphological change of DFRP1 knockdown cells. HeLaS3 with DFRP1 RNAi vector introduced (right) and control with an empty vector introduced (left).
- Fig. 12 is a photograph showing a change in morphology of DRG2 knockdown.
- FIG. 13 is a photograph showing a transient morphological change of DRG2 knockdown cells. HeLas3 ⁇ DRG2 RNAi vector introduced (right) and empty vector as a control (left) are shown.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing changes in growth of DRG1 and DRG2 knockdown cells.
- FIG. 15 is a model diagram of control of the DRG family and DFRPs.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram and a photograph showing a crude fraction obtained by centrifuging mouse liver homogenates of DRG1 and DRG2. The left is a diagram showing the fractionation procedure, and the right is a photograph showing the results of Western plot analysis.
- FIG. 17 is a graph and a photograph showing polysome fractionation by sucrose gradient.
- the present inventors have developed a novel protein capable of regulating the expression of these proteins by specifically binding to DRG1 protein and DRG2 protein, which are considered to act as important regulators of cell proliferation.
- DFRP1 and DFRP2 were identified.
- the base sequence of the human dfrpl gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1
- the amino acid sequence of the human DFRP1 protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2
- the base sequence of the mouse dfrpl gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3
- the mouse D The amino acid sequence of the FRP1 protein is SEQ ID NO: 4
- the nucleotide sequence of the human dfrp2 gene is SEQ ID NO: 5
- the amino acid sequence of the human DFRP2 protein is SEQ ID NO: 6
- the base sequence of the mouse dfrp2 gene is SEQ ID NO: 7 shows the amino acid sequence of the mouse DFRP2 protein in SEQ ID NO: 8
- the base sequence of human drgl in SEQ ID NO: 9
- the base sequence of the human drg2 gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 12.
- domain (DFR P domain) force showing high sequence identity between DFRP1 and DFRP2 is essential for binding to the DRG family.
- the DFRP domain In the amino acid sequence of the DFRP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4), the DFRP domain has a 234 position and a 295 position.
- the DFRP domain In the amino acid sequence of the DFRP2 protein (SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 8), the DFRP domain is located at positions 132 to 187.
- the present invention first provides the polypeptide (DFRP1 polypeptide) described in (1) or (2) below.
- the present invention also provides the polypeptide (DFRP1 polypeptide) described in (1) or (2) below.
- a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4.
- amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 one or more amino acids are deleted, inserted, or added, and the amino acid sequence is also a polymorphism capable of interacting with the DRG1 protein.
- the present invention also provides the polypeptide (DFRP2 polypeptide) described in (1) or (2) below.
- a DRG2 protein comprising an amino acid sequence having one or more amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted or added in the amino acid sequence from position 132 to position 187 in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 8.
- the present invention also provides the polypeptide (DFRP2 polypeptide) described in (1) or (2) below.
- a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 8
- amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 8 consists of an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted or added, and is capable of interacting with DRG2 protein.
- protein means a polymer having a plurality of amino acid strengths.
- oligopeptides and polypeptides are also included in the concept of proteins. Proteins are meant to include both those that are not modified from the naturally occurring state and those that are modified. Modifications include acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, flavin covalent bond, heme moiety covalent bond, nucleotide or nucleotide derivative covalent bond, lipid or lipid derivative covalent bond, phosphatidylinositol.
- Examples include white matter degradation, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, arginyl transfer of amino acids to proteins such as RNA-mediated addition, ubiquitin.
- Natural proteins include, for example, DRG protein (including DRG1 protein and DRG2 protein) and DFRP protein (including DFRP1 protein and DFRP2 protein) expressed in cells (tissues) that are considered to be expressed.
- the extract can be prepared by a method using affinity chromatography using an antibody against DRG protein or DFRP protein.
- the recombinant protein can be prepared by culturing cells transformed with DNA encoding DRG protein or DFRP protein.
- “expression” includes “transcription” from a gene or “translation” into a polypeptide and “degradation inhibition” of a protein. “Expression of DRG protein or DFRP protein” means that transcription and translation of a gene encoding DRG protein or DFRP protein occurs, or that transcription or translation of these genes produces DRG protein or DFRP protein. .
- a person skilled in the art will appropriately determine whether or not any polypeptide has the “ability to interact with DRG1 protein” or “ability to interact with DRG2 protein” in (2) above. Can do. For example, it can be determined using the binding activity between the test polypeptide and the DRG1 protein or DRG2 protein as an index. For example, when any polypeptide has binding activity with DRG1 protein or DRG2 protein, the test polypeptide is determined to have “DRG1 protein interaction ability” or “DRG2 protein interaction ability”.
- the present invention also provides the DFRP1 protein or DFRP2 protein in the human or mouse, and a variant (mutant) of these proteins.
- polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 or the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8, and one or more amino acids in the amino acid sequence
- “functionally equivalent” means that the target polypeptide is the same as the polypeptide of the present invention. It has the same biological or biochemical activity or ability. Examples of such ability include ability to interact with DRG1 protein or ability to interact with DRG2 protein.
- the gene of the present invention is encoded using gene amplification technology (PCR) (Current protocols in Molecular Biology edit. Ausubel et al. (1987) Publish. John Wiley & Sons Section 6.1-6.4).
- a primer is designed based on a part of the DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, or 7), and a DNA fragment highly homologous to the DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide of the present invention is isolated, and the DNA Based on the above, it is possible to obtain a polypeptide functionally equivalent to the polypeptide of the present inventor.
- Amino acid mutations may also occur in nature.
- a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids are mutated in the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide of the present invention and functionally equivalent to the polypeptide is also included in the polypeptide of the present invention.
- the number of amino acids to be mutated is usually within 50 amino acids, preferably within 30 amino acids, and more preferably within 10 amino acids (for example, within 5 amino acids).
- amino acid side chain properties include hydrophobic amino acids (A, I, M, F, P, W, Y, V), hydrophilic amino acids (R, D, N, C, E, Q, G , H, K, S, T), amino acids with lunar aliphatic side chains (G, A, V, L, I, P), amino acids with hydroxyl-containing side chains (S, T, Y), amino acids with sulfur atom-containing side chains (C, M), amino acids with carboxylic acid and amide-containing side chains (D, N, E, Q), amino acids with base-containing side chains (R, K, ⁇ ), and amino acids having aromatic side chains (H, F, Y, W) can be mentioned (the parentheses indicate single letter amino acids).
- hydrophobic amino acids A, I, M, F, P, W, Y, V
- hydrophilic amino acids R, D, N, C, E, Q, G , H, K, S, T
- amino acids with lunar aliphatic side chains G, A, V,
- the present invention also provides a nucleic acid encoding the DFRP1 polypeptide of the present invention or a nucleic acid encoding the DFRP2 polypeptide of the present invention.
- the present invention also provides a vector carrying a nucleic acid encoding the DFRP1 polypeptide of the present invention or a vector carrying a nucleic acid encoding the DFRP2 polypeptide of the present invention.
- the vector of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can stably hold (carry) the inserted DNA.
- a pBluescript vector (Stratagene) is used as a cloning vector.
- An expression vector is particularly useful when a vector is used for the purpose of producing the polypeptide of the present invention.
- the expression vector is not particularly limited as long as it is a vector that expresses a polypeptide in vitro, in E.
- coli in cultured cells, or in an organism.
- pBEST vector manufactured by Promega
- E. coli for in vitro expression.
- PET vector manufactured by In vitrogen
- pME18S-FL3 vector GenBank Accession No. A B009864
- pME18S vector Mol Cell Biol. 8: 466-472 (1988) for living organisms
- the insertion of the DNA of the present invention into a vector can be performed by a conventional method, for example, by a ligase reaction using a restriction enzyme site (Current protocols in Molecular Biology edit. Ausubel et al. (1987) Publish. John Wiley). & Sons. Section 11.4—11.11).
- the present invention also provides an antibody against (recognizing or binding to) the DFRP1 polypeptide of the present invention or an antibody against the DFRP2 polypeptide.
- the "antibody” in the present invention is preferably an antibody for which a polyclonal antibody, a monoclonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, a human antibody or a mixture thereof is also selected.
- humanized antibodies, low molecular weight antibodies (including antibody fragments), multispecific antibodies, and antibody modified products are also available. It may be included.
- the DFRP1 polypeptide or DFRP2 polypeptide of the present invention is used for immunization to produce an antibody that binds to the DFRP1 polypeptide or DFR P2 polypeptide of the present invention. It can also be used as a source.
- Antibodies that bind to the DFRP1 polypeptide or DFRP2 polypeptide of the present invention can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art.
- a polyclonal antibody can be obtained as follows. Serum is obtained by immunizing small animals such as rabbits with the DFRP1 polypeptide or DFRP2 polypeptide of the present invention or a fusion protein thereof with GST. This is prepared, for example, by purifying with ammonium sulfate precipitation, protein A, protein G column, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, a DFRP1 polypeptide or DFRP2 polypeptide-coupled affinity column of the present invention, and the like.
- a monoclonal antibody for example, a small animal such as a mouse is immunized with the DFRP1 polypeptide or DFRP2 polypeptide of the present invention, and the spleen is removed from the mouse, and this is ground to isolate cells.
- a clone that produces an antibody that binds to the DFRP2 polypeptide is selected from the fused cells (neubridoma) made by fusing myeloma cells with a reagent such as polyethylene glycol. To do.
- the DFRP1 polypeptide or DFRP2 polypeptide of the invention can be prepared by purification using a coupled column or the like.
- the antibody against the DFRP1 polypeptide or DFRP2 polypeptide of the present invention may be applied to antibody therapy for diseases involving the DFRP protein of the present invention.
- antibody therapy In order to reduce epidemiogenicity, it is preferable to use human antibodies or human antibodies.
- a chimeric antibody is an antibody produced by combining sequences derived from different animals.
- the antibody comprises a mouse antibody heavy chain and light chain variable region and a human antibody heavy chain and light chain constant region.
- Such as an antibody is an antibody.
- a chimeric antibody can be prepared by a known method. For example, DNA encoding an antibody V region and DNA encoding a human antibody C region are ligated, incorporated into an expression vector, and introduced into a host. It is obtained by making it produce.
- the low molecular weight antibody is not particularly limited as long as it includes an antibody fragment in which a part of a full-length antibody (such as whole IgG) is deleted and has an ability to bind to an antigen.
- the antibody fragment is not particularly limited as long as it is a part of a full-length antibody.
- Specific examples of antibody fragments include, for example, Fab, Fab ′, F (ab ′) 2, and Fv.
- Specific examples of the low molecular weight antibody include, for example, Fab, Fab ′, F (ab ′) 2, Fv, scFv (single chain Fv), diabodies, sc (Fv) 2 (single chain (Fv) 2 ) And the like.
- Humanized antibodies are modified antibodies, also referred to as reshaped human antibodies. Humanized antibodies are constructed by transplanting CDRs of antibodies derived from immunized animals into complementarity determining regions of human antibodies. The general genetic recombination technique is also known.
- variable region e.g, FR
- constant region amino acids in the variable region or constant region may be substituted with other amino acids.
- modified antibodies include antibodies bound to various molecules such as polyethylene glycol (PEG).
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- the substance to be bound is not limited.
- it can be obtained by chemically modifying the obtained antibody.
- the antibody against the DFRP1 polypeptide or DFRP2 polypeptide of the present invention is the DFRP1 polypeptide of the present invention! /, which is used for isolation, identification and purification of DFRP2 polypeptide and cells expressing the same. Can do.
- shRNA short hairpin RNA
- DRG1, DFRP1, DRG2, and DFRP2 mRNA DRG1, DFRP1, DRG2, DFR
- RNAi is a double-stranded RNA (hereinafter abbreviated as "dsRNA") consisting of a sense RNA consisting of a sequence homologous to the mRNA of the target gene and an antisense RNA consisting of a complementary sequence. It is a phenomenon that can induce the destruction of the target gene mRNA and suppress the expression of the target gene by introducing it into the cell. RNAi is thus attracting attention as a simple gene knockout method to replace the conventional complicated, low-efficiency gene disruption method by homologous recombination because it can suppress the expression of the target gene. The above RNAi was first discovered in nematodes. 7 (S) (Fire, A. et al.
- dsRNA In vitro, dsRNA is known to target mRNA for cleavage in lysates of early Drosophila embryos or extracts of cultured Drosophila S2 cells (Tuschl T., et al. Genes Dev. 13: 3191-3197, 1999; Hammond SM, et al., Nature 404: 293-296, 2000; Zamore P., et al., Cell 101: 25-33, 2000). In vitro RNAi reactions require ATP (Zamore P., et al., Cell 101: 25-33, 2000).
- RNAi provides a way to inactivate target genes and thus provides a powerful tool for studying gene function in C. eleg ans, Drosophila and plants . Specific inhibition of gene expression can also be obtained by stable and inducible expression of dsRNA in animals and plants (Kennerdell and Carthew Nature Biotechnol. 18: 896-898, 2000; Tavernarakis N. et al., Nature Genetics 24: 18 0-183, 2000; Hammond SM et al "Nature Reviews Genetics 2: 110-119, 2001). In mouse embryo cancer EC cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells, gene inactivation by dsRNA was successful. However (Billy E.
- Rigoadelate (2-5A) synthase which is activated by dsRN A and synthesizes 2-5A, which is required for the activity of a sequence-specific RNase called RNase L (Silverman RH in Ribonucleases: Structures and Functions, eas. D'Alessio, G. and Riordan JF (Academic, New York) pp. 515-551)
- RNase L a sequence-specific RNase called RNase L (Silverman RH in Ribonucleases: Structures and Functions, eas. D'Alessio, G. and Riordan JF (Academic, New York) pp. 515-551)
- the other is protein kinase PKR, its activity
- the type phosphorylates the translation factor eukaryotic cell initiation factor (eIF2), leading to general inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death (Cle mens MJ and Elia A., J. Interferon Cytokine
- RNAi-related proteins such as rde-l, mut-7 and Dicer have been identified (Tabara H. et al., Cell 99: 123-132, 1999; Ketting RF et al., Cell 99: 133-141, 1999; Bernstein E. et al., Nature 409: 363-366, 2 001).
- tandem type has two U6 promoters, each of which independently transcribes sense RNA and antisense RNA.
- the transcribed sense and antisense RNA forms double-stranded RNA in the cell and acts as siRNA.
- the stem-loop type has a single promoter, and has a structure that is a V connecting the sense strand and the antisense strand in a loop downstream of it.
- RNA with this stem-loop RNA structure is processed by a cleavage enzyme dicer or the like to produce siRNA.
- the above “stem loop” is composed of a double-stranded part (stem) caused by hydrogen bonding between inverted repeats existing on single-stranded RNA and a partial force of the loop sandwiched between them. Refers to the structure, also called the hairpin loop.
- RNA molecules capable of inducing RNAi against DRG1, DFRP1, DRG2, and DF RP2 mRNA that form this hairpin loop are also included in the present invention.
- the present invention provides a nucleic acid having an activity of annealing to the transcription product of the gene (dfrpl gene) described in (1) or (2) below.
- the present invention also provides a nucleic acid having an activity of annealing to the transcription product of the gene (drgl gene) described in (1) or (2) below.
- the present invention also provides a nucleic acid having an activity of annealing to the transcription product of the gene (dfrp2 gene) described in (1) or (2) below.
- the present invention also provides a nucleic acid having an activity of annealing to the transcription product of the gene (drg2 gene) described in (1) or (2) below.
- the nucleic acid having an annealing activity for the dfrpl gene or drgl gene, or the transcription product of the dfrp2 gene or drg2 gene in the present invention is preferably a nucleic acid having a length of 15 bases or more, more preferably 19 bases or more ( A nucleic acid having a length of 25 bases or less is preferred.
- Stringent hybridization conditions can be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art. For example, in a hybridization solution containing 25% formamide, 50% formamide under more severe conditions, 4 X SSC, 50 mM Hepes pH 7.0, 10 X Denhardt's solution, 20 g / ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, After prehybridization at 42 ° C, add a labeled probe and incubate overnight at 42 ° C for hybridization.
- the combinations of the above SSC, SDS and temperature conditions are exemplary, and those skilled in the art will recognize the above and other factors that determine the stringency of the hybridization, such as probe concentration, By combining the probe length, hybridization reaction time, etc.) as appropriate. Similar stringency can be achieved.
- probe concentration By combining the probe length, hybridization reaction time, etc.
- dfrpl gene or drgl gene or a dfrp2 gene or drg2 gene in another organism, based on the base sequence of the dfrpl gene, drgl gene, dfrp 2 gene or drg2 gene. Can be obtained as appropriate.
- the present inventors have also found that DFRP1 protein strength specifically stabilizes RG1 protein, and DFRP2 protein specifically stabilizes DRG2 protein. That is, the present invention relates to a DRG1 protein stabilizer comprising a DFRP1 polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding a DFRP1 polypeptide as an active ingredient, or a DRG2 protein stabilizer comprising a nucleic acid encoding a DFRP2 polypeptide or a DFRP2 polypeptide as an active ingredient. I will provide a. The stabilizer is thought to impart stability to the DRG protein and contribute to normal cell growth.
- containing nucleic acid as an active ingredient means t containing nucleic acid as a main active ingredient, and does not limit the content of nucleic acid.
- DRG1 has been knocked down by adding doxycycline (Dox) have an increased ability to move and infiltrate compared to cells without doxycycline.
- Dox doxycycline
- DRG1 is thought to negatively regulate the expression of mRNA, a factor that promotes cell motility. That is, if the DRG1 force S is stabilized, it is considered that the cell has a higher movement speed, and DFRP1, which can stabilize the function of the DRG1, can be used to suppress the cell movement speed.
- the present invention provides a cell motility inhibitor (compound having an action of inhibiting cell motility) comprising the DFRP1 polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the DFRP1 polypeptide as an active ingredient.
- the cell motility inhibitor is a disease caused by, for example, abnormal cell motility (increased tl), such as cancer, solid tumor, tumor metastasis, benign tumor (eg hemangioma, acoustic schwannoma, neurofibroma, trachoma and purulent).
- Granulomas vascular dysfunction, inflammation and immune disorders, Behcet's disease, gout, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular vascular diseases (e.g., posterior lens fibroproliferation, macular degeneration, Corneal transplant rejection, neovascular glaucoma), osteoporosis, various skin diseases accompanied by changes in the activity of fibrinolytic proteases, especially skin irritation caused by stimulation of drying / cleaning agents, etc.
- Behcet's disease e.g., arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular vascular diseases (e.g., posterior lens fibroproliferation, macular degeneration, Corneal transplant rejection, neovascular glaucoma), osteoporosis, various skin diseases accompanied by changes in the activity of fibrinolytic proteases, especially skin irritation caused by stimulation of drying / cleaning
- Skin condition skin condition, cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis, inflammatory bowel disease, precancerous colon adenoma Septic arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (provided direct involvement of excess u-PA production), osteoporosis, cholesterin tumor and excess plasminogen activity
- Some skin and corneal diseases such as corneal ulcers, keratitis, epidermolysis bullosa, psoriasis and pemphigus, trauma, acute circulatory failure, inflammation, thrombosis, splenitis and cancer metastasis and invasion It can be used for the treatment of diseases such as diseases caused by increased activity of proteases.
- the present invention includes cancer, solid tumor, tumor metastasis, benign tumor (eg, hemangioma, acoustic schwannoma, neurofibroma, trachoma, and purulent), comprising the step of administering the cell motility inhibitor to a patient.
- benign tumor eg, hemangioma, acoustic schwannoma, neurofibroma, trachoma, and purulent
- Granulomas vascular dysfunction, inflammation and immune disorders, Behcet's disease, gout, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular vascular diseases (e.g., posterior lens fibroproliferation, macular) Degeneration, corneal transplant rejection, neovascular glaucoma), osteoporosis, various skin diseases with changes in the activity of fibrinolytic proteases, particularly skin with proliferative abnormalities of the epidermis such as rough skin caused by stimulation of dry 'cleansing agents' Condition, aggressiveness and metastasis of cancer cells, inflammatory bowel disease, pre-cancerous colon adenoma, septic arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (provided direct involvement of excess u-PA production), osteo Some skin and corneal diseases that have been shown to be pathogenic due to loci, cholesterol, and excessive plasminogen activity, such as corneal ulcers, keratitis,
- the present invention also provides a cancer, solid tumor, tumor metastasis, benign tumor (eg, hemangioma, acoustic schwannoma, neurofibroma, trachoma, and purulent granulation) of DFRP1 polypeptide or nucleic acid encoding DFRP1 polypeptide.
- benign tumor eg, hemangioma, acoustic schwannoma, neurofibroma, trachoma, and purulent granulation
- Vascular dysfunction e.g., Vascular dysfunction, inflammation and immune disorders, Behcet's disease, gout, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular vascular diseases (e.g., posterior lens fibroproliferation, macular degeneration, Corneal transplant rejection, neovascular glaucoma), osteoporosis, various skin diseases with altered activity of fibrinolytic proteases, especially skin with proliferative abnormalities of the epidermis, such as rough skin caused by stimulation of dry 'cleansing agents' etc.
- Behcet's disease e.g., arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular vascular diseases (e.g., posterior lens fibroproliferation, macular degeneration, Corneal transplant rejection, neovascular glaucoma), osteoporosis, various skin diseases with altered activity of fibrino
- the present invention relates to use in the manufacture of a therapeutic agent for diseases such as diseases caused by enhancement.
- treatment generally means obtaining a pharmacological and Z or physiological effect.
- An effect may be prophylactic in that it completely or partially interferes with the disease or symptom, or may be therapeutic in that it completely or partially treats the symptom of the disease.
- treatment includes all treatment of diseases in mammals, particularly humans.
- the term includes a predisposition to a disease but is still diagnosed and prevents the onset of the patient, suppresses the progression of the disease, or reduces the disease.
- the present inventors have found that the cells in which DRG2 is knocked down have very high cell-cell adhesion and reduced cell motility. In other words, it stabilizes the function of DRG2, suppresses the function or activity of DFRP2, suppresses the function or activity of dfrp2 gene, or has the activity of annealing to the drg2 gene transcript.
- the nucleic acid is considered to have an action of promoting cell-cell adhesion or an action of reducing cell motility.
- the present invention provides an intercellular adhesion promoter (an action that promotes intercellular adhesion), which comprises, as an active ingredient, a nucleic acid that has an activity of annealing to the transcription product of the dfrp2 gene or drg2 gene of the present invention.
- a cell motility inhibitor (a compound having an action of inhibiting cell motility).
- Such cell motility inhibitors are cancers, solid tumors, tumor metastases, benign tumors (e.g.
- skin diseases accompanied by changes in activity, especially dryness Skin conditions that cause proliferative abnormalities of the epidermis such as rough skin, invasive and metastatic cancer cells, inflammatory bowel disease, precancerous colon adenoma, septic arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis ( Direct involvement of excess u-PA production has been demonstrated), osteoporosis, cholesterol tumors, and some skin and corneal diseases that have been shown to be caused by excessive plasminogen activity such
- the present invention includes cancer, solid tumor, tumor metastasis, benign tumor (for example, hemangioma, acoustic schwannoma, neurofibroma, trachoma and suppuration), which comprises the step of administering the cell motility inhibitor to a patient.
- benign tumor for example, hemangioma, acoustic schwannoma, neurofibroma, trachoma and suppuration
- Granulomas vascular dysfunction, inflammation and immune disorders, Behcet's disease, gout, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular vascular diseases (e.g., posterior lens fibroproliferation, macular) (Degeneration, corneal transplant rejection, neovascular glaucoma), osteoporosis, various skin diseases accompanied by changes in the activity of fibrinolytic proteases, especially rough skin caused by stimulation of dry 'cleansing agents', such as acne, proliferative abnormalities of the epidermis Perceived skin condition, cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis, inflammatory bowel disease, precancerous colon adenoma, septic arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (provided direct involvement of excess u-PA production) , Osteopolo Some skin and corneal diseases whose etiology has been shown to be caused by cis, cholesterol tumors and
- the present invention also relates to cancers, solid tumors, tumor metastases, benign tumors (eg, hemangiomas, acoustic schwannomas, neurofibromas) of nucleic acids having the activity of annealing to dfrp2 gene or drg2 gene transcripts.
- benign tumors eg, hemangiomas, acoustic schwannomas, neurofibromas
- vascular dysfunction e.g., vascular dysfunction, inflammation and immune disorders, Behcet's disease, gout, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathies and other ocular vascular diseases (e.g., posterior lens fiber growth) Disease, macular degeneration, corneal transplant rejection, angiogenic glaucoma), osteoporosis, various changes in fibrinolytic protease activity Skin diseases, especially dry 'rough skin caused by stimulation with detergents', acne, etc.
- Behcet's disease gout, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathies and other ocular vascular diseases (e.g., posterior lens fiber growth) Disease, macular degeneration, corneal transplant rejection, angiogenic glaucoma), osteoporosis, various changes in fibrinolytic protease activity
- Skin diseases especially dry 'rough skin caused by stimulation with detergents', acne,
- the present invention relates to use in the manufacture of a therapeutic agent for diseases such as diseases caused by enhancement.
- the intercellular adhesion promoter can be used for the treatment of diseases caused by abnormalities (decrease) in intercellular adhesion, such as cancer. That is, the present invention relates to a method for treating cancer or the like, comprising the step of administering the intercellular adhesion promoter to a patient. The present invention also relates to the use of a nucleic acid having an activity of annealing to a transcription product of the dfrp2 gene or drg2 gene in the manufacture of a therapeutic agent for cancer or the like.
- the intercellular adhesion promoter of the present invention is considered to have an effect on skin looseness or wrinkles caused by decreased adhesion between cells.
- the intercellular adhesion promoter may be applied as a cosmetic or cosmetic agent to improve these symptoms.
- DRG1, DRG2, DFRP1, and DFRP2 knockout cell growth and morphology are almost normal in yeast cells, but in human cancer cell line HeLaS3, DRG1, DRG2, It was found that when DFRP1 and DFRP2 were knocked down, cell growth decreased and the morphology became abnormal. In other words, knockout or knockdown of DRG1, DRG2, DFRP1, and DFRP2 may be able to attenuate the growth of cancer cells specifically without affecting normal cells. There is a possibility that it can function as an agent (a compound having an action of suppressing the growth of cancer cells).
- the present invention provides a nucleic acid having an activity to bind to a transcription product of the dfrpl gene or drgl gene, or a nucleic acid having an activity to anneal to a transcription product of the dfrp2 gene or drg2 gene.
- a cancer cell growth inhibitor as an active ingredient.
- the cancer cell growth inhibitor is used for cancer treatment, for example, as a cancer therapeutic agent. It is thought that it can be done.
- the present invention also relates to a method for treating cancer comprising the step of administering the cancer cell growth inhibitor to a patient.
- the present invention also relates to a cancer therapeutic agent comprising a nucleic acid having an activity to anneal to a transcription product of a dfrpl gene or a drgl gene, or a nucleic acid having an activity to anneal to a transcription product of a dfrp2 gene, V or drg2 gene.
- the target of the cancer cell growth inhibitor of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a cancer cell! ,.
- patient is usually a human, but is not necessarily limited to only humans, and is a non-human organism (preferably a mammal, more preferably a mouse, rat, monkey, i.e. Vertebrates such as cats and cats).
- a non-human organism preferably a mammal, more preferably a mouse, rat, monkey, i.e. Vertebrates such as cats and cats.
- the present invention also provides a screening method for a cell motility inhibitor.
- a preferred embodiment of the screening method of the present invention is a method using as an index the binding activity of the DRG1 protein and the DFRP1 polypeptide of the present invention, or the binding activity of the DRG2 protein and the DFRP2 polypeptide of the present invention.
- DRG1 protein and DFRP1 polypeptide are allowed to act in the presence or absence of a test substance.
- test substance used in the screening method of the present invention there is no particular limitation on the test substance used in the screening method of the present invention.
- natural compounds, organic compounds, inorganic compounds, proteins, peptides and other single compounds as well as compound libraries, gene library expression products, cell extracts, cell culture supernatants, fermented microorganism products, marine organism extracts Products, plant extracts and the like, but are not limited thereto.
- these test substances can be appropriately labeled as necessary.
- the label include a radiolabel and a fluorescent label.
- the DRG1 protein and the DFRP1 polypeptide, or the DRG2 protein and the DFRP2 polypeptide are, for example, the DRG1 protein and the DFRP1 polypeptide depending on the indicator for detecting the binding to the test substance! /,
- the DRG2 protein and It can be a purified form of DFRP2 polypeptide, a form expressed intracellularly or extracellularly, or a form bound to an affinity column.
- DRG1 protein and DFRP1 polypeptide, or DR Measure binding activity to G2 protein and DFRP2 polypeptide The binding between the DRG1 protein and the DFRP 1 polypeptide, or the binding between the DRG2 protein and the DFRP2 polypeptide is performed by, for example, the label attached to the test substance bound to the DRG1 protein and the DFRP1 polypeptide or the DRG2 protein and the DFRP2 polypeptide. Can be detected.
- the test substance is selected.
- a substance that increases in the case of binding activity with DRG1 protein and DFRP1 polypeptide and a substance that decreases in the case of binding activity with DRG2 protein and DFRP2 polypeptide is selected.
- Substances (compounds) selected (isolated) by this method are useful as candidate substances for cell motility inhibitors.
- test substance that reduces the binding activity to the DRG2 protein and DFRP2 polypeptide selected as described above can also be used as an intercellular adhesion promoter.
- the method uses expression of dfrpl gene, dfrp2 gene, drgl gene, or drg2 gene as an index. That is, a compound that increases the expression of the dfrpl gene, a compound that decreases the expression of the dfrp2 gene, a compound that increases the expression of the drgl gene, or a compound that decreases the expression of the drg2 gene must have a cell motility inhibitory effect. There is expected.
- test substance (compound) is allowed to act on a dfrpl gene, dfrp2 gene, drgl gene, or drg2 gene-containing cell having a promoter.
- the "cell” used in the present method is not particularly limited, but is preferably a human-derived cell.
- ⁇ Cells holding dfrpl gene '', ⁇ cells holding dfrp2 gene '', ⁇ cells holding drgl gene '', or ⁇ cells holding drg2 gene '' include endogenous dfrpl gene, dfrp2 gene, Cells containing the drgl gene or drg2 gene, or cells into which an exogenous dfrpl gene, dfrp2 gene, drgl gene, or drg2 gene has been introduced can be used.
- Cells that carry exogenous dfrpl gene, dfrp2 gene, drgl gene, or drg2 gene are usually introduced into host cells with an expression vector inserted with dfrpl gene, dfrp2 gene, drgl gene, or drg2 gene It can produce by doing.
- the expression vector can be produced by general gene engineering techniques.
- test substance used in this method can be appropriately labeled as necessary.
- label include radiolabels and fluorescent labels as described above.
- “Making a test substance act” can be performed by adding a test substance to a culture medium of a cell retaining dfrpl gene, dfrp2 gene, drgl gene, or drg2 gene, for example. It is not limited to this method.
- the test substance is a protein or the like, it can be “acted” by introducing a DNA vector expressing the protein into the cell.
- the expression level can be measured easily by those skilled in the art, and can be appropriately performed by a general method such as the Northern plot method or the Western plot method.
- the measurement can be performed using as a marker the label attached to the test substance that has acted on the cells that express the dfrpl gene, dfrp2 gene, drgl gene, or drg2 gene.
- expression means either transcription from a gene encoding a protein (generation of mRNA) or translation from a transcription product of the gene.
- Test substance with increased expression level test substance with decreased expression level of dfrp2 gene, test substance with increased expression level of drg 1 gene, or test substance with decreased expression level of drg2 gene Select.
- the compound obtained by the screening method is expected to be usable as a cell motility inhibitor.
- test substance in which the expression level of the dfrp2 gene is reduced or the test substance in which the expression level of the drg2 gene is reduced is expected to have an intercellular adhesion promoting action. Can also be used.
- the present invention also provides a screening method for a cancer cell growth inhibitor.
- a preferred embodiment of the screening method of the present invention is a method using as an index the binding activity of the DRG1 protein and the DFRP1 polypeptide of the present invention, or the binding activity of the DRG2 protein and the DFRP2 polypeptide of the present invention. That is, the compound that decreases the binding activity is expected to have a cancer cell growth inhibitory effect.
- DRG 1 protein and DFRP1 polypeptide are allowed to act in the presence or absence of a test substance.
- DRG2 protein and DFRP2 polypeptide are allowed to act in the presence or absence of the test substance.
- DRG1 protein and DFRP1 polypeptide, or DRG2 protein and DFRP2 polypeptide are purified according to the indicator for detecting binding to the test substance. Morphology, expressed intracellularly or extracellularly, or bound to the affinity column. It can be.
- the test substance used in this method can be appropriately labeled as necessary. Examples of the label include radiolabels and fluorescent labels as described above.
- the binding activity between the DRG1 protein and the DFRP1 polypeptide or the binding activity between the DRG2 protein and the DFRP2 polypeptide is measured.
- the binding between the DRG1 protein and the DF RP1 polypeptide, or the binding between the DRG2 protein and the DFRP2 polypeptide, for example, the label attached to the test substance bound to the DRG1 protein and the DFRP1 polypeptide, or the DRG2 protein and the DFRP2 polypeptide. Can be detected.
- test substance when the binding activity in the presence of the test substance is lower than the binding activity in the absence of the test substance, the test substance is selected.
- Substances (compounds) selected (isolated) by this method are useful as candidate substances for cancer cell growth inhibitors.
- DRG1 protein and DFRP1 polypeptide when the binding activity of DRG1 protein and DFRP1 polypeptide is increased as compared with that of normal cells during cancer cell growth, as an inhibitor against the growth of cancer cells, DRG1 protein and DFRP1 polypeptide Select a test substance that reduces the binding activity to a normal level.
- the binding activity of DRG2 protein and DFRP2 polypeptide when the binding activity of DRG2 protein and DFRP2 polypeptide is increased compared to that of normal cells during cancer cell growth, the binding activity of DRG2 protein and DFRP2 polypeptide can be used as an inhibitor against that cancer cell growth. Select a test substance that reduces to a normal level.
- Another embodiment of the screening method of the present invention is a method using the expression of the dfrpl gene or the dfrp2 gene as an index. Substances that reduce the expression level of the dfrpl gene or the dfrp2 gene are expected to be candidate compounds for suppressing cancer cell growth.
- test substance is allowed to act on cells having a dfrpl gene or a dfrp2 gene having a promoter.
- a test substance that reduces the expression level of the dfrpl gene or the dfrp2 gene is selected.
- This method can be appropriately performed following the above-described screening method for cell motility inhibitors. The substance thus selected is considered useful as a cancer cell growth inhibitor.
- Another embodiment of the screening method of the present invention is a method using the expression of drgl gene or drg2 gene as an index. Substances that reduce the expression level of drgl gene or drg2 gene are expected to be candidate compounds for suppressing cancer cell growth.
- a test substance is allowed to act on a cell having a drgl gene or drg2 gene having a promoter.
- a test substance that reduces the expression level of the drgl gene or drg2 gene is selected.
- This method can be appropriately carried out following the screening method for a cancer cell proliferation inhibitor described above. The substance thus selected is considered useful as a cancer cell growth inhibitor.
- drgl gene or drg2 gene when the expression level of drgl gene or drg2 gene is increased compared to normal cells during cancer cell growth, the expression of drgl gene or drg2 gene is used as an inhibitor against the cancer cell growth.
- a test substance that reduces the amount to a normal level is selected.
- the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence ability of the protein, the protein, and the polypeptide can be obtained by methods well known to those skilled in the art. It can be realized by introducing it.
- the expression of the DRG1 protein, DFRP1 protein, DRG2 protein, and DFRP2 protein of the present invention is decreased, the nucleic acid that causes RNAi, the antibody that binds to the protein, and the property of being dominant negative with respect to the protein. It can be realized by introducing a protein having a low molecular weight compound that binds to the protein.
- nucleic acid that causes RNAi examples include nucleic acids having an activity of annealing to the dfrpl gene, drgl gene, dfrp2 gene or drg2 gene transcription product as described above.
- antibody that binds to the protein examples include antibodies against the DFRP1 polypeptide or DFRP2 polypeptide as described above, and antibodies against the DRG1 or DRG2 polypeptide.
- An antibody against DRG1 or DRG2 polypeptide can be obtained in the same manner as the antibody against DFRP1 or DFRP2 polypeptide as described above.
- the “protein having a dominant negative property” refers to a protein having a function of eliminating or reducing the activity of an endogenous wild-type protein by expressing a gene encoding the protein.
- the “low molecular weight compound (low molecular weight substance)” may be a natural or artificial compound. Usually a person skilled in the art It is a compound that can be produced or obtained by using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- the agent of the present invention when used as a pharmaceutical composition, it can be formulated by methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, it can be used parenterally in the form of a sterile solution with water or other pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, or an injection in suspension.
- a pharmacologically acceptable carrier or medium such as sterilized water or physiological saline, vegetable oil, emulsifier, suspending agent, surfactant, stabilizer, flavoring agent, excipient, vehicle, preservative It is conceivable to formulate the drug by combining it in a unit dosage form that is generally required for pharmaceutical practice, in appropriate combination with drugs, binders, etc. The amount of active ingredient in these preparations is such that an appropriate volume within the indicated range is obtained.
- Sterile compositions for injection can be formulated according to conventional pharmaceutical practice using a vehicle such as distilled water for injection.
- aqueous solutions for injection examples include isotonic solutions containing physiological saline, glucose and other adjuvants, such as D-sorbitol, D-mannose, D-mannitol, and sodium chloride.
- solubilizers such as alcohols, specifically ethanol, polyalcohols such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, nonionic surfactants such as polysorbate 80 (TM), HCO-50 may be used in combination.
- oily liquid examples include sesame oil and soybean oil, which may be used in combination with benzyl benzoate or benzyl alcohol as a solubilizing agent.
- a buffering agent such as phosphate buffer, sodium acetate buffer, a soothing agent such as hydrochloric acid pro-in, a stabilizer such as benzyl alcohol, phenol, or an acid proofing agent may be blended.
- the prepared injection is usually filled in a suitable ampoule.
- Examples of the dosage form of the drug include tablets, powders, pills, powders, granules, fine granules, soft and hard capsules, film coating agents, pellets, sublingual agents,
- Examples of parenteral preparations such as pastes include injections, suppositories, transdermal preparations, nasal preparations, pulmonary preparations, ointments, plasters, and liquids for external use.
- Examples of the injection form can be administered systemically or locally by, for example, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, and the like. Persons skilled in the art can select the optimal dosage form according to the administration route and administration subject.
- a viral vector such as retrovirus, adenovirus, or Sendai virus, or a non-viral vector such as liposome can be used.
- administration methods include in vivo methods and ex vivo methods.
- the administration method can be appropriately selected depending on the age and symptoms of the patient.
- the dosage and administration method of the pharmaceutical agent of the present invention vary depending on the patient's weight, age, symptoms, etc., but those skilled in the art can appropriately select them.
- the present invention also relates to an antibody against a polypeptide encoded by the drgl gene, which has no cross-reactivity with the polypeptide encoded by the drg2 gene and binds to a DRG1 protein antibody (anti-DRG1 Protein antibody). That is, an antibody against the polypeptide encoded by the gene described in SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein the polypeptide encoded by the gene described in SEQ ID NO: 11 or SEQ ID NO: 12 is cross-reactivity. It does not have an anti-DRG1 protein antibody.
- the present invention also relates to an antibody against a polypeptide encoded by the drg2 gene, which has no cross-reactivity with the polypeptide encoded by the drgl gene and binds to a DRG2 protein antibody (anti-DRG2 Protein antibody). That is, an antibody against the polypeptide encoded by the gene described in SEQ ID NO: 11 or SEQ ID NO: 12, and the polypeptide encoded by the gene described in SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10 and closliatati
- the present invention relates to an anti-DRG2 protein antibody that does not have a bite.
- Blasticidin, histidinol and puromycin were purchased from Sigma.
- MG 132 was purchased from Peptide Institute.
- FLAG-tagged, Myc-tagged and GST-fusion expression vectors were constructed by inserting cDNA fragments into modified pME-FLAG, pME-Myc or pME-GST from the SRa promoter-derived expression vector pME18S (Shiio, Y., Y amamoto, T. and Yamaguchi, N. (1992) Negative regulation of Rb expression by the p53 gene product. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5206-5210.).
- DFRPlfl Mouse DFRPlfl, DFRP1 ⁇ N (aa 231 to 426), DFRP1 ⁇ C (aa 1 to 263), DFRP2, DRG1 and DRG2 cDNA fragments are fused to pAD-GAL4-2.1 (Stratagene) mouse neural tube cDNA library Amplified from scratch by PCR.
- DFRP2 cDNA was digested with Ncol, blunt-ended with Klenow enzyme, and used to generate AC1 and ⁇ ⁇ 1 site deletion mutants of DFRP2.
- EcoRV was used to generate the AC2 and ⁇ 2 site deletion mutants of DF RP2.
- D FRPI A DI (aa 236-260 deletion type) is inserted into the Bglll-extension pME-FLAG-DFRPlfl vector by inserting the Bglll site at the appropriate position between the two Bglll sites of the DFRP1 cDNA by the Kunkel method. It was created by inserting the longer of the Bglll-digested fragments.
- HA-labeled ubiquitin was prepared by cloning into pcDNA3.1 vector (Invitrogen). Drug resistance gene cassette, pA-puro vector and DT40 genomic library for constructing DT40 stable cell line were provided by Dr. Kurosaki (RIKEN, Japan).
- CDNA encoding mouse DFRPl (aa 1-270, ⁇ C2), DFRP2, DRG1 and DRG2 was subcloned into pGEX—4T—1 (Amersham Biosciences) and pMAL—c (New England BioLabs) expression vectors .
- the vector was transformed into Escherichia coli (BL21).
- the expressed GST and MBP fusion proteins (GST-DFRP1 ⁇ C2, GST-DFRP2, GST-DRG1, GST-DRG2, MBP-DRG1, and MBP-DRG2) are each glutathione sepharose according to the manufacturer's instructions. Purified from bacterial lysates using 4B beads (Amersham Biosciences) and amylose sucrose (New England BioLabs).
- GST-DFRP1 A C2 GST-DFRP2, GST-DRG1, MBP-DRG1, or GST first emulsified in 50% Freund's complete adjuvant and then emulsified in 50% Freund's incomplete adjuvant (Sigma) to produce antiserum -Immunized with DRG2 subcutaneously at 2-week intervals.
- DFRP1 AC2 antiserum was affinity purified on a MAbTrap TM GII column (Amersham Biosciences). Antiserum against GST-DFRP2 was roughly purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Antisera against MBP-DRG1 and GST-DRG2 were finally adsorbed on GST-DRG1 and MBP-DRG2 columns, respectively, and were purified.
- TNE buffer (10 mM Tris-HC1, pH 7.8, 1% Nonidet P-40, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA) for immunoprecipitation.
- the cell lysate was centrifuged and the supernatant was incubated with protein G sepharose beads (Amersham Biosciences) and pre-cleaned. The cleaned lysate was incubated with the appropriate antibody and protein G sepharose beads for 1 hour. The beads were collected by centrifugation and washed 3 times with TNE buffer. Captured proteins were boiled in SDS sample buffer and eluted from the beads and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
- Vector 1-transfected cells were grown for 2 days and treated or not with the 10 / z M proteasome inhibitor MG132! And lysed in TNE buffer after 3 hours.
- HeLa S3 cells were cultured on coverslips and grown for 2 days. Adherent cells were washed with PBS, fixed in methanol-acetone (1: 1) for 10 minutes, dried and blocked in 2% BSA. Fixed cells were incubated with antibodies against DFRP1 or DRG1 for 1 hour. At the end of the incubation, the cells were washed in PBS containing 0.2% Tween20 and stained with Alexa 488-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Molecular Probes) for 1 hour. The slides were examined with a laser scanning confocal microscope (Radiance 2000, Bio-Rad). The Z series consisting of three images was collected from inside the cells with an aperture setting of 2.0 and a step size of 0.5 m. Images were projected by the maximum pixel method (LaserSharp2000 software, Bio-Rad).
- DT40 cells in RPMI medium (JRH Biosciences) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma), 1% chicken serum (Sigma), penicillin, streptomycin and j8-mercaptoethanol The vesicles were allowed to grow.
- -Avian DFRPl cDNA fragments were obtained from DT40 cDNA using the degenerate primer set (5'-GCGAATTCATGCCNCCNAARAARC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 13) and 5'-GCCTCGAGY TTYTCYTC YTTYTTYTTRTC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 14)). Amplified.
- the full-length DFRPl cDNA (DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank accession number AB 185935) was isolated by screening about 5 x 10 6 plaques of the DT40 cDNA library ( ⁇ Zap) using a partial cDNA fragment as a probe.
- Genomic DNA fragments containing part of the dfrpl locus are LA Taq and forward primer 5'-AGCAAGAAGGCGGAC CAGAA-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 15) and reverse primer 5'-GAGGAAGAGCATGGCG ATAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: Isolated by long PCR using 16).
- Xenopus laevis embryos development of about 7 X 10 5 plaques in ⁇ Zip Lox (Gibco BRL) at high stringency (0.2 X SSC, 0.1% SDS, 50 ° C) Stages 24 to 32) A cDNA library was searched.
- the complete sequence of the isolated Xenopus dfrpl cDNA was submitted to DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank (Accession AB185934). Hole mount in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis techniques have been previously described (Ishikawa, K., Azuma, S., Ikawa, S "et al. (2003) Cloning an d characterization of Xenopus Gene 322, 105-112.) We used cDNA covering nucleotides -68 to +1755 of the Xenopus dfr pi probe.
- a cell lysate (homogenate) was obtained.
- Undisrupted cells were removed by centrifugation at 700 g for 5 min, and the supernatant was separated into a supernatant (PMS) and a pellet (mitochondria) by centrifugation at 15,000 g, lOmin.
- PMS was further ultracentrifuged at 105,000 g for 45 min to obtain P100 fraction.
- the 1 mL PMS obtained above was layered on a discontinuous sucrose gradient of 2.0STKM and 1.5STKM, and ultracentrifuged at 10 5,000 g for 3 h. Re-dissolve the polysome pellet in 0STKM and add 15% -40% concentration Overlaid on a sugar gradient, ultracentrifugation was performed at 150,000 g for 50 min. EDTA treatment is performed at a concentration of 10 mM ave
- GIR2 V which showed 42% homology at the acid (aa) level, was shown to be involved in the basic pathway GIR2 was significantly different from ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and E2 variants (UEV) Three-dimensional homology (Nameki, N., Yoneyama, M., Koshiba, S., et al. (2004) Solution structu re of the RWD domain of the mouse GCN2 protein. Protein Sci. 13, 2089- 2100.) Characteristic RWD domain (Fig. 1A) (also called GI domain; Kubota, H., Sakaki, Y. and Ito, T.
- the present inventors used PCR to amplify mouse DRG1, DRG2, and GIR2 cDNAs to construct an expression vector.
- Expression vectors of FLAG-tagged DRG1 or DRG2 and Myc-tagged GIR2 were co-transfected into 293T cells, and the cell extract was subjected to immunoprecipitation assay using an anti-FLAG antibody. The sediment was further analyzed by Western plotting.
- H. sapiens likely ortholog of mouse immediate early respons by BLA ST search using full-length mouse GIR2 protein sequence as a query, and an ortholog of the human immediate response erythropoietin 4 human (H. sapiens) A protein known as e erythroEoietin 4) (LEREP04) was obtained.
- GIR2 and LEREP 04 have high lysine (K), glutamic acid (E) and aspartic acid (D) content (GIR2, K, 8.2%; E, 16.2%; D, 9.1%; LEREP04, K, 14.1%; ⁇ , 12.7%; D, 9.2%), which had a highly homologous region consisting of about 60 aa, defined by aligning multiple sequences from mice, flies and yeast ( Figure 1A, top) Section, shaded box). However, the arrangements outside this region were not structurally similar.
- LEREP04 is the two unique CCCH-type zinc (Zn) fingers that we have named herein ZnF-1 and ZnF-2, as well as the widely recognized NES Consensus (LX-(F, I, L, V, M)-
- BR (199b; Protein sequence requirements for function of the human T-cell leuke mia virus type 1 Rex nuclear export signal delineated by a novel in vivo randomizati on- selection assay.Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 4207-4214.) It had a compatible leucine-rich NES sequence. LEREP04 is also highly conserved in eukaryotes (HH. Sa piens) LEREP04 and S. cerevisiae LEREP04 had 55% homology at the aa level). To investigate the interaction between LEREP04 and DRG family proteins, 293T cells were treated with FLAG-DRG1 or DRG2 expression vectors and Mvc-labeled LERE. A vector expressing PCM was co-transfected and subjected to immunoprecipitation using an anti-FLAG antibody in the cell extract, followed by Western plotting.
- the present inventors produced a polyclonal antibody that specifically recognizes endogenous DFRP1, DRGl or DRG2.
- anti-DRG1 and anti-DRG2 sera were adsorbed to recombinant DRG2 and DRG1, respectively, prior to final affinity purification. , Cleaned in advance. As a result, it was confirmed that the purified antibodies against DRG1 and DRG2 had high specificity and no recognizable cross-reactivity.
- the present inventors constructed an intermediate deletion mutant (AD1) of DFRP1 that lacks a highly conserved region. This deficiency completely eliminated the ability to bind to DRG1 ( Figure 2C, lane 4). Therefore, the 25-aa peptide of the DFRP domain was found to be essential for interaction with DRG1.
- DRG1 or DRG2 could not be overexpressed alone (FIG. 3A, lanes 5 and 6).
- This phenomenon has been previously reported for DRG1 (Sazuka, T., Kinoshita, M., Tomooka, ⁇ ⁇ , Ikawa, ⁇ ⁇ , Noda, ⁇ . And Kumar, b. (1992b) Expression of DRu dun ng murine Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 371—377.; Mahajan, M. A "Park, ST and Sun, XH (1996) Association of a novel GTP binding protein, DRG, with TAL oncogenic proteins.
- DFRP1 has two Zn finger domains that appear to interact with ubiquitin
- DFRP2 has an RWD domain that is structurally related to ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), we Thought that the ubiquitin / proteasome system might protect DRG from degradation.
- E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme
- the present inventors generated a DFRP1-deficient DT40- ⁇ bird B cell line.
- PCR using degenerate primers that also designed partial forces By PCR using degenerate primers that also designed partial forces.
- -A partial cDNA fragment of avian dfrpl was identified.
- We designed primers to amplify partial fragments of the ⁇ chicken dfrpl locus by long PCR using the amplified cDNA sequence.
- the isolated genomic DNA was sequenced and its locus contains seven exons, one of which is a full-length Zn-finger 1 domain (ZnF-l, illustrated in Figure 1A). It became clear that the code would be coded.
- ZnF- ⁇ exon decay we have As illustrated in Figure 4A, the blasticidin or histidinol resistance (Bsr or HisD) gene cassette is flanked by 5'- and 3'-genomic arms located upstream or downstream of the exon ( dfrplBsr and dfrplHisD) were constructed.
- Wild type DT40 cells were transfected with dfrplBsr and a blasticidin resistant clone was isolated. Then, one of these heterozygous clones was transfected with dfrplHisD to delete the second allele. Both targeting events were confirmed by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA using 5'-flanking probes. dfrpl removal was additionally demonstrated by Northern blot and wet stamp lot analysis ( Figures 4C and D, respectively).
- the vector was introduced into dfrpl ⁇ / ⁇ cells.
- the present inventors established a stable dfrpl-deficient cell (dfrpl mfl and dfrpl + m ⁇ Dl, respectively) that stably express mDFRPlfl or mDFRPl ⁇ 1.
- drgl was first identified as a gene that is primarily expressed in the early developmental stage of the mouse central nervous system, and we previously compared drgl and drg2 expression in Xenopus embryos and adult tissues. The analysis was reported (Ishikawa, K., Azuma, S., Ikawa, S., et al. (2003) and lonmg and characterization of Xenopus laevis drg2, a member of the developmentally regulated GTP—binding protein subfamily. Gene 322, 105-112.
- Xenopus whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that the expression pattern of dfrpl is very similar to the expression pattern of drgl (Fig. 6A, a-; j).
- both genes are blood islands, somites, developing eyes, trunk nerve crest, mandibular crest segment, hyoid crest segment, and crest segment (Branchial crest segment) (FIG. 6A, a to f).
- dfrpl and drgl were also not expressed in the prorenal primordium region, but drg2 mRNA levels were higher in the prorenal primordium (Ishikawa, K., Azuma, S., Ikawa, S., et al (2003) Cloning and characterization of Xenopus laevis drg2, a member of the developmental ly regulated GTP-binding protein subfamily. Gene 322, 105-112.), Dfrpl mRNA transcription and Z or stability similar to drgl rather than drg2 It was suggested that it was adjusted by the method described above.
- drgl and dfrpl expression patterns were almost the same. Both genes were expressed in the otocyst, pronephros, forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, arch, eye, lens, spinal cord and notochord (Fig. 6A, g-j). In adult tissues, dfrpl is strongly expressed in the ovary, moderately expressed in the brain, kidney, spleen, testis, intestine and colon, and rarely expressed in the heart, lung, liver, stomach and skeletal muscle. (Fig. 6B).
- This expression pattern is more similar to the expression pattern of drgl than drg2, which is expressed at a moderate level in the heart, lung and liver (Ishikawa, K., Azuma, Ikawa, et al. (2003)).
- the present inventors also examined temporal expression of dfrpl in the early developmental stage.
- FIGS. 6B and 6C the present inventors have analyzed our previous paper (Ishikawa, K., Azuma, S., Ikawa, et al. (2003) Cloning and characterization or Xenopus laevis drg2, a member of the developmentally regulated GTP—binding protein subfamily. Gene 322, 105-112.). Therefore, the quality and quantity of the transcribed RNA has been confirmed.
- HeLa S3 cell line is DMEM medium (with 10% FBS, penicillin, streptomycin), CO (
- Kitamura of the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo followed by EcoRI and It was excised with Notl and ligated to the EcoRI / Notl site of the EF1 alpha promoter driven IRES-puro vector (provided by Dr. Kitamura, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo) (pTetR-IRES-puro).
- Inducible RNAi vector was prepared as follows. PCR (94 ° C 15sec, 55 ° C 3) by setting primers so that TetO is added to the HI opening motor from the pSuper vector (Oligoengine). (PCR primer set, 5,-CGATAAGCTT, Osec, 72 ° C lmin, 30 cycles)
- T7 primer (5,-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3, (SEQ ID NO: 26))).
- the amplified fragment was digested with EcoRI and Bglll and then ligated to the EcoRI / Bglll site of pSuper (pSuper- 2 ).
- an SV40-early promoter driven EGFP vector was prepared as follows. pEGF P-CKBD Biosciences Clontech) was digested with Bglll, blunted with Klenow, and further digested with Nhel, and pRL-SV40 (Promega) was digested with Xbal, blunted with Klenow, and further digested with Nhel The fragments were ligated (pSV40-EGFP). Furthermore, a fragment obtained by digesting PSV40-EGFP with Bglll and BamHI was ligated to the BamHI site of pSuper-2 (pSuper-3).
- a neomycin resistance gene cassette (provided by Dr. Yamamoto of the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo) that can be excised with BamHI was ligated (pHlTetO).
- Double-stranded oligonucleotides that form shRN A capable of causing RNAi against DRG1, DRG2, DFRP1, and DFRP2 mRNA at the Bglll / Hindlll site of pHlTetO (Brummelkamp TR. ⁇ A system for stab le expression of short interfering RNAs in mammalian cells, science, 296: 550-553 (2002).) was ligated (pHlTetO-target).
- pTetR-IRES-puro was introduced into HeLa S3 cells by the calcium phosphate method (Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.). Three days later, puromycin (Sigma) was introduced at a concentration of 3 g / mL. A colony formed after 2 weeks was isolated.
- RNAi vector (pHlTetO-target) was introduced into one clonal cell line (R6) by the calcium phosphate method (Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), and G418 (Calbiochem) was introduced 5000/2 days later. A colony that fluoresces EGFP formed after 2 weeks was isolated (R6-HlTetO-target).
- the Northern blot method was performed in the same manner as in the following literature. (Ishikawa, K. et al. Cloning and characterization or Xenopus laevis drg2, a member of the develo pmentally regulated GTP—binding protein subfamily. ", Gene, 322: 105-112 (2003)-) .
- the cDNA probe was amplified from a human cell-derived cDNA pool by PCR (94 ° C 15 sec, 54 ° C 30 sec, 72 ° C lmin, 30 cycles).
- fibronectin 5'-GCGA ATTCCGCTCGATGTGGTCTG-3, (SEQ ID NO: 27), 5,-GCCTCGAGACGGGAG CCTCGAAGAG-3, (SEQ ID NO: 28); Vinculin, 5, -GCAGATCTAGGG CTGGTGGACGAAG-3 '( SEQ ID NO: 29), 5,-GCCTCGAGGCCTTGGCGATGTC-3, (SEQ ID NO: 30); Cathepsin B (CathepsinB), 5, -GCGAATTCTGCTGCCTGCTG GTG-3, (SEQ ID NO: 31), 5,-GCCTCGAGCGGCCATGATGTCCTTC-3, (sequence No .: 32); IAP, 5,-GCGGATCCACGCCGCAATACAGAG-3, (SEQ ID NO: 33), 5,-GCCTCGAGTGCTGCGGATCAGCTC-3, (SEQ ID NO: 34); Urokinas e, 5,-GCGGATCCAATTCGGAGGGCAGCAC
- Example 9 Evaluation of knockdown cells of DRG1, DRG2, DFRP1, and DFRP2 and changes in mRNA expression of genes that control cell motility, morphology, and cytoskeleton using Doxycyclin supplements
- HeLa S3-inducible knockdown cells (Fig. 7, lanes 3-10) and control cells (Fig. 7, lanes 1-2) suppressed by TetR fused with HI promoter to induce RNAi and shRNA expression ability to induce doxycycline Cell strength after 12 days after RNAi induction with (Dox) addition (+) (20 ng / mL) or without addition (-) every 3 days is also the protein solution (total 1 ysate) or total RNA was prepared and extracted and subjected to Western blot or Northern blot ( Figure 7).
- factor fibronectin extracellular matrix that regulates cytoskeleton, movement, morphology, invasion, and metastasis. It binds to specific integrins and adheres to cells (Hood, JD. et al "Nature Rev., 2: 91-100 (2002)). It works negatively on the growth of cancer cells.
- Vinculin Fecal adhesion component. For stabilizing actin filaments.
- Contributors cathebsin B (cystine proteinase. Involved in tumor cell invasion (see, eg, Lakka, S3 ⁇ 4.
- DRG1 and DRG2 have been shown to be present in the cytoplasm (DRG2 and DFRP2 are unpublished data) and that DRG1 and DRG2 have the ability to bind RNA in vitro (Ishikawa, K. et al. lonmg and characterization of Xenopus laevis drg2, a member of the developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein subfamily. ", Gene, 322: 105-1 12 (2003).) It was suggested that this is stable control of decomposition.
- HeLaS3 DRG1-induced knockdown cells were cultured with doxycycline (Dox) added (+) (20 ng / mL) or non-supplemented potassium (-). DRG1 knockdown cells existed in a disparate cell population, losing intercellular adhesion and loss of colony-forming ability ( Figure 8). Shows stretched or vague cell morphology!
- HeLaS3 DRG1-induced knockdown cells were cultured with doxycycline (Dox) added (+) (20 ng / mL) or non-added potassium (-), fixed with PBS-PFA (4%), and then Phalloidin-Rhodamin e F-actin was stained with (Molecular probes), and images were captured with a confocal laser microscope (Bio-Rad) (Fig. 9). DRG1 knockdown cells showed many stress fiber formations (white arrows) and long filopodia formations (green arrows).
- HeLaS3 DRG1-induced knockdown cells were cultured with doxycycline (Dox) added (+) (20 ng / mL) or non-added potassium (-), and videotaped with a Timelabs microscope (Olympus) to observe cell kinetics Was measured (MetaMorph software, Molecular Devices). The average speed of 10 cells was graphed ( Figure 10). DRG1 knockdown cells by Dox (+) were about 3.3 times as fast as Dox (-). In normal cells, DRG1 was thought to negatively regulate the expression of mRNA, a factor that promotes cell motility.
- Dox doxycycline
- - non-added potassium
- DFRP1 knockdown cells showed abnormal cell morphology similar to that of DRG1 knockdown ( Figure 11). This is because DRG1 protein is degraded by DFRP1 knockdown, and DRG1 expression It was thought that this phenomenon was excited by the decrease of
- HeLaS3 DRG2 inducible knockdown cells were cultured with doxycycline (Dox) added (+) (20 ng / mL) or non-added potassium (-). DRG2 knockdown cells seemed to have lower intercellular space and lower proliferation compared to controls ( Figure 12). In addition, adhesion between cells was good.
- Dox doxycycline
- - non-added potassium
- DRG2 RNAi vector and an empty vector were introduced into HeLaS3 as a control, and EGFP-expressing cells, which are introduction markers constructed on the same vector, were observed.
- the results are shown in Fig. 13.
- DRG2 knockdown cells have high cell-cell adhesion (blue arrows), and abnormal protrusions were extended and cells were intertwined (white arrows). This enhanced intercellular adhesion is the opposite of the DRG1 knockdown morphological abnormality described above.
- DRG 1 and DRG2 mRNA stability It was suggested that the infiltration and transfer control are different.
- HeLaS3 DRG1 or DRG2 inducible knockdown cells starting at 2 x 10 4 cells / mL and cultured in doxycycline (Dox) supplemented (+) (20 ng / mL) or non-supplemented (-) 3 days The cells were counted using a hemocytometer. The cumulative number of cells that were passaged is shown in the graph of FIG. DRG1 and DRG2 knockdown (Dox (+)) cells were less proliferative than R6 and Dox (-) cells. However, it continued to survive at this growth rate, where growth was not completely suppressed. If this is a high level of cancer cells and the proliferation ability is simply reduced to the normal cell level, it is expected that the side effects of the drug using this invention can be suppressed to a low level.
- Dox doxycycline
- Example 18 Subcellular localization of DRG1 and DRG2 The intracellular localization of DRG1 and DRG2 was examined by centrifugal fractionation. Mouse liver homogenates of DRG1 and DRG2 were roughly fractionated by centrifugation. Cell lysates were collected according to the procedure shown on the left side of Fig. 16, and solutions were prepared so that the number of cells was the same. DRG1 and DRG2 were lighter than the mitochondrial (Figure 16 circle 2) fraction and were present in the PMS (nost-mitochondria supernatant) ( Figure 16 circle 3).
- D RG1 Due to the stronger centrifugal force, D RG1 is in the P100 fraction ( Figure 16, circle 4, smooth ER, rough ER, polynome, plasma membrane, endonom, Golgi, etc.) and DRG2 is a lighter fraction (see figure). Concentrated to 16 circles 5). From this, it became clear that DRG1 and DRG2 exist in different fractions in vivo. In addition, separate protein complexes may be formed.
- DRG1 regulates mRNA and is concentrated in the P100 fraction in Figure 16 circle 4, so that polysomes (in the state where multiple ribosomes are simultaneously bound to a single mRNA and protein synthesis is performed) There was a possibility that it was localized.
- the adult mouse liver homogenate was ultracentrifuged using a discontinuous sucrose gradient, the polysome pellet was redissolved, layered on a 15-40% continuous sucrose gradient, and after ultracentrifugation. Polysome profiling was performed in a rectification column equipped with a UV (254 nm) monitor. At the same time, fractions corresponding to FIG. 17 were collected, and the localization of the DRG1 protein was analyzed by Western blotting.
- the amount of DRG1 protein was present in a pattern similar to the curve showing the ribosome (upper panel in Fig. 17, blue line) (middle panel in Fig. 17).
- 80S ribosome has a property of dissociating into 40S and 60S subunits when the [Mg 2+ ] concentration is 5 mM or less.
- This is achieved by adding 10 mM of EDTA (upper panel, red line)
- the fraction in which DRG1 was present also moved toward the dissociated peak of ribosome. From these results, it was considered that DRG1 is localized on polysomes.
- DRG1 and DRG2 does not occur in the absence of DFRP1 and DFRP2 factors under physiological conditions.
- knocking down DRG1 in a human cancer cell line, HeLa S3 cell increases the cell's ability to infiltrate 'invasion', while knocking down DRG2 decreases it, resulting in abnormal cell adhesion. It was shown that it was strengthened. This molecular mechanism includes cytoskeletal factors, extracellular matrix factors, etc. It was found that the DRG family directly or indirectly regulates the stability and degradation of mRNA of proteins that control morphology, invasion, and metastasis.
- DRG1 or suppressing DRG2 expression which is caused by loss of adhesion of the cell population. It is suggested.
- the ability of cancer cells to infiltrate or metastasize may be suppressed by strongly expressing DRG1 or suppressing the expression of DRG2.
- overexpression of DRG1 alone is impossible, co-expression with DFRP1 is necessary.
- DRG1 expression or DFRP1 expression can be suppressed, or DRG2 can be strongly expressed.
- DRG1 and DRG2 knockdown cells showed a decrease in proliferation to such an extent that cell death did not occur. If this is simply a reduction of the high growth potential of cancer cells to the level of normal cells, it is expected that side effects caused by cell survival and proliferation of drugs using this invention can be suppressed to a low level.
- DRG1, DRG2, DFRP1, and DFRP2 are targeted because DRG1 and DRG2 regulate the expression of various cytoskeletal, motor, morphology, invasion, and metastasis regulators directly or indirectly at the mRNA level. It is expected that the effects and immediate effects of the selected drugs are very high.
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