WO2006049826A1 - Novel copolyester compositions with improved impact strength at low temperatures - Google Patents

Novel copolyester compositions with improved impact strength at low temperatures Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006049826A1
WO2006049826A1 PCT/US2005/036661 US2005036661W WO2006049826A1 WO 2006049826 A1 WO2006049826 A1 WO 2006049826A1 US 2005036661 W US2005036661 W US 2005036661W WO 2006049826 A1 WO2006049826 A1 WO 2006049826A1
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residues
mole percent
acid
diol
total moles
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PCT/US2005/036661
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English (en)
French (fr)
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Sam Richard Turner
Crystal Leigh Kendrick
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Eastman Chemical Company
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Priority to JP2007538963A priority Critical patent/JP2008518083A/ja
Priority to EP05803904A priority patent/EP1805244A1/en
Publication of WO2006049826A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006049826A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/12—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/16—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/18—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds the acids or hydroxy compounds containing carbocyclic rings
    • C08G63/199—Acids or hydroxy compounds containing cycloaliphatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/12—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/16—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/20—Polyesters having been prepared in the presence of compounds having one reactive group or more than two reactive groups

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to new copolyesters comprising a combination of 1 , 4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and 1 , 3-propanediol (PD) with aromatic diacids.
  • CHDM 4-cyclohexanedimethanol
  • PD 3-propanediol
  • Copolyesters based on terephthalic acid (TPA) with different ratios of CHDM and ethylene glycol are well known in the plastics marketplace.
  • TPA terephthalic acid
  • Amorphous polyesters of terephthlatic acid, ethylene glycol and 1 ,3-propanediol are also described in J. W. Lee, S. W. Lee, B. Lee, and M. Ree, Macromol. Chem. Phys.
  • United States Patent 6,482,484 describes poly(1 ,3- propanediol terephthalate), T(PD), which may be modified with small amounts, less than 10 mole percent, of polymer repeat units derived from copolymerized monomers so long as the crystallization behavior of the polyester is substantially the same as the homopolymer.
  • United States Patent 6,482,484 also describes a film layer comprising: poly(1 ,3-propanediol terephthalate) and a copolymer of 1,3- propanediol and up to about 20% by weight co-monomers, and particular nucleation promoters.
  • the copolymers of T(PD) containing ethylene glycol and/or CHDM are described as being useful in making packaging materials.
  • amorphous copolyesters possess a combination of desirable properties for many applications. These properties include excellent clarity and color, toughness, ease of processing, and chemical resistance. Accordingly, such copolyesters are useful for the manufacture of extruded sheet, packaging materials, and parts for medical devices, etc. [0005]
  • many applications require improvement in impact resistance at low temperature; thus, there is an unmet need in the polyester art for an amorphous copolyester with enhanced impact resistance, as measured by notched Izod impact values, at low temperatures.
  • This invention relates to copolyester compositions comprising:
  • diacid residues comprising at least 80 mole percent, preferably 90 mole percent, based on the total moles of diacid residues, of one or more residues of: terephthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1 ,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, or isophthalic acid; and
  • diol residues comprising about 25 to about 70 mole percent, preferably from about 30 to 70 mole percent, more preferably, from about 40 to about 60 mole percent, based on the total moles of diol residues, of the residues of 1 , 4- cyclohexanedimethanol, and from about 75 to about 30 mole percent, preferably from about 70 to about 30 mole percent, and more preferably, about 60 mole percent to 40 mole percent, based on the total moles of diol residues, of the residues of 1 ,3- propanediol.
  • a preferred embodiment is a copolyester composition
  • a copolyester composition comprising at least 80 mole percent, preferably at least 90 mole percent, and even more preferably, 100 mole percent of the residues of terephthalic acid, from about 40 to about 60 mole percent 1 ,4- cyclohexanedimethanol, preferably from about 45 to 55 mole percent, and from about 60 to about 40 mole percent 1 ,3-propanediol, preferably from about 55 to 45 mole percent.
  • compositions preferably are generally amorphous and have enhanced impact resistance, as measured by notched Izod impact values at low temperatures.
  • compositions comprising 1 ,3- propanediol, and/or CHDM and certain diacids.
  • this invention provides a polyester composition comprising:
  • diacid residues comprising at least 80 mole percent, based on the total moles of diacid residues, of one or more residues of: terephthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1 ,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, or isophthalic acid;
  • diol residues comprising about 25 to about 70 mole percent, preferably about 30 to about 70 mole percent, and more preferably about 40 to about 60 mole percent, based on the total moles of diol residues, of the residues of 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, about 75 to about 30 mole percent, preferably about 70 mole percent to about 30 mole percent, and more preferably, about 60 to about 40 mole percent, based on the total moles of diol residues, of the residues of 1 ,3-propanediol,
  • the total mole percentages of diacid residues in " the polymer equals 100 mole percent and the total mole percentages of the diol residues in the polymer equals 100 mole percent; and wherein 0 to 45 mole percent of one or more diols selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1 ,2- propanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethylene glycol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1 ,8-octanediol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1 ,3-pentanediol, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-i ,3- cyclobutanediol, 1 ,3-cyclohexanedimethanol, bisphenol A, and polyalkylene glycol; and optionally , (iii) branching agents comprising about 0.01 to about 10 weight percent
  • the present invention provides a polyester composition with improved impact resistance at low temperatures.
  • This improved impact strength or improved impact resistance is represented by notched Izod impact strength of greater 15 ft-lb/ ⁇ nch at O 0 C as measured according to ASTM D256 using 1/8 inch molded bars.
  • the copolyesters of the invention are preferably amo rphous copolyesters.
  • Amorphous copolyesters is generally defined as copolyesters that do not show a substantial melting point by differential scanning calorimetry when scanned at a rate of 20°C/min.
  • Another way of defining the term "amorphous copolyester” is generally defined as a copolyester that has a crystallization half time from a molten state of at least 5 minutes. The crystallization half time may be, for example, at least 7 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 12 minutes, at least 20 minutes, and at least 30 minutes.
  • the crystallization half time of the polyester may be measured using methods well-known to persons of skill in the art.
  • the crystallization half time may be measured using a Perkin-Elmer Model DSC-2 differential scanning calorimeter.
  • the crystallization half time is measured from the molten state using the following procedure: a 15.0 mg sample of the polyester is sealed in an aluminum pan and heated to 290 0 C at a rate of about 320°C/min for 2 minutes. The sample is then cooled immediately to the predetermined isothermal crystallization temperature at a rate of about 320°C/minute in the presence of helium.
  • the isothermal crystallization temperature is the temperature between the glass transition temperature and the melting temperature that gives the highest rate of crystallization.
  • the isothermal crystallization temperature is described, for example, in Elias, H. Macromolecules, Plenum Press: NY, 1977, p 391.
  • the crystallization half time is determined as the time span from reaching the isothermal crystallization temperature to the point of a crystallization peak on the DSC curve.
  • each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
  • the ranges stated in this disclosure and the claims are intended to include the entire range specifically and not just the endpoint(s).
  • a range stated to be 0 to 10 is intended to disclose all whole numbers between 0 and 10 such as, for example 1 , 2, 3, 4, etc., all fractional numbers between 0 and 10, for example 1.5, 2.3, 4.57, 6.13, etc., and the endpoints 0 and 10.
  • a range associated with chemical substituent groups such as, for example, "Ci to C 5 hydrocarbons” is intended to specifically include and disclose C t and C 5 hydrocarbons as well as C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 hydrocarbons.
  • polyester is intended to include “copolyesters” and is understood to mean a synthetic polymer prepared by the polycondensation of one or more difunctional carboxylic acids with one or more difunctional hydroxyl compounds.
  • difunctional carboxylic acid is a dicarboxylic acid
  • difunctional hydroxyl compound is a dihydric alcohol such as, for example, glycols and diols.
  • residue means any organic structure incorporated into a polymer or plasticizer through a polycondensation reaction involving the corresponding monomer.
  • replicaating unit means an organic structure having a dicarboxylic acid residue and a diol residue bonded through a carbonyloxy group.
  • the dicarboxylic acid residues may be derived from a dicarboxylic acid monomer or its associated acid halides, esters, salts, anhydrides, or mixtures thereof.
  • dicarboxylic acid is intended to include dicarboxylic acids and any derivative of a dicarboxylic acid, including its associated acid halides, esters, half-esters, salts, half- salts, anhydrides, mixed anhydrides, or mixtures thereof, useful in a polycondensation process with a diol to make a high molecular weight polyester.
  • the polyester compositions of present invention are prepared from polyesters comprising dicarboxylic acid residues, diol residues, and optionally, branching monomer residues.
  • the polyesters " of the present invention contain substantially equal molar proportions of acid residues (100 moie%) and diol residues (100 mole%) which react in substantially equal proportions such that the total moles of repeating units is equal to 100 mole%.
  • the mole percentages provided in the present disclosure therefore, may be based on the total moles of acid residues, the total moles of diol residues, or the total moles of repeating units.
  • a polyester containing 20 mole% isophthalic acid means the polyester contains 20 mole% isophthalic acid residues out of a total of 100 mole% acid residues. Thus, there are 20 moles of isophthalic acid residues among every 100 moles of acid residues.
  • a polyester containing 30 mole% 1 ,4- cyclohexanedimethanol means the polyester contains 30 mole% 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol residues out of a total of 100 mole% diol residues. Thus, there are 30 moles of 1 ,4- cyclohexanedimethanol residues among every 100 moles of diol residues.
  • polyester compositions of the invention comprise polyesters that are amorphous which typically exhibit a glass transition temperature (abbreviated herein as "Tg”), as measured by well-known techniques such as, for example, differential scanning calorimetry (“DSC").
  • Tg glass transition temperature
  • the diacid residues of the polyester comprise at least 80 mole percent (mole%), based on the total moles of diacid residues, of one or more residues of terephthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1 ,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, or isophthalic acid. Any of the various isomers of naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or mixtures of isomers may be used, but the 1 ,4-, 1 ,5-, 2,6-, and 2,7- isomers are preferred.
  • Cycioaiiphatic dicarboxylic acids such as, for example, 1 ,4- cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid may be present at the pure cis or trans isomer or as a mixture of cis and trans isomers.
  • the polyester may comprise about 80 to about 100 mole% of diacid residues from terephthalic acid and 0 to about 20 mole% diacid residues from isophthalic acid.
  • the polyester also contains diol residues that may comprise about 25 to about 70 mo!e% of the residues of 1 ,4-cyclohexane- dimethanoi, 30 to about 70 mole% of the residues of 1 ,3-propanediol, and 0 to 45 mole% of one or more diols containing 2 to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • diol is synonymous with the term "glycol” and means any dihydric alcohol.
  • the diol residues also may comprise about 25 to about 70 mole percent, based on the total moles of diol residues, of the residues of 1 ,4- cyclohexanedimethanol and 30 to about 75 mole percent of the residues of one or more diols selected from ethylene glycol, 1 ,2- propanediol, 1 ,3-propanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol, 1 ,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethylene glycol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-i ,3-pentanediol, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3- cyclobutanediol, 1 ,3-cyclohexanedimethanol, bisphenol A, and polyalkylene glycol.
  • diols selected from ethylene glyco
  • diols that may be used in the polyesters of our invention are triethylene glycol; polyethylene glycols; 2,4-dimethyl-2-ethyl-hexane-1 ,3-diol; 2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-propanediol; 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1 ,3-propanediol; 2-ethy!-2-isobutyl-1 ,3-propanediol; 1 ,3-butanediol; 1 ,5-pentanediol; thiodiethanol; 1 ,2-cyclohexane- dimethanol; 1 ,3-cyclohexanedimethanol; p-xylylenediol; bisphenol S; or combinations of one or more of these glycols.
  • the cycloaliphatic diols for example, 1 ,3- and 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, may be present as their pure cis or trans isomers or as a mixture of cis and trans isomers.
  • the diol residues may comprise from about 25 to about 70 mole percent of the residues of 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, from about 30 to about 75 mole percent of the residues of 1 ,3-propanediol, and from about 0 to 45 mole percent of the residues of ethylene glycol.
  • the diol residues may comprise from about 40 to aboul: 60 mole percent of the residues of 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, from about 60 to about 40 mole percent of the residues of 1 ,3-propanediol, and from about 0 to about 20 mole percent of the residues of ethylene glycol.
  • the diol residues may comprise from about 55 to 45 mole percent of the residues of 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, from about 45 to 55 mole percent, and about 0 to10 mole percent of the residues of ethylene glycol.
  • the diol residues may comprise from about 45 to about 55 mole percent of the residues of 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, from about 55 to about 45 mole percent of the residues of 1 ,3-propanediol, wherein the residues of 1 ,4- cyclohexanedimethanol and 1 ,3-propanediol are the only diol residues present in the polyester, and the diacid residues comprise about 95 to about 100 mole percent of the residues of terephthalic acid. Residues of 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and 1 ,3-propanediol are preferably the only diol residues in the polyester.
  • the polyester also may further comprise from 0 to about 20 mole percent of the residues of one or more modifying diacids containing about 4 to about 40 carbon atoms.
  • modifying dicarboxylic acids that may be used include aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, alicyclic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, or mixtures of two or more of these acids.
  • Specific examples of modifying dicarboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, one or more of succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, dimer acid, or sulfoisophthalic acid.
  • modifying diacarboxylic acids are fumaric; maleic; itaconic; 1 ,3- cyclohexanedicarboxylic; diglycolic; 2,5-norbomanedicarboxylic; phthalic; diphenic; 4,4'-oxydibenzoic; and 4,4'-sulfonyldibenzoic.
  • the polyester comprises from about 0.01 to about 10 weight percent (wt%), preferably, from about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent, and more preferably, from about 0.01 to 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polyester, of one or more residues of a branching monomer having 3 or more carboxyl substituents, hydroxyl substituents, or a combination thereof.
  • branching monomers include, but are not limited to, multifunctional acids or glycols such as trimellitic acid, trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride, trimethylolpropane, glycerol, pentaerythritol, citric acid, tartaric acid, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid and the like.
  • the branching monomer residues comprise about 0.1 to about 0.7 mole percent of one or more residues of: trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride, glycerol, sorbitol, 1 ,2,6-hexanetriol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolethane, or trimesic acid.
  • the branching monomer may be added to the polyester reaction mixture or blended with the polyester in the form of a concentrate as described, for example, in U.S. Patent No.'s 5,654,347 and 5,696,176.
  • the polyester compositions of the invention are useful in making calendered film and/or sheet on calendering rolls.
  • the polyester composition may also comprise one or more plasticizers to increase the flexibility and softness of calendered polyester film, improve the processing of the polyester, and help to prevent sticking of the polyester to the calender rolls.
  • the invention also provides a process for film or sheet by calendering the novel polyester compositions and for the film or sheet produced from such calendering processes.
  • the calendered film or sheet typically have a thickness in the range of about 2 mils (0.05 mm) to about 80 mils (2 mm).
  • the inherent viscosity (I. V.) of the polyesters of the present invention is generally from about 0.4 to about 1.4 dL/g, other I.V.s are contemplated within the scope of this invention.
  • the inherent viscosity refers to inherent viscosity determinations made at 25 0 C using 0.25 gram of polymer per 50 mL of a solvent composed of 60 weight percent phenol and 40 weight percent tetrachloroethane.
  • the basic method of determining the I.V. of the polyesters herein is set forth in ASTM method D2857-95.
  • the polyesters of the present invention preferably have an inherent viscosity of about 0.55 to about 1.00 dL/g.
  • Other examples of I.V. values which may be exhibited by the polyester compositions are about 0.55 to about 0.70 dL/g, about 0.55 to about 0.65 dL/g, and about 0.60 to about 0.65 dL/g.
  • the polyester compositions described above may comprise an additive that is effective to prevent sticking of the polyester to the calendering rolls when the polyester is used to make calendered film.
  • the term "effective" means that the polyester passes freely between the calendering rolls without wrapping itself around the rolls or producing an excessive layer of polyester on the surface of the rolls.
  • the amount of additive used in the polyester resin composition is typically about 0.1 to about 10 wt%, based on the total weight percent of the polyester composition. The optimum amount of additive used is determined by factors well known in the art and is dependent upon variations in' equipment, material, process conditions, and film thickness. Additional examples of additive levels are about 0.1 to about 5 wt% and about 0.1 to about 2 wt%.
  • additives of the present invention include fatty acid amides such as erucylamide and stearamide; metal salts of organic acids such as calcium stearate and zinc stearate; fatty acids such as stearic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid; fatty acid salts; fatty acid esters; hydrocarbon waxes such as paraffin wax, phosphoric acid esters, polyethylene waxes, and polypropylene waxes; chemically modified polyolefin waxes; ester waxes such as camauba wax; glycerin esters such as glycerol mono- and di- stearates; talc; microcrystalline silica; and acrylic copolymers (for example, PARALOID ® K175 available from Rohm & Haas).
  • metal salts of organic acids such as calcium stearate and zinc stearate
  • fatty acids such as stearic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid
  • the additive comprises one or more of: erucylamide, stearamide, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, montanic acid, montanic acid esters, montanic acid salts, oleic acid, palmitic acid, paraffin wax, polyethylene waxes, polypropylene waxes, camauba wax, glycerol monostearate, or glycerol distearate.
  • Another additive which may be used comprises a fatty acid or a salt of a fatty acid containing more than 18 carbon atoms and (ii) an ester wax comprising a fatty acid residue containing more than 18 carbon atoms and an alcohol residue containing from 2 to about 28 carbon atoms.
  • the ratio of the fatty acid or salt of a fatty acid to the ester wax may be 1 :1 or greater.
  • the combination of the fatty acid or fatty acid salt and an ester wax at the above ratio gives the additional benefit of providing a film or sheet with a haze value of less than 5%.
  • the additives with fatty acid components containing 18 or less carbon atoms have a lower molecular weight and, thus, become miscible with the polyester. Such miscible additives have less interfacial migration surface qualities resulting in poor release or an increase in haze.
  • the ratio of the fatty acid or salt of the fatty acid to the ester wax is 2:1 or greater.
  • the fatty acid may comprise montanic acid in which the salt of the fatty acid may comprise one or more of: the sodium salt of montanic acid, the calcium salt of montanic acid, or the lithium salt of montanic acid.
  • the fatty acid residue of the ester wax may comprise montanic acid.
  • the alcohol residue of the ester wax preferably contains 2 to 28 carbon atoms. Examples of alcohols include montanyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol.
  • the additive may also comprise an ester wax which has been partially saponified with a base such as, for example, calcium hydroxide.
  • the polyesters of the instant invention are readily prepared from the appropriate dicarboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, or salts, the appropriate diol or diol mixtures, and branching monomers using typical polycondensation reaction conditions. They may be made by continuous, semi-continuous, and batch modes of operation and may utilize a variety of reactor types. Examples of suitable reactor types include, but are not limited to, stirred tank, continuous stirred tank, slurry, tubular, wiped-film, falling film, or extrusion reactors.
  • continuous as used herein means a process wherein reactants are introduced and products withdrawn simultaneously in an uninterrupted manner. By “continuous” it is meant that the process is substantially or completely continuous in operation in contrast to a "batch" process.
  • Continuous is not meant in any way to prohibit normal interruptions in the continuity of the process due to, for example, start-up, reactor maintenance, or scheduled shut down periods.
  • batch process as used herein means a process wherein all the reactants are added to the reactor and then processed according to a predetermined course of reaction during which no material is fed or removed into the reactor.
  • semicontinuous means a process where some of the reactants are charged at the beginning of the process and the remaining reactants are fed continuously as the reaction progresses.
  • a semicontinuous process may also include a process similar to a batch process in which all the reactants are added at the beginning of the process except that one or more of the products are removed continuously as the reaction progresses.
  • the process is operated advantageously as a continuous process for economic reasons and to produce superior coloration of the polymer as the polyester may deteriorate in appearance if allowed to reside in a reactor at an elevated temperature for too long a duration.
  • the polyesters of the present invention are prepared by procedures known to persons skilled in the art.
  • the reaction of the diol, dicarboxylic acid, and branching monomer components may be carried out using conventional polyester polymerization conditions.
  • the reaction process may comprise two steps.
  • the diol component and the dicarboxylic acid component are reacted at elevated temperatures, typically, about 15O 0 C to about 25O 0 C for about 0.5 to about 8 hours at pressures ranging from about 0.01 kPa gauge to about 414 kPa gauge (60 pounds per square inch, "psig").
  • the temperature for the ester interchange reaction ranges from about 18O 0 C to about 23O 0 C for about 1 to about 4 hours while the preferred pressure ranges from about 103 kPa gauge (15 psig) to about 276 kPa gauge (40 psig).
  • This second step or poly- condensation step, is continued under higher vacuum and a temperature which generally ranges from about 23O 0 C to about 35O 0 C, preferably about 25O 0 C to about 31O 0 C and, most preferably, about 26O 0 C to about 29O 0 C for about 0.1 to about 6 hours, or preferably, for about 0.2 to about 2 hours, until a polymer having the desired degree of polymerization, as determined by inherent viscosity, is obtained.
  • the polycondensation step may be conducted under reduced pressure which ranges from about 53 kPa (400 torr) to about 0.013 kPa (0.1 torr). Stirring or appropriate conditions are used in both stages to ensure adequate heat transfer and surface renewal of the reaction mixtu re.
  • the reaction rates of both stages are increased by appropriate catalysts such as, for example, alkoxy titanium compounds, alkali metal hydroxides and alcoholates, salts of organic carboxylic acids, alkyl tin compounds, metal oxides, and the like.
  • a three-stage manufacturing procedure similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 5,290,631 , may also be used, particularly when a mixed monomer feed of acids and esters is employed.
  • polyesters are produced by reacting the dicarboxylic acid or a mixture of dicarboxylic acids with the diol component or a mixture of diol components and the branching monomer component.
  • the reaction is conducted at a pressure of from about 7 kPa gauge (1 psig) to about 13T9 kPa gauge (200 psig), preferably less than 689 kPa (100 psig) to produce a low molecular weight polyester product having an average desgree of polymerization of from about 1.4 to about 10.
  • the temperatures employed during the direct esterification reaction typically range from about 180 0 C to about 28O 0 C, more preferably ranging from about 22O 0 C to about 27O 0 C. This low molecular weight polymer may then be polymerized by a polycondensation reaction.
  • the copolyester compositions of the present invention may include any various additives conventional in the art.
  • the polyester blend can include from about 0.01 to about 50 ⁇ /eight percent, based on the total weight of the composition, of at least one additional additive selected from a lubricant, a non-polyrneric plasticizer, a thermal stabilizer, an antioxidant, a pro-oxidant, an acid scavenger, an ultraviolet light stabilizer, a promoter of photodegradation, an antistatic agent, a pigment, a dye, and a colorant.
  • Typical non-polymeric plasticizers include dioctyl adipate, phosphates, and diethyl phthalate.
  • Representative inorganics include, talc, TiO2, CaCO3, NH4CL, and silica.
  • Colorants can be monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric.
  • Preferred polymeric colorants are aliphatic polyesters, aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters, or aromatic polyesters in which the color producing monomer, i.e., a dye, is covalently incorporated into the polymer.
  • Such representative polymeric colorants are described by Weaver et al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,892,922, 4,892,923, 4,882,412, 4,845,188, 4,826,903 and 4,749,773 the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the polyester composition of the invention may comprise a plasticizer.
  • the presence of the plasticizier is useful to enhance flexibility and the good mechanical properties of the calendered film or sheet.
  • the plasticizer also helps to lower the processing temperature of the polyesters.
  • the plasticizers typically comprise one or more aromatic rings.
  • the preferred plasticizers are soluble in the polyester as indicated by dissolving a 5-mil (.127 mrn) thick film of the polyester to produce a clear solution at a temperature of 160 0 C or less. More preferably, the plasticizers are soluble in the polyester as indicated by dissolving a 5-mil (.127 mm) thick film of the polyester to produce a clear solution at a temperature of 15O 0 C or less.
  • the solubility of the plasticizer in the polyester may be determined as follows:
  • step 4 for each of the following temperatures ( 0 C): 100, 140, 150, and 160.
  • plasticizers potentially useful in the invention are as follows: Table A-Plasticizers
  • DEGDB Diethylene glycol dibenzoate
  • Palmitic Acid Derivatives lsopropyl palmitate
  • Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)
  • the most preferred piasticizers will have a solubility parameter ( ⁇ ) in the range of about 9.5 to about 13.0 cal ⁇ 5 cm “1 5 . It is generally understood that the solubility parameter of the plasticizer should be within 1.5 units of the solubility parameter of polyester.
  • the plasticizers in Table B that are preferred in the context of this invention are as follows:
  • plasticizers are preferred to prevent smoking and loss of plasticizer during the calendering process.
  • the preferred range of plasticizer content will depend on the properties of the base polyester and the plasticizer.
  • the amount of plasticizer needed to obtain a polyester composition that may be calendered satisfactorily decreases.
  • the plasticizer comprises from about 5 to about 50 weight percent (wt%) of the polyester composition based on the total weight of the polyester composition.
  • plasticizer levels are about 10 to about 40 wt%, about 15 to about 40 wt%, and about 15 to about 30 wt% of the polyester composition.
  • plasticizers which may be used according to the invention are esters comprising: (i) acid residues comprising one or more residues of: phthalic acid, adipic acid, trimellitic acid, benzoic acid, azelaic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, butyric acid, glutaric acid, citric acid or phosphoric acid; and (ii) alcohol residues comprising one or more residues of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic alcohol containing up to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • alcohol residues of the plasticizer include methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, stearyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, phenol, benzyl alcohol, hydroquinone, catechol, resorcinol, ethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1 ,4- cyclohexanedimethanol, and diethylene glycol.
  • the plasticizer also may comprise one or more benzoates, phthalates, phosphates, or isophthalates.
  • the plasticizer comprises diethylene glycol dibenzoate, abbreviated herein as "DEGDB".
  • a flame retardant may be added to the polyester composition at a concentration of about 5 wt% to about 40 wt% based on the total weight of the polyester composition.
  • Other examples of flame retardant levels are about 7 wt% to about 35 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%, and about 10 wt% to about 25 wt%.
  • the flame retardant comprises one or more monoesters, diesters, or triesters of phosphoric acid.
  • the phosphorus-containing flame retardant may also function as a plasticizer for the polyester.
  • the plasticizer comprises diethylene glycol dibenzoate and the flame retardant comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate).
  • the flame retardant film or sheet will typically give a V2 or greater rating in a UL94 bum test In addition, our flame retardant film or sheet typically gives a burn rate of 0 in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 302 (typically referred to as FMVSS 302).
  • FMVSS 302 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 302
  • the phosphorus-containing flame retardant is preferably miscible with the polyester or the plasticized polyester.
  • miscible is understood to mean that the flame retardant and the plasticized polyester will mix together to form a stable mixture which will not separate into multiple phases under processing conditions or conditions of use.
  • the term “miscible” is intended include both “soluble” mixtures, in which flame retardant and plasticized polyester form a true solution, and “compatible” mixtures, meaning that the mixture of flame retardant and plasticized polyester do not necessarily form a true solution but only a stable blend.
  • the phosphorus-containing compound is a non- halogenated, organic compound such as, for example, a phosphorus acid ester containing organic substituents.
  • the flame retardant may comprise a wide range of phosphorus compounds well-known in the art such as, for example, phosphines, phosphites, phosphinites, phosphonites, phosphinates, phosphonates, phosphine oxides, and phosphates.
  • Examples of phosphorus-containing flame retardants include tributyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tri-butoxyethyl phosphate, t-Butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, ethyl dimethyl phosphate, isodecyl diphenyl phosphate, trilauryl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, trixylenyl phosphate, t-butylphenyl diphenylphosphate, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate), tribenzyl phosphate, phenyl ethyl phosphate, trimethyl thionophosphate, phenyl ethyl thionophosphate, dimethyl methylphosphonate, diethyl methylphosphonate, diethyl pentylphosphonate, dilauryl methylphosphon
  • phosphorus acid as used in describing the phosphorus-containing flame retardants of the invention include the mineral acids such as phosphoric acid, acids having direct carbon-to- phosphorus bonds such as the phosphonic and phosphinic acids, and partially esterified phosphorus acids which contain at least one remaining unesterified acid group such as the first and second degree esters of phosphoric acid and the like.
  • Typical phosphorus acids that can be employed in the present invention include, but are not limited to: dibenzyl phosphoric acid, dibutyl phosphoric acid, di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid, diphenyl phosphoric acid, methyl phenyl phosphoric acid, phenyl benzyl phosphoric acid, hexylphosphonic acid, phenylphosphonic acid tolylphosphonic acid, benzyl phosphonic acid, 2-phenylethylphosphonic acid, methylhexylphosphinic acid, diphenylphosphinic acid, phenylnaphthylphosphinic acid, dibenzylphosphinic acid, methylphenylphosphinic acid, phenylphosphonous acid, tolylphosphonous acid, benzylphosphonous acid, butyl phosphoric acid, 2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid, phenyl phosphoric acid, cresyl phospho
  • the flame retardant typically comprises one or more monoesters, diesters, or triesters of phosphoric acid.
  • the flame retardant comprises resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate), abbreviated herein as "RDP”.
  • Oxidative stabilizers also may be used with polyesters of the present invention to prevent oxidative degradation during processing of the molten or semi-molten material on the rolls.
  • Such stabilizers include esters such as distearyl thiodipropionate or dilauryl thiodipropionate; phenolic stabilizers such as IRGANOX ® 101 0 available from Ciba-Geigy AG, ETHANOX ® 330 available from Ethyl Corporation, and butylated hydroxytoluene; and phosphorus containing stabilizers such as IRGAFOS ® available from Ciba-Geigy AG and WESTON ® stabilizers available from GE Specialty Chemicals. These stabilizers may be used alone or in combinations.
  • polyester compositions may contain dyes, pigments, fillers, matting agents, antiblocking agents, antistatic agents, blowing agents, chopped fibers, glass, impact modifiers, carbon black, talc, TiO 2 and the like as desired.
  • Colorants sometimes referred to as toners, may be added to impart a desired neutral hue and/or brightness to the polyester and the calendered product.
  • the various components of the polyester compositions such as, for example, the flame retardant, release additive, plasticizer, and toners, may be blended in batch, semicontinuous, or continu ous processes.
  • Small scale batches may be readily prepared in any high- intensity mixing devices well-known to those skilled in the art, such as Banbury mixers, batch mixers, ribbon blenders, roll mill, torq ue rheometer, a single screw extruder, or a twin screw extruder.
  • the components also may be blended in solution in an appropriate solvent.
  • the melt blending method includes blending the polyester, plasticizer, flame retardant, additive, and any additional non-polymerized components at a temperature sufficient to melt the polyester.
  • the blend may be cooled and pelletized for further use or the melt blend can be calendered directly from this molten blend into film or sheet.
  • the term "melt" as used herein includes, but is not limited to , merely softening the polyester.
  • pigments or colorants may be included in the polyester mixture during the reaction of the diol and the dicarboxylic acid or they may be melt blended with the preformed polyester.
  • a preferred method of including colorants is to use a colorant having thermally stable organic colored compounds having reactive groups such that the colorant is copolymerized and incorporated into the polyester to improve its hue.
  • colorants such as dyes possessing reactive hydroxyl and/or carboxyl groups, including, but not limited to, blue and red substituted anthraquinones, may be copolymerized into the polymer chain.
  • dyes may be added to the polyester reaction process after an ester interchange or direct esterification reaction.
  • the polyester blend may also be formed into film or sheet using many methods known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to extrusion and calendering.
  • the polyesters typically in pellet form, are mixed together in a tumbler and then placed in a hopper of an extruder for melt compounding.
  • the pellets may be added to the hopper of an extrude r by various feeders, which meter the pellets in their desired weight ratios.
  • the now homogenous copolyester blend is shaped into a film.
  • the shape of the film is not restricted in any way. For example, it may be a flat sheet or a tube.
  • the film obtained may be stretched, for example, in a certain direction by from 2 to 6 times the original measurements.
  • the stretching method for the film may be by any of the methods known in the art, such as, the roll stretching method, the long-gap stretching, the tenter-stretching method, and the tubular stretching method. With the use of any of these methods, it is possible to conduct biaxial stretching in succession, simultaneous biaxial stretching, uni-axial stretching, or a combination of these. With the biaxial stretching mentioned above, stretching in the machine direction and transverse direction may be done at the same time. Also the stretching may be done first in one direction and then in the other direction to result in effective biaxial stretching.
  • Our invention also includes a process for the manufacture of film or sheet, comprising any of the polyester compositions of the invention.
  • Articles, film, sheet, and/or fibers may be made comprising the compositions of the invention.
  • this invention includes a process for making such articles, film, sheet, and/or fibers comprising the steps of injection molding, extrusion blow molding, film/sheet extruding or calendering the polymer compositions of the invention.
  • PETC3 for compositions with up to 50 mol% CHDM
  • PCTG for compositions with greater than 50 mol % CHDM
  • EG ethylene glycol
  • PD refers to 1 ,3>- propanediol
  • CHDM refers to 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol
  • DMT is dimethyl terephthalate
  • T is terephthalic acid.
  • a terephthalic acid, 75 mole percent CHDM, 25 mole percent PD copolyester was prepared.
  • 97.10 grams (0.5O moles) of DMT, 57.32 grams (0.3975 moles) of CHDM, 26.83 grams (0.3525 moles) of PD were added to a 500 ml single neck round bottom flask.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 54 ppm titanium, 55 ppm manganese and 80 ppm phosphorus. Titanium and manganese catalysts were added upfront. The flask was immersed in a Belmont metal bath that was pre-heated to 22O 0 C.
  • the inherent viscosity of the polymer was 0.863 dL/g
  • the polymer had first cycle melting point of 169.2°C and 233.6 0 C.
  • the polymer had a Tg of 79.5°C and a second cycle melting point of 234.7 0 C.
  • Compositional analysis (by NMR) showed the copolyester contained 71.7 mole percent CHDM and 28.3 mole percent PD.
  • Example of an amorphous copolyester 97.10 grams (0.50 moles) of DMT, 42.03 grams (0.2915 moles) of CHDM, 34.89 grams (0.4585 moles) of PD were added to a 500 ml single neck round bottom flask.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 100 ppm titanium added upfront. The flask was immersed in a Belmont metal bath that was pre-heated to 21O 0 C. Immediately after the flask was immersed the temperature set point was increased to 28O 0 C, and held for 30 minutes. After this time the theoretical amount of methanol was collected. The pressure in the flask was then reduced from atmospheric to 0.3 mm of Hg.
  • Example of an amorphous copolyester 97.10 grams (0.50 moles) of DMT, 34.39 grams (0.2385 moles) of CHDM, 38.93 grams (0.5115 moles) of PD were added to a 500 ml single neck round bottom flask.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 100 ppm titanium added upfront.
  • Procedure used for the synthesis was the same as stated in Example 2.
  • the inherent viscosity of the polymer was 0.859 dL/g.
  • the polymer had a Tg of 65.7 0 C.
  • Compositional analysis (by NMR) showed the copolyester contained 43.3 mol % CHDM and 56.7 mol % PD.
  • a T, 15CHDM, 85PD composition was prepared. 97.10 grams (0.50 moles) of DMT, 11.46 grams (0.0795 moles) of CHDM, 51.03 grams (0.6705 moles) of PD were added to a 500 ml single neck round bottom flask.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 100 ppm titanium added upfront. Procedure used for the synthesis was the same as stated in Example 2.
  • the inherent viscosity of the polymer was 0.913 dL/g.
  • the polymer had first cycle melting point of 200.9 0 C.
  • the polymer had a Tg of 54.3°C and a second cycle melting point of 201.4 0 C.
  • Compositional analysis (by NMR) showed the copolyester contained 14.7 mol % CHDM and 85.3 mol % PD.
  • Example of a crystalline copolyester 97.10 grams (0.50 moles) of DMT, 3.82 grams (0.0265 moles) of CHDM, 55.06 grams (0.7235 moles) of PD were added to a 500 ml single neck round bottom flask.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 100 ppm titanium added upfront. Procedure used for the synthesis was the same as stated in Example 2.
  • the inherent viscosity of the polymer was 0.935 dL/g.
  • the polymer had first cycle melting point of 188.12 0 C and 216.5 0 C.
  • the polymer had a Tg of 52.0 0 C and a second cycle melting point of 217.O 0 C.
  • Compositional analysis (by NMR) showed the copolyester contained 7.0 mol % CHDM and 93.0 mol % PD.
  • a terephthalic acid, 55 mole percent EG, 45mole percent PD composition was prepared. 97.10 grams (0.50 moles) of DMT, 43.91 grams (0.7075 moles) of EG, 22.26 grams (0.2925 moles) of PD were added to a 500 ml single neck round bottom flask.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 54 ppm titanium, 55 ppm manganese and 80 ppm phosphorus. Titanium and manganese catalysts were added upfront. The flask was immersed in a Belmont metal bath that was pre-heated to 200 0 C. Materials were allowed to melt while increasing the stir rate, and held at 200 0 C for 1 hour.
  • a terephthalic acid, 45 mole percent PD, 55 mole percent EG polyester composition was prepared. 29.35 pounds of DMT, 10.32 pounds of EG 1 and 6.73 pounds of PD were charged into a stainless steel reaction vessel.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 55 ppm titanium, 55 ppm manganese and 20 ppm phosphorous. Titanium and manganese catalysts were added upfront. The agitator speed was set at 25 rpm and reactor was heated to 200 0 C and held for 2 hours. The temperature was then increased to 22O 0 C and held for one hour. The phosphorous catalyst, in the form of Merpol A, was then added and the temperature set point was increased to 27O 0 C.
  • a terephthalic acid, 45 mole percent PD, 55 ethylene glycol was prepared. 29.35 pounds of DMT, 10.32 pounds of EG, and 6.73 pounds of PD were charged into a stainless steel reaction vessel.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 100 ppm titanium added upfront. Procedure used for synthesis was the same as stated in Example 7. Material was immediately extruded and chopped. The inherent viscosity of polymer was 0.688. The polymer has a Tg of 64.5 0 C and no detectable crystalline melting point on the first or second cycle DSC runs. Compositional analysis (by NMR) showed the copoiyester contained 52.7 mole percent ethylene glycol and 47.3 mole percent PD.
  • a terephthalic acid, 75 mole percent PD, 25 mole percent EG composition was prepared. 28,74 pounds of DMT, 4.59 pounds of EG, and 10.98 pounds of PD were charged into a stainless steel reaction vessel.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 55 ppm titanium, 55 ppm manganese and 20 ppm phosphorous. Titanium and manganese catalysts were added upfront. Procedure used for synthesis was the same as stated in Example 7. Material was immediately extruded and chopped. The inherent viscosity of the polymer was 0.68 dL/g. The polymer had a first cycle melting point of 199.9?°C. The polymer had a Tg of 52.1 0 C and a second cycle melting point of 199.1 0 C. Compositional analysis (by NMR) showed the copoiyester contained 25.1 mole percent EG and 74.9 mole percent PD.
  • a terephthalic acid, 45 mole percent PD, and 55 mole % CHDM polyester composition was prepared. 23.91 pounds of DMT, 10.35 pounds of CHDM, and 6.32 pounds of PD were charged into a stainless steel reaction vessel.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 75 ppm titanium added upfront. The agitator speed was set at 25 rpm and reactor was heated to 27O 0 C, a pressure ramp of 13 mm of Hg/minute to full vaccum was initiated. [0059] Reactor conditions were held at 27O 0 C for 1 hour. Vacuum was discontinued and the reactor was brought back to atmospheric pressure with nitrogen. Material was immediately extruded and chopped. The inherent viscosity of the polymer was 0.714.
  • the polymer had a first cycle melting point of 213.9 0 C.
  • the polymer had a Tg of 69.6 0 C and a second cycle melting point of 216.3 0 C.
  • Compositional analysis (by NMR) showed the copolyester contained 54.6 mole percent CHDM and 45.4 mole percent PD.
  • a terephthalic acid, 55 mole percent PD, 45 mole percent CHDM polyester composition was prepared. 24.60 pounds of DMT, 8.71 pounds of CHDM and 7.95 pounds of PD were charged into a stainless steel reaction vessel.
  • the catalyst system consisted of 75 ppm titanium added upfront. Procedure used for synthesis was the same as stated in Example 10. Material was immediately extruded and chopped. The inherent viscosity of the polymer was 0.738 dL/g. The polymer had a Tg of 67.4 0 C and no detectable crystalline melting point on the first or second cycle DSC runs. Compositional analysis (by NMR) showed the copolyester contained 46.7 mole percent CHDM and 53.3 mole PD.
  • T(EG)31 contains 100 mole percent of terephthalic acid, 31 mole percent of 1,4- cyclohexanedimethanol, and 68 mole percent of ethylene glycol
  • T(EG)45(PD) contains 100 mole percent of terephthalic acid, 45 mole percent of 1 ,3-propanediol, and 55 mole percent of ethylene glycoI
  • T(PD)25(EG) contains 100 mole percent of terephthalic acid, 75 mole percent of 1,3-propanediol, and 25 mole percent of ethylene glycol
  • T(CHDM)38(EG) contains 100 mole percent of terephthalic acid, 62 mole percent of 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, and 38 mole percent of ethylene glycol.
  • T(CHDM)38(EG) and T(EG)31 (CHDM) are as defined for Table 1.
  • T(CHDM)45(PD) contains 100 mole percent of terephthalic acid, 45 mole percent of 1 ,3- propanediol, and 55 mole percent of 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol.
  • T(PD)45(CHDM) contains 100 mole percent of terephthalic acid, 55 mole percent of 1 ,3-propanediol, and 45 mole percent of 1 ,4- cyclohexanedimethanol.
  • Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT), at 455 kilopascals (about 66 psi), was determined according to ASTM D648. Notched and Unnotched Izod Impact Strength was determined at 23°C according to ASTM D256. Flexural Modulus (Flex Modulus) and flexural strength were determined according to ASTM D790.
  • the color of the polymer pellets is determined in a conventional manner using a HunterLab UltraScan Colorimeter manufactured by Hunter Associates Laboratory, Inc., Reston, Virginia.
  • the instrument is operated using HunterLab Universal Software (version 3.8). Calibration and operation of the instrument is according to the HunterLab User Manual and is largely directed by the Universal Software. To reproduce the results on any colorimeter, run the instrument according to its instructions and use the following testing parameters: D65 Light Source (daylight, 6500 0 K color temperature), Reflectance Mode, Large Area View, Specular Included, CIE 10° Observer, Outputs are CIE L*, a*, b*.
  • the pellets are placed in a holder that is 25 mm deep by 55 mm wide and high.
  • the holder is black with a window on one side. During testing, the clear side of the holder is held at the reflectance port of the colorimeter as is normally done when testing in reflectance mode.
  • An increase in the positive b* value indicates yellowness, while a decrease in the numerical value of b* indicates a reduction in yellowness. Color measurement and practice are discussed in greater detail in Anni Berger-Schunn in Practical Color Measurement, Wiley, NY pages 39-56 and 91-98 (1994).
  • the b* value is less than +4, more preferably from about +1 to about +2.

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