WO2006034808A2 - Procede et dispositif de prevision de l'abrasion d'une surface - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif de prevision de l'abrasion d'une surface Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006034808A2
WO2006034808A2 PCT/EP2005/010197 EP2005010197W WO2006034808A2 WO 2006034808 A2 WO2006034808 A2 WO 2006034808A2 EP 2005010197 W EP2005010197 W EP 2005010197W WO 2006034808 A2 WO2006034808 A2 WO 2006034808A2
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Prior art keywords
abrasion
relative movement
location
contour
dependent
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PCT/EP2005/010197
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German (de)
English (en)
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WO2006034808A3 (fr
Inventor
Volker Lagemann
Klaus Rohwer
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Daimlerchrysler Ag
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Priority claimed from DE102004046924A external-priority patent/DE102004046924A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102005023651A external-priority patent/DE102005023651A1/de
Application filed by Daimlerchrysler Ag filed Critical Daimlerchrysler Ag
Publication of WO2006034808A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006034808A2/fr
Publication of WO2006034808A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006034808A3/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
    • G06F30/23—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using finite element methods [FEM] or finite difference methods [FDM]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2111/00—Details relating to CAD techniques
    • G06F2111/10—Numerical modelling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and apparatus for automatic prediction of attrition eroded by a physical body due to multiple movements of the body relative to another body.
  • a method having the features of the preamble of claim 1 and an apparatus having the features of claim 34 are known from US 6,169,931 Bl.
  • the body is there a cleaning device ("ubend"), which cleans by surface contact another body, such as a wafer.
  • the further body (“wafer”) is fixed and pressed against the rotating body (“ubend”).
  • the contact pressure P and the relative speed S between the rotating further body and the body determine the load on the surface in the simulation. This causes a change in the roughness (“Preston coefficient” k) and causes the thickness h of the body is reduced, that leads to abrasion.
  • US 5,679,883 describes a method and apparatus for simulating tribological processes in contact between two bodies.
  • No. 5,625,575 describes how the friction between two bodies and the resulting deformation of their surfaces can be simulated.
  • a wear model is known. This model establishes a relationship between the operating variables of a system and the age-related change of this system. Values of the operating variables are recorded, and the aging of the system is predicted. For example, the remaining life is predicted.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method with the features of the preamble of claim 1 and a device having the features of claims 34 or 35, which predicts the abrasion of the surface of the body in the case close to reality, that between the surface and the further surface is a gap which is filled with a fluid.
  • the process, the data processing system and the computer program product automatically predict abrasion.
  • This abrasion is removed from a surface of a physical body.
  • the surface of the body performs a first and at least one further relative movement relative to the further surface of the further body, whereby the abrasion is predicted and it is predicted how the contour of the surface changes due to the abrasion.
  • An initial contour is determined which has the surface before the beginning of the first relative movement. The determination is carried out, for example, by scanning the surface.
  • a sequence is carried out in each case, comprising the following steps:
  • a physical load of the surface caused by the respective relative movement and location-dependent is calculated.
  • the location-dependent load of the surface is calculated as a function of the determined initial contour of the surface, the determined gap width and the fluid property.
  • a location-dependent "abrasion is calculated, namely the abrasion, which is removed by the location-dependent stress, which is caused by the first relative movement, from the surface.
  • a contour which has the surface after the first relative movement is calculated by a first contour calculation.
  • the location-dependent abrasion caused by the first relative movement is used.
  • a further simulation computes a physical load of the surface caused by the respective relative movement and location-dependent.
  • the location-dependent load of the surface is calculated as a function of a calculated initial contour of the surface, the determined gap width and the fluid property.
  • the initial contour here is the contour that has the surface after the previous relative movement.
  • a location-dependent abrasion is calculated, namely the abrasion, which is removed by the location-dependent load, which is caused by the further relative movement, from the surface.
  • a further contour calculation in each case, a contour which has the surface after the further relative movement is calculated on the basis of the calculated initial contour of the surface. For this purpose, the location-dependent abrasion caused by the further relative movement is used.
  • the method predicts the abrasion, the change of the surface contour and thus the wear of the surface in a realistic manner.
  • the proximity to reality arises, on the one hand, from the fact that the physical stress and the abrasion are calculated as a function of location and can therefore differ from region to region of the surface, which corresponds to reality.
  • This feature of the method is capable of simulating deviations of the real from the ideal contours of the two surfaces.
  • the calculated change in the contour that causes the first relative movement is fed into the calculation and used as a new output contour to calculate the further contour change due to the second relative movement.
  • the method takes into account the effect that the gap width has on the load on the surface.
  • the method takes into account at least one physical property of the fluid with which the gap between the surfaces is filled. This increases the realism of the process.
  • the method calculates the surface contour stepwise, namely one step is carried out for each relative movement.
  • the method predicts wear in a realistic manner, the method makes it possible to save on experiments with real physical bodies. This saves time and effort. A wear prediction is possible early in the product development process, in particular already when the two bodies have not yet been made.
  • a topography of the surface at least one parameter for its roughness is used in one embodiment.
  • average initial roughness is averaged over the total surface area and used as the initial topography.
  • an initial topography of the surface that is, its topography before the start of the relative movements, is additionally determined.
  • at least one parameter of the topography is determined. It is also determined how the topography of the surface depends on the abrasion of the surface. The abrasion changes the surface and its topography, for example, the surface is smoothed and thus smoother.
  • the topography is determined, which shows the surface due to the abrasion after the first relative movement.
  • This initial topography is the topography that the surface has due to abrasion after the previous relative movement.
  • the topography is determined which has the surface due to the abrasion after this relative movement.
  • This embodiment leads to a particularly realistic prediction of the abrasion, the wear and the contour during and after the relative movements.
  • the proximity to reality arises, on the one hand, from the fact that the physical stress, the abrasion and the topography are calculated as a function of the location and can therefore differ from area to area of the surface, which corresponds to reality. It is considered how the topography changes due to the relative movements.
  • These features of the method are capable of simulating deviations of the real from the ideal contours of the two surfaces.
  • the calculated change of the contour that causes the first relative movement is fed into the calculation and used as a new output contour to calculate the further contour change due to each further relative movement.
  • the influence of the respective initial topography of the surface on the load on the surface is taken into account as follows:
  • a functional relationship is determined once only before the start of the first simulation.
  • This functional relationship describes how at least one location-dependent physical quantity, which causes the site-dependent loading of the surface, depends on abrasion from the surface.
  • the determined dependence of the topography of the surface on the abrasion from the surface is used.
  • the influence that the topography of the surface has on the location-dependent physical quantity is used. In this functional context, therefore, the topography flows in.
  • the topography is not used directly. Rather, in the simulation, the functional relationship is used to calculate the location-dependent physical quantity.
  • the location-dependent load is calculated using the location-dependent physical quantity.
  • This design saves computing time. Because the functional relationship is determined once in advance and then reused in each simulation. Because several sequences and thus several simulations are performed, this embodiment saves computing time.
  • the method can be used to predict the lifetime of the physical body.
  • a maximum permissible abrasion depth vertical to the surface is specified. Is the Surface removed to this Abriebtiefe, so a maintenance measure is carried out, for. B. renew the body.
  • the sequence simulation - abrasion calculation - contour calculation is repeated until at least one point of the surface, the predetermined Abriebtiefe is reached, ie z. B. at one point 1 mm material or more is removed. It is determined after how many relative movements this is the case. This number of relative movements is used as the life of the body.
  • the method makes it possible to predict this lifetime and thus to plan maintenance measures in advance.
  • the method is used to check the construction of a component and modify it if necessary, before the component itself is manufactured.
  • a design model of the component with the surface to be examined by the method as well as a construction model of a further component with the further surface are specified.
  • the effect of an elementary relative movement between the components, which is performed N times in use, is examined, which causes wear of the surface.
  • a sequence is performed per elementary relative movement. Or, in a time-consuming manner, a sequence is always carried out for a given number N 1 of elementary relative movements, where N 1 is smaller than N.
  • the component z. B. is a bearing in the form of a hollow cylinder by a cylinder slides, so the surface z. B. the inner surface of the bearing. Due to manufacturing inaccuracies, the inner surface is already before the relative movements usually no exact cylinder, but z. B. barrel-shaped. Specified is a tolerance for the crown of the cylindrical inner surface. The crown indicates the amount by which the largest deviates from the smallest diameter of the inner surface. The procedure is carried out with various values for the crowning of the inner surface in order to check the given tolerance for crowning.
  • a predefined design model of the component with the surface is modified, and the method is carried out again.
  • a material parameter or tolerance of the surface is changed, and the process is performed again with the new material parameter or tolerance.
  • FIG. 1 shows the calculation of the abrasion-shifted nodal point
  • Fig. 2. is a flowchart for the method.
  • the method is carried out with a conventional data processing system, for. B. with a PC or a workstation.
  • the method is used to predict the wear of two vehicle components each, which move relative to one another during operation of the motor vehicle
  • Two components that move relative to one another occur, for example, in the engine, for example Piston which reciprocates in a hollow cylinder, a wheel rotating about an axis or the suspension of a door which is rotatably mounted about an axis, or a camshaft between the moving components is a fluid, such as lubricating oil or It is also possible that the fluid is air between the two surfaces and the air is compressed so much that it causes abrasion.
  • the surface of the physical body is first measured at at least one previously selected location in order to determine a representative topography.
  • the topography of a surface of a physical body includes specific points (mountains, valleys, saddles) and / or lines (ridge and water lines). For example, the topography is given by the distance of the representative points from a reference plane.
  • the topography is z.
  • a weighted surface network Pfaltz graph
  • edge set of lines and edge weights eg height differences. From this network can now be parameters for Derive surface description.
  • the distribution of height difference and length of the ridge and water lines includes, for example, information about the influence of the engagement width as a production parameter in a milled surface.
  • the microtopography which is the topography of the surface on a microscale, determined.
  • the topography ⁇ ⁇ n micro-scale is determined with a lateral resolution of the order of 1 ⁇ m (10-6 m), and a vertical resolution of the order of 10 nm (10-8 m).
  • the further surface is measured and a representative topography of the further surface is determined.
  • the method for measuring the microtopography z. B. from DE 19854942 C2 and DE 10254778 B3 are known.
  • a microhardness of the two surfaces is measured at the microphysical detail level, preferably in N / mm 2 .
  • z For example, one of the methods set forth in "Dubbel - Paperback for Mechanical Engineering", 20th Edition, Springer-Verlag, 2001, E28, is calculated from the microhardnesses, the micro-elastic moduli of the two surfaces are calculated for the Simulations used.
  • microtopography, microhardness and other surface properties depend on abrasion from the surface.
  • Two physical bodies are produced. Two reference surfaces of these two bodies are moved relative to each other by a sufficiently long reference relative movement.
  • the reference surface of the one body has the same microtopography and microhardness as the surface to be examined, the reference surface of the second body the same microtopography and microhardness as that of the other surface.
  • the abrasion, which is removed due to the reference relative movement of the first reference surface is measured. Preferably, this is done by making the first reference surface weakly radioactive before the reference relative movement, e.g. B. by bombardment with neutrons.
  • the reference relative movement is performed with fluid present between the two reference surfaces.
  • the radioactivity of the abrasion present in the fluid is measured and converted into a differential abrasion depth relative to a unit of time.
  • the mass of the abrasion per unit time z is calculated in [g / h] and calculated from this with the aid of the surface of the first reference surface ⁇ _ ⁇ nd the weight of the abrasion, the differential Abriebtiefe in [10-6 m / sec].
  • microtopography, the microhardness and other surface properties are measured in each case after several reference relative movements.
  • respective abrasion depth is measured. This will determine how microtopography, microhardness and other surface properties depend on de-tr abrasion depth.
  • the value range for the abrasion values is subdivided into several intervals.
  • the abrasion depth is measured in ⁇ m.
  • abrasion depths the new condition of the surface at a wear depth of less than 0.3 ⁇ m, the running-in condition of the surface at a abrasion depth between 0.3 ⁇ m and 1.2 ⁇ m, and the smoothed condition at one Abrasion depth greater than 1.2 ⁇ m.
  • the microtopography is characterized, among other things, by parameters for the roughness of the surface.
  • parameters for the roughness are described in Dubbel, loc. Cit., F 30 - F 31. These include the arithmetic mean rough value R_a and the maximum profile height R_z.
  • the roughness depends on the abrasion depth. For example the following average roughness parameters are measured:
  • the arithmetic average roughness R_a is 0.335 ⁇ m and the maximum profile height R_z is 1.81 ⁇ m.
  • Each of these maps is location-independent, as such, that it is for each region of the upper surface * valid, the approximately the same topography and the same material properties.
  • the map applies to any relative movement of the surface relative to the other surface. The tests are therefore performed once in advance, and the calculated roughness characteristics are used for each of the following friction simulations, that is, in each of the following sequences.
  • Each roughness map comprises five characteristics.
  • the width of the gap between the surfaces, ie the distance between the surfaces, is plotted on the x-axis of each characteristic.
  • the following five variables are plotted on the y-axis of the characteristic diagram: the flow of the fluid in the tangential direction of the relative movements, the flow of fluid in a flow direction tangent to the surface and perpendicular to the tangential direction of the relative motions, the shear rate of the fluid in the tangential direction of the relative motions, the shear rate of the fluid in a direction tangent to the surface and is perpendicular to the tangential direction of Relativbewegurigen, and the contact pressure z.
  • [N / mm 2 ] which occurs at the points of contact of the two surfaces. When the two surfaces are not Berstoff t s, there occurs no contact pressure.
  • the pressure flow factor and the Scherfluß compositionr are tribological characteristics that describe the flow-mechanical influence that describes the topography of the surface on the flow in the gap filled with a fluid. These two parameters are z.
  • G. Kxioll and V. Lümann "Simulation method for the characterization of rough surfaces. Part 1: Influence of the machining surface on the hydrodynamic bearing capacity of lubricated contacts ", in: Tribology and Lubrication Technology 1, 2002, described.
  • the calculation of the roughness maps is described in more detail below.
  • the pre-simulatory texts include the representative microtopographies, microbands and micro elastic moduli as well as the transverse contraction numbers of the two surfaces.
  • the transverse contraction number also called Poisson number 1
  • the transverse contraction number is a property of a material and indicates how much the material contracts in the transverse direction as it is expanded longitudinally.
  • the surface is an alloy of different materials.
  • the transverse contraction number is determined by weighted averaging from the transverse contraction numbers of the components of the material of which the surface is composed. Unless otherwise stated, the approximate value for the transverse contraction number of the surface is 0.33.
  • Each pre-simulation is preferably carried out by means of a finite element simulation.
  • the method of finite elements is from Dubbel, loc. Cit., C 48 to C 50, from B. Klein: “FEM - Fundamentals and Applications of the Finite Element Method", Vieweg-Verlag, 3rd edition, 1999, from TR Chandrupalta & AD Belegundu: "Introduction to Finite Element in Engineering", Prentice-Hall, 1991, as well as from DE 19927941 Cl known.
  • the surface defines a set of points called nodes. Finite elements are those surface elements whose vertices are defined by nodes. The nodes form a mesh on the surface, so the process of defining nodes and creating finite elements is called meshing.
  • the finite elements are called networking of the surface.
  • two reference surfaces are networked.
  • the measuring points are reused, at which the topography was measured.
  • the microhardness and microhardness of one reference surface are in accordance with the calculated average microhardness and microhardness of the surface for the particular abrasion depth class, and the other reference surface with those of the other surface.
  • the reference surfaces in surface marriage elements are broken down, the edge lengths of preferably a few 100 nra is, thus in the range of a few 10 "7 m.
  • the gap between the two reference surfaces is varied M and for different gap widths in each case, the five Calculates the values given above, namely the two pressure flow factors, the two shear flow factors and de: r Contact pressure.
  • a numerical flow simulation based on the determined three-dimensional topography of the surface is performed.
  • a method can be used, which in G. Knoll and V. Anlagenmann, loc. Cit., Or in G. Knoll and V. Anlagenmann: "Influence of the surface structure on the tribological behavior of lubricated contacts", in: friction and wear of materials, Components and constructions, TAE, Expert Verlag, Contact & Studies, Volume 602, 2004, is described.
  • the abrasion depth is predicted as a measure of the abrasion.
  • the two surfaces in each of the relative movements each perform a sliding movement relative to each other.
  • the surface moves tangentially to the other surface during each of the sliding movements.
  • the width of this gap can vary depending on the location, that is, assume different values at different areas of the surface.
  • its geometry varies at a location over time. Namely, the gap becomes wider due to the abrasion caused.
  • the load acting on the surface is calculated in dependence on a temporally and spatially variable width of the gap.
  • the initial contour of the surface, the initial contour of the further surface and the initial position of the surface relative to the other surface are determined.
  • the initial position is the position that the surface occupies relative to the other surface prior to the start of the first relative movement.
  • the initial contours and the starting position determine the initial geometry of the gap between the two surfaces.
  • a design model of the physical body as well as another design model of the further body are given. These two design models become the two initial contours determined. In this embodiment, no real physical bodies are needed. In another embodiment, the two physical bodies are already present in real life before the start of the simulation. They are scanned to determine the two output contours and the home position.
  • the initial contour of the surface and the initial contour of the other surface are networked for this purpose, preferably in rectangular surface elements whose edge length is between 1 and 2 mm.
  • this sequence consists of the following steps: friction simulation - abrasion calculation - contour calculation - updating of the output contours
  • the starting contours determined beforehand are used as output contours
  • the contour which was calculated in the preceding sequence is used as the starting contour of the surface.
  • the other surface is significantly harder than the surface, so that the abrasion of the other surface is neglected and always used in each sequence as the contour of the other surface whose initial contour. If the abrasion of the further surface is also taken into account, then at least one roughness characteristic map is calculated for the further surface and, analogously to the procedure described below, a location-dependent stress, a location-dependent abrasion depth and, therefrom, a change in the contour of the contour caused by the respective relative movement further surface calculated. As an initial contour of the other surface is then using that contour of the other surface calculated in the previous sequence.
  • a friction simulation is first performed, preferably also with a finite element simulation.
  • This finite element simulation uses the meshing of the output contours into surface elements with an edge length which is preferably between 1 mm and 2 mm.
  • a physical load acting on the surface is calculated with reference to a given area unit, preferably in the form of a friction power density.
  • the physical stress density is location-dependent, d. H. it depends on the particular area of the surface and varies from area to area of the surface and thus from node to node of the network.
  • the roughness maps flow into the friction simulation. Characterized in that roughness characteristics are used and not only z. For example, a single measure of roughness results in significantly more accurate and realistic results in the simulation.
  • the microtopography is not used directly but the roughness characteristics calculated in advance using microtopography. This results in considerable computing time over the direct use of microtopography. Because the roughness characteristics are calculated once in advance and reused in every sequence.
  • the roughness map calculated in the pre-simulation using the initial microtopography is used for the friction simulation of the first sequence.
  • the roughness is calculated for the first friction simulation.
  • Characteristic map of the new condition (abrasion depth less than 0.3 ⁇ m) used.
  • the location-dependent width of the gap is also used in the friction simulation, from which the location-dependent changes of the pressure flow and shear flow of the fluid are derived using the roughness characteristic map.
  • the behavior of the fluid is described by means of Navier-Stokes equations.
  • the temperature of the fluid affects its viscosity. This viscosity is either given directly to the simulation, or it is calculated from the type of oil and the temperature. In an approximation that often accurately reflects the reality, the viscosity of the fluid and the temperature of the two surfaces are assumed to be constant over time. In a more detailed simulation, the heating of the fluid during operation is calculated approximately as a function of the relative movement of the two surfaces relative to one another and the gap width. From this a temporally changed viscosity is calculated.
  • the stress densities at the nodes act to crosslink the initial contours of the surfaces, preferably the friction power densities in [W / mm 2 ] or the contact pressure in [N / m 2 ].
  • the finite element simulation calculates values for the unknowns and thus load densities in the nodes. These load densities generally vary from node to node.
  • Each relative movement and the relative position of the two surfaces to each other are also preferably also time-dependent, in such a way that the width of the gap at one point also varies over time.
  • the load densities in the nodes also depend on the time and vary with it. But it is also possible that the time dependence is negligible and the load densities in the nodes therefore during a relative movement in time are constant and vary only in time from relative movement to relative movement.
  • For the friction simulation can be z.
  • the calculated load densities at the nodes are output to a post processor and prepared by this post processor so that a subsequent program for attrition calculation can read the processed load densities.
  • the post processor generates a text file with a table that reads in the subsequent program. It is also possible that the table is graphically processed and output, z. B. in the form of a three-dimensional graphic.
  • the table comprises one line per node. Each line contains an identifier, the position and the calculated load density of the node.
  • the location-dependent abrasion depth is calculated, which is the depth of the abrasion perpendicular to the surface, which is removed by the previously calculated location-dependent load density in the course of the respective relative movement of the surface.
  • the differential abrasion depth is calculated.
  • the differential Abriebtiefe is preferably calculated in a unit length and based on a time unit, for. In [10-6 m / sec].
  • the differential abrasion depth is calculated perpendicular to the surface. Worn off a certain volume of the material, for. B. expressed in mm 3 . This volume varies from area to area of the surface. This volume is calculated per unit area and per unit time, e.g. B. per mm 2 and per sec. This leads to the unit [10-6 m / sec] for the differential Abriebtiefe.
  • the differential Abriebtiefe is calculated using a previously determined functional relationship. This functional relationship is determined before the beginning of the first sequence.
  • differential abrasion depth As a function of the load density and is independent of location, that is, it applies to the entire course of each relative movement. He is still time-independent, so it applies to the entire course of each relative movement.
  • the preferably location-independent functional relationship is applied to the location-dependent load density.
  • This application provides a location dependent differential abrasion depth. For each node of the networking of the output contour, a differential abrasion depth is calculated.
  • the functional relationship consists of the fact that the differential Abriebtiefe is always proportional to the load density, so the differential Abriebtiefe equal to the product of an abrasion factor as the proportionality factor and the load density.
  • the load density is
  • the abrasion factor is determined in advance, which will be described later.
  • the load density remains constant over time during the entire relative movement and varies only from node to node.
  • the differential Abriebtiefe is temporally constant.
  • the abrasion depth in each node is then calculated as the product of the differential abrasion depth in the node and the time duration of the respective relative movement.
  • the stress density is variable with time
  • the differential abrasion depth at a node varies over time.
  • the differential abrasion depth at a node is integrated over time, which provides the abrasion depth at the node.
  • the abrasion calculation was used to calculate an abrasion depth for each node of the initial contour, preferably in [10-6 m]. This is the abrasion that is removed from the initial contour due to the relative movement in the node vertically to the surface. Thereby, the output contour is changed so that the physical body is downsized.
  • a shifted node is calculated such that the distance between the shifted node and the node of the output contour is equal to the calculated vertical abrasion depth at the node.
  • the vector from the node of the output contour to the shifted node is perpendicular to the output contour, and the shifted node lies in the physical body before the respective relative movement.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates the calculation of the shifted node.
  • the physical body K with the output contour 6 of the surface is shown on the left, the further physical body wK with the output contour 60 of the further surface w ⁇ f on the right.
  • the gap between the two output contours of the surfaces is greatly enlarged for clarity and shown in perspective distorted. It is calculated that a vertical Abriebtiefe dist is removed from the surface at the node Kp on the output contour 6 due to the respective relative movement, which reduces the body K.
  • the shifted node Kp_v lies in the original body K.
  • the vector V from Kp to Kp_v has the length dist, is perpendicular to 6 and points into the body K.
  • the vector V is also greatly exaggerated.
  • a shifted node For each node, a shifted node is calculated in this way.
  • the shifted nodes together define the contour of the surface after the respective relative movement and at the same time a networking of this contour.
  • the networking with the shifted Nodes wir-d used in the following sequence as an initial contour.
  • the contour of the surface after the respective relative movement is also read in by a post-processor and output in the form of a table.
  • This table has one row per moved node indicating an identifier and the position of the moved node, as well as the abrasion depth that led to that node.
  • This table is graphically output, e.g. B. to produce a representation that shows the initial contour and the contour of the surface after the first relative movement.
  • the relative position that the surface has relative to the further surface after the respective relative movement is calculated. This can coincide with the relative position before the beginning of the respective relative position.
  • the abrasion simulation is z. B. performed using the simulation tool TOWER. This implements the procedures described in G. Knoll, supra.
  • the abrasion calculation and the contour calculation are z. For example, using the calculation program MATIJAB.
  • the method steps of a sequence are controlled by a central control program.
  • This control program invokes the simulator performing the simulation as well as the calculation program for the abrasion calculation and for the contour calculation.
  • the control program also triggers the execution of the sequences. It is possible to replace a tool for a step by another tool for the same step, without having to change tools that are used in other steps.
  • the sequence of first friction simulation-first abrasion calculation-first contour calculation is carried out. This calculation provides the contour the surface after the first relative movement. This sequence is carried out again in an analogous manner. Starting from the previously calculated contour having d ⁇ e surface after the first relative movement, the sequence of second friction simulation - second abrasion calculation - second contour calculation is performed. This sequence can be carried out a third time, it is now assumed that the contour of the second relative movement. Each subsequent execution of the sequence is based on the contour calculated according to the preceding sequence.
  • the roughness map valid for the initial microtopography is uniformly used. In the friction simulations of the subsequent sequences, it depends on the previously produced abrasion depth, which roughness characteristic map is used. One possibility is to use a single roughness map in each subsequent friction simulation.
  • a roughness map is assigned to each node of the network. To. For this purpose, it is determined how large the abrasion depth is in this node before the start of the friction simulation, that is, which abrasion depth has been calculated in total in all preceding sequences. Depending on this abrasion depth, one of the roughness maps is selected and assigned to this node for the subsequent friction simulation. Which roughness map is assigned to a node can thus vary from sequence to sequence.
  • each node it is thus decided for each node whether the total previous abrasion depth at the node is below 0.3 ⁇ m, between 0.3 ⁇ m and 1.2 ⁇ m or more than 1.2 ⁇ m.
  • the abrasion depth is assigned to the node of one of the three Rauhieits characteristics.
  • a file is generated which contains identifiers as well as the abrasion depths and an identifier of the respectively used roughness map of the node.
  • the initial abrasion depth of each node is zero, which is entered in the file.
  • the file Prior to the start of the first friction simulation, the file is assigned to each node the roughness map that applies to the initial microtopography.
  • a roughness map selected, and an identifier of the selected roughness map is entered into the file for each node.
  • Computing time is saved if several nodes are grouped together. Such a group is then assigned a roughness map prior to each friction simulation instead of assigning a roughness map to each individual node.
  • the file then contains identifiers of node groups instead of individual nodes.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the implementation of the method and thereby the repeated execution of the sequence, wherein the abrasion is neglected by the further surface. Boxes stand for procedural steps, eg. As simulations, ellipses for results of Anlagenrritten. Arrows represent data flows. The dashed box A illustrates which steps and results belong to the sequence and are performed repeatedly.
  • steps El, E2 and Sl are performed prior to the first sequence. For each relative movement, the sequence is traversed once. The sequence comprises the one-time execution of the steps S2, S3, S4 and S5.
  • step S6 it is calculated how the milky topography of the surface depends on the abrasion depth.
  • step Sl the measured microtopographies become 1 and the microhardnesses 2 of the two. Reference surfaces are used to calculate the roughness characteristics 12.
  • step El the initial contour 4 of the further surface, the relative position 5 of the two surfaces relative to each other and the initial contour 7 of the surface are determined.
  • step E2 the functional relationship 11 between differential abrasion depth and load density is determined.
  • step S5 a roughness map 3 from the roughness maps 12 is selected for each node or also for each node group.
  • the roughness map is selected, which is valid for the initial microtopography.
  • the selection in step S5 is performed depending on the abrasion depth.
  • a table 9 is used which contains the abrasion depths of the nodes and whose calculation is described below.
  • step S2 a friction simulation is performed, for which purpose the selected roughness map 3, the initial contour 4 of the further surface, the relative position 5 of the two surfaces relative to one another and the output co-ordinate 6 of the surface are used before the start of the respective relative movement.
  • the starting contour 7 of the surface acts as the starting contour 6.
  • the wear of the further surface is neglected and the initial contour of the further surface is used in each sequence
  • the step S2 supplies the load densities of the nodes and outputs them to the post processor P. This generates a table 8 with the calculated frictional power densities of the nodes ,
  • step S3 the table 8 is read, and fax each node, the vertical abrasion depth is calculated in the node.
  • the location-independent functional relationship 11 is used.
  • the result is a data set 9 with the abrasion depths of the nodes.
  • step S4 the data set 9 with the abrasion depths and the previous contour 6 are used to calculate a new contour 10. As described above, this new contour 10 emerges from the starting contour 6 by subtraction of the location-dependent abrasion depth described by the data record 9.
  • the starting contour 6 is replaced by the last calculated contour 10.
  • the new contour 10 acts as the starting contour 6 of the following sequence.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de prévision automatique d'une usure provoquée sur une surface d'un corps physique par suite d'au moins deux mouvements relatifs de la surface par rapport à une autre surface d'un autre corps physique. On détermine le profil initial que présente la surface au début du premier mouvement relatif. Pour chaque mouvement relatif, on effectue une séquence (A) présentant les étapes suivantes : par simulation (S2), on calcule une charge, dépendant d'un emplacement, qui est provoquée par chaque mouvement relatif. Dans la simulation (S2), on part d'un profil initial (6) de la surface. Par calcul d'abrasion (S3), on calcule une abrasion dépendant de l'emplacement, qui est provoquée par ladite charge dépendant de l'emplacement. Par calcul du profil (S4), on calcule, à partir du profil initial (6), le profil que présente la surface après chaque mouvement relatif. Comme profil initial (6) de la surface, on utilise, dans la première séquence, le profil initial (7) et, dans la seconde séquence, le profil (10) que présente la surface après le premier mouvement relatif.
PCT/EP2005/010197 2004-09-28 2005-09-21 Procede et dispositif de prevision de l'abrasion d'une surface WO2006034808A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004046924.5 2004-09-28
DE102004046924A DE102004046924A1 (de) 2004-09-28 2004-09-28 Verfahren zur Vorhersage des Verschleißes einer Oberfläche
DE102005016643 2005-04-12
DE102005016643.1 2005-04-12
DE102005023651A DE102005023651A1 (de) 2005-04-12 2005-05-21 Verfahren zur Vorhersage des Abriebs einer Oberfläche
DE102005023651.0 2005-05-21

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US10506846B2 (en) 2013-02-13 2019-12-17 Adidas Ag Cushioning element for sports apparel
CN111914418B (zh) * 2020-07-31 2023-08-25 三峡大学 一种基于多孔刻痕法测量大型球面轴承磨损量方法

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