WO2006026964A2 - Selbstorganisierende formulierungen und ihre verwendung - Google Patents
Selbstorganisierende formulierungen und ihre verwendung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006026964A2 WO2006026964A2 PCT/DE2005/001550 DE2005001550W WO2006026964A2 WO 2006026964 A2 WO2006026964 A2 WO 2006026964A2 DE 2005001550 W DE2005001550 W DE 2005001550W WO 2006026964 A2 WO2006026964 A2 WO 2006026964A2
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- formulations according
- water
- oil phase
- formulations
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- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
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- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
- H10K30/151—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
- H10K30/152—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising zinc oxide, e.g. ZnO
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- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
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- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
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- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- surfactants and block copolymers in aqueous solutions has been known for a long time and is used industrially and in the home, e.g. in the form of surfactant micelles in detergents. At high concentrations, these molecules do not form isolated units, but assemble into superstructures that may have liquid-crystalline properties. They are phase-separated on the nanometer scale, but homogeneous in the macroscopic one. Depending on the packaging properties, planar or curved interfaces then form, for example. a hexagonal phase of densely packed cylinders or a cubic phase of densely packed spherical micelles or even lamellar phases of densely packed planar bilayers.
- nanoparticles from micelles, eg [Chem. Materials 4 (1992) 24]
- nanowires eg on the surface of microphase-separated styrene-PMMA block copolymers [WA Lopes, Vol. HM Jaeger, Nature 414 (2001) 735]
- photonic crystals eg from cubic phases.
- mesoporous solids e.g. of silicates, alumina and titania.
- mesoporous solids e.g. of silicates, alumina and titania.
- Exemplary here are the work of J.S. Beck [Nature 359 (1992) 710] and Stucky [Science 279 (1998) 548; Nature 368 (1994) 317).
- the advantage of inorganic structures produced in this way is the large specific surface area, which makes such porous structures interesting for use as catalyst, filters, etc.
- the main interest in the investigation of such nanostructured material production methods is porous systems.
- Applications in which the inorganic structures produced in this way are filled again are also known.
- McGehee Advanced Functional Materials 13 (2003) 301-305] describes the production of solar cells by patterning 100 nm thick hollow structures with a polyether and filling the structures with polythiophenes after removal of the polyether.
- Electrolytes the structure described in [US 5084365] with a liquid electrolyte was replaced by gels in [US 2003/0164188, US 2003/0145885 and US 6479745] and by a solid electrolyte in [Nature 395 (1998) 583-585].
- Cell construction in [US 6469243] a glass frit is described as a sealing material, in [US 6462266] a Umklamm ceremoniessdichtung.
- WO 03/065472 describes a method for wiring the semiconductor structures, which makes it possible to produce solar cells on flexible substrates
- the present invention describes the preparation and use of 3-dimensionally structured, bicontinuous, liquid formulations which are obtained by suitable combination of Surfactants and / or block copolymers in the presence of water-insoluble substances, inorganic nanoparticles and / or their precursors arise containing at least two semiconducting or potentially semiconducting substances and substance mixtures or their precursors (A and B), where A is miscible with water and B largely with water is immiscible, and the use of these formulations for the production of solid nanoscopically structured solids, and their use, for example as solar cells.
- a and B semiconducting or potentially semiconducting substances and substance mixtures or their precursors
- the present invention describes formulations of surfactants or copolymers and excipients.
- preparation of an all-solids, micro- or nanoscopically-structured mass prepared from these formulations and comprising at least two semiconducting or potentially semiconducting substances or substance mixtures, but also, for example, Dyes or e.g. may contain electron donating additives (dopants) or other by-products or adjuvants.
- the invention likewise relates to the production of layers, foams and solids from these structures, which are suitable for optoelectronic, cleaning and detection processes, and their use, for example, in for photovoltaic power generation or other photonic power generation and conversion, e.g. Hydrogen production and LEDs.
- emulsions mentioned formulations can be prepared by low molecular weight surfactants, for example alkyl sulfates or alcohol ethoxylates, but also by polymeric surfactants, for example alkyl acrylates, proteins or starches, or block copolymers, for example ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers, but also by suitable auxiliaries, such as Salts, form ionic surfactants alone or in mixtures with nonionic surfactants and cosurfactants depending on the temperature of micro- or nanoscopic structures in formulations, in particular L3 phases and microemulsions are particularly mentioned, since they are interpenetrating networks, ie a Continuous distribution of a water insoluble in a continuous aqueous medium Microemulsions contain a particularly effective surfactant system which is capable of to lower the interfacial energy between the oil and water phases so far that, under suitable conditions, a stable fine distribution of oil-in-water and water-in-oil arises spontaneously in a bi-
- Such bicontinuous structures stabilized by surfactant formulations of ionic and nonionic surfactants and cosurfactants as well as block copolymers are the basis of the present invention.
- a suitable formulation with ionic additives and the suitable cosurfactants it is possible to prepare stable formulations consisting of a water and an oil phase which have a very large internal surface. Thereby, e.g. optoelectronic components are produced, which have a particularly high efficiency.
- the surfactant system can consist of ionic, nonionic or amphoteric surfactants and their mixtures with one another or with cosurfactants or of block copolymers.
- Suitable surfactants are ionic surfactants, e.g. Aikylsulfat and sulfonate, alkylaryl sulfate, alkyl phosphate and phosphonate, alkyl carboxylate, and their salts with sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, ammonium and other suitable ions, and mono-, di-, Tri- and tetraalkylammonium compounds, and their salts with chlorine, bromine, iodine and sulfate and other ions.
- Particularly preferred are phosphates and sulfates of sodium and alzium.
- Suitable nonionic surfactants are reaction products of alcohols, organic carboxylic acids and esters and amines with substituted oxiranes with hydrogen, alkyl and methoxy as substituents. Preference is given to polyalkoxyethylene monoalkyl ethers. Cotensides in this context are zwitterionic compounds such as amine oxide and alkylbetaines and alcohols having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably having 5 to 10 carbon atoms and their low alkoxylated reaction products with 1 to 4 ethylene oxide units.
- surfactant mixtures which can form L3 phases or microemulsions.
- Suitable block copolymers are diblock and multiblock copolymers, preferably prepared from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide and tetrahydrofuran. But also vinylic copolymerized structures of eg styrene, acrylic acid, acrylates, also Acrylklarepolyethylene- glycol ester, methacrylic acid and its esters, acrylamides and vinylformamide, vinylpyrolidone, vinylcaprolactam, vinyl alcohol and vinyl acetate and vinyl ethers. Also claimed are copolymers of ethylene oxide and water-insoluble mixtures of the foregoing Monomers.
- the water phase consists of salts, acids, water-soluble precursors of semiconducting materials as well as nanoparticles.
- the salt ions are incorporated to adjust the appropriate ionic strength for optimum formation of the structure of the surfactants, or they are used as by-products for salt formation between e.g. Sodium alkyl sulfate and calcium carbonate or calcium chloride introduced.
- Acids are all organic and mineral acids and superacids claimed, in particular hydrochloric acid and volatile organic acids to stabilize the precursors of inorganic semiconductors.
- ME Ti and Sn.
- the aqueous phase may contain particles of semiconducting materials having an average particle size of 1-100 nm, preferably 10-50 nm, especially TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , SnO 2 , ZnO, mixtures with each other and with iron oxides, and substituted buckminsterfullerenes.
- nanoparticles and fillers that are not involved in the semiconductor effect such as SiO 2 , claimed.
- the oil phase consists of hydrophobic materials such as oils, waxes, fusible polymers inherent or potentially semiconducting or photoactive substances, e.g. Perylene, substituted perylenes, as well as polymers as known from [Science 258 (1992) 1474], or their precursors, e.g. Monomers. These polymers, preferably polythiophenes and polyvinylidene, and their precursors are incorporated by reference. Preference is given to substituted perylenes.
- dyes and sensitizers such as coumarins, rhodamine dyes, stiibene, phthalocyanines and the like may be included. sensitizers known to those skilled in the art for the inorganic semiconductors.
- these dyes and sensitizers attach to the interface and attach or bind to the inorganic semiconductor due to a strong interaction. Such interactions can be detected spectrometrically by means of a shift of the spectrum by the interaction.
- the claimed formulations are mixtures of an oil and an aqueous phase having a bicontinuous structure.
- bicontuieriicher structure is meant a structure in which Penetrate oil and water phase without mixing. They are present separately from one another with a typical structure size of 1 nm to 5000 nm, preferably 10 nm to 1000 nm, particularly preferably between 20 nm and 200 nm. These size data represent only an average over the entire volume of the formulation, because these formulations characterized by high dynamics, especially when low molecular weight surfactants and their mixtures are used.
- the advantage of the bicontinuous structure is firstly that there is a high surface area between the oil and the water phase; this surface is crucial for the later use of the structure exploiting interface phenomena, eg, B. in the manufacture of optoelectronic devices where electron fluxes across the interface determine the power spectrum of the devices (e.g., photovoltaic cells, LEDs).
- the bicontinuous structure has a continuous channel system for both the water phase and the oil phase. This allows transport operations throughout the structure to be realized in separate domains, e.g. Electron flow in optoelectronic devices.
- microemulsions which have the additional advantage that 3 phases can be stabilized in a formulation: a solution or emulsion of the water phase in a continuous oil phase, a solution or emulsion of the oil phase in a continuous oil phase and the above-described bicontinuous phase. This makes it possible to realize one-pot production processes of multilayer composites.
- solids, layers, films or foams that can be produced by chemical modification of the water phase and / or oil phase. By this is meant that at least one phase is brought from the liquid to the solid state of aggregation by a chemical or physical reaction.
- Alcoholate compounds with water in particular organic compounds of Si,
- Polymerizations e.g. free-radical polymerizations of acrylates, vinyl compounds, etc., or the
- Solid bodies, films and foams can also be solidified by preparing the bicontinuous structure at an elevated temperature such that all components are in the liquid state and solidification is achieved by lowering the temperature so that one component changes to the solid state.
- films which, when applied to supports, e.g. Glass, foil, threads or wires can be produced by solidifying both phases.
- Optical components such as anti-reflection films, optical filters, polarizers, frequency conversion systems, sensors and measuring instruments for radiation from infrared to visible and UV light to X-rays.
- Optoelectronic devices such as films and solids, for the conversion of light energy, in particular solar energy into electricity (photovoltaic) or chemical energy, e.g. Hydrogen from water or silicon from silicon dioxide; or for the conversion of electrical or chemical energy into light (LEDs, chemiluminescent components), wherein the components prepared from the formulations according to the invention are suitably attached to electrically conductive components.
- an example of a suitable application is a sandwich consisting of an electrically conductive glass as a base support, a thin layer of semiconductive inorganic oxide, a bicontinuous structure of the inorganic oxide according to the present invention, and an organic semiconductive compound, a thin Layer of the organic semiconductor and a second conductive layer consists.
- other arrangements e.g. on flexible carriers with structured tracks are claimed.
- Biosensors based on oxidases or of fluorescent cells and chemiluminescence.
- Suitable carrier substrates are solid materials which may be in the form of wires, films or solids, for example plastic films, glass, textiles, nonwovens, wood, metal, stone, paper, ceramics, protective lacquers. Claims are also made for processes for the preparation of the formulations, semifinished products and components.
- the formulations can be prepared by mixing the ingredients using a variety of mixing technologies known to those skilled in the art. All processes are claimed regardless of the mixing temperature and the energy input. Preference is given to mixing processes with low energy input, eg stirring.
- Films and coatings can be prepared from the claimed formulations by dipping, printing, e.g. Offset printing, ink jet printing, transfer printing, various contacting application systems known to those skilled in the art, e.g. Air knife, roller blade, etc., or non-contact application methods, e.g. Spraying and curtain coating. Preference is given to touching or non-contact application techniques.
- Their thickness of the films can be between 10 and 10,000 nm.
- Preferred layer thicknesses are between 20 and 1000 nm, in particular between 50 and 500 nm.
- PTC perylenetetracarboxylic acid
- PTC perylenetetracarboxylic acid
- Example 3 Preparation of a microstructured film
- Example 2 One drop of the formulation (II) prepared in Example 2 is added dropwise to a glass cleaned with isopropanol. Then the glass is rotated about 750 rpm around its own axis.
- the drop is stretched by centrifugal juices to form a film.
- the thus coated glass is stored in an oven for 20 minutes at 6O 0 C, then for 24 h at 15O 0 C.
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5482570A (en) * | 1992-07-29 | 1996-01-09 | Asulab S.A. | Photovoltaic cell |
WO1996037001A1 (en) * | 1995-05-19 | 1996-11-21 | Uniax Corporation | Electrochemical light-emitting devices |
DE19852784A1 (de) * | 1998-11-16 | 2000-05-18 | Max Planck Gesellschaft | Osmotische Stabilisierung von Mini- und Mikroemulsionen und deren Anwendung zur Herstellung von Nanohybridpartikeln |
US6391471B1 (en) * | 1999-03-29 | 2002-05-21 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Functional device and multi-component multi-phase type polymeric shaped material |
DE10161326A1 (de) * | 2001-12-13 | 2003-06-26 | Max Planck Gesellschaft | Nanostrukturierte Schichten aus Nanopartikeln organischer Halbleiter |
Family Cites Families (2)
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DE3813362A1 (de) * | 1988-04-21 | 1989-11-02 | Bayer Ag | Elektrisch leitfaehige polyheteroaromaten und ein verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
US5298197A (en) * | 1988-10-06 | 1994-03-29 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Chemiluminescent microemulsions |
-
2004
- 2004-09-08 DE DE102004043305A patent/DE102004043305A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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- 2005-09-06 WO PCT/DE2005/001550 patent/WO2006026964A2/de active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5482570A (en) * | 1992-07-29 | 1996-01-09 | Asulab S.A. | Photovoltaic cell |
WO1996037001A1 (en) * | 1995-05-19 | 1996-11-21 | Uniax Corporation | Electrochemical light-emitting devices |
DE19852784A1 (de) * | 1998-11-16 | 2000-05-18 | Max Planck Gesellschaft | Osmotische Stabilisierung von Mini- und Mikroemulsionen und deren Anwendung zur Herstellung von Nanohybridpartikeln |
US6391471B1 (en) * | 1999-03-29 | 2002-05-21 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Functional device and multi-component multi-phase type polymeric shaped material |
DE10161326A1 (de) * | 2001-12-13 | 2003-06-26 | Max Planck Gesellschaft | Nanostrukturierte Schichten aus Nanopartikeln organischer Halbleiter |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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ISAMU MORIGUCHI, YASUKO KATSUKI, HIROTOSHI YAMADA, TETSUICHI KUDO, TAISEI NISHIMI: CHEMISTRY LETTERS, Bd. 33, Nr. 9, 31. Juli 2004 (2004-07-31), Seiten 1102-1103, XP009067765 * |
M. J. YANG, S. L. LU, Y. LI: "Novel electron acceptors based on perylenetetracarboxylates for plastic solar cells" JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LETTERS, Bd. 22, November 2003 (2003-11), Seiten 813-815, XP002385469 * |
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