WO2005122100A1 - Procede de reconnaissance et de suivi de supports fibreux, ainsi que les applications d'un tel procede dans le domaine informatique notamment - Google Patents
Procede de reconnaissance et de suivi de supports fibreux, ainsi que les applications d'un tel procede dans le domaine informatique notamment Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005122100A1 WO2005122100A1 PCT/FR2005/000840 FR2005000840W WO2005122100A1 WO 2005122100 A1 WO2005122100 A1 WO 2005122100A1 FR 2005000840 W FR2005000840 W FR 2005000840W WO 2005122100 A1 WO2005122100 A1 WO 2005122100A1
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- Prior art keywords
- authentic
- digital signature
- acceptance
- candidate
- fibrous
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/004—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using digital security elements, e.g. information coded on a magnetic thread or strip
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/70—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V20/00—Scenes; Scene-specific elements
- G06V20/80—Recognising image objects characterised by unique random patterns
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
- G07D7/202—Testing patterns thereon using pattern matching
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/3247—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving digital signatures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
- H04L2209/80—Wireless
- H04L2209/805—Lightweight hardware, e.g. radio-frequency identification [RFID] or sensor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for recognizing and monitoring fibrous media, as well as the applications of such a method in the computer field in particular, and more specifically for controlled access to secure information.
- Fibrous substrates such as paper, cardboard, non-woven are used daily as information carriers, product packaging, technical products, ....
- the fibrous supports are nowadays sensitive or valuable information carriers (banknotes bank, checks, identity documents %), are used in sensitive environments (states, banks, %), others are containers of sensitive or valuable products (packaging, envelopes, %) others still fulfill sensitive technical functions (filtration, preservation, ).
- the methods of the prior art for recognizing or authenticating fibrous materials, applied for the majority of papers, are most often done by adding security elements such as physical elements (reactive boards or not, security thread, ...) and / or chemical substances (reagents) and special manufacturing methods (watermarks, choice of fibers, texturization, surface treatment, ).
- security elements such as physical elements (reactive boards or not, security thread, ...) and / or chemical substances (reagents) and special manufacturing methods (watermarks, choice of fibers, texturization, surface treatment, ).
- security elements imported to the original material make it more difficult to counterfeit the fibrous support, but do not allow to recognize individually each support and especially greatly increase the production costs of this type of materials.
- the patent application EP 1 202 225 proposes to use the unique physical attributes of a document, to generate in a first step a key associated with the document which is encoded in the form of an image, itself printed on the document .
- a key is generated in a second step, under the same conditions as in the first step, which is encoded in the form of an image and the image obtained is compared with the one printed on the document. If the image generated, when authenticating is identical to that printed on the document, it is qualified as authentic, otherwise it is described as non-authentic.
- the inventors have found that when placed in "normal” conditions of use of the method, the document could be slightly modified, for example folded, perforated, printed ... during its use, after registration the key printed as an image on it.
- the document remains “alive” during its use and environmental variations (humidity, light, ...) may slightly vary its size or color and therefore the generated key and the associated image.
- this authentication method which uses an identical comparison can not be considered satisfactory, since it systematically eliminates any document bearing an image different from that obtained during the verification of authenticity, without taking into account problems related to the life of the document, or those related to the reproducibility of the measures.
- the inventors propose to provide a method of accepting a candidate fibrous support, paper, cardboard or nonwoven, as authentic fibrous support, which comprises the following steps: generating at least one authentic digital signature from a structural characteristic extracted from a reference zone of a fibrous support qualified as authentic, said digital signature accounting for the fibrous structure of the reference area, and recording it on a digital data medium,
- the structural characteristic of the candidate fibrous support and the authentic fibrous support (s) is obtained by scanning a volume of the support
- the comparison determines, according to a statistical method, an index of similarity between the candidate digital signature and the authentic digital signature, and compares this index of similarity with a given acceptance threshold chosen to enable the issuance of a positive decision. in cases where the candidate digital signature does not exactly match the authentic digital signature with which it is compared.
- the statistical method used will allow, in particular, depending on the chosen acceptance threshold and / or the implementation of digital processing to generate the digital signature, to recognize a fibrous support that has undergone voluntary or involuntary modifications such as as printing, perforation, folds, tasks, ... during its existence or use.
- the acceptance method according to the invention has one or more of the following characteristics:
- the acceptance threshold is chosen to allow the issuance of a positive acceptance decision in cases where the candidate fibrous support is an authentic fibrous support, the reference area of which has undergone changes between the registration of the authentic digital signature and the generation of the candidate digital signature,
- the candidate fibrous support is an authentic fibrous support whose reference area has undergone modifications between the registration of the authentic digital signature and the generation of the candidate digital signature and a positive decision of acceptance is issued; in particular, the candidate fibrous support is an authentic fibrous support whose reference area has undergone printing, perforation, cutting, folding, handwriting, plasticization, coating of a magnetic strip, surface treatment, coloring, impregnation, embossing, and in particular, printing or perforations, between the registration of the authentic digital signature and the generation of the candidate digital signature, the candidate digital signature is generated by subjecting the detected structural characteristic to a complementary digital processing which decreases the impact of changes in the reference area between the registration of the authentic digital signature and the generation of the candidate digital signature, the candidate digital signature is generated by subjecting the digitized structural feature to an erosion process and / or filtering and / or thresholding,
- the reference zone of the authentic fibrous support is (are) all or part of a virgin fibrous support or a virgin part of a fibrous support, and in particular a sheet of paper virgin, the authentic digital signature and the candidate digital signature account for the chaotic, complex, unique and quasi-invariant structure over time of the reference area from which they are extracted,
- the structural characteristic of the authentic fibrous support (s) and of the candidate fibrous support detected corresponds to the internal porosity, the epitope in transvision, or to the three-dimensional arrangement of the fibrous network on a scale microscopic or macroscopic.
- the structural characteristic of the authentic fibrous support (s) and of the candidate fibrous support is obtained by detecting the interaction of the fibrous support with the visible light, by transvision,
- the structural characteristic of the authentic fibrous support (s) and of the candidate fibrous support is subjected to at least one analog or digital processing, chosen from spatial or frequency filters, for example high-pass, low-pass , bandpass, Fourier transform, so-called wavelet transforms, descriptors, algorithms for analyzing, and / or transforming and / or rearranging and / or classifying and / or thresholding the extracted raw data structural characteristic (s), convolution / deconvolution operations, logical and arithmetic operations between images and / or signals; for example a Fourier transform of a signal- image, in particular a Fast Fourier Transform ("FFT”) algorithm if the signal is of a discrete nature, or a Fourier lens if the signal is of an optical nature can be used.
- FFT Fast Fourier Transform
- the acceptance threshold is chosen so as to allow the issuance of a positive acceptance decision in cases where the fibrous support is an authentic fibrous support, although its digital signature does not correspond exactly to the authentic digital signature of said authentic medium to which it is compared, because of differences in the conditions for obtaining the digital signature, and in particular for measuring the structural characteristic, - the candidate digital signature is compared with several authentic digital signatures previously recorded in a base data, the issuing of a positive acceptance decision is accompanied by the identification of the authentic digital signature which gives the best index of similarity, it furthermore comprises a step of calculating and issuing an index of the acceptance decision issued, the digital signatures are dynamic and obtained from fibrous supports running relative to a sensor for measuring the structural characteristic.
- the subject of the present invention is a device adapted for implementing the acceptance method as defined above which comprises: means for extracting by transvision a structural characteristic of a reference zone a candidate fibrous support, accounting for the fibrous structure of the reference zone, which comprise a sensor, such as a camera, CCD or CMOS,
- the structural characteristic processing means may comprise algorithms for reducing the impact of changes on the fibrous medium after the generation of its authentic digital signature and its registration as authentic, such as printing, perforations, folds tasks, in particular means of treatment by erosion, filtering and / or thresholding.
- the invention proposes to provide new secure access computer solutions, presenting a high degree of security, security related to the complexity and uniqueness of the structure of the fibrous supports and high reliability thanks to the implementation of the statistical acceptance method described above. Also, the invention also relates to a method for performing a secure access control and to give or not an access authorization, which implements a method of acceptance defined above, the issuance of a decision positive acceptance of the access authorization.
- the invention provides in the context of particular applications, the method of acceptance in secure access control methods to sensitive information, to compare the candidate digital signature with several authentic digital signatures, each authentic digital signature having previously been associated by indexing with sensitive information and recorded in a database, and accompanying the issuing of a positive acceptance decision to the identification of the authentic digital signature giving the best index of similarity, and accessing the information associated with said authentic digital signature.
- Fig. 1 illustrates different steps of a variant of the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a step of the method according to the invention and shows the similarity indices obtained by comparing an authentic digital signature (of authentic paper) recorded with that subsequently obtained for the same authentic paper, the same authentic paper modified by printing and a different paper.
- Figs. 3 shows graphically different distribution curves of the number of samples (n) according to a similarity index (IS) calculated using the method of the invention.
- One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a general method for recognizing a fibrous support, based on a statistical test of similarity between a digital signature extracted from said fibrous support and a digital signature of an "authentic" fibrous support previously recorded. on a digital data carrier, and in particular a database.
- the first step of the method includes detecting a structural feature of an authentic fibrous medium, generating an authentic digital signature from said characteristic, and recording and sustainably retaining it.
- the authentic digital signature is recorded on a digital data carrier and does not need to be printed on the authentic fibrous medium.
- a digital data carrier can be in any form of computer data storage unit.
- several digital signatures can be generated from different authentic and recorded fibrous supports, advantageously in a database. This step can, for example, be performed on virgin fibrous supports, before they have undergone any transformation.
- the second step consists in detecting, again, a structural characteristic from a candidate fibrous support and generating a candidate digital signature and comparing it with the different authentic digital signature (s) previously recorded, in order to verify whether the fibrous support
- the candidate is recognized as genuine, despite the modifications that he may have undergone.
- a positive or negative decision of the candidate fibrous support, as authentic fibrous support is issued.
- the methods of the invention utilize digital signatures obtained from at least one structural feature of a fibrous paper, paperboard or nonwoven carrier selected for its structural characteristics.
- all the methods in accordance with the invention comprise at least one step of obtaining at least one digital signature from a fibrous support made of paper, cardboard or nonwoven, more precisely a detection step of at least one structural feature of the paper, cardboard, or nonwoven material to generate at least one digital signature.
- the fibrous support of paper, cardboard or nonwoven used has a complex structure, chaotic, unique and almost invariant in time.
- a "digital signature" of an area of the fibrous support designates a representation, a numerical characterization that is specific to the area observed.
- a digital signature is extracted from the structure of the material constituting the fibrous support, it is obtained from at least one characteristic of the material accounting for its structure.
- the digital signature has a random character.
- the digital signatures may be in the form of a digital image of the structure of the material element, as illustrated in FIG. 2.
- Fibrous media made of paper, cardboard or nonwoven means a physical element made of paper, cardboard or non-woven, this physical element can be in many forms: film, sheet, box, envelope, card.
- the present invention is applicable to any type of paper, cardboard or nonwoven, of cellulosic fibers, of glass fibers, of carbon, of plastic, of ceramic, of asbestos, or of a mixture of such fibers. ... possibly in combination with mineral fillers and other additives (binders for example). Conventional cellulosic fiber papers and boards are preferred.
- fibrous supports consist of an extremely complex, anisotropic and heterogeneous porous material in which the fibers can be gathered into aggregates. As a result, all these fibrous supports, whatever they are, present a unique three-dimensional fibrous structure, complex, chaotic and quasi-invariant in time. Fibrous media are generally produced in continuous web and typically shaped into sheets, although other forms also exist. Media fibrous paper, cardboard or non-woven gather characteristics both deterministic and at the same time random. It will be appropriate, in the context of the invention to extract at best the random part. These fibrous supports are also in general non-copiable / non-reproducible.
- the authentic fibrous supports according to the invention may be arbitrary, they need not be printed, or they have undergone a particular transformation.
- the method according to the invention is applicable to fibrous supports, existing, transformed or not, used or not.
- the fibrous support does not have to be manufactured exclusively for this purpose.
- Authentic fibrous media can be a material just emerging from the production lines, a blank sheet, a printed document, an envelope, a label, a flat or corrugated cardboard box, an access card, an identity card, a used note ... Any type of paper can be used with reactive boards or not and / or security son and / or physicochemical substances (reagents) and / or watermarks and / or particular texture and / or surface treatment and / / or coloring and / or brighteners ...
- Authentic fibrous media can be a scrollable medium, in which case the generated digital signature, as explained below, is "dynamic".
- Fibrous media made of paper, cardboard or non-woven, and especially paper media combine a largely complex structure, a chaotic appearance at different scales, a uniqueness of each place, and, if they are not subject to external aggression they are exaggerated and can completely destroy their structure, they have a quasi-invariance in time due to very slow aging under normal outdoor conditions. By chaotic means that their fibrous structure is non-reproducible and unpredictable, random.
- the method according to the invention uses a structural characteristic extracted to generate, after digitization and possibly processing / coding, one or more digital signatures.
- Each digital signature obtained with a reference area of one fibrous support can not be obtained with another fibrous support, or even with another zone of the same fibrous support.
- the reference zone from which the structural characteristic is extracted can extend to the entire fibrous support.
- the paper, cardboard or nonwoven is a three-dimensional material and can not be reduced or assimilated to a simple sheet or surface.
- the detected structural characteristic since it gives the properties of the material to a certain depth, makes it possible to extract complex information.
- the extracted structural characteristic and the generated digital signature reveal the complex, chaotic, unique and quasi-invariant nature of the structure of the material constituting the fibrous support.
- the detection of surface characteristics of a paper, cardboard or nonwoven is unsuitable in practice in the applications targeted by the present invention because: the surface condition of a paper, cardboard or nonwoven can be modified easily voluntarily or involuntarily, by smoothing it (with the nail for example), by embossing it (mechanical marking on the surface), ...; these modifications prohibit any attempt to retrieve relevant information from the candidate fibrous medium; whereas the volume structure of the material after these transformations remains almost unchanged ...
- the fibrous structure of a fibrous support can be scanned in a number of ways, by observing a volume of the fibrous support: internal porosity, epitaxy in transvision, three-dimensional arrangement of the fibrous network on a microscopic or macroscopic scale, coloration or impression embossing the internal structure of the material, optical tracer, magnetic, physical carried by the fibrous structure which are all unique features that can be extracted. It is also possible to observe together different properties of the fibrous support. For example, in the case of a security paper, it is possible to detect on the one hand the epair in transvision and on the other hand the particular elements embedded in the paper.
- the measurement of such a structural feature of a fibrous support accounting for its chaotic, complex, unique and quasi-invariant structure, its digitization, optionally followed by digital processing to obtain a digital signature can be performed in different ways.
- the characteristic is measured over a reference area, corresponding to a localized portion of the fibrous support or to the entire fibrous support.
- the structural characteristic is generally extracted with a measurement sensor which makes it possible to obtain a representation, a characterization of the internal arrangement of the fibrous support, on a volume of the latter.
- non-contact methods in which an electromagnetic wave or radiation interacts by reflection and / or absorption and / or transmission and / or diffusion and / or refraction and / or diffraction and / or interference with the fibrous support which implement an optical / electronic sensor to carry out measurement and acquisition or even digitization.
- the or the sensors implemented then can be placed in any position relative to the fibrous support observed, and relative to the radiation source or sources.
- the radiation used may be visible light and / or infrared (IR) and / or ultraviolet (UV) and / or laser or beta and / or gamma and / or X and / or other.
- the choice of the radiation (s) and the sensor (s) used may be influenced by the application of the method, the type of fibrous support selected, the measurement scale chosen, the cost of the implementation ...
- the sensor (s) used may be fixed with respect to the source and / or the fibrous support or in relative motion.
- the detection / digitization of the structural characteristic is obtained by detecting the interaction of the fibrous support with the visible light, by transmission, in particular by means of a sensor, such as a camera, CCD or CMOS. It is also possible to use contact methods between the fibrous support and the measurement sensor (s).
- the sensor is then of the probe type, possibly incorporating, in addition to the mechanical dimension, electromagnetic (magnetic behavior) or other dimensions.
- the fibrous support as a support for an ultrasonic wave or other solicitation (electrical, thermal, chemical, biological, ...) and to record the behavior in different orientations. that is, the response of the fibrous support subjected to this wave, of the applied stress.
- the fibrous materials can be in relative motion with respect to the sensor (for example paper roll unwinding in front of a fixed camera, or rotating paper disc with sensor in radial displacement, ...): the structural characteristic is then measured continuously , so as to generate a "dynamic" digital signature.
- the extraction of structural characteristics of the fibrous support can be done at one or more scales, from the microscopic level to the macroscopic level, ie from 1 ⁇ m to several cm in general, or even other scales. It is possible to examine its structure by transvision, at the level of fibers, elements from 100 ⁇ m to a few mm in length and about 10 to 20 ⁇ m in width in the case of paper, or at the level of fiber aggregates, typically of the order of 1 to 10 mm 2 in the case of paper.
- the complexity of the digital signature is dependent on the scales, orientations which are therefore chosen according to the intended application.
- the detection, on the fibrous support, of a structural characteristic which reflects its complex and unique structure is carried out by scanning a volume of the support and after digitization, the digitized structural characteristic can be in 1D, 2D or 3D form.
- the structural characteristics represent the structure of the constituent material of the reference zone of the fibrous support. As said above, they are obtained by observation of internal characteristics, and possibly surface on a volume of the latter. Detection can also be done regardless of time or "in real time”. In the latter case, the structural characteristic is sampled over time. Similarly, dimensions can be added to this detection phase, by observing the fibrous support under different orientations or illuminations, in color, gray levels, in binary form.
- the image considered can also be an image, real or complex (amplitude and phase) in the sense of image processing and analysis.
- the digital signature or signatures implemented in the method of the invention correspond to such a digitized structural characteristic, possibly subject to digital processing or coding according to one or more algorithms.
- digital means a representation of information or physical quantities in the form of any type of signal (including real or complex images, amplitude and / or phase components) with discrete values, for example in the form of numbers (in any base: binary, decimal, hexadecimal, ...) or in the form of any set of symbols (alphabet, predefined grammar, ).
- Digital systems often use analog-to-digital or digital-to-analog converters.
- such a digital signature is, for example, in a binary form, in the form of one or more color or grayscale images, of one or more images, real or complex.
- the acquisition and formatting / packaging or even the digitization of one or more structural characteristics of the fibrous support is performed by means of one or more sensors with or without contact with the fibrous support. These sensors are conventionally followed by an analog processing unit (optical or electronic for example) or digital (acquisition card connected to any computer or automatic platform).
- One or more digital signature (s) are generated from extracted and formatted / conditioned structural features.
- a coding in analog and / or digital form
- a digitization can be performed followed or preceded by a digitization if the extracted structural characteristics are not already in numerical form, the nature of these treatments can vary according to the type of fibrous support chosen and the application for which the method is implemented.
- the structural characteristics are advantageously subjected to an analog processing, or to a digital processing performed then after digitization.
- the known methods in processing and analyzing the signal or the image are of course directly mobilizable.
- the electronic or algorithmic treatments used then rely, in analog or digital form, on spatial and / or frequency filters (high-pass, low-pass, band-pass, etc.), and / or the Fourier transform. , and / or the so-called wavelet transforms, and / or descriptors, and more generally, any type of algorithm for analyzing, and / or transforming and / or rearranging and / or classifying and / or thresholding the raw data (including signals and images) extracted from the structural feature (s).
- the convolution / deconvolution operations as well as the logical and arithmetic operations between images and / or signals can be implemented to obtain said signatures.
- the Fourier transform of an image signal can be implemented either by means of a Fast Fourier Transform ("FFT") algorithm if the signal is of a discrete nature, or by means of a Fourier lens if the signal is optical in nature.
- FFT Fast Fourier Transform
- the resulting digital signature reflects the chaotic fibrous structure of the reference area from which it was extracted. If the scanned structural feature is in the form of a grayscale image obtained by camera CCD and we choose to binarize, we will certainly lose the information, so the power of discrimination in the decision of acceptance, but we will gain in speed of calculation and access time to different signatures. A compromise is therefore to be found and chosen according to the applications made of the acceptance method according to the invention.
- the measurement and coding methods implemented in these two phases of the process are similar, that is to say that they repeat the same essential steps.
- the "authentic" measure and the subsequent measurement of the structural characteristic must be carried out on two reference zones, which have at least one common part, and which will advantageously be located at the same location. place on the support: it can be located precisely by a delimitation or plastic protection for example, or correspond to the entire support.
- the same structural characteristic must be measured.
- the coding methods that may be implemented must be the same. Nevertheless, the obtaining of a candidate digital signature can implement complementary digital processing, aiming at removing certain modifications made to the fibrous support, after recording of its digital signature as authentic. This last point will be detailed later.
- the measurement conditions of the structural characteristic (atmosphere, moisture content, illumination, orientation of the fibrous support by compared to the sensors, devices used ...) in the two phases of the process ("authentic” measurement and “candidate” measurement) will hardly be identical.
- the measurement and digitization methods used on the authentic fibrous supports and on the candidate fibrous supports may be slightly different, in particular the settings of the apparatus may differ. Therefore, in most cases, the digital signature of a tested fibrous medium, while corresponding exactly to an authentic fibrous medium used to generate an authentic digital signature, will not correspond exactly to said authentic digital signature.
- fibrous structures do not change or little in time and space, and if we measure certain structural characteristics at a given moment, we are able to find if not intact, very similar these same characteristics to a another subsequent moment. Nevertheless, between the registration of its authentic digital signature and its subsequent submission to the acceptance process, a fibrous support may undergo:
- a fibrous support Admittedly, it is possible to envisage protecting a fibrous support from possible external aggressions (scratches, perforations, optical deteriorations, etc.) in order to maintain as much as possible its quasi-invariance.
- This protection can be achieved by inserting the fibrous support permanently in an outer envelope or a resin does not prevent access to its internal characteristics.
- This outer envelope can in addition to the fibrous support itself contain other elements (A photograph for example in the case of an identity card), and adhere intimately to the paper so that the opening of this envelope causes the destruction of all or part of the fibrous support.
- the type of protection to be given to the paper depends on the chosen application (frequent reading in the case of an access card, sensitivity of the application, etc.).
- the presence of this plastic envelope modifies the detected structural characteristic of the fibrous support and therefore its digital signature.
- the acceptance method according to the invention makes it possible, in spite of these various modifications occurring between the recording of the authentic digital signature of a fibrous support and the generation of a candidate digital signature of the same support whose reference zone has undergone transformations, to recognize it as an authentic fibrous support.
- one of the essential characteristics of the present invention is to perform a statistical test of similarities between a digital signature of a candidate acceptance fiber medium and a previously recorded authentic signature.
- the power of this method is to be able to affirm if the candidate fibrous support can or can not be considered authentic and can allow, by means of a confidence index, to quantify the probability of having made a mistake on the decision (for example, this paper is considered authentic with a probability of having made an error of 1/1000000). It is therefore possible to build an initial database with any authentic fibrous supports, and to use it throughout the life of the fibrous supports and / or their transformation.
- the database of authentic signatures may, in addition, contain any type of information, including setting parameters, thresholds, confidence index, observed scale, ...
- the degree of tolerance of the method according to the invention allows to confirm the identity of a paper medium having been transformed, after its registration as authentic, in particular printed, plasticized, cut.
- the reference zone and in particular its structure can be modified between the generation of the authentic signature and the obtaining of the candidate signature.
- the method according to the invention can be implemented with a candidate fibrous support whose reference zone is different from the reference zone of an authentic fibrous support whose authentic signature is recorded.
- the latter will be recognized as an authentic fibrous support, if its reference zone has at least 0.1 mm 3 , for example a surface of 1 mm 2 over a thickness of about 100 ⁇ m, common and unchanged with the reference zone. used to generate the authentic digital signature.
- the acceptance threshold chosen as a decision criterion is a limit value of similarity index, determining the limit between the candidate fibrous supports that will be accepted and therefore considered as authentic, and those that will be refused. and therefore considered as impostors.
- the decision criterion can therefore be chosen to maximize AA and IR quantities, and minimize IA and AR quantities.
- the decision criterion can be adjusted according to the degree of security desired in the intended application: the question is whether, in the intended application, it is preferable to refuse authentic or to accept impostors.
- the acceptance threshold is in any case chosen to allow the issuing of a positive acceptance decision in cases where the candidate digital signature does not exactly match the authentic digital signature to which it is compared.
- the acceptance threshold is preferably chosen so as to accept, as authentic, fibrous supports used to generate the authentic digital signatures, but whose reference area has since , has undergone modifications, including printing, perforation, cutting, folding, handwriting, plasticization, coating of a magnetic strip, surface treatment, coloring, impregnation, embossing.
- it is also possible, during the generation of the candidate digital signature to subject the digitized structural characteristic to digital processing aimed at eliminating or reducing the impact of the modifications.
- a filtering for example with a band-pass filter and / or a thresholding may constitute the pre-treatment. Nevertheless, after filtering, the digital signature of a printed fibrous support will not correspond exactly to its digital signature obtained before printing.
- the acceptance threshold and the possible treatment are chosen according to the transformations that the reference zone of the support is likely to undergo.
- Fig. 2 illustrates, by a simple example, the interest of the fibrous support recognition method according to the invention.
- the acceptance threshold will preferably be chosen so as to accept, in at least 99% of the cases, preferably in at least 99.9% of the cases, and preferably in at least 99.99% of the cases, the different signatures. which one wishes to accept, which, although they are different from the authentic digital signatures recorded, correspond to an authentic fibrous support.
- the method according to the invention can be used in any type of existing machine, for example printers, fax, photocopier, scanner ... to transmit digital information and / or store and / or reproduce.
- the device comprises: means for extracting a structural characteristic from a reference zone of a candidate fibrous support, accounting for the unique, complex, chaotic, and quasi-invariant structure of the reference zone over time , and in particular a sensor such as a CDD or CMOS camera,
- digitizing means and possibly processing / coding of the structural characteristic measured in a candidate digital signature, which may include algorithms making it possible to reduce the impact of modifications occurring on the reference area such as printing, perforations, creases, tasks , ..., means for calculating, according to a statistical method, an index of similarity between the candidate digital signature and an authentic digital signature previously recorded on a digital data medium, means for comparing the similarity index obtained with a threshold of acceptance given, so as to allow the issuance of a positive acceptance decision in cases where the digital signature does not correspond exactly to the authentic digital signature to which it is compared, means of issuing a positive decision or negative acceptance.
- the acceptance method according to the invention can be used in different applications.
- the method of the invention is particularly useful for the traceability of fibrous supports. It can in particular make it possible to follow the life of a fibrous support, and in particular of a paper, from its selection as an authentic support to its use, through transformation steps (printing, engraving, perforation, folding, cutting, etc. At different stages of its existence, it will be possible to generate from said support a candidate digital signature to verify its authenticity.
- the method according to the invention with acceptance threshold allows such traceability, unlike a method based on the comparison to the identical.
- a database of authentic digital signatures of blank authentic media may be formed.
- candidate digital signatures obtained from media that have undergone subsequent transformations of use can be compared to the authentic digital signatures recorded in the database.
- Another application is to physically join the fibrous support to a product, an object, or even a living being, and use it as a label.
- the direct monitoring of the fibrous support by means of the process of the invention makes it possible indirectly to follow the product, the object or the living being.
- the physical connection must be such that any attempt to separate the fibrous support from the product, the object or the living being results in a destruction of the label, for example a non-repairable tear, in the case of an adhesive bonded paper.
- Other essential applications of the acceptance method according to the invention fall within the domain of secure access control methods.
- the invention also relates to a method for performing a secure access control and to give or not an access authorization in which an access key consisting of a fibrous support made of paper, cardboard, or nonwoven is used, comprising the following steps:
- a characteristic of the fibrous structure of the fibrous support is detected on a reference volume of the fibrous support and a digital signature representing the fibrous structure of the reference volume of the fibrous support is generated from said detected structural characteristic
- this digital signature is compared according to a statistical method with a previously recorded digital data item and a positive or negative decision of acceptance is issued,
- an access authorization is issued if the comparison has enabled the issuance of a positive acceptance decision.
- the previously recorded digital data corresponds to an authentic digital signature. All variants of the acceptance method as described above are therefore directly applicable to access control.
- the issuing of a positive acceptance decision conditions the access authorization.
- the fibrous support can then be directly used as a physical and material key allowing access control to premises, machines, computers, hotel rooms, information indexed to the authentic digital signature.
- the physical key is accepted, a right of access or entry to a room, a machine, a computer, a hotel room, is then given to the user.
- the implementation of the method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a level of security superior to that obtained with the iris of the human eye, the best biometric characteristic used industrially to date.
- a database of authentic signatures is generated and an additional virtual link associating each digital signature with at least one sensitive information is realized via a database, preferably secure.
- Each digital signature is therefore indexed to sensitive information.
- the issuing of a positive acceptance decision is accompanied by the identification of the authentic digital signature giving the best index of similarity, and access to the information associated with said authentic digital signature.
- This type of secure access control method finds application in many areas such as activity tracking, traceability, control and information security.
- the method according to the invention it is possible to choose the desired degree of security depending on the application, in particular by adjusting the complexity of the digital signature and the acceptance threshold chosen.
- the use of a "dynamic" signature allows access to information, for example, as long as the scrutinized candidate material is deemed authentic.
- the authentic digital signatures, recorded in the database are not the digital signatures of different fibrous supports, but different digital signatures of the same fibrous support, allowing different access levels.
- the fibrous support plays the role of access key and can, among other forms, be in the form of cards and be physically associated with an electronic chip and / or a magnetic strip.
- the support can furthermore integrate transmission means of information or integrate one or more elements implemented in an information transmission, in particular elements sensitive to radio frequencies (active or passive antennas for example), which provide contactless communication and distance information.
- the sensitive information may be structured in a different database or shared with the database of authentic signatures, secured or not by any known means, totally or partially, and contain: information on the settings of the sensors and the installation of digitization, extraction and generation of digital signatures (scale, algorithms used, %) general administrative information (identity of persons, personal codes, 7) biometric information, information partly contained on the paper (printed Or other), information on other papers (digital signature of an envelope for example, present together with that of the paper of the letter).
- Another application directly targeted by the present invention is the joint use of the acceptance method according to the invention with any biometric method for identifying a human being, an animal or a plant.
- the acceptance method according to the invention can be adapted to computer platforms developed for the comparison of biometric characteristics such as fingerprints in particular.
- This joint use makes it possible to solve difficult problems of identification of the carrier of a paper document (access card, identity document, etc.) integrating the authentic fibrous support, together with authentication of said document, and to associate these two identification / authentication to carrier information and / or its paper document.
- the method according to the invention may also be used, for example, to secure electronic mail, provide remote access to information, via a telecommunications network (Internet for example), make electronic signatures.
- EXAMPLE 1 A graphical gray-scale image signal is extracted from a paper seen in transvision, via a CCD camera, to which filtering algorithms (Gabor 2D, Laplacian, FFT bandpass, etc.) are applied to different spatial frequencies (scales) or even different directions. These operations are performed to constitute the family of "authentic" signatures and during the implementation of the candidate paper sample acceptance method. We can then compare the images from these algorithms directly in grayscale or in binary form, that is to say in the form of matrices of 0 and
- the digital signatures of the authentic or candidate sample should preferably be of the same size.
- the comparison of this digital signature A of the candidate sample with the authentic digital signatures * B of the same size is performed by a logical operation XOR (OR exclusive) bit by bit.
- An image file C result of the same size as the compared digital signatures is obtained.
- the similarity index calculation phase is performed by calculating the arithmetic mean of the bits of the image C (Hamming distance (DH)). In such a case, two signatures from the same paper will have a DH close to 0, two signatures from two different papers, a DH close to 0.5.
- the acceptance threshold must belong to the interval] 0; 0.5 [.
- image correlation can be used as a comparison method.
- Identical papers will have a correlation close to 1, different papers a correlation close to 0 (positive or negative).
- An acceptance threshold belonging to] 0; l can be chosen as a decision criterion, below which the compared papers are considered different (impostors), and beyond which they are considered identical (authentic).
- the acceptance threshold criteria are therefore completely related to the coding methods and to the selection of a similarity index to make the comparison.
- each application will have security requirements that will determine strategies for choosing coding methods, similarity indices and specific acceptance thresholds. A double test was carried out on different sheets of paper extracted from the same manufacture (mother reel) by scrutinizing the sample.
- Fig. 3 shows the variation of a distribution curve obtained as a function of the voluntary or involuntary modification of a paper during its lifetime.
- Curve (a) is the distribution curve of digital signatures obtained with different papers.
- Curve (b) is the distribution curve of digital signatures obtained with the same paper during different acquisitions.
- Algorithmic platforms specially created for the management of fingerprint identification whose tests are based on recognition of singularities in the fingerprint drawings (minutiae (orientations, curvatures, relative position), center, ...) have, therefore, been used.
- the advantage of this kind of method is that the generation aspects of digital signatures, comparison and decision of acceptance or rejection of the paper candidate for identification are already present in said platforms, or even combined with the calculation of a confidence index.
- the algorithms in question are multiple and for the most part very fast in the calculation and interrogation phases of the reference database. They also have management interfaces with the scanners used in fingerprint recognition. They were, after small adaptations, used on the paper supports.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA2564786A CA2564786C (fr) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-04-06 | Procede de reconnaissance et de suivi de supports fibreux, ainsi que les applications d'un tel procede dans le domaine informatique notamment |
EP05753622A EP1747540B1 (fr) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-04-06 | Procede de reconnaissance et de suivi de supports fibreux, ainsi que les applications d'un tel procede dans le domaine informatique notamment |
SI200531636T SI1747540T1 (sl) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-04-06 | Postopek prepoznavanja in spremljanja vlaknastih nosilcev in uporabe tega postopka na področju informacijske tehnologije |
DK05753622.9T DK1747540T3 (da) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-04-06 | Fremgangsmåde til genkendelse og overvågning af fiberholdige medier, samt anvendelse af fremgangsmåden indenfor informationsteknologien |
ES05753622T ES2394444T3 (es) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-04-06 | Procedimiento de reconocimiento y de seguimiento de soportes fibrosos, así como las aplicaciones de dicho procedimiento en particular en el campo de la informática |
JP2007512243A JP4673366B2 (ja) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-04-06 | フィブラスメディアの認識と追跡の方法と装置 |
BRPI0510933-7A BRPI0510933B1 (pt) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-04-06 | Method of accepting a fibrous paper, cardboard or non-woven paper candidate as an authentic fibrous support, device adapted for the implementation of the process of acceptance and process of making a safe access control and giving or not an access authorization |
MXPA06013005A MXPA06013005A (es) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-04-06 | Metodo para el reconocimiento y el monitoreo de medios fibrosos y aplicaciones de ese metodo, particularmente en el campo de la informatica. |
PL05753622T PL1747540T3 (pl) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-04-06 | Sposób rozpoznawania i monitorowania nośników włóknistych oraz zastosowania tego sposobu zwłaszcza w dziedzinie informacyjnej |
CN2005800150722A CN1957381B (zh) | 2004-05-11 | 2005-04-06 | 用于识别和监测纤维载体的方法和所述方法在信息技术中的应用 |
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FR0405066 | 2004-05-11 | ||
FR0405066A FR2870376B1 (fr) | 2004-05-11 | 2004-05-11 | Procede de reconnaissance de supports fibreux, ainsi que les applications d'un tel procede dans le domaine informatique notamment |
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WO2005122100A1 true WO2005122100A1 (fr) | 2005-12-22 |
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US (1) | US7680306B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1747540B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP4673366B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1957381B (fr) |
BR (1) | BRPI0510933B1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2564786C (fr) |
DK (1) | DK1747540T3 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2394444T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2870376B1 (fr) |
MX (1) | MXPA06013005A (fr) |
PL (1) | PL1747540T3 (fr) |
PT (1) | PT1747540E (fr) |
SI (1) | SI1747540T1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005122100A1 (fr) |
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- 2005-04-06 DK DK05753622.9T patent/DK1747540T3/da active
- 2005-04-06 WO PCT/FR2005/000840 patent/WO2005122100A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-04-06 CA CA2564786A patent/CA2564786C/fr active Active
- 2005-04-06 PT PT57536229T patent/PT1747540E/pt unknown
- 2005-04-06 US US11/099,667 patent/US7680306B2/en active Active
- 2005-04-06 ES ES05753622T patent/ES2394444T3/es active Active
- 2005-04-06 CN CN2005800150722A patent/CN1957381B/zh active Active
- 2005-04-06 SI SI200531636T patent/SI1747540T1/sl unknown
- 2005-04-06 JP JP2007512243A patent/JP4673366B2/ja active Active
- 2005-04-06 BR BRPI0510933-7A patent/BRPI0510933B1/pt active IP Right Grant
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US9818249B1 (en) | 2002-09-04 | 2017-11-14 | Copilot Ventures Fund Iii Llc | Authentication method and system |
US8749386B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2014-06-10 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | System and method for article authentication using signatures |
US7853792B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2010-12-14 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Authenticity verification methods, products and apparatuses |
US9019567B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2015-04-28 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Methods and apparatuses for creating authenticatable printed articles and subsequently verifying them |
US8421625B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2013-04-16 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | System and method for article authentication using thumbnail signatures |
US8896885B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2014-11-25 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Creating authenticatable printed articles and subsequently verifying them based on scattered light caused by surface structure |
US8502668B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2013-08-06 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | System and method for article authentication using blanket illumination |
US8766800B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2014-07-01 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Authenticity verification methods, products, and apparatuses |
US8757493B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2014-06-24 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | System and method for article authentication using encoded signatures |
US8699088B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2014-04-15 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Methods and apparatuses for creating authenticatable printed articles and subsequently verifying them |
US8103046B2 (en) | 2004-08-13 | 2012-01-24 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Authenticity verification of articles using a database |
US8078875B2 (en) | 2005-07-27 | 2011-12-13 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Verification of authenticity |
US9390345B2 (en) | 2005-09-05 | 2016-07-12 | Alpvision S.A. | Means for using microstructure of materials surface as a unique identifier |
US9710902B2 (en) | 2005-09-05 | 2017-07-18 | Alpvision S.A. | Means for using microstructure of materials surface as a unique identifier |
US11721153B2 (en) | 2005-09-05 | 2023-08-08 | Alpvision S.A. | Means for using microstructure of materials surface as a unique identifier |
US10964010B2 (en) | 2005-09-05 | 2021-03-30 | Alpvision S.A. | Means for using microstructure of materials surface as a unique identifier |
US10332247B2 (en) | 2005-09-05 | 2019-06-25 | Alpvision, S.A. | Means for using microstructure of materials surface as a unique identifier |
EP3399462A1 (fr) | 2005-09-05 | 2018-11-07 | Alpvision SA | Moyen permettant d'utiliser une microstructure de surface de materiaux comme identificateur unique |
US8180174B2 (en) | 2005-09-05 | 2012-05-15 | Alpvision S.A. | Means for using microstructure of materials surface as a unique identifier |
US9208394B2 (en) | 2005-09-05 | 2015-12-08 | Alpvision S.A. | Authentication of an article of manufacture using an image of the microstructure of it surface |
EP2960830A1 (fr) | 2005-09-05 | 2015-12-30 | Alpvision SA | Moyen permettant d'utiliser une microstructure de surface de materiaux comme identificateur unique |
US7812935B2 (en) | 2005-12-23 | 2010-10-12 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Optical authentication |
US8325971B2 (en) | 2005-12-23 | 2012-12-04 | Signoptic Technologies | Method for extracting random signatures from a material element and method for generating a decomposition base to implement the extraction method |
US8989500B2 (en) | 2005-12-23 | 2015-03-24 | Signoptic Technologies | Method for extracting random signatures from a material element and method for generating a decomposition base to implement the extraction method |
US8497983B2 (en) | 2005-12-23 | 2013-07-30 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Optical authentication |
US8682076B2 (en) | 2008-12-19 | 2014-03-25 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Signature generation for use in authentication and verification using a non-coherent radiation source |
US8615475B2 (en) | 2008-12-19 | 2013-12-24 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Self-calibration |
US8892556B2 (en) | 2009-11-10 | 2014-11-18 | Ingenia Holdings Limited | Optimisation |
WO2017080975A1 (fr) | 2015-11-10 | 2017-05-18 | Alpvision S.A. | Procédé et appareil d'authentification d'une structure 3d |
US10019627B2 (en) | 2015-11-10 | 2018-07-10 | Alpvision S.A. | Method and apparatus for authentication of a 3D structure |
US10789463B2 (en) | 2015-11-10 | 2020-09-29 | Alpvision S.A. | Method and apparatus for authentication of a 3D structure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP4673366B2 (ja) | 2011-04-20 |
FR2870376A1 (fr) | 2005-11-18 |
US7680306B2 (en) | 2010-03-16 |
CA2564786C (fr) | 2013-08-13 |
EP1747540B1 (fr) | 2012-09-05 |
PL1747540T3 (pl) | 2013-02-28 |
FR2870376B1 (fr) | 2006-09-22 |
ES2394444T3 (es) | 2013-01-31 |
SI1747540T1 (sl) | 2013-01-31 |
EP1747540A1 (fr) | 2007-01-31 |
BRPI0510933B1 (pt) | 2017-12-19 |
DK1747540T3 (da) | 2013-01-07 |
CA2564786A1 (fr) | 2005-12-22 |
CN1957381B (zh) | 2010-06-23 |
BRPI0510933A (pt) | 2007-11-20 |
US20050257064A1 (en) | 2005-11-17 |
JP2007537523A (ja) | 2007-12-20 |
MXPA06013005A (es) | 2007-04-25 |
PT1747540E (pt) | 2012-12-20 |
CN1957381A (zh) | 2007-05-02 |
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