WO2005109138A1 - Procede de selection, pour un aeronef, d'un point d'acces a une zone de libre evolution laterale - Google Patents
Procede de selection, pour un aeronef, d'un point d'acces a une zone de libre evolution laterale Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005109138A1 WO2005109138A1 PCT/EP2005/051312 EP2005051312W WO2005109138A1 WO 2005109138 A1 WO2005109138 A1 WO 2005109138A1 EP 2005051312 W EP2005051312 W EP 2005051312W WO 2005109138 A1 WO2005109138 A1 WO 2005109138A1
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims description 35
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C21/00—Navigation; Navigational instruments not provided for in groups G01C1/00 - G01C19/00
- G01C21/005—Navigation; Navigational instruments not provided for in groups G01C1/00 - G01C19/00 with correlation of navigation data from several sources, e.g. map or contour matching
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S13/93—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
- G01S13/933—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes of aircraft or spacecraft
- G01S13/935—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes of aircraft or spacecraft for terrain-avoidance
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D1/00—Control of position, course, altitude or attitude of land, water, air or space vehicles, e.g. using automatic pilots
- G05D1/0005—Control of position, course, altitude or attitude of land, water, air or space vehicles, e.g. using automatic pilots with arrangements to save energy
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft, e.g. air-traffic control [ATC]
- G08G5/0073—Surveillance aids
- G08G5/0086—Surveillance aids for monitoring terrain
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft, e.g. air-traffic control [ATC]
- G08G5/04—Anti-collision systems
- G08G5/045—Navigation or guidance aids, e.g. determination of anti-collision manoeuvers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the joining, by an aircraft, of a safe zone, without constraint of evolution in the horizontal plane. It is particularly interested in the case of aircraft threatened by a risk of collision with the ground or by a risk of entering a prohibited area which cannot be resolved by a purely vertical avoidance maneuver.
- Aircraft are more and more often equipped with ground proximity warning systems whose role is to prevent aeronautical accidents in which an aircraft which remains maneuverable crashes on the ground, accidents known in the technical literature by the acronym CFIT derived from the Anglo-Saxon expression "Controlled Flight Into Terrain”.
- CFIT derived from the Anglo-Saxon expression "Controlled Flight Into Terrain”.
- These ground proximity warnings generate alerts and alarms to draw the attention of the aircraft crew to the need to correct the trajectory of the aircraft but leave, most of the time, on the initiative of the crew, the terrain avoidance trajectories, that is to say the joining of a safe area, without constraint of evolution in the horizontal plane, such as the space above a safety altitude greater than the most high reliefs of the region overflown.
- ground proximity warning systems There are essentially two generations of ground proximity warning systems, the first known under the name of GPWS (acronym of the English expression: “Ground proximity Warning System”) and the second under the name of TAWS (acronym taken from the Anglo-Saxon expression: “Terrain Awareness Warning System”).
- GPWS ground proximity warning systems only take into account the flight conditions of the aircraft and only send alarm messages, in the field style, to the crew of an aircraft. , terrain "," Terrain Ahead, pull up ". They pose a problem of sensitivity adjustment, a compromise to be sought between a triggering in time at each real risk of collision with the ground and a minimum of false alarms.
- TAWS ground proximity warning systems add to the information taken into account by the GPWS, navigation data and overflown relief maps extracted from on-board topographic databases accessible from the aircraft in flight.
- TAWS ground proximity warning systems a risk of collision with the ground is assimilated to the penetration of the relief into a set of relief trajectories, uphill at maximum slope, plotted from the current position of the aircraft, on a certain angular opening in the azimuth plane around the route of the aircraft because these release trajectories are a compulsory passage, as a last resort, for an aircraft seeking to reach a safety altitude.
- Certain TAWS ground proximity warning systems such as those described in US patents US 5,442,556 or US 5,892,462, effectively calculate the most representative elements of the clearance paths within range of the aircraft from its current position and can therefore propose an avoidance path when they detect a risk of collision with the ground. But this avoidance trajectory is not necessarily the easiest to implement.
- TAWS type ground proximity warning systems do not have an explicit avoidance trajectory to offer to the crew because they are content, in order to limit calculation requirements, to roughly determine one or more protection volumes linked to the aircraft, which extend in front of and below the aircraft and are dimensioned so as to contain the majority of the clearance paths within the range of the aircraft, with respect to a possible relief or obstacle on the ground placed on its foreseeable short-term trajectory.
- the object of the present invention is to satisfy the aforementioned need. It also aims to find an entry point into a free lateral evolution zone, accessible by an optimal avoidance trajectory, in the sense that it requires only a minimum of maneuvers from the aircraft.
- the minimum cost criterion includes a minimum cost criterion of the initial turning maneuver at the start of a rejoining trajectory leading from the current position of the aircraft to the access point.
- the minimum cost criterion includes a minimum route change criterion at the start of the access point rejoining trajectory.
- the minimum cost criterion includes a minimum length criterion for the path of joining the access point.
- the minimum cost criterion includes a criterion of form of the access point joining trajectory distinguishing between the shortest joining trajectories and the joining trajectories bypassing obstacles.
- the cost considered by the minimum cost criterion of the initial maneuver is the time necessary for the aircraft to reach a maximum authorized roll angle, on the right for a right turn or on the left for a left turn.
- the cost considered by the minimum cost criterion of the initial maneuver is the time ⁇ R for the aircraft to pass from its current roll angle R to the maximum authorized roll angle RM on the desired side with a rate maximum roll allowed RRM.
- the time ⁇ R for the aircraft to pass from its current roll angle R to the maximum authorized roll angle RM on the desired side with a maximum authorized roll rate RRM is estimated at the value:
- the cost considered by the minimum cost criterion of the initial maneuver is the sum of the passage time ⁇ R, for the aircraft, from its current roll angle R to the maximum authorized roll angle RM on the desired side with a maximum authorized roll rate RRM and roll acceleration and deceleration time ⁇ RR framing the passage time ⁇ R.
- the cost considered by the minimum cost criterion of the initial maneuver is the sum of the time ⁇ R for the aircraft to pass from its current roll angle R to the maximum authorized roll angle RM on the desired side with a maximum authorized roll rate RRM and time ⁇ RR with constant acceleration and deceleration of roll RAM framing the passage time ⁇ R.
- the times ⁇ RR at constant acceleration and deceleration of roll RAM are estimated at:
- the cost considered is zero when the current roll angle R of the aircraft is close to the maximum authorized roll angle RM on the desired side.
- the cost considered by the minimum cost crier of the initial maneuver is zero when the current roll angle R corresponds to at least 95% of the value of the maximum authorized roll angle RM on the desired side.
- the space surrounding the current position of the aircraft is divided into three azimuthal angular ranges: a front-right angular range and a front-left angular range of the same angular width opening to the right and to the left of the current route of l aircraft, and a rear angular range oriented in the opposite direction from the current route of the aircraft, the front-right angular range being affected by a cost initial right-turn maneuver, the front-left angular range being assigned an initial left-turn maneuver cost and the rear angular range being affected by the largest initial turn-around maneuver cost to the right and to the left.
- the method of selecting an access point to a free lateral evolution zone when applied to an aircraft provided with equipment giving information on its current position and course, its current angle, rate and acceleration as well as on the location, in relation to its current position, of contours of reliefs, threatening obstacles on the ground and / or prohibited areas, it includes preparatory steps for the location and delimitation of areas of free lateral evolution in the airspace where the aircraft operates, consisting of:
- the method of selecting an access point to a free lateral evolution zone when applied to an aircraft provided with equipment giving information on its current position and course, its current angle, rate and acceleration as well as on the location, with respect to its current position, of contours of reliefs, threatening obstacles on the ground and / or prohibited areas, it includes preparatory steps for assessing the situation of the aircraft in its consistent environment at :
- the method of selecting an access point to a free lateral evolution zone when applied to an aircraft provided with equipment giving information on its current position and course, its current angle, rate and acceleration as well as on the location, relative to its current position, of contours of reliefs, threatening obstacles on the ground and / or prohibited areas, it comprises:
- criterion of minimum cost of initial turning maneuver leads to several possibilities of choice of selected points of free lateral evolution zone, it is supplemented by a criterion of equality between curvilinear distance and distance at most short, by a criterion of minimum change of route, then by a criterion of minimum length of the rejoining trajectory.
- lateral safety margins are added on each side of the unauthorized azimuthal sectors and removed from the authorized azimuthal sectors.
- the front-right, front-left and rear azimuthal angular ranges each cover 120 degrees.
- the space surrounding the current position of the aircraft is divided, in the azimuth plane, into 32 elementary angular sectors.
- the different altitude levels of the space in which the aircraft is moving, where areas of free lateral movement are located and delimited are between the current altitude of the aircraft and the maximum altitude of the terrain overflown .
- the different altitude levels of the space '' in which the aircraft is moving, where are located and delimited zones of free lateral evolution of the altitude level correspond to horizontal sections.
- the search for an access point to an area of free lateral evolution is done using a topological map of the overflown region provided with a location grid.
- the location grid is regular in distance and aligned with the meridians and parallels.
- the location grid is regular in distance and aligned with the heading of the aircraft.
- the location grid is regular in distance and aligned with the route of the aircraft.
- the location grid is regular at an angle and aligned with the meridians and parallels.
- the location grid is regular in angle and aligned with the heading of the aircraft.
- the location grid is regular in angle and aligned with the route of the aircraft.
- the location grid is radial, centered on the aircraft and oriented along its heading.
- the location grid is radial, centered on the aircraft and oriented along its route.
- FIG. 1 represents an example of a map appearing, on a location grid, the contours of the two areas adjacent to an aircraft and not usable by the latter due to its maneuverability limits,
- FIG. 2 represents, on the same location grid as FIG. 1, the contours of dangerous and / or prohibited areas for an aircraft,
- FIG. 3 is a vertical section of the relief along the short-term trajectory planned for an aircraft illustrating the principle of operation of a TAWS type ground proximity warning system
- - a figure 4 shows a set of three horizontal sections superimposed on the space where an aircraft is moving, usable when searching for areas of free lateral movement
- FIG. 5 shows the plots of the two holding racetracks used to determine the width necessary for an aircraft to be able to freely engage in lateral maneuvers
- figure 6 represents, on the same location grid as figures 1 and 2, the contours of free lateral evolution zones found in the presence of dangerous and / or prohibited zones supposed to have for contours, those of dangerous and / or prohibited zones of figure 2,
- FIGS. 7 and 8 represent diagrams illustrating the main steps of a method for determining a cost of turning maneuver for an aircraft, - a figure 9 represents a route orientation rose showing the distribution of the turning maneuvering costs,
- FIG. 10 represents, on the same location grid as Figures 1, 2 and 6, the contours, in a mostly horizontal section, of the space where an aircraft is moving, areas that are not passable because they cannot be used, are dangerous or prohibited as well as free lateral evolution zones, and the current position of the aircraft with its en route orientation superimposed on a route orientation rose divided into azimuthal angular ranges of cost of turning maneuver,
- FIG. 11 illustrates the conformation of a shortest trajectory for an aircraft
- - a figure 12 illustrates the difference between the concepts of shortest distance and curvilinear distance
- FIG. 13 analogous to FIG. 10 with the point in question and the joining trajectory which leads to it
- FIG. 14 similar to FIGS. 10 and 13 with, in addition, representations of unauthorized azimuthal angular sectors, and
- FIG. 15a and 15b show a diagram illustrating the main steps of a method of selecting optimal access points, free lateral evolution zone.
- the first part of locating and delimiting zones of free lateral evolution in the airspace where the aircraft is flying consists in listing and delimiting the zones which cannot be walked on:
- the second part of assessing the situation of the aircraft in its environment consists of:
- - determine the initial maneuvering costs for right and left turns - divide the space surrounding the current position of the aircraft into three azimuth ranges identified relative to the current route of the aircraft: a front-right range affected by a right turn cost, a front-left range assigned by a left turn cost and a rear range assigned by the largest of the values for the turn cost, and
- the third part of identifying and selecting an entry point for a zone of free lateral evolution among the most easily accessible consists in seeking a trajectory for joining a zone of free lateral evolution, optimal from the point of view of the criterion. wagering cost when cornering, possibly supplemented by a criterion of ease of maneuver (preferably direct trajectories, without bypassing non-passable zones), by a criterion of minimum change of route and by a criterion of minimum length to be covered
- This grid can be either:
- the tiling elements or meshes of the location grid are assigned a lateral constraint flag taking the value 0 if no lateral constraint is present, the tiling element considered belonging to a free evolution zone lateral, and the value 1 if there are constraints limiting the possibilities of lateral evolution, these constraints being able to go so far as to make the paving element considered impassable.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the step of identifying the unusable zones which are therefore ineligible (flag of lateral constraint at 1) of the airspace where the aircraft is flying as a result of its limited maneuverability. Areas the aircraft cannot fly to as a result of its limited maneuverability is located within the tightest turns, which it is capable of performing on its right and on its left. They depend on the cornering performance of the aircraft which is a function of its speed, course, course, local wind conditions and inertia. Without wind, the zones which cannot be used by the aircraft are contained within two circles attached to the current position of the aircraft, having a common external tangent at this point, oriented along the current course or heading of the aircraft which are then combined and a radius corresponding to the smallest acceptable turning radius at the time. With a crosswind V, the two circles are deformed into cycloid lobes. that meet the system of equations:
- TAS being the amplitude of the air speed of the aircraft
- ⁇ r0 ⁇ being the roll angle of the aircraft during the maneuver
- ⁇ being a factor depending on the initial conditions
- ⁇ being a coefficient equal to +1 for a right turn and -1 for a left turn
- Figure 2 shows, on the same location grid as Figure
- zones 11, 12, 13 which cannot be used for aircraft because they are dangerous because of the risk of collision with reliefs or obstacles on the ground , or prohibited by regulation.
- These non-passable zones 12, 13, 14 therefore ineligible (flag of lateral constraint at 1) are signaled by on-board equipment of the aircraft.
- it may be a navigation map display device implementing a method of estimating curvilinear distances for a mobile subject to dynamic travel constraints such as that described in the request.
- Danger zones when indicated by a navigation map display device implementing a method for estimating curvilinear distances for a mobile subject to dynamic constraints, consist of the zones for which it has not been possible to obtain curvilinear distance estimate, no path walkable leading to them from the current position of the mobile that could not be found, and areas only accessible in a roundabout way, which are indicated by discontinuities in the estimates of curvilinear distances from their points not justified by the relative distances between these points. More details on this subject can be found in the French patent application filed by the plaintiff on March 19, 2004 under the number 04 02870.
- the danger zones indicated by a TAWS type ground proximity warning system correspond, as shown in FIG. 3, to the intersection 20 with the relief 21 or obstacles on the ground, from the base of a protective envelope 22 linked to the aircraft gathering all of the top terrain avoidance trajectories, considered to be within the range of the aircraft taking into account a reaction time 23 granted to the crew, climb flight performance 24 of the aircraft and a safety margin 25 taken with respect to the altitude values of the terrain overflown.
- the identification of the non-passable zones makes it possible to exclude them from the space where the aircraft is moving to delimit an area for the search for zones of free lateral evolution.
- the area of search for free lateral evolution zones is analyzed by horizontal sections made at altitude levels arbitrarily chosen for possible levels of flattening of the aircraft trajectory. These sections are staged between the current altitude of the aircraft and any level.
- the level of the upper cut is preferably taken equal to that of the altitude of the highest high relief of the region overflown, increased by the safety margin.
- the spacing of the sections may depend on the current altitude of the aircraft. It can for example be taken equal to 2000 feet for a current altitude of the aircraft greater than 7000 feet and to 1000 feet for a current altitude of the aircraft less than or equal to 7000 feet.
- the longitudinal profile of the sections is preferably completely straight and horizontal as shown in figure 4
- the cuts are not necessarily made simultaneously, but can be made as needed. For example, only the first cut, at the level of the current altitude of the aircraft is systematically produced, the immediately superior cut being only in the event of failure to find a zone of free lateral evolution in the first cut and so on.
- the search domain for zones of free lateral evolution is analyzed by means of three simple level cuts: a first cut L 0 made at the altitude of the current position of the aircraft, a second L2 cut made at the maximum altitude of the overflown relief and a third L1 cut made at an intermediate altitude.
- the zones of free lateral evolution are those whose points are at lateral distances from the contours of the non-passable zones greater than a minimum margin MLTDTURN sufficient to allow the aircraft to traverse a waiting racetrack on either side of its current trajectory, which guarantees him the possibility of evolving while engaging lateral maneuvers flat.
- This minimum margin MLTDTURN of lateral distance corresponds to the radius of the circle circumscribed to the two possible trajectories for the holding racetrack increased by a safety margin.
- the two possible trajectories 40, 41 for the holding racetrack form two lobes tangent to the current trajectory 42 of the aircraft.
- Each of them has two lengths HLD_L joined by two half-turns of radius HLD_T.
- the value of the lengths HLD_L is a configuration datum defined in flight time or in distance traveled on the ground.
- the value of the radius HLD_T of the assumed U-turns made flat, at ground speed GS and at constant rolling angle HLD_B, corresponds to the relation: the ground speed GS being a datum supplied by the equipment of the aircraft, HLD_B a configuration datum calculated as a function of the theoretical performances of the aircraft and g the acceleration of gravity.
- the lateral distance margin MLTDTURN adopted compared to the contours of non-passable areas takes on the value:
- HLD_M being an additional safety margin compared to the radius HLD_R of the circle circumscribed to the two possible trajectories of the waiting racetrack.
- the contours of the non-practicable zones of the value found for the lateral distance margin MLTDTURN- This enlargement can be done by determining the normal at each point of a contour and by moving the point of contour considered, identified by its coordinates on the location grid, towards the outside of the contour, in the direction of the normal and over a distance equal to the value of the margin lateral distance.
- This enlargement can also be done by means of a distance transform with a chamfer mask used in the same way as in the method for determining the lateral margins of a trajectory relative to the relief, described in the French patent application filed by the plaintiff on 19/12/2003 under n ° 03 15020.
- Figure 6 illustrates the contours of free lateral evolution zones
- the phase of assessing the situation of the aircraft in its environment consists of estimating the time or cost of the right or left turn maneuvers.
- the turning of an aircraft can be broken down into three phases: a first phase of acceleration of the roll, a second phase of rollover and a third phase of deceleration of the roll.
- a first phase of acceleration of the roll a second phase of rollover
- a third phase of deceleration of the roll a third phase of deceleration of the roll.
- RM Roll-angle Max the maximum roll angle used for the maneuver.
- the phases are symmetrical for a turn in and out of a turn.
- the roll rate increases from 0 to RRM with a constant RAM acceleration.
- the roll when rolling, the roll increases with a constant RRM rate up to an RM value.
- ROLL_ACC (t) ⁇ xRAM and, for the roll rate ROLL_RATE (t) of the aircraft:
- ROLL_RATE (t) h xRAMxt
- ROLL _ ANGLE (t) -x ⁇ xRAM xt 2
- ROLL _ RATE (t x ) ⁇ RM
- ROLL ANGLEiL -x ⁇ x RRM 1 2 RAM
- ROLL_ACC (t) ⁇ 0 and, for the roll rate ROLL_RATE (t) of the aircraft:
- ROLL_RATE (t) ⁇ xRRM
- ROLL ANGLE (t) ⁇ RRMxt + -x ⁇ x ⁇ + R ⁇ 2 RAM
- the initial conditions are: for the roll acceleration ROLL_ACC (t) of the aircraft:
- ROLL_RATE (t 3 ) 0
- ROLL __ ANGLE (t) - x ⁇ xRAM xt 2 + ⁇ xRRM t + K ROLL _ ⁇ NGLE _ 3 with, at the end, at time t3, the value:
- ROLL_ ANGLES ⁇ xRM and s _. . . 1 s RRM 2
- ROLL_ANGLE (t 3 ) h xRM
- RRM from a roll angle R to a maximum roll angle RM can be assimilated as a first approximation to the sum of a time: k n RM - ⁇ R
- RAM corresponding to the first and third phases of acceleration and deceleration of the roll.
- the estimate of the cost of a right or left turn maneuver of the aircraft is based on the assimilation of the sum of times ⁇ R and ⁇ RR of the time required for the aircraft to pass from its current roll angle to the maximum roll angles and turn to the shortest on the right or left.
- the value adopted for the cost of turning is the time ⁇ R necessary for the aircraft to pass from its current roll angle to the maximum roll angle RM suitable for a shortest turn in the desired direction, performed at the maximum authorized roll rate, with any additional cost consisting of the rollover rate ⁇ RR time when necessary (for example when turning to the shortest right when the aircraft is already engaged in a right turn but being flattened).
- a threshold effect which consists in canceling the cost as soon as the current roll angle is at least equal to 95% of the final value RM of the desired maximum roll angle, makes it possible to smooth the oscillations in the capture phase the final roll angle.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate this method of attributing a cost to the turning operations of the aircraft, FIG. 7 for a right roll and FIG. 8 for a left roll.
- the cost estimate begins by collecting in 50 the values of the angle R of the current roll and the current roll rate RR from the aircraft instruments and by a test in 51 consisting in comparing the value of the current roll angle R of the aircraft with the value of the final roll angle RM to determine whether the current roll angle R is greater than 95% of l final roll angle.
- the variables ⁇ RR and ⁇ R are set to zero at 52 and added to output 53 to give a zero cost.
- the cost estimate continues at 54 by a test on the sign of the current roll rate RR of the aircraft.
- ⁇ RR is set to zero at 55.
- the variable ⁇ R is set to 56, at the value:
- variable ⁇ R is set to 56 with the value:
- the cost estimate begins by collecting in 60 the values of the angle R of the current roll and the current roll rate RR from the on-board instruments of the aircraft and by a test in 61 consisting in comparing the value of the current roll angle R of the aircraft with the value of the final roll angle RM to determine whether the current roll angle R is less than minus 95 % of the final roll angle.
- the cost estimate continues in 64 by a test on the sign of the current roll rate RR of the aircraft. If the current roll rate RR is negative, indicating that the roll angle of the aircraft is moving in the direction of the final roll angle RM, there is no additional cost linked to the change in sign of the rate of roll.
- the variable ⁇ RR is set to zero at 65.
- the variable ⁇ R is set to 66 at the value:
- variable ⁇ RR is set to 67 with the value:
- variable ⁇ R is set to 66 with the value:
- the enroute orientation rose, at the location of the current position of the aircraft, in three ranges azimuthal angles: a front-right azimuthal angular range 70 and a front-left azimuthal angular range 71 of the same angular width opening to the right and left of the current route of the aircraft, and a rear azimuthal angular range 72 oriented in opposite direction of the current route of the aircraft and the routes belonging to the front-right azimuthal angular range 70 are assigned, of the cost estimated previously for a right-turning maneuver, the routes belonging to the front azimuthal angular range left 71 of the cost previously estimated for a left turn maneuver and the roads belonging to the rear azimuthal angular range 72 of the maximum cost previously estimated for the two man works of cornering to the right and left.
- FIG. 10 gives the example of a map making a general assessment, of the situation in the same section as in FIGS. 2 and 6, for an aircraft using a northwest passage between the two non-passable zones 13, 14 already identified in FIG. 2.
- the meshes of the location grid are assigned a flag of lateral constraint to the value 0 when they belong to practicable zones without constraint of lateral evolution, and to the value 1 when they belong to either non-passable or passable areas with lateral evolution constraints.
- a distinction is made between the contours of the two zones 10, 11 adjoining the current position of the aircraft and which cannot be used due to the limited maneuverability of the aircraft as well as those of the non-practicable zones 12, 13 due to a risk. collision with the ground or administrative prohibitions.
- the non-passable zones 12, 13, 14 are included in a large passable zone 15 but with lateral evolution constraints (flag of lateral constraint at the value 1), which leaves room at its periphery for zones of free lateral evolution 7 , 8 (flag of lateral constraint at the value 0).
- lateral evolution constraints (flag of lateral constraint at the value 1), which leaves room at its periphery for zones of free lateral evolution 7 , 8 (flag of lateral constraint at the value 0).
- the shortest distance map and the curvilinear distance map are produced from topological data drawn from a database such as an on-board terrain elevation database or searchable on board the aircraft, for example, using a distance transform with chamfer mask as described in the French patent application filed by the applicant on September 26, 2003 under n ° 03 11320.
- Their addition to the situation assessment map results in the addition of the lateral constraint flag of each mesh of the location grid, with a distance value at p read short and with a curvilinear distance value.
- the shortest trajectory for an aircraft is the shortest path that it can take to reach a target point given its maneuverability. As shown in Figure 11, this shortest trajectory is made up, in the horizontal plane:
- the shortest trajectory is dependent on the possibilities of ascent and descent of the aircraft as well as the imposed altitudes.
- Figure 12 shows the difference between the shortest distance and the curvilinear distance of a point 81 from the position current 80 of an aircraft, when a non-passable zone 14 is inserted between the two.
- the shortest distance is the length of the path 80 not taking into account the non-passable zone 14.
- the curvilinear distance is the length of the shortest path 86 bypassing the non-passable zone 14.
- the selection of an optimal trajectory for joining a zone of free lateral evolution localized with respect to the current position of the aircraft on a map in fact amounts, as shown in FIG. 13, to choosing from the meshes of the grid. of location belonging to zones of free lateral evolution (pointer of lateral constraint at the value 0), that T whose rejoining trajectory 87 from the current position of the aircraft, is the most convenient.
- the assessment of the convenience, for an aircraft, of an access point to an area of free lateral movement is based on a criterion of minimum cost of the initial turning maneuver at the start of the possible joining trajectory. combined with other criteria such as a minimum maneuver criterion during the course of the rejoining trajectory, a minimum route change criterion or a minimum distance traveled criterion.
- the implementation of a criterion of minimum cost of the initial turning maneuver can be done by tracing in turn the trajectories of joining, from the current position of the aircraft, the different meshes of the location grid of the situation assessment map (FIG. 10) belonging to free evolution zones (lateral constraint pointer at the value 0), to determine the deviations of their initial routes from the current route of the aircraft and therefore the azimuthal ranges front-right CD, front-left CG or rear CR belonging to the roads initials and associated costs.
- the plots of the joining trajectories which take into account all the zones which cannot be walked around can be obtained, for example by the method of determining a path of minimum length in the presence of obstacle described in the French patent application filed by the plaintiff on November 18, 2003 under the number 03 13494, process which consists in superimposing two distance maps: the usual distance map originating from distance measurements the current position of the aircraft and another distance map having the target point as the origin of distance measurements, adding the distance values obtained for the same mesh of the location grid and choosing for drawing the joining trajectory, a route using meshes affected by a sum of distances having a minimum value.
- the implementation of a minimum maneuver criterion can be reduced to a minimum route change requirement or extend to a minimum route change and shortest trajectory requirement, the identification of a trajectory at shortest being done by checking the equality between shortest distance and curvilinear distance, the shortest distance can be determined by means of a distance transform taking into account only the non-usable areas due to the limited maneuverability of the 'aircraft or, even more roughly from the differences between the values of the coordinates, in the location grid, the current position of the aircraft and the target point, by simple application of the theorem of Tha ⁇ es.
- the implementation of a minimum distance traveled criterion can be done from the curvilinear distances associated with the various meshes of the location grid of the situation assessment map (FIG.
- the angular sectors of the azimuthal ranges front-right CD, front-left are identified.
- lateral constraint flag at value 0 lateral constraint flag at value 0
- the unauthorized sectors which intercept dangerous or prohibited zones 13, 14 are hatched.
- the authorized sectors which are the complementary sectors of the road orientation rose, are shared by the azimuth ranges front-right CD, front-left CG and rear CR.
- the cost of the initial turning maneuver is minimum for a left turn, so that the first angular sector swept is the part of the authorized angular sector 88 intercepting the front-left azimuthal range CG and that the mesh of the location grid retained as access point to a zone of free lateral evolution is the mesh T of the zone of free lateral evolution 7.
- FIGS. 15a and 15b show a diagram illustrating the main steps of an algorithm for finding an access point to an area of free lateral evolution by an optimal joining trajectory applying as main selection criterion, a minimum cost for the initial turning maneuver and as auxiliary criteria a minimum change of course and a minimum length of rejoining trajectory.
- This algorithm does not require the tracing of the joining trajectories of the different meshes tested of the location grid. It uses a cutting of the orientation rose of the roads into angular sectors elementary as shown in Figures 10 and 13. and a division into several superimposed sections, of the space where the aircraft is moving.
- the elementary angular sectors of the road orientation rose are identified by an increasing numbering from 1 to N on a turn of the dial, for example, clockwise with north as the initial direction.
- the sections of the space where the aircraft is moving are identified by an increasing numbering L as their distance from their reference altitude level from the current altitude level of the aircraft.
- the algorithm makes it possible to analyze all the meshes of the grids for locating the different superimposed sections of the space where the aircraft is moving to find those belonging to areas of free lateral evolution (flag of lateral constraint at the value 0) with the lowest initial turn maneuver costs, the smallest course changes and either the shortest distance to the shortest or the shortest curvilinear distance. It proceeds by updating the initial choices of two meshes, one called "shortest Ms mesh" and identified by:
- ⁇ SECTs a route deviation value ⁇ SECTs equal to the total number N of elementary angular sectors, and the other known as "diverted mesh Me" and identified by:
- ⁇ SECTc a route deviation value ⁇ SECTc equal to the total number N of elementary angular sectors, by scanning all the meshes of the location grid from a first mesh identified by its coordinates i, j and taking into account the value SECTac the current route of the aircraft. It is structured in several interlaced loops:
- a second loop for selecting and qualifying a distance variable, selecting from the meshes retained by the first selection loop, those belonging to a contained elementary angular sector, with the two elementary angular sectors which border it, in an authorized sector and affecting to a distance variable, the nature of a shortest distance variable D s or of a curvilinear distance variable D c depending on whether or not there is equality between the shortest distance and the curvilinear distance assigned to the mesh considered, and
- the first selection loop examines individually, in turn and systematically, all the meshes of the location grid according to any scanning order defined by a procedure of incrementation of the coordinates i, j.
- This individual examination consists in searching in 91, the cutting levels, moving away from the current altitude of the aircraft (L increasing) where the mesh would have a flag of lateral constraint at the value 0 signifying belonging to an area of free lateral evolution.
- the result is tested in 92. If the mesh examined does not belong, in any cut, to a zone of free lateral evolution, (flag of lateral constraint at the value 1 whatever the level of cut) the mesh in examination is changed to 93 by incrementing the coordinates i, j.
- a new test is carried out in 94 to know if all the meshes have been examined. If all the meshes were examined, it is ended in 95 with the execution of the algorithm.
- the mesh corresponding to the incremented coordinates is examined in turn at 91. If there is a level of cut L in which the mesh examined belongs to a zone of free lateral evolution (flag of lateral constraint to the value 0 for this level of cut), the examination of the mesh is continued in the second selection loop.
- the examination of the mesh continues in branch a of the third comparison loop specialized in the selection of a point optimal access, by a diverted trajectory, to an area of free lateral evolution. If it results from the comparison in 103 that the curvilinear distance Dc and the distance to the shortest Ds are equal, the examination of the mesh continues in branch b of the third comparison loop specialized in the selection of a point optimal access, by a shortest trajectory, to an area of free lateral evolution.
- the examination of the mesh continues in branch a of the third comparison loop by calculating in 110 its cost initial maneuver COUTn, which depends on the roll conditions of the aircraft and the angular range CD, CG, CR belonging to the elementary angular sector SECTn of the mesh examined.
- the calculated cost COUTn is then compared in 111 with the minimum cost COUTCMIN of the deflected mesh Me.
- the examination of the mesh considered is terminated and the mesh under examination is changed by a return to the step 94 of the first selection loop. If it results from the comparison in 111 that the cost COUTn is less than or equal to the minimum cost COUTCMIN of the diverted mesh Me, the examination of the mesh continues with a comparison in 112 of the value of its route deviation ⁇ SECTn - SECTac ⁇ compared to the route deviation ⁇ SECTc of the deflected mesh Me. If it results from the comparison in 112 that the route deviation
- the mesh in examination is taken at 114 as new reference of diverted mesh Me. Then the mesh in examination is changed by returning to step 94 of the first loop of 33
- the examination of the mesh considered is terminated and the mesh under examination is changed by a return to the step 94 of the first selection loop. If it results from the comparison in 111 that the cost COUTn is less than or equal to the minimum cost COUTCMIN of the diverted mesh Me, the examination of the mesh continues with a comparison in 112 of the value of its route deviation ⁇ SECTn - SECTac ⁇ compared to the route deviation ⁇ SECTc of the deflected mesh Me. If it results from the comparison in 112 that the route deviation
- the mesh in examination is taken at 114 as new reference of diverted mesh Me. Then the mesh in examination is changed by returning to step 94 of the first loop of 34
- the examination of the mesh continues in branch b of the third comparison loop by a calculation in 120 of its initial maneuvering cost COUTn, which depends on the roll conditions of the aircraft and the angular range CD, CG, CR belonging to the elementary angular sector SECTn of the mesh examined.
- the calculated cost COUTn is then compared in 121 to the minimum cost COUTSMIN of the shortest mesh Ms. If it results from the comparison in 121 that the cost COUTn is greater than the minimum cost COUTSMIN of the shortest mesh Ms, it is ended the examination of the mesh considered and the mesh in examination is changed by returning to step 94 of the first selection loop.
- the examination of the mesh continues with a comparison at 122 of the value of its route deviation ⁇ SECTn - SECTac ⁇ with respect to the route deviation ⁇ SECTs from the mesh to the shortest Ms.
- the examination of the mesh continues with a comparison in 123 of the value of its distance to the shortest Ds compared to the value of the distance to the shortest DSMIN of the mesh to the shortest Ms. If it results from the comparison in 123 that the distance to the shortest Ds compared to the value of the distance to the shortest DSMIN of the mesh to the shortest Ms. If it results from the comparison in 123 that the distance to the shortest Ds compared to the value of the distance to the shortest DSMIN of the mesh to the shortest Ms. If it results from the comparison in 123 that the distance to the shortest
- the mesh under examination is taken at 114 as the new reference for the mesh at the shortest Ms. Then the mesh under examination is changed by returning to the step 94 of the first selection loop.
- the previous search algorithm makes it possible to extract two meshes from the localization grid: the mesh with the shortest Ms and the deflected mesh Me.
- the mesh with the shortest Ms has lost its initialization values. It signals a point in a free lateral evolution zone accessible by a shortest trajectory considered to have the cost of initial turning maneuver, requiring the smallest change of route among the shortest trajectories making it possible to reach the same initial maneuvering cost an area of free lateral evolution and having the shortest length among the shortest trajectories of the same maneuvering cost and change of course.
- the deflected mesh Me is the same as the shortest mesh Ms because the shortest distance Ds from the latter is also its curvilinear distance.
- the point proposed to access a free lateral evolution zone can be accompanied by a proposed joining trajectory.
- the rejoining trajectory is a shortest trajectory having, in the vertical plane, a profile at least horizontal and more likely to climb in order to allow the rejoining of the altitude level of the section in 36
- the first rectilinear segment 82 due to the inertia of the aircraft during its turning can be estimated from the ground speed of the aircraft and the turning delay ⁇ R + ⁇ RR calculated on the occasion of the estimate of the cost of the initial turning maneuver COUTSMIN-
- the cycloid arc is defined by the above-mentioned relation (1):
- YT S and XT S being the coordinates of the access point corresponding to the mesh
- the joining trajectory thus defined is then proposed to the crew of the aircraft at the same time as the shortest selected mesh Ms.
- the joining trajectory which is not a shortest trajectory because it bypasses a dangerous or prohibited zone can be traced by the method of determining a trajectory of minimum length in the presence of an obstacle described in the French patent application filed by the applicant on November 18, 2003 under No. 03 13494, a process which consists of superimposing two distance maps: the usual distance map originating from measurements of distance the current position of the aircraft and another distance map having the target point as the origin of the distance measurements, adding the distance values obtained for the same mesh of the location grid and choosing to plot the trajectory of joined, a path using meshes affected by a sum of distances having a minimum value.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05729783A EP1733286A1 (fr) | 2004-04-09 | 2005-03-22 | Procede de selection, pour un aeronef, d'un point d'acces a une zone de libre evolution laterale |
US11/547,777 US8032266B2 (en) | 2004-04-09 | 2005-03-22 | Method for selecting aircraft access point into a lateral free evolution area |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0403769A FR2868835B1 (fr) | 2004-04-09 | 2004-04-09 | Procede de selection, pour un aeronef, d'un point d'acces a une zone de libre evolution laterale |
FR04/03769 | 2004-04-09 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005109138A1 true WO2005109138A1 (fr) | 2005-11-17 |
Family
ID=34947330
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2005/051312 WO2005109138A1 (fr) | 2004-04-09 | 2005-03-22 | Procede de selection, pour un aeronef, d'un point d'acces a une zone de libre evolution laterale |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US8032266B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1733286A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2868835B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005109138A1 (fr) |
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US8768556B2 (en) | 2008-05-14 | 2014-07-01 | Elbit Systems Ltd. | Protection envelope switching |
RU2542746C2 (ru) * | 2013-01-09 | 2015-02-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Южно-Российский государственный университет экономики и сервиса" (ФГБОУ ВПО "ЮРГУЭС") | Способ непрерывного контроля целостности воздушных судов на всех участках полета |
CN111735441A (zh) * | 2020-04-08 | 2020-10-02 | 腾讯科技(深圳)有限公司 | 一种终端定位方法、装置及存储介质 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2868835B1 (fr) | 2006-11-17 |
US20070276553A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
FR2868835A1 (fr) | 2005-10-14 |
EP1733286A1 (fr) | 2006-12-20 |
US8032266B2 (en) | 2011-10-04 |
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