WO2005108912A1 - 可視化センサ - Google Patents
可視化センサ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005108912A1 WO2005108912A1 PCT/JP2005/002647 JP2005002647W WO2005108912A1 WO 2005108912 A1 WO2005108912 A1 WO 2005108912A1 JP 2005002647 W JP2005002647 W JP 2005002647W WO 2005108912 A1 WO2005108912 A1 WO 2005108912A1
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- frequency
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- antenna electrode
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
- G01B7/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
- G01B7/023—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring distance between sensor and object
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sensor that detects a spatial change in impedance of an object, and more particularly to a sensor that realizes visualization of an object by detecting a frequency change using an antenna connected to a high-frequency transmission circuit.
- a scanning electron microscope, a scanning probe microscope, or the like has been used as a device that detects a spatial change in impedance with submicron resolution and realizes visualization of an object.
- the scanning electron microscope irradiates an object with an electron beam to generate secondary electrons and the like, and realizes visualization of the object by detecting the secondary electrons and the like.
- the scanning probe microscope realizes visualization of an object by detecting a phenomenon occurring between the object and the probe (for example, detecting a tunnel current and an interatomic force).
- developments and improvements have been made focusing on the size and resolution of microscopes, and further studies have been made to deal with objects having various shapes and properties (see, for example, JP-A-2001-108596). ).
- the scanning capacitance microscope is a device that measures a capacitance between an electrode and a surface of a measured object by using a capacitance sensor and obtains a capacitance distribution on the surface of the measured object.
- a capacitor composed of an oscillation circuit that oscillates a fixed-frequency signal, a resonance circuit in which the measured capacitance Cm is connected in parallel to the LC parallel resonance circuit, and an output circuit that outputs the change in resonance frequency as a voltage
- the capacitance distribution is obtained by converting the change in the resonance frequency into the change in the voltage of the output circuit by the capacitance sensor.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 11 30622 also discloses a scanning capacitance microscope using the same measurement principle.
- capacitance type displacement sensor is described in JP-A-2004-170163.
- This capacitance-type displacement sensor is a sensor that measures the capacitance between an electrode and the surface of an object to be measured, and measures the distance by using the fact that the capacitance is inversely proportional to the distance between the two. .
- the capacitance type displacement sensor includes a circuit in which a measured capacitance Cm and a reference capacitance Cr are connected in series, a circuit for detecting a partial voltage of an AC voltage in the measured capacitance Cm, and a circuit in which the measured capacitance Cm A circuit for generating and amplifying an AC voltage depending on the frequency, a circuit for converting the amplitude of the AC voltage into a frequency, and a circuit for detecting the frequency.
- the capacitance-type displacement sensor uses a VZF converter to convert the AC voltage at the measured capacitance Cm into a frequency, obtain frequency information, specify the oscillation frequency, and measure the distance. I do.
- Fingerprint sensors are known as sensors for detecting changes in capacitance.
- This fingerprint sensor is a sensor that detects a change in time required for charging as a change in capacitance when a DC voltage source charges a measured capacitance Cm via a resistor having a constant value. That is, by converting a change in capacitance into a change in voltage value, the capacitance is obtained from the voltage value after a certain period of time.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-17412 discloses a sensor that detects irregularities on the surface of a finger as a change in impedance and reads out the change in impedance using a high-frequency signal.
- the sensor includes a plurality of output electrodes, a single input electrode, a drive circuit that selects one of the plurality of output electrodes and supplies a high-frequency carrier signal, It is constituted by a detection circuit which receives the carrier signal and extracts the amplitude force / impedance information of the carrier signal.
- the digital signal of the impedance information can obtain the information of the irregularity of the finger surface.
- the capacitance type displacement sensor since a change in capacitance is converted into a change in AC voltage, sensitivity is limited by the S / N ratio of the electronic circuit, and high accuracy cannot be realized. Further, this capacitance displacement sensor requires many circuits such as a voltage division detection circuit, an amplification circuit, and a voltage frequency conversion circuit, so that the circuit scale becomes large. Further, in the above-described fingerprint sensor, as in the case of the capacitance type displacement sensor, the sensitivity is limited by the S / N ratio of the electronic circuit, and high accuracy cannot be realized.
- a first object of the present invention is to provide a visualization of an object by a small and simple configuration that does not require a vacuum state. It is to provide a visualization sensor that can realize the above. Further, a second object of the present invention is to provide a visualization sensor that realizes high sensitivity and high accuracy. Further, a third object of the present invention is to provide a visualization sensor realizing high resolution.
- the visualization of an object according to the invention is based on the "thermin” t, the principle of operation of a musical instrument.
- This "termin” changes the capacitance between the antenna and the hand by blocking the two antennas provided on the musical instrument with the hand, thereby changing the pitch and volume of the generated musical sound.
- the capacitance is inversely proportional to the distance between the antenna and the hand, a signal having a frequency corresponding to the capacitance is oscillated, and the oscillation frequency is converted into a pitch and a sound.
- the system includes a probe array 1, oscillators 2 and 3, a mixer 4, a filter 5, a counter 6, and a PC (personal computer) 7.
- the probe array 1 is composed of a plurality of antenna electrodes 8 arranged in a lattice, and an object to be observed (not shown) is placed on the probe array 1.
- Ante The na electrode 8 is an electrode of a capacitor having a capacitance with an object.
- the oscillator 2 captures the distance between the object and the antenna electrode 8, which is one point of the probe array 1, as the capacitance of the capacitor, and oscillates a signal of a frequency f corresponding to the capacitance.
- Oscillator 2 has a capacitance
- a circuit that oscillates a signal of frequency f according to the amount is a circuit that oscillates a signal of frequency f according to the amount.
- the capacitance C and the oscillation frequency f have the following relationship.
- the oscillator 3 always oscillates a signal having a fixed frequency f.
- Mixer 4 generates a signal oscillated at a frequency f from oscillator 2 and a signal oscillated at a fixed frequency fl from oscillator 3.
- the oscillated signal is input and multiplied, and as a result, the frequencies f, f, f-f, f +
- Filter 5 is an LPF (L
- the filter 5 has a frequency f, f, f + f, 2f, 2f for the signal input from the mixer 4.
- the counter 6 counts the frequency of the signal of frequency f f input from the filter 5.
- the PC 7 receives the count value from the counter 6 and calculates the distance between the object and the antenna electrode 8 in the probe array 1 based on the count value.
- the capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode 8 is the surface of the object in the direction perpendicular to the array surface of the probe array 1, and is perpendicular to the electrode surface of the antenna electrode 8 of the probe array 1. Since the capacitance is between the vicinity of the object surface in the existing object surface and the electrode surface of the antenna electrode 8, the distance calculated from the capacitance force is the distance between the electrode surface of the antenna electrode 8 and the vicinity of the object surface. Is the average distance between Then, by calculating the distance between the object and the antenna electrode in the probe array 1 for each antenna electrode, the shape (object image) of the object viewed from the probe array 1 can be displayed.
- the distance between the object and the antenna electrode in the probe array 1 is increased.
- the shape of the object can be imaged.
- FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the distance calculated based on the oscillating frequency and the rate of frequency change in the case where LC oscillators are used for the oscillators 2 and 3. From Fig. 2, it can be seen that the rate of frequency change decreases as the distance increases, and the rate of frequency change increases as the distance decreases. It can also be seen that the higher the frequency, the better the distance sensitivity. Experiments have shown that the oscillation stops when the frequency is increased to around 5GHz. By using a frequency that is close to 5 GHz and that oscillates, a distance with good sensitivity can be calculated.
- the visualization sensor provides an antenna electrode provided to face an object, is connected to the antenna electrode, and responds to the capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode.
- a first oscillator that outputs an oscillation frequency signal
- a second oscillator that outputs a reference oscillation frequency signal
- an oscillation frequency of the signal output by the first oscillator is provided.
- Output means for generating and outputting a signal having a frequency corresponding to the difference between the output signal and the reference oscillation frequency is provided. Since the capacitance depends on the distance between the object and the antenna electrode, it is possible to calculate the distance between the object and the antenna electrode based on the signal output from the output means.
- a frequency is generated by dividing the oscillation frequency by a frequency ratio of 1 and a reference frequency signal to be input with the signal of the frequency is input.
- a first synchronizing circuit for generating and outputting a control frequency signal for the first oscillator so as to coincide with the first oscillator, and a signal of a reference oscillation frequency output by the second oscillator, and It is preferable to include a second synchronization circuit that generates a frequency obtained by dividing the reference oscillation frequency by a predetermined frequency ratio and outputs a signal of the divided frequency as the reference frequency signal.
- the visualization sensor includes a plurality of antenna electrodes, and the first oscillator, the second oscillator, and the output unit are provided for each of the plurality of antenna electrodes.
- the visualization sensor includes an antenna electrode provided to face an object, a signal of an oscillation frequency connected to the antenna electrode and corresponding to an electrostatic capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode.
- a second oscillator that outputs a signal having a reference oscillation frequency, an oscillation frequency of a signal output by the first oscillator, and a signal output by a second oscillator.
- An output means for generating and outputting a signal having a frequency corresponding to the difference between the reference oscillation frequency and the reference oscillation frequency. This makes it possible to calculate the distance between the object and the antenna electrode based on the signal output from the output means.
- a switch for selecting one of output means provided for each antenna electrode be provided in addition to the visualization sensor.
- the first oscillator, the second oscillator, and the output means are provided on the opposite side of the object with respect to the plurality of antenna electrode forces.
- the first oscillator and the second oscillator are configured such that an odd number of inverters are connected in series, respectively, and are arranged in a common centroid arrangement.
- the visualization sensor according to the present invention is a single antenna electrode provided facing the object, connected to the antenna electrode, and adapted to the capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode.
- a first oscillator that outputs an oscillation frequency signal
- a second oscillator that outputs a reference oscillation frequency signal
- an oscillation frequency of a signal output by the first oscillator and an output signal of the second oscillator.
- a signal of a frequency corresponding to the difference between the signal and the reference oscillation frequency Output means for generating and outputting a signal, and a member provided on the side where the object exists based on the antenna electrode force, wherein the member forms a plurality of intersections, and one of the plurality of intersections When an intersection is selected, two members constituting the intersection are held in an open state, and the other members are provided with a plurality of linear members held in a grounded state. This makes it possible to calculate the distance between the object and the antenna electrode at the intersection of the linear members based on the signal output from the output means.
- the plurality of linear members include a plurality of linear members in a vertical direction and a plurality of linear members in a horizontal direction with respect to a surface of the antenna electrode, and instead of the single antenna electrode, It is preferable to provide a configuration in which a plurality of antenna electrodes opposing a plurality of vertical or horizontal linear members are provided. Further, it is preferable to provide a means for moving the visualization sensor or the antenna electrode with respect to the object.
- the present invention when calculating the distance to the object and realizing the visualization of the object, it is not necessary to irradiate the object with an electron beam without preparing a vacuum state. It can be observed while standing. Also, since there is no need for optical systems such as light and electron beams, which require sophisticated noise control and precise mechanical control, visualization of objects can be realized with a small and simple configuration. In addition, it is possible to visualize an object in a submicron range with a micron force, and a resolution equivalent to that of a scanning electron microscope or a scanning probe microscope can be obtained. Thus, the first object can be achieved.
- the antenna electrode and the first oscillator are connected and the first oscillator and the output means are connected, between the antenna electrode and the output means.
- the influence of the wiring capacitance is small and the capacitance of the transistor and the like is not affected. Therefore, when calculating the distance between the object and the antenna electrode, it is possible to realize the second object of high sensitivity and high accuracy.
- a plurality of linear members are provided for the antenna electrode, and based on the frequency corresponding to the capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode at the intersection of the linear members. , And the distance is calculated. This makes it necessary to provide an antenna electrode for each pixel There is no. Therefore, it is possible to realize the third object, that is, higher resolution.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the principle of observing an object according to the present invention based on the principle of operation of “thermin”.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a relationship between a distance and a rate of frequency change when an LC oscillation circuit is used.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a visualization sensor according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a modification of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 3.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the PLL circuit shown in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 6 is a top view of the probe array when a ground electrode is arranged.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view for explaining capacitance between an object (conductor) and a probe array.
- FIG. 8 is an equivalent circuit diagram of an object (conductor), a probe array, and an oscillator.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a relationship between capacitances C1 and Cpr that determine an oscillation frequency.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a visualization sensor according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a logic circuit diagram showing a configuration of the oscillator shown in FIG. 11.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a visualization sensor according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional side view of an antenna electrode and wiring for explaining a mechanism of measurement according to the third embodiment shown in FIG.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the capacitance of a sensor electrode.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing an outline of a modification of the third embodiment shown in FIG.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram for explaining capacitance and an equivalent circuit between an object (insulator) and a probe array.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic configuration diagram for explaining an example in which a sensor or an antenna electrode is moved.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing the number of pixels when an antenna electrode is arranged in an area of 1 cm square.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram for explaining a circuit arrangement of the visualization sensor shown in FIG. 11.
- FIG. 21 is a numerical conversion graph when CMOSO. 09 / zm is used.
- FIG. 22 is a graph showing a relationship between a sensor position and an oscillator frequency.
- FIG. 23 is a graph showing an estimate of dimensions of an antenna electrode.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the visualization sensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the system 10 includes a sensor (visualization sensor) 30 that detects a distance from an object as a capacitance of a capacitor and outputs a signal having a frequency corresponding to the capacitance, and a probe array 11 provided in the sensor 30.
- An interface 40 for outputting an address signal for specifying an antenna electrode at the same time and calculating a frequency count value, and a PC 17 for calculating a distance between the object and the sensor 30 and imaging the shape of the object. It has.
- the sensor 30 includes a probe array 11, oscillators 12, 13, a mixer 14, a filter 15, and a decoder 31.
- the interface 40 includes the counter 16 and the input / output unit 41.
- the probe array 11 provided in the sensor 30 has a plurality of antenna electrode forces similarly to the probe array 1 shown in FIG. 1, and an object to be observed (not shown) is placed on the probe array 11. Is placed.
- the decoder 31 is provided with a transistor for selecting an antenna electrode for each antenna electrode, and inputs an address signal for specifying one of a plurality of antenna electrodes in the probe array 11 from the interface 40. One transistor is operated based on the address signal, and one antenna electrode is specified and selected.
- the oscillator 12 has the same function as the oscillator 2 shown in FIG. 1, and has a frequency f according to the capacitance between the object and one antenna electrode specified by the decoder 31.
- the oscillator 13 has the same function as the oscillator 3 shown in FIG. 1, and always oscillates a signal having a fixed frequency f.
- the frequency f of the signal oscillated by the oscillator 12 and the fixed frequency f oscillated by the oscillator 13 are the same.
- the mixer 4 has the same function as the mixer 4 shown in FIG. 1, and has frequencies f 1, f 2, f ⁇ f, f + f,
- Filter 5 has the same function as filter 5 shown in FIG.
- the counter 16 provided in the interface 40 has the same function as the counter 6 shown in FIG.
- the frequency of the 12 signal is counted, and the count value, that is, the frequency ff is calculated.
- the input / output unit 41 is a single key for calculating the distance to the object.
- An address signal for specifying the antenna electrode is input from the PC 17, and the address signal is output to the decoder 31 of the sensor 30. Also, the input / output unit 41 inputs the count value of the frequency at one antenna electrode specified by the address signal from the counter 16 and outputs the address signal and the count value of the frequency to the PC 17.
- the PC 17 outputs an address signal for specifying the antenna electrode to the input / output unit 41 of the interface 40, and inputs the address signal and the count value of the frequency from the input / output unit 41. Then, the PC 17 calculates the distance between the object and the antenna electrode in the probe array 11 based on the count value.
- the capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode is, as described above, the vicinity of the object surface in the direction perpendicular to the array surface of the probe array 11 and the antenna electrode as viewed from the specified antenna electrode. Is the capacitance between Therefore, the information of the address signal corresponds to the object plane in the direction perpendicular to the array surface of the probe array 11 as viewed from the antenna electrode.
- the PC 17 sequentially outputs an address signal for specifying one antenna electrode of all the antenna electrodes in the probe array 11, inputs a frequency count value, and calculates a distance between the object and the antenna electrode, respectively. By doing so, the shape of the object viewed from the probe array 11 can be imaged.
- the oscillator 12 oscillates the signal of the frequency f according to the capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode of the probe array 11,
- the mixer 14 outputs the difference between the frequency f and the reference frequency f. This allows the frequency
- the distance between the object and the antenna electrode can be calculated based on the difference
- the shape (object image) of the object viewed from the probe array 11 can be imaged.
- an LC oscillation circuit such as a Colpitts oscillation circuit can be used as the oscillators 12 and 13.
- an oscillation circuit that oscillates at a lower gain than the Colpitts oscillation circuit can be used.However, since the Colpitts oscillation circuit has a simple circuit configuration, a small and simple configuration of the entire sensor 30 can be realized. You.
- Modification 1 shown in Fig. 4 has a configuration different from the block configuration shown in the operating principle of "Theremin” in Fig. 1, but focuses on the capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode, and focuses on the distance between them. It is common in that is calculated.
- the oscillation frequency f 2 of the oscillator 12 and the oscillation frequency fl of the oscillator 13 are the same when no object is placed on the probe array 11. Need to be In this case, since the oscillator 12 and the oscillator 13 are separate circuits, it is extremely difficult to design them with the same accuracy. Thus, the first modification is made to solve such a design problem.
- the system 100 includes a sensor 130 that detects a distance to an object as a capacitance of a capacitor and outputs a frequency control voltage corresponding to the capacitance, and An address signal for specifying an antenna electrode in the probe array 111 provided in the sensor 130 is output, and a distance between the interface 140, which inputs the frequency control voltage signal from the sensor 130, and the object is calculated.
- a PC 117 for imaging the shape of an object, and an oscillator 150 for outputting a signal of a high-precision reference oscillation frequency to the sensor 130.
- the sensor 130 includes a probe array 111, a decoder 131, and PLL (Phase Locked Loop) circuits 132 and 133. Also, the interface 140 A section 141 and a comparing section 142 are provided.
- the probe array 111 provided in the sensor 130 is the same as the probe array 1 shown in FIG. 1 and the probe array 11 shown in FIG.
- the decoder 131 has a function similar to that of the decoder 31 shown in FIG. 3, and inputs an address signal for specifying one antenna electrode of the plurality of antenna electrodes in the probe array 111 from the interface 140, and receives the address signal.
- One antenna electrode is specified and selected based on the signal.
- the PLL circuit 132 inputs a signal A 1 having a high-precision reference oscillation frequency fr from the oscillator 150.
- the PLL circuit is generally a circuit that generates an output signal having no deviation in frequency or phase with respect to an input signal.
- the PLL circuit 133 receives the signal B1 of the frequency fo, that is, the signal A2, from the PLL circuit 132, and outputs the signal B2 of the frequency fo divided by a frequency ratio of one.
- the signal B2 changes due to the presence of a capacitor load whose capacitance is the distance between the object and the antenna electrode of the probe array 111.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a specific configuration of the PLL circuits 132 and 133.
- the PLL circuit 132 is a reference circuit, and includes an oscillator 132-1, a frequency divider 132-2, a phase comparator 132-3, And filter 132-4.
- the PLL circuit 133 is a circuit for measurement, and includes an oscillator 133-1, a frequency divider 133-2, a phase comparator 133-3, and a filter 133-4.
- the frequency divider 132-2 of the PLL circuit 132 changes the frequency of the input signal to a constant multiple (N times).
- the phase comparator 132-3 receives the signal A1 of the reference frequency fr input from the external oscillator 150 and the signal input from the frequency divider 132-2, and outputs a difference between the frequencies.
- the filter 132-4 converts the input frequency difference into a voltage (frequency control voltage) and outputs it.
- the oscillator 133-1, the frequency divider 133-2, the phase comparator 133-3 and the filter 133-4 of the PLL circuit 133 are composed of the oscillator 132-1 of the PLL circuit 132, the frequency divider 132-2, It has the same function as the filter 132-3 and the filter 132-4.
- the frequency divider 133-2 of the PLL circuit 133 outputs a signal ⁇ 2 having a frequency ratio that is 1 times the frequency fo of the input signal ⁇ 2.
- the PLL circuit 133 receives the signal A2 of the frequency fo from the PLL circuit 132, outputs the signal B2 having a frequency ratio that is one time as high as the frequency fo, and generates the signal B2. Output the frequency control voltage C2.
- the comparison unit 142 provided in the interface 140 receives the reference frequency control voltage signal C1 from the PLL circuit 132 and the frequency control voltage signal C2 from the PLL circuit 133, and compares the two signals. Then, the difference between the two signals is calculated. Then, the comparing unit 142 outputs the signal of the difference. Is output to the input / output unit 141.
- the input / output unit 141 receives from the PC 117 an address signal for specifying one antenna electrode for calculating the distance to the object, and outputs the address signal to the decoder 131 of the sensor 130. Also, the input / output unit 141 inputs the difference value of the frequency control voltage of one antenna electrode specified by the address signal from the comparison unit 142, and outputs the address signal and the difference value to the PC 117. I do.
- the PC 117 outputs an address signal for specifying the antenna electrode to the input / output unit 141 of the interface 140, and inputs the value of the difference between the address signal and the frequency control voltage from the input / output unit 141. Then, the PC 117 calculates the distance between the object and the antenna electrode in the probe array 111 based on the value of the difference.
- the information of the address signal is the position information of the object observed by the one antenna electrode on the observation surface, that is, the information of the probe array 111 when viewed from the antenna electrode. This corresponds to the object plane in the direction perpendicular to the array plane.
- the PC 117 sequentially outputs an address signal for specifying one antenna electrode among all the antenna electrodes in the probe array 111, inputs the value of the difference between the frequency control voltages, and connects the object and the antenna electrode. By calculating the distances between them, the shape of the object viewed from the probe array 111 can be imaged.
- the PLL circuit 133 generates the signal B1 having the frequency fo higher than the reference frequency fr, and the PLL circuit 133 generates the signal B2 around the signal A2.
- the frequency control voltage signal C2 is output so that the wave number fo and the frequency of the signal B2 become the same, and the PC 117 calculates the distance between the antenna electrode and the object based on the frequency control voltage C2.
- the higher the frequency the better the distance sensitivity.
- the signal B1 having a frequency fo higher than the reference frequency fr using the two PLL circuits 132 and 133, The distance between the object and the antenna electrode can be calculated with high sensitivity.
- FIG. 6 is a top view when a ground electrode is arranged in the probe array.
- Figure 6 (1) shows the antenna electrode This is an example in which a point-like ground electrode 150 is arranged between the electrodes 151, and (2) is an example in which a grid-like ground electrode 152 is arranged between the antenna electrodes 153.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the capacitance between the objects 160 and 170 and the antenna electrodes of the probe arrays 164 and 173. In FIG.
- Cgnd is different for each object.
- the capacitance Cpr X CgndZ (Cpr + Cgnd) converted into the oscillation frequency includes Cgnd, the principle of calculating the distance between the object and the antenna electrode based on Cpr cannot be applied.
- Cgnd> Cpr see FIGS. 9 and 10 and details will be described later
- the capacitance that determines the oscillation frequency can ignore Cgnd, and Since they are almost equal, the above-mentioned problem can be solved. That is, when Cgnd> Cpr, the distance between the object and the antenna electrode can be calculated with high accuracy. The details will be described below.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the relationship between C1 and Cpr.
- IX Cpr is shown. According to FIG. 9, the deviation between C1 and Cpr is large when Cgn d ⁇ Cpr and small when Cgnd> Cpr. In the capacitance scale shown in FIG.
- the effect of Cgnd can be neglected. Cannot be uniquely determined, resulting in noise.
- noise can be removed by image processing such as a low-pass filter.
- image processing such as a low-pass filter.
- the distance between the object and the antenna In the case of the same size as the separation, the distance to the object cannot be calculated, and the object cannot be visualized, and the resolution is reduced to about several times the distance between the antenna electrodes.
- the ground electrode is arranged on the probe array, so that the ground electrode depends on the object other than the capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode.
- the object and the antenna electrode are used as long as the capacitance C1 that determines the oscillation frequency when Cgnd> Cpr is not affected by Cgnd. Can be calculated with high accuracy.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the visualization sensor according to the second embodiment of the present invention. Comparing Example 1 and Example 2 shown in FIG. 3, in Example 1, one of a plurality of antenna electrodes forming a probe array is selected by a decoder 31 including a transistor.
- the second embodiment is different from the second embodiment in that the decoder 231 and the transistor 236 select one of the plurality of antenna electrodes 237, the oscillators 232, 233, and the mixer 234.
- the wiring capacitance between the oscillator 12 and the antenna electrode of the probe array 11 via the decoder 31 and the transistors in the decoder 31 provided for the antenna electrode are provided.
- Example 1 Because of the presence of the capacitance, the change in the capacitance between the antenna electrode and the object becomes smaller as a whole capacitance force, and the change in the frequency f due to the oscillator 12 also becomes smaller. That is, in Example 1, the high sensitivity
- each antenna electrode 237 is provided with the oscillators 232 and 233 and the mixer 234.
- system 200 includes a sensor 230 that outputs a signal having a frequency corresponding to the capacitance between an object and antenna electrode 237, and a plurality of antennas provided in sensor 230.
- An address signal for selecting one of the electrode 237, the oscillators 232, 233, and the mixer 234 is output, and the interface 240 for calculating the frequency count value and the distance between the object and the antenna electrode 237 are determined.
- a PC 217 for calculating and imaging the shape of the object.
- Sensor 230 consists of decoder 231, filter 235, multiple antenna electrodes 2 37, the antenna electrode 237 [corresponding oscillators 232 and 233], the antenna electrode 237 [corresponding mixer 234, and the transistor 236 corresponding to the antenna electrode 237.
- the interface 240 includes an input / output unit 241 and a comparison unit 242.
- the oscillator 232 that oscillates the signal of No. 2 the antenna electrode 237 that oscillates the signal of the fixed frequency f, the mixer 234, the filter 235, the input / output unit 241 of the interface 240, the input / output unit 242, and the PC 217 It has the same functions as the 30 oscillators 12 and 13, the mixer 14, the filter 15, the input / output unit 41 of the interface 40, the counter 16 and the PC 17, respectively.
- the antenna electrode 237 of the sensor 230 is configured in the same manner as the antenna electrode of the probe array 11 shown in FIG. 3, and the object to be observed is placed thereon.
- the decoder 231 receives an address signal from the input / output unit 241 of the interface 240 and operates one of the plurality of transistors 236. Thereby, one set of the plurality of antenna electrodes 237, oscillators 232, 233, and mixer 234 is selected.
- the PC 217 sequentially outputs an address signal for specifying a set of the antenna electrode 237, the oscillators 232, 233, and the mixer 234, inputs a count value of the frequency, and outputs a distance between the object and the antenna electrode. Is calculated respectively. Thereby, the shape of the object viewed from the antenna electrode can be imaged.
- the oscillators 232 and 233 and the mixer 234 are provided for each antenna electrode 237, and the decoder 231 and the transistor 236 include the plurality of antenna electrodes 237 and the oscillator.
- One set of 232, 233 and mixer 234 is selected.
- the change in the capacitance between the antenna electrode 237 and the object is larger than that in the first embodiment shown in FIG. In other words, it is possible to increase the change in the frequency f due to the oscillator 232, thereby realizing high sensitivity and high accuracy.
- the oscillators 232 and 233 in the visualization sensor 230 of the second embodiment shown in FIG. FIG. 20 shows a schematic diagram of a circuit arrangement of the mixer 234 and the transistor 236.
- the oscillator 232-1, 233-1, mixer 234-1, and transistor 236-1 are below the antenna electrode 237-1, and the oscillators 232-2, 233-2, mixer 234-2, and transistor 236-2 are antennas.
- a row selection line and a column selection line are provided below the electrode 237-2.
- the change can be increased, and higher sensitivity and higher accuracy can be realized.
- Table 1 shows a comparison of the two.
- Table 1 shows the oscillation frequency f when the object is not placed on the antenna electrode (capacitance OF) and when it is placed (46.5F).
- the change in wave number f was 4 MHz, and the change in frequency f in Example 2 was 52 MHz.
- Example 2 has a larger change.
- the conditions in Example 1 were that the area force of the sensor plate serving as the antenna electrode was S38.5 / ⁇ 38.5 / ⁇ , and the wiring length between the antenna electrode and the oscillators 12 and 13 was 4 mm.
- the condition of Example 2 is that the area force of the sensor plate which is the antenna electrode 237 is 38.5 ⁇ ⁇ 38.5 ⁇ ⁇ , and the oscillators 232, 233 and the mixer 234 are arranged below the antenna electrode 237. It is. Both have one antenna electrode.
- table 1 shows the area force of the sensor plate serving as the antenna electrode.
- the sensor detection capacitance shown in Table 1 is larger than the antenna electrode and is a value when an object is placed at a distance of 1 Pm, and is also the ability to detect an object near m.
- the values in Table 1 are calculated based on the manufacturing technology parameters of CMOS 35 / zm, and these values depend on the manufacturing technology. In the case of CMOS, generally, the size of a transistor and the maximum frequency of an oscillator are almost inversely proportional. When CMOS 0.09 / zm at the current mass production level is used, it is converted to the value shown in Table 1.
- Techno Figure 21 shows the relationship with the code (technical generation of manufacturing technology).
- Table 2 Manufacturing technology is scaled down from CMOS 0.35 ⁇ to CMOS 0.09 ⁇ .
- FIG. 22 shows the results of a simulation performed by arranging 80 antenna electrodes on a 4 mm square under the same conditions as those of the first embodiment shown in FIG.
- FIG. 22 since the frequency difference at each position does not change with time, even if noise is mixed in, it can be removed later, but if the frequency measurement accuracy is not sufficiently high, a large error will occur.
- Example 2 shown in FIG. 11 there is no influence of the number of antenna electrodes (the number of pixels).
- FIG. 23 shows an estimate of the dimensions of the antenna electrode.
- Figure 23 shows the dimensions of the antenna electrode expected from Example 2 shown in Table 1, the minimum dimensions of the antenna electrode with the built-in oscillator, and the minimum dimensions of the antenna electrode with the oscillator installed outside. Is shown! / Puru.
- FIG. 12 is a logic circuit diagram showing a configuration of the oscillators 232-1 and 233-1 of the second embodiment shown in FIG. Note that the other oscillators 232-2, 233-2, etc. have the same configuration.
- the oscillator 233-1 that oscillates the signal of the fixed frequency f which is the reference, is also composed of three inverters 233-1-1, 233-1-2 and 233-1-3.
- Such a configuration is called a common centroid arrangement (common centered arrangement), in which the oscillators 232-1 and 233-1 are arranged close to each other, and the inverters 232-1-2 and 233-1 of the oscillator 232-1 are arranged. In this configuration, the arrangement of inverters 233-1-2 is changed.
- FIG. 12 is a logic circuit diagram showing an example of the configuration of the oscillators 232-1 and 233-1. The present invention is not limited to the oscillator having such a configuration.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the visualization sensor according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the sensor 230 includes a plurality of antenna electrodes 237, and the decoder 231 and the transistor 236 include a plurality of antenna electrodes 237, oscillators 232, 233.
- the sensor 330 has a single antenna electrode 337, the oscillators 332, 333, and the mixer 334, and the upper part of the antenna electrode 337 (object direction).
- a fine wiring (linear member) 338 is provided on the grid, and a decoder 331 and a transistor 336 are connected to one of the wirings 338-L in the column (vertical) direction and to the row (horizontal) direction. The difference is that one of wiring 338—C is selected.
- the oscillators 232 and 233 and the mixer 234 are arranged below the antenna electrode 237 to realize high sensitivity and high accuracy.
- the plate area of the electrode 237 becomes large, and it is difficult to realize high resolution. Therefore, in the third embodiment, in order to solve such a problem, fine wires 338 for position detection are arranged in a vertical direction and a horizontal direction on one antenna electrode 337, and an object at each intersection is detected. It is configured to calculate a distance.
- this system 300 is used to select an intersection point between wiring 330 and a sensor 330 that outputs a signal having a frequency corresponding to the capacitance between an object and antenna electrode 337. And an interface 340 for calculating the frequency count value, and a PC 317 for calculating the distance between the object and the antenna electrode 237 and imaging the shape of the object! You.
- the sensor 330 is composed of a decoder 331, a finoleta 335, a single antenna electrode 337, M wires 338—L1 and LM arranged vertically on the upper surface of the antenna electrode 237, and N wires arranged horizontally.
- the interface 340 includes an input / output unit 341 and a comparison unit 342. [0067] In the sensor 330, an oscillator 332 that oscillates a signal of a frequency f based on the capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode 337, and an antenna electrode 3 that oscillates a signal of a fixed frequency f
- the decoder 331 inputs an address signal from the input / output unit 341 of the interface 340, and the decoder for L uses one of the transistors 336-L1 and LM corresponding to the vertical wiring 338-L1—LM for C.
- the decoder operates one of the transistors 336-C1-CN corresponding to the horizontal wiring 338-C1-CN.
- one of the vertical wirings 338—L1 and LM and one of the horizontal wirings 338—C1—CN are selected, and the selected wiring is released, and the other wirings are released.
- the wiring is kept at the ground state. That is, the position of the antenna electrode 337 in the plate plane with respect to the observed object is selected.
- the PC 317 sequentially outputs an address signal for specifying the position (intersection of the wiring 338) of the antenna electrode 337 in the plate plane, inputs a frequency count value at the intersection, and inputs an object at the intersection.
- the distance between the antenna electrode 337 is calculated. By calculating the distances at all the intersection points, the shape of the object viewed from the antenna electrode 337 can be imaged.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional side view of the antenna electrode 337 and the wiring 338 for explaining the specification of the measurement according to the third embodiment shown in FIG.
- the capacitance between the antenna electrode 337 and the wiring 338-C1 is C
- the capacitance between the wiring 338—C1 and the wiring 338-L1 is C
- Wiring 338—C is the capacitance between L2 and the object and ⁇ 2 is the capacitance between the object and ground.
- the PC 317 in order to calculate the distance between the object and the antenna electrode 337 at the intersection of the wirings 338—LI, C1, the PC 317 sends an address signal for specifying the intersection to the input / output unit 341. And outputs it to the decoder 331.
- the decoder 331 receives the address signal, and the L decoder operates the transistor 336-L1 to open the wiring 338-L1, and the C decoder operates the transistor 336-C1 to open the wiring 338-C1. I do.
- wiring 338—L2—LM, C2—CN is connected to ground, so that C, C-C is connected to the object o2 g2 gM
- the capacitance (for example, C) on the intersection other than the wirings 338-L1 and C1 does not affect the antenna electrode 337, and ⁇ 2 at the intersection of the wirings 338—LI and C1.
- the oscillator 332 oscillates a signal having a frequency f corresponding to the capacitance C on the intersection of the wirings 338-L1 and C1.
- PC317 is a mixer 334, a filter 335, a counter 34
- the distance between the object and the antenna electrode 337 at the intersection of the wiring 338-LI, C1 (the vertical The distance between the object located and the antenna electrode 337 located vertically below) is calculated.
- PC 317 outputs an address signal of the intersection to calculate the distance between the object and antenna electrode 3377 at the intersection of wiring 338—L2 and C1, and outputs the static signal at the intersection. Enter the count value corresponding to the signal of frequency f corresponding to only the capacitance C, and set the distance to ⁇ 2 2
- the antenna signal 337 is viewed from the antenna electrode 337.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the capacitance of the sensor electrode 337 in FIG.
- the capacitance (sensor electrode capacitance) of the antenna electrode 337 is the capacitance between the object at the intersection of the wiring 338 and the antenna electrode 337.
- the sensor electrode capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode 337 at the intersection of the wiring 338—Li and Cj is expressed by the equation shown in FIG.
- Cs is the stray capacitance of the object on the sensor electrode 337
- Coij is the capacitance generated between the object and the i-th column wiring (wiring 338-Li)
- Cgij is the i-th column wiring (wiring 338-Li)
- j-line wiring is the capacitance generated between the j-th row wiring (wiring 338—Cj) and the antenna electrode 337.
- Cpk is the k-row wiring (wiring 338—Ck) and the antenna electrode 337.
- the coordinates of the object to be detected are obtained by adding the coordinates of the antenna electrode 337 and the relative coordinates of the wiring 338 to the antenna electrode 337.
- the fine wires 338 for position detection are arranged on the single antenna electrode 337 in the vertical and horizontal directions, and at each intersection.
- the frequency according to the capacitance between the object and the antenna electrode 337 in the antenna is detected. This eliminates the need to provide an antenna electrode for each pixel, thereby realizing high resolution.
- a force provided with a single antenna electrode 337 In the third embodiment shown in FIG. 13, a force provided with a single antenna electrode 337.
- the elongated antenna electrode 337—M is connected to a vertical wiring 338—.
- L1 and LM are provided opposite to each other.
- the decoder 331 and the transistor 336 select the wiring 338 and the antenna electrode 337, and switch between them, thereby forming a connection between the object at each intersection of the oscillator 33 and the wiring 338 and the antenna electrode 337. Oscillates a signal with a frequency corresponding to the capacitance.
- the capacitance of the sensor electrode between the object and the antenna electrode 337 at the intersection of the wiring 338—Li and Cj is expressed by the equation shown in FIG.
- the provision of the elongated antenna electrode 337-11 M allows the sensor electrode capacitance to be expressed by the formula shown in FIG.
- the antenna electrode 337-i has a capacitance irrespective of the presence or absence of an object that does not overlap with the vertical wiring other than the intersection of the wiring 338-Li and Cj of the vertical wiring 338-L1-LM. Since the occurrence can be prevented, the object detection sensitivity is increased.
- FIG. 19 shows a graph of the number of pixels (the number of antenna electrodes) when the antenna electrodes are arranged in an area of 1 cm square.
- Example 1 shown in FIG. 3 Example 2 shown in FIG. 11, and Example 2
- the expected limit of the example under the conditions of Table 1 shown is shown.
- the expected limit of the second embodiment shown in FIG. Oh it is the calculation result based on the designed optimal value!
- the power PLL circuit 133 including the two PLL circuits 132 and 133 and calculating the distance between the object and the antenna electrode based on the difference C1 C2 between the two frequency control voltage signals is provided externally.
- the signal of the reference frequency may be input from the oscillator 150, and the change in distance may be calculated only by the frequency control voltage signal C2 output from the PLL circuit 133, so that the shape of the object may be imaged.
- the LC oscillators are illustrated as the oscillators 12 and 13, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the present invention can be applied to various oscillator circuits.
- an oscillator that also includes a plurality of inverters having a common centroid arrangement shown in FIG. 12 may be used.
- an LC oscillation circuit may be used for the oscillators of the second and third embodiments and the first to third modifications, or the oscillator shown in FIG. 12 may be used.
- the frequency of the frequency divider 132-2 in the PLL circuit 132 is such that the PLL circuit 132 divides the frequency by a predetermined frequency ratio and outputs a high-frequency signal B1.
- a frequency ratio setting means capable of setting a ratio may be provided externally so that the external force frequency ratio can be set for the frequency ratio setting means.
- the distance detection sensitivity can be changed or adjusted by changing the setting of the frequency ratio. This makes it possible to set the detection sensitivity according to the shape of the object, and realize more accurate distance calculation and shape image shading.
- the PLL circuit 132 outputs the reference frequency control voltage signal C1 and the PLL circuit 133 outputs the frequency control voltage signal C2.
- Means may be provided for inputting the above signal and outputting the difference.
- the oscillators 232-1 and 233-1 are constituted by three stages of inverters.
- the oscillator is not limited to three stages, but is constituted by odd-numbered stages of inverters such as 1, 5 and 7. May be used.
- a three-stage inverter Preferably, it is composed of
- ground electrode shown in FIG. 6 may be configured to be applied to the second, third, or modified example 3, or the elongated antenna electrode 337-1-M shown in FIG. Instead, it should be configured to have elongated antenna electrodes facing the horizontal wiring 338-C1CN.
- FIG. 17A is a cross-sectional view illustrating the capacitance between the object 160 and the antenna electrode of the probe array 164.
- the capacitance Cpr between the object 160 and the antenna electrode 163, the capacitance Cgnd between the object 160 and the ground electrode 162-2, between the antenna electrode 163 and the ground electrode 162-1, 160-2 The capacitance Cd, the stray capacitance Ct of the whole object, the wiring capacitance Cs by the oscillator 161 and the like, and the capacitances Cb and Cc inside the object 160 exist.
- the capacitance Ct is a small stray capacitance
- the capacitance Cc is connected in series with the capacitance Ct. Therefore, the capacitances Ct and Cc can be ignored. Therefore, the equivalent circuit of the cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 17A is a circuit shown in FIG. Cpr, Cb, and Cgnd are capacitances that change with an object, and Cd and Cs are fixed capacitances that do not change with an object, and are capacitances specific to the probe array 164. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 17 (2), the total capacitance is
- FIG. 18A is a schematic configuration diagram for explaining a case where the sensor is moved.
- a simple indicating film for mounting an object to be observed is provided, and a horizontal side of a piezoelectric element or the like is provided below the sensor.
- a member capable of vibrating in the direction is provided. By vibrating the piezoelectric element or the like in the lateral direction, the sensor can be moved in the lateral direction while the observation object is kept still. Also
- FIG. 18 (2) is a schematic configuration diagram for explaining a case where the antenna electrode is moved.
- a protective film covering the antenna electrode is provided above the sensor, a space is provided around the antenna electrode so that the antenna electrode can be moved, and a contact electrode for moving the antenna electrode is provided.
- the antenna electrode can be moved by using MEMS (micromachine) technology or the like. In this way, the relative position between the sensor or antenna electrode and the observation object is changed, the distance between the observation object at each position is calculated, and image data is generated. Then, by superimposing these images, it is possible to realize higher resolution.
- MEMS micromachine
- a plurality of antenna electrodes are connected to the vertical antenna electrodes as shown in the example (vertical) wiring 338-L and the row (horizontal) wiring 388-C shown in the third embodiment.
- it may be configured to be provided as antenna electrodes in the horizontal direction.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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JP2009079897A (ja) * | 2007-09-25 | 2009-04-16 | Toshiba Corp | センサ装置及び表示装置 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS57163873A (en) * | 1981-03-30 | 1982-10-08 | Nec Home Electronics Ltd | Measuring device for electrostatic capacity |
JPS5870103A (ja) * | 1981-09-30 | 1983-04-26 | ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ | 物体表面層の電気的性質の変化を測定する方法および走査容量顕微鏡 |
JPH01285801A (ja) * | 1988-05-12 | 1989-11-16 | Koko Res Kk | 近接距離センサー及び形状判別装置 |
JPH0371064A (ja) * | 1989-07-31 | 1991-03-26 | Hewlett Packard Co <Hp> | ゲート発生回路 |
JPH0634314A (ja) * | 1992-07-14 | 1994-02-08 | Toshiba Corp | 表面検査装置 |
JPH0634307A (ja) * | 1992-07-17 | 1994-02-08 | Omron Corp | 静電容量形変位センサ |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP3383240B2 (ja) * | 1999-06-25 | 2003-03-04 | 電子工業株式会社 | 容量式変位センサ |
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2005
- 2005-02-18 WO PCT/JP2005/002647 patent/WO2005108912A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-02-18 JP JP2006512917A patent/JP4779119B2/ja active Active
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS57163873A (en) * | 1981-03-30 | 1982-10-08 | Nec Home Electronics Ltd | Measuring device for electrostatic capacity |
JPS5870103A (ja) * | 1981-09-30 | 1983-04-26 | ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ | 物体表面層の電気的性質の変化を測定する方法および走査容量顕微鏡 |
JPH01285801A (ja) * | 1988-05-12 | 1989-11-16 | Koko Res Kk | 近接距離センサー及び形状判別装置 |
JPH0371064A (ja) * | 1989-07-31 | 1991-03-26 | Hewlett Packard Co <Hp> | ゲート発生回路 |
JPH0634314A (ja) * | 1992-07-14 | 1994-02-08 | Toshiba Corp | 表面検査装置 |
JPH0634307A (ja) * | 1992-07-17 | 1994-02-08 | Omron Corp | 静電容量形変位センサ |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2009079897A (ja) * | 2007-09-25 | 2009-04-16 | Toshiba Corp | センサ装置及び表示装置 |
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