WO2005101313A1 - テンプレートマッチング装置 - Google Patents
テンプレートマッチング装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005101313A1 WO2005101313A1 PCT/JP2005/007487 JP2005007487W WO2005101313A1 WO 2005101313 A1 WO2005101313 A1 WO 2005101313A1 JP 2005007487 W JP2005007487 W JP 2005007487W WO 2005101313 A1 WO2005101313 A1 WO 2005101313A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/70—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning
- G06V10/74—Image or video pattern matching; Proximity measures in feature spaces
- G06V10/75—Organisation of the matching processes, e.g. simultaneous or sequential comparisons of image or video features; Coarse-fine approaches, e.g. multi-scale approaches; using context analysis; Selection of dictionaries
- G06V10/751—Comparing pixel values or logical combinations thereof, or feature values having positional relevance, e.g. template matching
- G06V10/7515—Shifting the patterns to accommodate for positional errors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a template matching apparatus that performs template matching on an input image signal including image information or audio information.
- Template matching is a process of searching for a partial image signal (target) that matches a known template signal from the input image signal, and specifying the position of the target (match position).
- the matching operation between the calculation partial image signal extracted from the input image signal and the known template signal is repeatedly performed while the extraction position of the calculation partial image signal is gradually moved. Then, by comparing the results of the matching operation at each position in the input image signal, the matching position is specified.
- a well-known cross-correlation method, a sequential error test, or the like is used for the matching operation.
- the movement is uniformly performed at a preset interval in the entire input image signal or within a predetermined range (for example, see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-200).
- a predetermined range for example, see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-200.
- the extraction position of the calculation partial image signal is moved at a fixed interval set before starting the template matching.
- coarse template matching is performed uniformly at a predetermined large moving interval. After narrowing down to a predetermined range including the matching position, it has been proposed to perform the same fine template matching at a predetermined small movement interval within the range to specify the matching position. ing.
- An appropriate constant value of the moving interval is a value that can accurately and efficiently identify a matching position in the input image signal in a short time, and differs depending on the input image signal and the template signal.
- the matching position can be specified (or the predetermined range including the matching position can be narrowed down) accurately, but the number of repetitions of the matching calculation is increased, so that an unnecessary It takes time. Conversely, if the set value of the movement interval is larger than an appropriate fixed value, the number of repetitions of the matching operation is reduced, thereby shortening the time.
- specifying the matching position is accurate. This is not always the case, and it may become impossible to perform pseudo-matching or matching. Disclosure of the invention
- An object of the present invention is to provide a template matching apparatus capable of reliably identifying a matching position with a reduced time.
- the template matching apparatus includes: an extracting unit that sequentially changes an extraction position from among input image signals to extract a partial image signal for calculation; and a known image processing unit that extracts the partial image signal extracted by the extracting unit.
- a second calculating means for obtaining an index relating to the similarity between the partial image signal and a known template signal each time the partial image signal is extracted by the extracting means, Further, taking into account the index regarding the similarity at the current extraction position obtained by the second calculation means, the current extraction position is shifted from the current extraction position to the next extraction position.
- a moving amount determining unit for determining a moving amount in the extracting unit; and a similarity between the partial image signal and a known template signal in the first calculating unit based on a calculation result by the second calculating unit. At least with the judgment means for judging whether or not to perform the calculation of
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the observation device 10.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an input image 21, a template image 22, a target 23, and a partial image 24 for calculation.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an overall processing procedure in the template matching of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing a processing procedure in step S5 of FIG. 5A and 5B illustrate the density value Amn at the position (m, n) of the template image 22 and the density value B at the position (m, n) of the partial image 24 for calculation, respectively.
- FIG. 5A and 5B illustrate the density value Amn at the position (m, n) of the template image 22 and the density value B at the position (m, n) of the partial image 24 for calculation, respectively.
- FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B are diagrams illustrating the magnitude change of the movement interval (movement amount M x) according to the positional relationship with the coincidence position (X I, Y 1).
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing a part of the processing procedure in the template matching of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 8A and 8B are diagrams for explaining the movement of the extraction position (X2, Y2) by the processing of FIG. ⁇
- FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C are diagrams for explaining the matching calculation based on the density histogram.
- FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing the template matching processing procedure of the present embodiment. It is one.
- FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, and FIG. 11C are diagrams illustrating the relationship between the asymmetry of the distribution shape of the density histogram and the skewness.
- the template matching process is step-controlled based on the similarity determination.
- the template calculation processing is cut-controlled in the matching calculation processing based on the similarity determination.
- control is performed by combining the processing of the first to fourth embodiments and the processing of the fifth embodiment.
- the observation device 10 includes a stage 11, an optical system 12, a camera 13, and an image processing unit 14.
- Stage 11 supports sample 1 OA.
- the optical system 12 forms an optical image of a local region of the sample 1OA.
- the camera 13 captures an optical image of the sample 1OA with an image sensor (not shown), and outputs an image signal to the image processing unit 14.
- the image processing unit 14 When the image processing unit 14 captures an image signal from the camera 13, it converts the image signal into a digital image of predetermined bits (for example, 8 bits), and stores the digital image in a memory (not shown) as an input image. Then, template matching described later is performed on the input image.
- the sample 10A is, for example, a semiconductor wafer, a liquid crystal substrate, a printed circuit board, a biological specimen (for example, cells), or the like. Using the observation device 10, observation, inspection, and alignment of the sample 1OA are performed.
- Template matching is performed, for example, by using a known template from the input image 21 shown in FIG. This is a process of searching for a target 23 that is a partial image that matches the late image 22 and specifying the position of the evening target 23 (hereinafter referred to as “match position ( ⁇ ,, Y)”.
- the matching operation between the partial image 24 for operation extracted from the input image 21 and the template image 22 causes the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) of the partial image 24 for operation to be slightly reduced.
- the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) is moved from the upper left corner to the lower right corner of the input image 21 in the figure.
- each scanning line is parallel to the X direction, and the X direction parallel to the scanning line is called “horizontal direction”, and the ⁇ direction perpendicular to the scanning line is called “vertical direction”. .
- the input image 21 corresponds to “input image signal including image information”.
- the template image 22 corresponds to a “template signal including image information”.
- the calculation partial image 24 corresponds to “calculation partial image signal including image information”.
- the template processing of the first embodiment is performed by the image processing unit 14 according to the procedure (steps S1 to S6) of the flowchart shown in FIG. Also, the processing of step S5 in FIG. 3 (that is, the movement processing of the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the partial image 24 for calculation) is performed according to the procedure of the flowchart shown in FIG. 15). Further, in the template matching of the first embodiment, the moving interval of the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the partial image for calculation 24 is set to an appropriate constant value before starting this template matching. There is no need to keep it. The processing shown in FIG. 3 can be started as soon as the input image 21 is captured without performing such preprocessing. In step S1 of FIG.
- the image processing unit 14 extracts a partial image 24 for calculation from the input image 21.
- the first extraction is performed, for example, from the initial position of the upper left corner of the input image 21 (FIG. 2).
- the calculation partial image 24 has a rectangular shape with the same size (number of pixels) in both the vertical and horizontal directions as the template image 22.
- FIG. 2 shows the vertical and horizontal sizes (the number of pixels) of the template image 22 by Tx and Ty. Both the partial image 24 and the template image 22 are smaller than the input image 21 (the number of pixels is small).
- Step S2 the image processing unit 14 performs a matching operation between the template image 22 and the partial image 24 for calculation extracted in Step S1.
- a known cross-correlation method is used as an example of the matching operation.
- the matching operation is performed by calculating the density value at the position (m, n) of the partial image 24 shown in FIG. 5; ⁇ and the density value A mn at the same position (m, n) of the template image 22. This is performed according to the following equation (1).
- A Average value of A mn 'B: Average value of B mn
- the result of the matching calculation is a normalized cross-correlation coefficient C (1 1 ⁇ C ⁇ 1), which corresponds to the similarity between the calculation partial image 24 and the template image 22.
- the similarity is one of the “index of similarity” between the partial image 24 and the template image 22.
- the tendency is that the larger the cross-correlation coefficient C corresponding to the degree of similarity (ie, closer to “1”), the higher the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22, and the extraction position (X 2 , In many cases, Y 2 ) is close to the matching position (XX,).
- the image processing unit 14 determines the similarity, that is, the cross-correlation coefficient C, which is the result of the matching calculation, in the next step S 3, at the extraction position (24 2 , ⁇ ⁇ Save in the memory in the image processing unit 14 in association with 2 ).
- the processing is completed for one extraction position in the input image 21 (X 2, Y 2) .
- the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) of the calculation partial image 24 is moved to the next position, that is, when Step S4 is Yes, the process proceeds to Step S5.
- step S 5 is a process of moving the extraction position of the partial image 24 for computation (X 2, Y 2), carried out
- step S11 the image processing unit 14 moves to the next position. It is determined whether the direction is the horizontal direction (the direction parallel to the scanning line). For this determination, the X coordinate of the current position in the input image 21 (that is, the position coordinate on the scanning line) is used. Then, unless the X coordinate of the current position corresponds to the right end of the input image 21 (that is, the end point of the scanning line), it is determined to be “horizontal” (S 11 is Yes).
- the image processing unit 14 proceeds to the process of step S12, and executes the similarity (the mutual phase relationship) at the current position.
- the amount of movement ⁇ is calculated by substituting the similarity (cross-correlation coefficient C) at the current position into the “similarity” in the following equation (2).
- the calculation of the movement amount ⁇ is very simple. .
- Equation (2) includes the number of pixels ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ in the horizontal direction of the template image 22 (see FIG. 2). This number of pixels ⁇ is the same as the number of pixels in the horizontal direction of the partial image 24 for calculation.
- the -coefficient is an empirical value (for example, 1/2) defined in the range that satisfies 0 ⁇ 1.
- ⁇ means that the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) is moved in units of pixels of the input image 21 so that the decimal part is rounded down and converted to an integer.
- the amount of movement ⁇ ⁇ obtained by equation (2) has a low similarity at the current position (the mutual correlation coefficient C) (that is, close to “0”), and a low similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22.
- the maximum value of the movement amount ⁇ is when the similarity is “0”, and is the floor (Tx / 4).
- the minimum value of the movement amount Mx is when the similarity is “1”, and is expressed as floor [(Tx / 4) X (1 ⁇ k,)]. If the movement amount Mx is determined to be "0 pixels”, the actual movement amount is set to "1 pixel".
- the image processing unit 14 sets the extraction position (, Y 2 ) of the partial image 24 for calculation in the next step S 13 by the movement amount ⁇ in the horizontal direction from the current position. Move to the next position away. Then, in step S1 in Fig. 3, Return to the processing and repeat the extraction of the partial image 24 for calculation (S 1) —matching operation with the template image 22 (S 2) —save result (S 3) at the new extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) .
- the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) reaches the end point of the scanning line (i.e. the right end of the input image 21), after the extraction position (chi 2, the process of step S 1 to S 3 against the Upsilon 2) is completed, move further to the next position In this case (34 is 63), the image processing unit 14 determines that the moving direction to the next position is “vertical direction (direction perpendicular to the scanning line)” in step S11 in FIG. Step S11 is No). '.
- the image processing unit 14 When moving the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the calculation partial image 24 in the vertical direction, the image processing unit 14 proceeds to the process of step S14, and performs similarity at each position on the current scanning line. Calculate the amount of movement My from the current scan line to the next scan line, taking into account the (cross-correlation coefficient C). Specifically, the similarity (cross-correlation coefficient C) at each position on the current scan line is read from the memory, and the average value of the similarities is calculated by the following equation (3), To calculate the travel distance My. Each position on the current scan line is, for example, all positions on the current scan line (including the current position). The calculation of such a movement amount My is very simple.
- My floor [(Ty / 4) X ( row mean of 1-k 2 x similarity)] - (3) in the equation (3) includes vertical pixel number Ty of the template image 22 (see FIG. 2) It is. This number of pixels Ty is the same as the number of pixels in the vertical direction of the partial image 24 for calculation.
- the coefficient k 2 is an empirical value (for example, 1/2) determined within a range satisfying 0 and k 2 ⁇ l.
- the amount of movement My calculated by equation (3) is small for the average similarity (cross-correlation coefficient C) in the current scanning line (ie, close to “0”),
- the similarity between the minute image 24 and the template image 22 is low on average, and becomes larger as the current scan line is farther from the matching position ( ⁇ , ⁇ ,).
- the maximum value of the travel distance My is 2005/007487
- the image processing unit 14 sets the extraction position (' ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) of the partial image 24 for calculation in the next step S15 vertically from the current scanning line. It is moved in the direction to the next scanning line separated by the moving amount My, and in the horizontal direction to the left end of the input image 21 (that is, the starting point of the next scanning line). Then, returning to the process of step S1 in FIG. 3, at a new scanning line extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ), extraction of the calculation partial image 24 (S 1) —combination with the template image 22 Matching operation (S 2)-Save result (S 3) is repeated.
- step S6 the similarity (cross-correlation coefficient C) at a plurality of different positions in the input image 21 is compared in magnitude, whereby the value is the largest, and the similarity with the template image 22 is the highest.
- the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the partial image 24 is specified as the matching position ( ⁇ , ⁇ ,). This completes the template matching process for the input image 21.
- the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) when the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) is moved in the horizontal direction, if the similarity at the current position is small, the result of equation (2) (the amount of movement ⁇ ) becomes large. At positions away from ⁇ 1; ⁇ ,), the extraction positions ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) can be moved efficiently and appropriately at large intervals. Conversely, if the similarity at the current position is large, the result of equation (2) (the amount of movement ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) becomes small, and when the position approaches the matching position ( ⁇ , ⁇ ), the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) can be moved appropriately at small intervals. In particular, when it reaches the vicinity of the matching position ( ⁇ ,, ⁇ ,), the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) can be appropriately moved at an interval corresponding to “1 pixel”.
- FIG. 6 (a) and FIG. 6 (b) show, for example, the magnitude change of the movement interval (movement amount ⁇ ) according to the positional relationship with the matching position ( ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ).
- FIG 6 Alpha extraction position (X 2, Y 2) and the matching position ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ,) a position step change in the relationship between the shown side by side in order of time.
- FIG 6.alpha Mutually extracted position adjacent in the longitudinal direction ( ⁇ 2, ⁇ 2) 'How the deviation amount of and corresponds to the moving distance (moving amount ⁇ ).
- FIG 6.beta extraction position ( ⁇ 2, ⁇ 2) the trajectory of the indicated "-”. Also in these figures, it can be seen that the movement of the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) is large at a distance from the matching position ( ⁇ , ⁇ ,), and becomes smaller as the position approaches the matching position (X ⁇ ).
- the matching position (the position away from X ⁇ ) becomes larger. Since the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) of the partial image 24 is moved, the number of repetitions of the matching operation can be reduced, and the processing time of the template matching can be shortened. Since the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the partial image 24 moves as the distance approaches (the minimum unit of the movement amount is “1 pixel”), the exact matching position ( ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ,) Can be specified.
- the interval at which the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the J partial image 24 is moved little by little as in the related art does not need to be set in advance to an appropriate constant value.
- the moving interval (moving amount Mx, My) is set according to the positional relationship with the matching position yes ( ⁇ ,). Therefore , the matching position ( ⁇ , ⁇
- template matching (the processing in Fig. 3) can be started immediately after the input image 21 is captured. Is simplified. '
- the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) of the calculation partial image 24 is moved along a predetermined direction (for example, the direction of raster scanning) and at least the current Considering the degree of similarity at the position (for example, using Equation (2) or Equation (3)), to calculate the movement amount Mx, My to the next position, the matching position ( ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ) can easily set an appropriate movement interval according to the positional relationship.
- the calculation of the amount of movement Mx, My performed sequentially at each position is very simple, and the addition of this calculation does not complicate the template matching process.
- the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the calculation partial image 24 can be moved efficiently with reference to the size of the template image 22.
- the maximum value of the movement amounts M x, My is set to 1 Z 4 of the size of the template image 22 (the number of pixels T x, T y),
- the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the partial image 24 for calculation is largely moved, it is possible to avoid a situation in which the partial image 24 passes through the evening get 23.
- the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) of the calculation partial image 24 is moved along the raster scanning direction, and at the same time each position ( ⁇ ⁇ In order to calculate the amount of movement My to the next scanning line in consideration of the similarity at all positions, for example, it is easy to match the position of the match (X,, Y) during template matching.
- An appropriate scanning line interval can be set.
- the moving amount My to the next scanning line is calculated based on the average value of the similarities at each position (for example, all positions) on the current scanning line. (For example, using equation (3)), an appropriate scanning line interval can be set stably without being affected by noise.
- steps S21 to S25 of the flowchart shown in FIG. 7 is performed instead of step S13 of the flowchart of FIG. 4 described above.
- the image processing unit 14 is used in step S 12 in FIG. 7487
- the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the partial image 24 for operation is actually moved. Then, the processing of steps S21 to S23 in FIG. 7 is performed.
- step S21 the image processing unit 14 determines whether or not the current position in the input image 21 corresponds to the starting point of the scanning line (that is, the left end of the input image 21). If it is located at the start point of the scanning line (that is, if S21 is Yes), the process proceeds to step S24, and the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the partial image 24 for calculation is set in the horizontal direction. Move by the movement amount Mx (see Fig. 8A). After that, the process returns to step S1 in FIG.
- step S 22 if it is not located at the start point of the scanning line (that is, if S 21 is N 0), the process proceeds to step S 22, and based on the similarity (cross-correlation coefficient C) at the current position, It is determined whether or not conditional expression (4) is satisfied.
- the coefficient in the conditional expression (4) is the same as the coefficient in the above-mentioned expression (2).
- Threshold T s using the entire or al determined statistical value of the input image 21 (i.e. the average density and density range) is obtained by calculation by the following equation (5). .
- T s average concentration / concentration range (5)
- step S22 If the condition (4) in step S22 is satisfied, the cross-correlation coefficient C corresponding to the current similarity is large (that is, close to “1”), and the partial image extracted at the current position 24 And the template image 22 has a high similarity, and the current extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) reaches the vicinity of the matching position ( ⁇ , ⁇ ,). Then, as a result of the determination in step S22, the similarity at the current position indicates that “the extraction position is 2 , ⁇ 2 ) has reached the vicinity of the matching position yes ⁇ ,)” (that is, if S 22 If Yes, go to the next step S23.
- step S23 it is determined whether or not the following conditional expression (6) is satisfied based on the similarity at the current position and the “similarity at the position immediately before the current position”. Do.
- the coefficient k 3 is an empirical value determined within a range satisfying 0 ⁇ k 3 ⁇ 1.
- the threshold value T B is calculated by the following equation (7) using statistical values (that is, standard deviation and density range) obtained from the entire input image 21. .
- the case where the conditional expression (6) in step S23 is satisfied is a case where the current similarity greatly increases as compared with the previous similarity. In other words, the previous similarity was extremely small compared to the current similarity. Therefore, the case where the conditional expression (6) is satisfied means that the cross-correlation coefficient C corresponding to the previous similarity is small (that is, close to “0”), and the part extracted at the previous position It is considered that the similarity between the image 24 and the template image 22 is low, and the previous extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) is far from the matching position (X, Y). When the result of the judgment indicates that the similarity at the previous position indicates that “the extracted position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) is far from the matching position ⁇ ” (that is, if S 23 is Yes) Goes to the next step S25.
- conditional expression (4) in step S22 is satisfied and the conditional expression (6) in step S23 is satisfied is that the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2
- the similarity sharply increases at the current position when the) is greatly moved For example, a white point (maximum density value) included in the black background (minimum density value) of the input image 21 is This can happen with template matching like searching.
- conditional expressions (4) and (6) are satisfied, even if the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) is moved small considering the current large similarity, if the extraction position is moved forward as it is, the matching position will be ).
- step S25 the next position is set between the current position and the immediately preceding position (see FIG. 8 ⁇ ), and the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ . 2 ) is set to the immediately preceding position. After returning to the position, move it forward by the amount of movement ⁇ .
- the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) is moved backward according to the difference from 15. After that, the process returns to the process of step S1 in FIG.
- step S 2 instead 5, proceeds to step S 2 4, thereby extracting position (X 2, Y 2) is moved by the amount of movement M x forward. After that, the process returns to the process of step S1 in FIG.
- the partial image 24 for calculation passes through the evening get 23, that is, the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) passes the matching position (X ⁇ ).
- the matching position ( ⁇ ⁇ ,, ⁇ ,) in the input image 21 can be reliably specified.
- the matching position ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) can be specified accurately and efficiently in a short time.
- the matching operation by the residual sequential test method is based on the density value B at the position (m, n) of the partial image 24 shown in FIG. 5 and the density value ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ at the same position (m, n) of the template image 22.
- This is performed by the following equation (8) or equation (9), where D is the sum of absolute values of the density differences, and E in equation (9) is the sum of squares of the density differences.
- the results D and E of the matching operation correspond to the degree of similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22.
- the smaller the value (that is, the residual) the more similar the partial image 24 and the template image 22 are.
- This means that the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) is close to the matching position (X ,, ⁇ ,). Since the amount of calculation is small in the matching operation by the method, further speedup is possible.
- step S2 in FIG. 3 the determination in steps S22 and S23 in FIG. 7 (that is, the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 )
- the following conditional expressions (12) and (13) may be used to determine whether or not to return to.
- conditional expression (12) is used instead of conditional expression (4), and conditional expression (13) is replaced by conditional expression (6).
- Threshold T s of the condition (12) is the same as the formula (5).
- Threshold T B of the condition (1.3) is the same as the formula (7).
- the partial image 24 for the calculation passes through the target 23 in the same manner as described above (that is, the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 )
- the position (by passing X ,, ⁇ ) can be reliably avoided.
- the matching operation in step S2 in FIG. 3 is not limited to the cross-correlation method and the residual sequential test method described above, but may be a feature amount such as a density histogram or a moment of inertia.
- a matching calculation is performed based on a density histogram and an inertia moment.
- a density histogram H of the template image 22 is created in advance, for example, as shown in FIG. 9 ⁇ , and each time a partial image 24 for calculation is extracted, the density histogram H of the partial image 24 is extracted. H 24 is created.
- the horizontal axis concentration values of concentration histograms H 24, H 22, the vertical axis is the number of pixels.
- the matching calculation is performed by counting the number of pixels in the overlapping portion of the two density histograms H 24 and H 22 (the hatched portion in FIG. 9B).
- the aggregate value F as a result of the matching operation corresponds to the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22.
- the larger the value the higher the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22. It indicates that the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) is close to the matching position ( ⁇ ,, ⁇ ,).
- the moment of inertia is the distance (xi, yi) from the origin of all pixels of a certain area in the image and the density value wi to the inertia around the origin, as shown in the following equations (14) to (16). This is the value assigned to the moment formula. ⁇
- the matching operation based on the moment of inertia for example created inertia 1 22 of the template image 22 in advance, for each extracted partial image 24 power for operation, the moment of inertia 1 24 of the partial image 24 is created.
- the absolute value of the difference between the two moments of inertia I 24 and l n is calculated, and the smaller the value is, the higher the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22 is, and the extraction positions (X 2 , Y 2 ) match. Indicates that it is close to the position ( ⁇ ,, ⁇ ,).
- step S2 in FIG. 3 When the matching operation based on the density histogram and the matching operation based on the moment of inertia are performed in step S2 in FIG. 3 as described in FIGS. 9 ⁇ and 9 9, the movement amount Mx in steps S12 and S14 in FIG. , My can be calculated using the above equations (2) and (3).
- step S2 in FIG. 3 when the matching calculation based on the density histogram is performed in step S2 in FIG. 3, the determination in steps S22 and S23 in FIG. X 2 , Y 2 ) can be determined using the above conditional expressions (4) and (6).
- the similarity (total value F) is normalized, and the normalized value (0 to 1) is substituted into conditional expressions (4) and (6).
- parts of image 24 for computation will past the target 23 (i.e. extraction position (chi 2, Upsilon 2) will past means to match the position (chi ,, Upsilon,)) Such a situation can be reliably avoided.
- the matching operation based on the density histogram is performed, for example, as shown in Fig. 9 ⁇ . This may be performed by counting the number of pixels of the absolute value of the difference between the two density histograms H 24 and H 22 (the hatched portion in FIG. 9C).
- the aggregate value G which is the result of the matching operation in this case, corresponds to the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22, and the smaller the value, the higher the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22. It indicates that the extraction position (X 2 , ⁇ ,) is close to the matching position (X ⁇ ).
- the similarity (total value G) at the current position is normalized, and the normalized value (0 to 1) is substituted for the “similarity” in equation (10).
- the similarity (total value G) at each position on the current scanning line is normalized, and the average value of the normalized values (0 to 1) is calculated as " Substituting into "Line mean of similarity".
- the determination in steps S22 and S23 in FIG. X 2 , Y 2 ) can be determined using the above conditional expressions (1 2) and (1 3).
- the threshold value ⁇ ⁇ of the conditional expression (13) is calculated by the following expression (17).
- the similarity (total value G) is normalized, and the normalized values (0 to 1) are substituted into conditional expressions (12) and (13). Therefore, as in the above, it is possible to reliably avoid the situation in which the partial image 2 for calculation passes the target 23 (that is, the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) passes the ,, ⁇ ,) at the matching position). it can.
- the maximum values of the movement amounts Mx and My may be set to values other than “1Z4 of the number of pixels Tx and 'Ty” (for example, 1 ⁇ 2 of the number of pixels Tx and Ty).
- the setting of the maximum value of the movement amount Mx, My may be changed according to the type of the matching operation. For example, when performing a matching operation based on the density histogram, the maximum values of the movement amounts MX and My can be set larger than those of the cross-correlation method and the residual sequential test method. Therefore, it is possible to further increase the speed.
- the “index of similarity” at each position (for example, all positions) on the current scan line is considered.
- the present invention is not limited to this. The present invention can be applied not only to all positions but also to a case where a part (for example, every other position) on the current scanning line is selectively considered. In that case, the "similarity indicator" at the current position need not be considered.
- the average “similarity” at each position (at least a part of positions) on the current scan line is calculated.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the present invention is applicable not only to the average value but also to the case where the largest “index of similarity” at each position (all or part) on the current scanning line is considered.
- the moving direction of the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) is determined in advance (for example, an example of moving along the raster scanning direction) has been described. It is not limited to this.
- the moving direction of the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) is determined in advance without considering the moving direction of the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) and considering at least one of the “similarity indicators” obtained so far. Both the direction and the movement amount may be determined. In this case, the "similarity indicator" at the current position need not be considered.
- the template matching processing is step-controlled based on the similarity determination.
- the matching processing is cut off based on the similarity determination in the template matching processing. Control.
- the template matching according to the present embodiment is performed according to the procedure (steps S1 to S8) of the flowchart shown in FIG.
- the matching operation (S 4) between the operation partial image 24 extracted from the input image 21 and the template image 22 is performed to extract the operation partial image 24. It is repeated as needed while moving the position (X 2 , Y 2 ) little by little.
- the input image 21 corresponds to “input signal including image information”.
- the template image 22 corresponds to a “template signal including image information”.
- the calculation partial image 24 corresponds to “calculation partial signal including image information”.
- the skewness S22 of the template image 22 is calculated up to the first time of the determination processing (S3) of whether or not to perform the matching operation (S4). Is a statistical scale (skewness) indicating the asymmetry of the distribution shape of the density histogram of the template image 22. Specifically, “X ran ” in the following equation (18) Then, the skewness S22 of the template image 22 is calculated by substituting the density value A Chris ra at the position (m,) of the template image 22 shown in Fig. 5A. N is the total number of pixels in the template image 22, and is the standard deviation.
- X The skewness S 22 of the mean value template image 22 of Xmn, is described with reference to concentration histograms shown in FIGS. 11A-11 C.
- the horizontal axis of the density histogram shown in Fig. 11A-Fig. 11C is the density value, and the vertical axis is the number of pixels.
- the skewness S 22 0.
- the distribution shape is asymmetric and skewed to the left (that is, there are many pixels with low density) as in the density histogram shown in FIG. 1 IB, the skewness S 22 ⁇ 0.
- step S1 the image processing unit 14 extracts a partial image 24 for calculation from the input image 21.
- the calculation partial image 24 has a rectangular shape having the same size (number of pixels) in both the vertical and horizontal directions as the template image 22.
- the calculation partial image 24 and the template image 22 are both smaller than the input image 21 (the number of pixels is small).
- Step S 2 the image processing unit 14 calculates the skewness S 24 of the partial image 24 for computation extracted in step S 1.
- Skewness S 24 in this case is a statistical measure of the asymmetry of the concentration histograms of the distribution shape of the partial image 24 (skeraess). Specifically, by substituting the density value B mn at the position (m, n) of the partial image 24 shown in FIG. 5B into “X” of the above equation (1), the distortion of the partial image 24 for calculation is obtained. The calculation of the degree S 24 is performed, where N in Equation (1) is the total number of pixels of the partial image 24, and ⁇ is the standard deviation.
- Skewness S 24 of the partial image 24 is also similar to the skewness S 22 of the template image 22, FIG. 11
- the skewness S 24 is zero. If the distribution shape is asymmetric and skewed to the left (many pixels with low density) as in the density histogram shown in FIG. 11B, the skewness S 24 ⁇ 0.
- the skewness S 24 > 0.
- Step S 3 the image processing unit 1 4, Ri by the comparison of the skewness S M already computed the template image 22 and skewness 24 of the partial image 24 calculated in step S 2, the skewness Calculate the absolute difference IS 22 — S 24 I.
- the absolute difference in skewness IS 22 —S 24 I is an index relating to the similarity between the density histogram of the template image 22 and the density histogram of the partial image 24. The higher the similarity of the two density histograms, the smaller the absolute difference in skewness IS 22 — S 24 I. Conversely, the lower the similarity between the two density histograms, the greater the absolute skewness difference IS 22 — S 24
- the absolute difference in skewness IS 22 — S 24 I shows a large value and the similarity of the two density histograms is low, the similarity between the template image 22 and the partial image 24 is clearly low (the difference it seems to do.
- the absolute difference in skewness IS 22 — S 24 l shows a small value and the two density histograms have a high similarity, the similarity between the template image 22 and the partial image 24 may be high. is there. In other words, similarity may be low, but similarity may be high. Therefore, the absolute difference in skewness IS 22 —S 24 I is considered to be an approximate value regarding the similarity between the template image 22 and the partial image 24.
- the image processing unit 14 After calculating the absolute difference in skewness IS 22 _S 24
- conditional expression (19) When conditional expression (19) is not satisfied (No in S3), the similarity between template image 22 and partial image 24 is clearly low (different) as described above. It is not necessary to determine an accurate index (that is, similarity) regarding the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22 by the log operation (S4). Therefore, when the conditional expression (19) is not satisfied (S3 is No), the matching operation (S4) is omitted, and the process proceeds to step S6 described later.
- step S3 the approximate value (that is, the absolute difference in skewness IS 22 ) relating to the similarity between the calculation partial image 24 and the template image 22 is obtained. - based on the S 24 l), it determines whether or not to perform the matching operation between the partial image 24 and the template image 2 2 (S 4).
- the determination process of step S3 is a process of determining the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22 roughly. Therefore, this calculation process can be performed in a shorter time than the matching calculation. In other words, the calculation speed is high. Then, when it is determined that the matching calculation is not performed, the calculation is omitted, and only when it is determined that the matching calculation is performed, the calculation is performed.
- the image processing unit 14 performs a matching operation (operation of similarity) between the operation partial image 24 and the template image 22 in step S4.
- a known cross-correlation method is used as an example of the matching operation.
- the matching calculation is performed based on the density value B M at the position (m, n) of the partial image 24 shown in FIG. 5B and the density value at the same position (m, n) of the template image 22 shown in FIG. 5A. using the a m, it is performed by the following equation (2 0).
- the result of the matching operation is a normalized cross-correlation coefficient C (1 1 C ⁇ 1), which corresponds to the similarity between the operation partial image 24 and the template image 22.
- the similarity is one of the “index of similarity” between the partial image 24 and the template image 22, and is an “exact index of similarity”.
- the tendency is that the larger the mutual correlation number C corresponding to the degree of similarity is (the closer to “1”), the higher the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22 is, and the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) is close to the matching position ( ⁇ ,, ⁇ ,).
- the image processing unit 14 determines the similarity (cross-correlation coefficient C), which is the result of the matching calculation, in the next step S5 by using the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) and store them in memory. After the processing of these steps S 1 ⁇ S 5, 1 single extraction position ( ⁇ 2, ⁇ 2) in the input image 21 processing for ends.
- the processing proceeds to step S 7.
- step S7 is a process of moving the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the partial image 24 for calculation.
- the partial images 24 are sequentially extracted at each position, and each time the partial images 24 are extracted, it can be determined whether or not to perform the matching operation (S 4). Only when the content of the judgment indicates “perform”, the matching operation with the template image 22 is performed, and the result is stored.
- step S8 the magnitude of the similarity (cross-correlation coefficient C) actually obtained at a plurality of different positions in the input image 21 is compared with each other to obtain the largest value.
- the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) of the partial image 24 having the highest similarity is identified as the matching position ( ⁇ , ⁇ ,). This is the end of the template matching processing for the input image 21.
- each time a partial image 24 for calculation is extracted it is determined whether or not to perform a matching calculation between the partial image 24 and the template image 22. If not, skip the matching operation. Then, the matching operation is performed only when it is determined to “perform”. For this reason, the matching position ( ⁇ ⁇ ,) can be specified efficiently with a reduced time. In other words, the processing speed of template matching is dramatically improved.
- the template matching is performed based on an approximate value (ie, absolute difference in skewness IS 22 —S 24 I) regarding the similarity between the partial image 24 for calculation and the template image 22. It is determined whether to perform the operation. Therefore, when the template image 22 and the partial image 24 are clearly different (that is, when the similarity is clearly low), unnecessary matching calculation can be efficiently omitted.
- the threshold ⁇ may be set to the range value X coefficient k.
- the coefficient k in this case is an arbitrary value of 1/2 to 1.
- the third moment M22 of the template image 22 is calculated by the following equation (2 1).
- the third moment M24 of the partial image 24 for calculation is calculated, and these moments are calculated.
- M 22, M M of absolute differences IM 22 - using M 24 I as an approximate value of the above may be determined whether or not to perform pine quenching operation.
- an nth order (n is an odd number of 5 or more) moments may be used.
- the odd-order moments like the skewness (skewnes s) already described, indicate the bias direction (left or right) of the density histogram, and are good indicators for determining whether or not to perform a matching operation. . ... (twenty one )
- the amount of calculation is smaller than that of skewness, so that the necessity of the matching operation can be determined at high speed. Therefore, even when the matching operation is performed by a method with a small amount of calculation (for example, a residual sequential test method described later), it is possible to reliably improve the processing speed.
- the “absolute difference of the average density” obtained by comparing the average density of the template image 22 with the average density of the partial image 24 is used. You can also. In this case, the calculation amount is further reduced, and the above approximate value can be easily calculated. As a result, higher speeds are realized.
- the matching operation (see equation (20)) is performed by the cross-correlation method in step S4 of FIG. 10, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the matching operation may be performed by a residual sequential test method (SSDA method), or the matching operation may be performed using a feature amount such as a density histogram or an inertia moment.
- SSDA method residual sequential test method
- the matching operation by the residual sequential test method is based on the density value B m at the position (m, n) of the partial image 24 shown in FIG. 5B and the density value at the same position (m, n) of the template image 22. This is performed by the following equation (2 2) or equation (2 3) using A mn .
- D in equation (2 2) is the sum of absolute values of the density difference.
- E in equation (2 3) is the sum of squares of the concentration difference.
- the results D and E of the matching operation correspond to the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22. The similarity is high, indicating that the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) is close to the matching position (X ⁇ ,). Since the matching operation by the residual sequential test method requires a small amount of calculation, it can be further speeded up. '
- a density histogram H22 of the template image 22 is created in advance, and each time a partial image 24 for calculation is extracted, the partial image 2 A density histogram H M of 4 is created.
- the horizontal axis of the density histograms H M and H 22 is the density value, and the vertical axis is the number of pixels.
- the matching calculation is performed by counting the number of pixels in the overlapping portion of the two density histograms H 24 and H 22 (the hatched portion in FIG. 9B).
- the result of the matching operation (total value F) is the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22.
- the larger the value the higher the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22, indicating that the extraction position (X 2 , Y 2 ) is closer to the matching position (, ⁇ ).
- the matching calculation based on the density histogram may be performed by, for example, summing up the number of pixels of the absolute value of the difference between the two density histograms ⁇ 24 and ⁇ 22 shown in FIG. 9 (the hatched portion in FIG. 9C). .
- the result of the matching operation (total value G) in this case corresponds to the similarity between the partial image 24 and the template image 22. The smaller the value, the more similar the partial image 24 and the template image 22 are. Is high and the extraction position ( ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 ) is close to the matching position ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
- the sixth embodiment of the present invention is a combination of the first to fourth embodiments and the fifth embodiment.
- the template matching apparatus of the sixth embodiment combines the cut control of the matching operation disclosed in the fifth embodiment with the step control of the template matching process disclosed in the first to fourth embodiments.
- the template matching processing of the sixth embodiment performs the processing from step S1 to step S8 in FIG. 10 (matching calculation cut control).
- step S1 in FIG. The “movement processing of the extraction position of the partial image for calculation” of 7 executes the processing (step control) from step SI1 to step S15 in FIG.
- the shapes of the calculation partial image 24 and the template image 22 are rectangular, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the partial image 24 and the template image 22 need not be rectangular as long as they have the same shape and size (number of pixels).
- the essential processing is the same for other shapes.
- the present invention can be applied to 30 devices.
- the present invention can be applied not only to the image of the local region of the sample but also to an apparatus which collectively captures the image of the entire surface of the sample. Similar effects can be obtained even when an external computer connected to the observation device 10 or the like is used.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the present invention can be applied to a case where template matching is performed on an input image signal (input audio) including audio information (signal processing).
- an input image signal input audio
- the present invention can be applied to a case where template matching is performed on an input image signal (input audio) including audio information (signal processing).
- the above-mentioned “image density” may be replaced with “signal strength”.
- “Average concentration” corresponds to “average intensity”.
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| JP2006512405A JP4208011B2 (ja) | 2004-04-13 | 2005-04-13 | テンプレートマッチング装置 |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007285781A (ja) * | 2006-04-14 | 2007-11-01 | Tohoku Univ | 地中レーダ装置及び画像信号処理方法 |
| WO2008111290A1 (ja) * | 2007-03-13 | 2008-09-18 | Nikon Corporation | テンプレートマッチング装置、テンプレートマッチング装置を備えたカメラ、テンプレートマッチングをコンピュータで行うためのプログラム |
| JP2009123266A (ja) * | 2007-11-13 | 2009-06-04 | Sony Disc & Digital Solutions Inc | 評価装置、評価方法、プログラム |
| JP2009294668A (ja) * | 2009-08-31 | 2009-12-17 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 信号検出装置、信号検出方法、信号検出プログラム及び記録媒体 |
| JP2010140315A (ja) * | 2008-12-12 | 2010-06-24 | Secom Co Ltd | 物体検出装置 |
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| JPS6431741A (en) * | 1987-07-29 | 1989-02-02 | Tsumura & Co | Novel lignan, diuretic and cardiac comprising said lignan as active ingredient |
| JPH0922406A (ja) * | 1995-05-02 | 1997-01-21 | Yamatake Honeywell Co Ltd | パターン照合装置 |
| JPH11110559A (ja) * | 1997-10-03 | 1999-04-23 | Nec Corp | 物体検出・背景除去方法、装置およびプログラムを記録した記録媒体 |
| JPH11298923A (ja) * | 1998-02-27 | 1999-10-29 | Tektronix Inc | 画像アライメント検出方法 |
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- 2005-04-13 JP JP2006512405A patent/JP4208011B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-04-13 WO PCT/JP2005/007487 patent/WO2005101313A1/ja not_active Ceased
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| JPS6431741A (en) * | 1987-07-29 | 1989-02-02 | Tsumura & Co | Novel lignan, diuretic and cardiac comprising said lignan as active ingredient |
| JPH0922406A (ja) * | 1995-05-02 | 1997-01-21 | Yamatake Honeywell Co Ltd | パターン照合装置 |
| JPH11110559A (ja) * | 1997-10-03 | 1999-04-23 | Nec Corp | 物体検出・背景除去方法、装置およびプログラムを記録した記録媒体 |
| JPH11298923A (ja) * | 1998-02-27 | 1999-10-29 | Tektronix Inc | 画像アライメント検出方法 |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007285781A (ja) * | 2006-04-14 | 2007-11-01 | Tohoku Univ | 地中レーダ装置及び画像信号処理方法 |
| WO2008111290A1 (ja) * | 2007-03-13 | 2008-09-18 | Nikon Corporation | テンプレートマッチング装置、テンプレートマッチング装置を備えたカメラ、テンプレートマッチングをコンピュータで行うためのプログラム |
| US8260058B2 (en) | 2007-03-13 | 2012-09-04 | Nikon Corporation | Template matching device, camera with template matching device, and program for allowing computer to carry out template matching |
| JP5099120B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-13 | 2012-12-12 | 株式会社ニコン | テンプレートマッチング装置、テンプレートマッチング装置を備えたカメラ、テンプレートマッチングをコンピュータで行うためのプログラム |
| JP2009123266A (ja) * | 2007-11-13 | 2009-06-04 | Sony Disc & Digital Solutions Inc | 評価装置、評価方法、プログラム |
| US8121008B2 (en) | 2007-11-13 | 2012-02-21 | Sony Disc & Digital Solutions Inc. | Evaluation apparatus, evaluation method, and program |
| JP2010140315A (ja) * | 2008-12-12 | 2010-06-24 | Secom Co Ltd | 物体検出装置 |
| JP2009294668A (ja) * | 2009-08-31 | 2009-12-17 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 信号検出装置、信号検出方法、信号検出プログラム及び記録媒体 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP4208011B2 (ja) | 2009-01-14 |
| JPWO2005101313A1 (ja) | 2008-03-06 |
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