WO2005066018A1 - Aileron de planche de surf - Google Patents

Aileron de planche de surf Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005066018A1
WO2005066018A1 PCT/AU2005/000007 AU2005000007W WO2005066018A1 WO 2005066018 A1 WO2005066018 A1 WO 2005066018A1 AU 2005000007 W AU2005000007 W AU 2005000007W WO 2005066018 A1 WO2005066018 A1 WO 2005066018A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
surfcraft
fin
fins
side fin
surfboard
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU2005/000007
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Andrew Dovell
Original Assignee
Surfing Hardware International Holdings Pty Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU2004900107A external-priority patent/AU2004900107A0/en
Application filed by Surfing Hardware International Holdings Pty Limited filed Critical Surfing Hardware International Holdings Pty Limited
Publication of WO2005066018A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005066018A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B32/00—Water sports boards; Accessories therefor
    • B63B32/60—Board appendages, e.g. fins, hydrofoils or centre boards
    • B63B32/64—Adjustable, e.g. by adding sections, by removing sections or by changing orientation or profile
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B32/00—Water sports boards; Accessories therefor
    • B63B32/60—Board appendages, e.g. fins, hydrofoils or centre boards
    • B63B32/66—Arrangements for fixation to the board, e.g. fin boxes or foil boxes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a fin for a surfcraft, such as a surfboard. More particularly, the invention relates to a side fin for such a surfcraft.
  • Surfcraft typically include surfboards (including shortboards, longboards and kneeboards and bodyboards) and surfskis which support a rider and enable a rider to catch waves whilst lying, sitting, kneeling or standing on the surfcraft.
  • surfboards including shortboards, longboards and kneeboards and bodyboards
  • surfskis which support a rider and enable a rider to catch waves whilst lying, sitting, kneeling or standing on the surfcraft.
  • Surfboards, surfskis and other surfcraft are customarily provided with one or more fins extending from a rearward section of the lower surface of the surfcraft.
  • Each fin helps to maintain the orientation of the surfcraft in the direction of travel and facilitates turning of the surfcraft by the rider.
  • the fins of a surfboard may also provide lateral stability to the board when the rider stands on the board to ride a wave.
  • Modem surfboards generally have two or three fins, three-fin surfboards being by far the most common.
  • the fins of two-fin surfboards are located near the rear of the underside of the surfboard on opposite sides of the surfboard centre-line. Each fin is located intermediate the centre-line and a side of the surfboard.
  • Three-fin surfboards have a centre fin positioned along the centre line of the board close to the rear end of the board, and a pair of opposed side fins located nearer to the side rails of the surfboard and being positioned forward of the rear fin.
  • the side fins may be orientated parallel to the rear fin but, for better performance, they are generally toed in by up to 3 or 4 degrees relative to the centre line of the board.
  • the side fins of two-fin surfboards may be similarly toed in.
  • side fin means a fin adapted to be located intermediate the centre-line and a side rail of a surfcraft.
  • surfboard fins are generally shaped substantially in the profile of a dolphin fin, having a relatively long base adjacent to the lower surface of the board, a rounded tip and highly curved, arcuate leading and trailing edges between the base and the tip.
  • the centre fin of a surfboard is symmetrical about its centre plane.
  • side fins are generally not symmetrical, usually having a flat inner surface (being the surface nearer to the center-line of the surfboard) and a curved (convex) outer surface.
  • the cross-sectional profile (along planes which are parallel to the bottom surface of the surfboard) of such a side fin is not consistent between the base and the tip of the fin.
  • surfboard fins have been made by shaping them from a fibreglass slab which were then typically securely affixed to the body of a surfboard and 'glassed over' so as to be integrally formed with (and, therefore, not removable from) the body of the surfboard.
  • fins have also been made from plastic by injection moulding techniques.
  • surfboard fins have generally been designed by a "look and feel" approach.
  • the starting point has often been the shape and profile of fins (typically dorsal fins) of dolphins, sharks and other similar sea creatures, on the assumption that "nature” has determined optimum shape/profile characteristics which can be adapted to surfboard fins.
  • this approach is unjustified for surfboard side fins because the purposes, functions and requirements of surfboard side fins are quite different from those of fins (typically dorsal fins) of sea creatures.
  • a surfboard fin particularly a side fin
  • the rider When riding a surfboard (or other surfcraft) on a wave, the rider generally controls its movement by applying force (eg by shifting weight) through the contact with the rider's feet and the top deck of the board. By shifting the rider's weight sideways, the surfboard is able to turn towards the direction of the weight shift. This changes the direction of travel of the board and thus changes the angle of attack of the fins (relative to the direction of water flowing under the surfcraft).
  • gentle turns only require relatively low levels of force to be applied through the fins. However, sharp or radical turns generally require substantial force to be applied through the fins. Turning manoeuvres performed by surfboard riders, particularly those of a high standard, require high board speed and predictable performance of the board (including the fins).
  • high aspect ratio fins generally have lower drag than low aspect ratio fins.
  • high aspect ratio fins generally have lower stall angles than low aspect ratio fins, meaning that, during a turn, high aspect ratio fins will cause a surfboard to stall sooner than would be the case with low aspect ratio fins.
  • low aspect ratio fins tend to have gentle stall characteristics enabling a surfer to recover from a stall (or partial stall) situation much more smoothly and easily.
  • the design of high performance side fins is a difficult exercise - requiring consideration of numerous variables and which often involves trade- offs to achieve desirable performance results. For instance, increasing the lift capacity of the fin (eg by increasing the sweep angle) will generally result in increased drag at moderate angles of attack. Similarly, increasing the aspect ratio has the benefit of increasing the stall angle but this also often results in increased drag. Accordingly, the present invention is directed towards providing a side fin for a surfcraft, such as a surfboard, which has improved performance characteristics over standard side fins.
  • a side fin for a surfcraft such as a surfboard
  • Tip chord the chord adjacent the tip of the fin.
  • “Camber line” the centre line of the fin cross section.
  • “Camber curve” a plot of the offset between the camber line and the "nose to tail” line (Y axis) against the distance from the frontage of the fin along the chord (X axis).
  • Camber (when expressed as a percentage) - the ratio of the maximum camber offset (ie maximum distance between the camber line and the chord) to the chord length. Camber is, therefore, a measure of the curvature of an airfoil.
  • “Foil” a plot of the offset from the camber line to the fin face (Y axis) against the distance from the frontage of the fin along the cord (X axis).
  • “Angle of attack” the angle between the direction of fin travel and the nose-to- tail line.
  • Drag the resistance to fin travel through the water.
  • Construction line a line following a locus at a separate portion (eg 25%) between the front edge and rear edge of the fin profile (which is generally used to measure sweep angle).
  • Cross angle also known as “dihedral angle” - the angle by which the central plane of the fin body departs from being perpendicular to the lower surface of the surfboard.
  • a cambered airfoil- shaped surfcraft side fin having a camber of from about 2% to about 6%, wherein said camber is substantially constant throughout length of the side fin from adjacent a base to adjacent an end tip of said side fin.
  • the camber of an airfoil which is consistent from near the base to near the tip of the airfoil is said to be a geosymmetric camber.
  • the camber of the side fin is preferably in the range of 3% to 5% and, more preferably, is about 4%.
  • a particularly preferred camber which may be incorporated in the side fin of the present invention is that which is embodied in the Selig Donovan 7043 foil.
  • the surfcraft fin has a sweep of from about 25° to about 50°. More preferably, the sweep will be between about 30° and 45°. A particularly preferred sweep is an angle of about 35°.
  • the angle of the sweep typically being the angle between the symmetric-centre line of the ellipse and the base line of the fin.
  • a fin is designed "freehand", it may not have such an elliptical- segment shape.
  • An example of a freehand fin is one which has a shape based on the shape of a "dolphin fin". In such cases, nevertheless, approximate sweep angles can be determined by reference to a notional construction line.
  • the sweep is generally as described above, namely from about 25° to about 50°; preferably from about 30° to 45°, and more preferably about 30°.
  • the various design parameters of the surfcraft side fin of this invention may vary depending in the nature and size of the surfcraft. The desired parameters may also vary depending on the conditions in which the side fin is to be used.
  • the side fin of this invention preferably has a profile area of between about 7000mm 2 and 11 ,000mm 2 .
  • a profile area of between 8000mm 2 and 10,000mm 2 is more preferred.
  • a particularly preferred profile area is about 9000mm 2 .
  • the preferred profile area will however depend on the conditions in which the fin is intended to be used. A side fin having a larger profile area may be desirable in larger surf conditions and a smaller profile area may be desirable for fins used in light surf conditions.
  • a surfboard side fin according to this invention will have a span of between about 90mm and 140mm, A preferred range is between about 110mm and 125mm. In one embodiment of the invention, a particularly preferred span is about 120mm. Again, the actual preferred dimensions are likely to depend upon the conditions in which the side fin is to be used. A longer span may be desirable in conditions of larger surf.
  • the surfboard side fin preferably has an aspect ratio of between about 2.5 and 4.0.
  • a preferred aspect ratio is between about 3.0 and 3.5. In one embodiment of the invention, a particularly preferred aspect ratio is about 3.2.
  • the thickness:chord (t/c) ratio is substantially constant throughout the length of the fin.
  • a preferred t/c ratio range is from about 6% to about 12%. A more preferred range is between about 8% and 10%. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, a particularly preferred t/c ratio is about 9%.
  • the surfcraft side fin has a substantially rounded leading edge, meaning that the portions of the inside and outside surfaces of the fin which are immediately adjacent the leading edge are curved.
  • a surfcraft such as a surfboard, comprising one or more surfcraft side fins according to the first aspect of this invention.
  • the surfcraft preferably comprises two of said side fins, one being located between a centre line of the surfcraft and a first side rail of the surfcraft and the other of said fins being located between the centre line and a second side rail of said surfcraft, wherein the fins are orientated to provide lift when substantially only one of said side fins is travelling through water.
  • the side fins are orientated correctly meaning that the appropriate side fins are located adjacent the appropriate rails of the surfcraft.
  • the surfcraft will also include a centre fin located on said centre line and positioned rearward of the two side fins of this invention.
  • each of said two side fins are toed inwards, meaning that, at any point along the span, the leading edge of the fin is nearer said centre line than the trailing edge. It is preferred that each of said two side' fins are toed inwards by about 4° relative to the centre line.
  • the cant angle of each of said side fins is from about 7° to about 12°. In one embodiment of the invention, the preferred cant angle is about 10°.
  • the cant angle may be effected by having the fin tabs (which removably engage the surfboard by slotting into vertical cavities within the surfboard) angularly offset from the central plane of the fin.
  • the cant angle may be effected by having the tab-receiving cavities in the surfboard angled inwardly (and the tabs being in substantially the same plane as the side fin).
  • the surfcraft side fin of this invention may be sold as part of a kit.
  • a typical kit may include a centre fin (which would generally have a symmetrical cross section) and two side fins of this invention.
  • One of the side fins would be adapted to be attached near the rear left side rail of the surfcraft to generate lift in a leftwards direction and the other side fin (typically a mirror image of the first side fin) would be adapted to be attached near the rear right side rail of the surfcraft to generate lift in a leftwards direction.
  • Figures 1A and 1B are, respectively, a side view and a cross sectional view of the profile of a conventional "dolphin fin" surfboard side fin;
  • Figure 2 is a sketch illustrating change in the angle of attack of a fin as a surfboard turns
  • Figures 3A and 3B are sketches of typical graphs of lift against angle of attack and of drag against lift, respectively;
  • Figures 4A to 4C are side, cross sectional and front views, respectively, of the base profile of fin according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 5A to 5C are side, cross sectional and front views, respectively, of the base profile of a fin according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • Figures 6A to 6C, 7A to 7C and 8A to 8C are side, cross sectional and front views, respectively, of the base profile of fins (not being fins of the present invention) used in tests to determine the effect of sweep angle on fin performance;
  • Figure 9 is a graph showing the lift curves of lift coefficient v. angle of attack for the results of the tests on the fins of Figures 6, 7 and 8;
  • Figure 10 is a graph showing the lift/drag polar curves of drag coefficient v. lift coefficient for the results of the tests on the fins of Figures 6, 7 and 8;
  • Figures 11A to 11 C, 12A to 12C, 13A to 13C, 14A to 14C, 15A to 15C and 16A to 16C are side, cross sectional and front views of the base profile of fins according to embodiments of the present invention used in tests to determine the effect of camber on fin performance (said fins being substantially identical in all respects except for the camber);
  • Figures 17 to 22 are graphs showing the lift curves of lift coefficient v. angle of attack for the results of the tests on the fins of Figures 11 to 16;
  • Figures 23 and 24 are graphs showing the lift/drag polar curves of drag coefficient v. lift coefficient for the results of the tests on several of the fins of Figures 11 to 16;
  • Figures 25A to 25G are schematic representations of water flow over a surfboard side fin at varying angles of attack, namely 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° and 30°, respectively;
  • Figure 26 is a set of drawings representing different views of a side fin according to a preferred embodiment of this invention.
  • the fin 10 has an exposed body, which is adapted to project below the bottom surface of the surfboard, with opposed lateral surfaces 12, 14. Extending from the base of the exposed portion are one or more fixing projections, such as tabs 16, adapted to co-operate with cavities in fixing elements within the surfboard for removably fixing the fins to the board.
  • the illustrated fin has a pair of tabs 16 adapted for fitting to the fixing plugs of the fixing system described in US patent nos. 5,328,397, 5,464,359 and 5,671 ,081.
  • Figure 1A is a side view and Figure 1B is a plan cross-sectional view of a conventional prior art surfboard fin 10.
  • the item numbers designating particular parameters of the fin include span 18, chord 20 (at an arbitrary point), root chord 22, sweep (rake angle) 24, camber line 30, thickness and foil 34.
  • the typical prior art surfboard fin has a profile area very similar in shape to a "dolphin fin", having pronounced arcuate leading and trailing edges.
  • prior art fins of this type have a span of about 110 to 120mm, a base length (root chord) of about 100mm and a profile area of about 10,000mm 2 .
  • the inside lateral surface 12 of the prior art fin is flat - extending along the nose-to-tail line, whilst the outer lateral surface 14 is curved (convexed).
  • the camber line 30, being the centre line of the fin section, therefore follows a locus halfway between the inside and outer lateral surfaces, while the foil 34 (the offset between the camber line and surface) is equal to the camber offset at any point.
  • the fin thickness 32 is substantially constant over the length of the fin, usually about 6 to 9mm, such that the thickness:chord ratio of the fin increases significantly from the base to the tip.
  • the fins provide lateral stability to the surfboard by resisting lateral forces on the fin.
  • the maximum lateral resistance (eg lift) which can be provided by the fin will depend on a number of factors including the angle between the fin axis (as denoted by the nose-to-tail line) and its direction of travel through the water (ie the angle of attack). This is illustrated in Figure 2.
  • Figure 3A is a sketch of typical relationship between the lift (ie the maximum sideways force which the fin can resist) against the angle of attack. It can be seen that, up to a certain angle of attack, the lift performance of the fin increases but, with further increase in the angle of attack, then peaks and declines as the forward flow pattern around the fin stalls.
  • the shape of the lift v. angle of attack curve including the lift at 0°, gradient, the peak lift, the angle of attack at peak lift and the gradient of the drop-off in lift after the peak, is determined by design parameters of the fin.
  • Figure 3B is a sketch of a typical relationship between the drag (eg the resistance force to fin travel through the water) against the lift for the fin. It can be seen that the drag is minimised at zero lift and increases exponentially with increased lift. Again, the actual shape of the curve, including the rate of increase of the gradient, is determined by the design parameters of the fin.
  • the drag eg the resistance force to fin travel through the water
  • FIGS. 4A to 4C illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present invention, with dimensions as shown.
  • the design parameters of this fin include:
  • FIGS 5A to 5C and Figure 26 illustrate a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, with dimensions as shown.
  • the design parameters of this fin include:
  • Test 1 Effect of sweep.
  • the data collected during these tests included data on lift, drag and vertical force. These data were used to create lift and drag curves for each fin.
  • Figure 9 is a graph showing the lift curve resulting from plotting the lift co-efficient against the angle of attack.
  • the lift co-efficient increases substantially linearly with increasing angle of attack up until a critical angle (eg stall angle) beyond which the lift co-efficient plateaus or decreases, owing to the fin being in (or approaching) a stall situation.
  • Figure 10 is a graph showing the drag co-efficient of the relevant fins against the lift co-efficient. As can be seen, as the lift co-efficient increases the drag coefficient also increases. Up until a particular region of the graph, the drag coefficient increases generally linearly with increases in the lift co-efficient. However, at a particular region in the graph, the drag co-efficient rapidly increases as the lift co-efficient increases. This region represents the situation where the fins have gone into a stall or partial stall situation.
  • Figures 25A to 25G are schematic representations of water flow over a surfboard side fin (according to an embodiment of this invention) at varying angles of attack, namely 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° and 30°, respectively.
  • angles of attack namely 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° and 30°, respectively.
  • Figure 25F at a 25° angle of attack, the flow of water over the fin is non-uniform and the fin is in a partial stall situation.
  • the full stall situation is shown in Figure 25G where the angle of attack is 30° and there is a major disruption of the water flow over the fin.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Fittings On The Vehicle Exterior For Carrying Loads, And Devices For Holding Or Mounting Articles (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un aileron latéral présentant un profil cambré aérodynamique, destiné à un aquaplane, et présentant une cambrure comprise entre approximativement 2 % et approximativement 6 %, ladite cambrure étant sensiblement constante sur toute la longueur de l'aileron latéral, depuis un point adjacent à la base jusqu'à un point adjacent à la pointe dudit aileron.
PCT/AU2005/000007 2004-01-09 2005-01-07 Aileron de planche de surf WO2005066018A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2004900107 2004-01-09
AU2004900107A AU2004900107A0 (en) 2004-01-09 Surfboard fin

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005066018A1 true WO2005066018A1 (fr) 2005-07-21

Family

ID=34744196

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/AU2005/000007 WO2005066018A1 (fr) 2004-01-09 2005-01-07 Aileron de planche de surf

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2005066018A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8328593B2 (en) * 2004-12-17 2012-12-11 Kirby J Mead Low-drag fin and foil system for surfboards
WO2023193067A1 (fr) * 2022-04-09 2023-10-12 Neal Cameron Aileron de planche de surf et son procédé d'utilisation

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0059344A1 (fr) * 1981-02-27 1982-09-08 Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Planche à voile
US6059621A (en) * 1999-01-12 2000-05-09 Vogel; Richard High performance surfboard
US6149479A (en) * 1998-06-18 2000-11-21 Earth & Ocean Sports, Inc. Canted side fin wakeboard
US6322413B1 (en) * 1998-03-02 2001-11-27 Gregory M. Webber Fin
US20030166365A1 (en) * 2001-09-21 2003-09-04 Redmon James J. Water floatation board with curved fins

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0059344A1 (fr) * 1981-02-27 1982-09-08 Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Planche à voile
US6322413B1 (en) * 1998-03-02 2001-11-27 Gregory M. Webber Fin
US6149479A (en) * 1998-06-18 2000-11-21 Earth & Ocean Sports, Inc. Canted side fin wakeboard
US6059621A (en) * 1999-01-12 2000-05-09 Vogel; Richard High performance surfboard
US20030166365A1 (en) * 2001-09-21 2003-09-04 Redmon James J. Water floatation board with curved fins

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8328593B2 (en) * 2004-12-17 2012-12-11 Kirby J Mead Low-drag fin and foil system for surfboards
US8613636B2 (en) 2004-12-17 2013-12-24 Kirby J Mead Low-drag fin and foil system for surfboards
US8821205B2 (en) 2004-12-17 2014-09-02 Kirby J Mead Low-drag fin and foil system for surfboards
US9957020B2 (en) 2004-12-17 2018-05-01 Kirby J. Mead Low-drag fin and foil system for surfboards
US10894584B2 (en) 2004-12-17 2021-01-19 Kirby J. Mead Low-drag fin and foil system for surfboards
WO2023193067A1 (fr) * 2022-04-09 2023-10-12 Neal Cameron Aileron de planche de surf et son procédé d'utilisation

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