WO2005064246A1 - Refrigerating unit comprising an ultrasound-welded suction tube and a throttling tube - Google Patents

Refrigerating unit comprising an ultrasound-welded suction tube and a throttling tube Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005064246A1
WO2005064246A1 PCT/EP2004/053358 EP2004053358W WO2005064246A1 WO 2005064246 A1 WO2005064246 A1 WO 2005064246A1 EP 2004053358 W EP2004053358 W EP 2004053358W WO 2005064246 A1 WO2005064246 A1 WO 2005064246A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
throttle
intake manifold
pipe
tube
point
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2004/053358
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jürgen Eberle
Thomas Kranz
Werner Schmid
Original Assignee
BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH filed Critical BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH
Priority to US10/584,161 priority Critical patent/US20080016904A1/en
Priority to EP04804736A priority patent/EP1702184A1/en
Publication of WO2005064246A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005064246A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
    • F25B39/02—Evaporators
    • F25B39/022—Evaporators with plate-like or laminated elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B40/00—Subcoolers, desuperheaters or superheaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/05—Compression system with heat exchange between particular parts of the system
    • F25B2400/052—Compression system with heat exchange between particular parts of the system between the capillary tube and another part of the refrigeration cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/05—Compression system with heat exchange between particular parts of the system
    • F25B2400/054—Compression system with heat exchange between particular parts of the system between the suction tube of the compressor and another part of the cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/01—Geometry problems, e.g. for reducing size

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a refrigeration device with a throttle pipe and a suction pipe for refrigerant.
  • the throttle tube runs at least over part of its length in the interior of the intake manifold and emerges from the intake manifold to form an exit point.
  • the throttle pipe and the suction pipe are connected to one another at a further, second point of the suction pipe, at which outer surfaces of the throttle pipe and the suction pipe touch.
  • the invention further relates to a method for connecting the throttle and intake manifold.
  • the throttle tube is usually introduced into the interior of the intake pipe before entering an evaporator and is continued within the intake pipe to the evaporator.
  • this is intended to achieve a pre-cooling of the liquefied refrigerant guided in the throttle pipe.
  • the intake manifold and the throttle tube are connected to one another in a liquid-tight and gas-tight manner by soldering at this first point of the intake manifold, at which the throttle tube is led into the interior of the intake tube.
  • the material from which the throttle tube is made usually copper or a copper alloy, is changed in its structure by soldering in such a way that the throttle tube would bend easily without further attachment. For this reason, the part of the throttle tube located outside the intake manifold is guided parallel to the intake manifold over a certain length before entering the intake manifold and fixed to the intake manifold with an adhesive tape.
  • the tape is usually applied by hand.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a refrigerator of the type mentioned, in which the throttle tube introduced into the intake manifold is protected in a simple and inexpensive manner from kinking at the entry point into the intake manifold.
  • the object is achieved with a refrigeration device according to claim 1 and a method for connecting the suction and throttle tube of a refrigeration device according to claim 7.
  • the dependent claims relate to preferred configurations of the refrigerator.
  • a refrigeration device is provided with a throttle tube and a suction pipe for refrigerant, wherein the throttle pipe is inserted into and connected to the inside of the suction pipe at a first point of the suction pipe, and wherein the throttle pipe and the suction pipe at a further, second point of the intake manifold, on which outer surfaces of the throttle tube and the intake manifold touch, are connected to one another.
  • the outer surfaces of the throttle tube and the intake manifold are connected to one another by ultrasonic welding at the second connection point of the intake and throttle tube.
  • the ultrasonic welding is usually done so that the outer surfaces to be connected by the suction and throttle tube are brought into contact with one another and excited with high-frequency ultrasound.
  • the frequencies here can range from approximately 20,000 to 60,000 Hertz.
  • the two surfaces of the intake and throttle tube rub against each other and heat up so much that their contact surfaces fuse together.
  • the ultrasonic energy is supplied to the pipes to be connected via a so-called sonode.
  • the sonode amplifies the ultrasound generated, for example, by a piezo composite oscillator.
  • a piezo composite transducer is usually made up of several piezoceramic perforated disks that are clamped together via metallic end pieces.
  • the welding of suction and throttling pipe by means of ultrasonic welding has the advantage that the heat required for welding is released in a short time and exclusively on the contacting surfaces of the two pipes. Other regions of the pipes are at most heated by the flow of heat from the contact area. They therefore remain much cooler than e.g. when soldering is possible. Therefore, the structure of the metallic material from which the intake manifold and the throttle tube are made, mostly copper or a copper alloy, is not significantly changed. The mechanical strength properties of the material are therefore not changed. It is also a very inexpensive connection technology. Furthermore, the throttle tube can be fixed automatically to the intake manifold by means of ultrasonic welding, which is not the case when fixing with the aid of an adhesive tape. This should still be done by hand. The elimination of the adhesive tape also saves material.
  • the second point at which the outer surfaces of the throttle and intake manifold are connected to one another by means of ultrasonic welding is approximately 5 mm to 20 mm, in particular about 5 mm to 15 mm, more particularly about 10 mm, spaced from the first point at which the throttle tube enters the interior of the intake manifold.
  • the throttle tube can be guided into the interior of the intake manifold in a variety of ways.
  • the suction pipe may have a puncture or an entry hole for the throttle pipe in its wall, for example.
  • a connection pipe which has a connection point on one side for an end of a first partial suction pipe and a throttle pipe and is therefore widened.
  • the second partial intake manifold and the throttle tube are inserted into the expansion.
  • Another possibility is to provide one of the partial suction pipes with a cover at one of its ends, which has an insertion hole for the second partial suction pipe and an entry hole for the throttle pipe.
  • the suction pipe has a larger diameter at the first point than at the second point.
  • the second point at which a part of the throttle tube located outside the intake manifold is fixed to the intake manifold by ultrasonic welding, is preferably downstream of the first point at which the throttle tube enters the intake manifold, with respect to the refrigerant flowing in the intake manifold entry.
  • the refrigeration device according to the invention can, for example, be a refrigerator or freezer, for example for domestic use.
  • the present invention also includes a method for connecting a suction pipe of a refrigeration device to a throttle pipe.
  • the method has the following steps: leading the throttle tube out of the interior of the intake manifold at a first point of the intake manifold serving as an exit point; Connecting the suction pipe and the throttle pipe at the first point, in particular by soldering; Bringing an outer surface of a part of the throttle tube located outside the intake manifold into contact with an outer surface of the intake manifold at a second location of the intake manifold; Connect the suction pipe and the throttle pipe at the second point.
  • the outer surfaces of the intake manifold and the throttle tube are connected to one another by ultrasonic welding.
  • the method steps mentioned are preferably carried out in the order listed above.
  • the throttle tube can first be inserted into the interior of the intake manifold, then the throttle tube can be fixed to the intake manifold by means of ultrasonic welding for later protection against kinking, and then the throttle tube and the intake manifold can be connected to each other at the entry point of the throttle tube, which is preferably done by soldering ,
  • FIG. 1 shows a part of an evaporator 1 with a throttle tube 1 which supplies a refrigerant and a suction tube 2 which discharges the refrigerant, and the connection of the two tubes in front of the evaporator 1 in a sectional view.
  • the throttle tube 1 shows a throttle pipe 1 and a suction pipe 2 of a refrigeration device according to the invention.
  • the refrigerator itself is not shown because its structure is known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the refrigerator can be a refrigerator, for example.
  • the throttle tube 1 leads liquefied refrigerant to an evaporator 3 of the refrigeration device. It opens into a refrigerant line 4 of the evaporator 3, which, which cannot be seen from the detail shown, extends in a meandering manner over the entire surface of the evaporator 3.
  • the end of the refrigerant line 4 opens into a connection section 5 of the evaporator 3, into which the suction pipe 2 is inserted and fastened.
  • the suction pipe 2 leads the evaporated refrigerant away from the evaporator 3.
  • the intake manifold 2 and the throttle tube 1 are each thin-walled tubes with an inner diameter of a few millimeters in the case of the intake manifold 2 and fractions of a millimeter in the case
  • the throttle tube 1 In front of the evaporator 3, the throttle tube 1 enters the intake manifold 2 at a first point A of the intake manifold 2 and is continued up to the evaporator 3 in the intake manifold 2 until it ends in the connection section 5 of the evaporator 3.
  • the liquefied refrigerant guided in the throttle tube 1 is pre-cooled by heat exchange with the evacuated, evaporated refrigerant in the intake manifold 2.
  • the suction pipe 2 is formed from at least two partial suction pipes 9 and 10, which are connected to one another in a liquid-tight and gas-tight manner by a connecting pipe 11.
  • the partial suction pipe 10 directly connected to the evaporator 3 is connected at one of its ends to the connecting pipe 11, which has a first point A, which is widened and has an outlet point for the throttle pipe.
  • the connecting pipe 11 which has a first point A, which is widened and has an outlet point for the throttle pipe.
  • the throttle tube 1 is continued up to the evaporator 3 in the partial intake manifold 10.
  • the partial suction pipe 9 and the throttle pipe 1 are tightly connected to the partial suction pipe 10 by soldering at the widening of the connecting pipe 11.
  • the throttle tube 1 is inserted at point A of the intake manifold 2 through a puncture in the wall of the intake manifold 2 or the connecting tube 11 or an entry hole into the intake manifold 2 is.
  • the suction pipe 2 could then be configured in one piece.
  • the connecting pipe 11 at the first point A with a cover which has two through holes, one for inserting the partial suction pipe 9 and one for inserting the throttle pipe 1.
  • the throttle pipe 1 and the suction pipe 2 would also come on in this case the entry point of the throttle tube 1 in the intake manifold 2 connected by soldering.
  • the intake manifold 2 and the throttle tube 1 are usually made of copper or a copper alloy. When soldering, the structure of the copper material is changed, which leads to an impairment of the strength properties of the copper material.
  • the throttle tube 1 can therefore bend slightly under mechanical stress at the soldered entry point into the intake manifold 2. In order to prevent this, the throttle tube 1 is fixed at a further, second point B to the intake manifold 2 by means of ultrasonic welding. At this point B, the throttle tube 1 is located outside the intake manifold 2.
  • the second location B of the intake manifold 2 is thus downstream of the first location A of the intake manifold 2 with respect to the refrigerant guided in the intake manifold 2 the first point A and the second point B are spaced apart by approximately 5 mm to 20 mm, preferably approximately 5 mm to 15 mm and particularly preferably approximately 10 mm.
  • a connection of the throttle tube 1 and the intake manifold 2 at the two points A and B can be carried out, for example, as follows:
  • the throttle tube 1 is led out of the interior of the intake manifold 2 at point A and connected to it by soldering. Thereafter, an outer surface of a part of the throttle tube 1 located outside the intake manifold 2 is brought into contact with an outer surface of the intake manifold 2 at point B, ie the throttle tube 1 is placed on the intake manifold 2.
  • the contacting outer surfaces of throttle tube 1 and intake manifold 2 are connected to one another by ultrasonic welding. This is done by excitation with high-frequency ultrasound. The frequencies here can range from around 20 000 to 60,000 hertz.
  • the surfaces of the throttle tube 1 and the suction tube 2 rub against each other and heat up so strongly that their contact surfaces fuse with one another.
  • the ultrasonic energy is supplied via a so-called sonode.
  • the sonode amplifies the ultrasound generated, for example, by a piezo composite oscillator.
  • a piezo composite oscillator can be constructed from a plurality of piezoceramic perforated disks which are clamped together via metallic end pieces.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Non-Disconnectible Joints And Screw-Threaded Joints (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a refrigerating unit comprising a suction tube (1) and a throttling tube (2) for refrigerant, whereby the throttling tube (1), at a fist location (A) on the suction tube (2), is inserted inside the suction tube (2) and is joined thereto. In addition, the throttling tube (1) and the suction tube (2) are joined to one another at a second location (B) on the suction tube (2) at which outer surfaces of the throttling tube (1) and of the suction tube (2) touch. According to the invention, the outer surfaces of the throttling tube (1) and of the suction tube (2) are joined to one another at the second location (B) by ultrasound welding. The invention also relates to a method for joining the throttling tube (1) and the suction tube (2).

Description

Beschreibung Kältegerät mit ultraschallverschweißtem Saug- und Drosselrohr Description Refrigeration unit with ultrasonically welded suction and throttle tube
[001] Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Kältegerät mit einem Drosselrohr und einem Saugrohr für Kältemittel. Das Drosselrohr verläuft zumindest über einen Teil seiner Länge im Inneren des Saugrohrs und tritt unter Bildung einer Austrittsstelle aus dem Saugrohr aus. Des weiteren sind das Drosselrohr und das Saugrohr an einer weiteren, zweiten Stelle des Saugrohres, an der sich Außenflächen des Drosselrohres und des Saugrohres berühren, miteinander verbunden. Die Erfindung betrifft des Weiteren ein Verfahren zum Verbinden von Drossel- und Saugrohr.The present invention relates to a refrigeration device with a throttle pipe and a suction pipe for refrigerant. The throttle tube runs at least over part of its length in the interior of the intake manifold and emerges from the intake manifold to form an exit point. Furthermore, the throttle pipe and the suction pipe are connected to one another at a further, second point of the suction pipe, at which outer surfaces of the throttle pipe and the suction pipe touch. The invention further relates to a method for connecting the throttle and intake manifold.
[002] In Haushaltskältegeräten wird das Drosselrohr vor Eintritt in einen Verdampfer in der Regel in das Innere des Saugrohres hineingeführt und innerhalb des Saugrohres bis zum Verdampfer weitergeführt. Hiermit soll durch Wärmeaustausch mit dem abgesaugten, verdampften Kältemittel in dem Saugrohr eine Vorkühlung des in dem Drosselrohr geführten, verflüssigten Kältemittels erreicht werden. Üblicherweise werden das Saugrohr und das Drosselrohr an dieser ersten Stelle des Saugrohres, an der das Drosselrohr in das Innere des Saugrohres hineingeführt ist, durch Löten flüssigkeits- und gasdicht miteinander verbunden. Das Material aus dem das Drosselrohr besteht, meist handelt es sich um Kupfer oder eine Kupferlegierung, wird durch das Löten in seinem Gefüge so verändert, dass das Drosselrohr ohne weitere Befestigung leicht abknicken würde. Aus diesem Grund wird der außerhalb des Saugrohres befindliche Teil des Drosselrohres vor dem Eintritt in das Saugrohr über eine gewisse Länge parallel zu dem Saugrohr geführt und mit einem Klebeband an dem Saugrohr fixiert. Das Klebeband wird üblicherweise von Hand angebracht.In household refrigeration devices, the throttle tube is usually introduced into the interior of the intake pipe before entering an evaporator and is continued within the intake pipe to the evaporator. By means of heat exchange with the extracted, evaporated refrigerant in the intake pipe, this is intended to achieve a pre-cooling of the liquefied refrigerant guided in the throttle pipe. Usually, the intake manifold and the throttle tube are connected to one another in a liquid-tight and gas-tight manner by soldering at this first point of the intake manifold, at which the throttle tube is led into the interior of the intake tube. The material from which the throttle tube is made, usually copper or a copper alloy, is changed in its structure by soldering in such a way that the throttle tube would bend easily without further attachment. For this reason, the part of the throttle tube located outside the intake manifold is guided parallel to the intake manifold over a certain length before entering the intake manifold and fixed to the intake manifold with an adhesive tape. The tape is usually applied by hand.
[003] Eine weitere Möglichkeit der Fixierung des Drosselrohres an dem Saugrohr bestünde darin, das Drosselrohr um das Saugrohr zu wickeln. Dies könnte jedoch zu unerwünschten Geräuschen führen.Another possibility of fixing the throttle tube to the intake manifold would be to wind the throttle tube around the intake manifold. However, this could lead to undesirable noises.
[004] Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, ein Kältegerät der eingangs genannten Art anzugeben, bei welchem das in das Saugrohr hineingeführte Drosselrohr auf einfache und kostengünstige Weise vor einem Abknicken an der Eintrittsstelle in das Saugrohr geschützt ist.The object of the present invention is to provide a refrigerator of the type mentioned, in which the throttle tube introduced into the intake manifold is protected in a simple and inexpensive manner from kinking at the entry point into the intake manifold.
[005] Die Aufgabe wird gelöst mit einem Kältegerät nach Anspruch 1 und einem Verfahren zum Verbinden des Saug- und Drosselrohres eines Kältegeräts nach Anspruch 7. Die abhängigen Ansprüche beziehen sich auf bevorzugte Ausgestallungen des Kältegeräts.The object is achieved with a refrigeration device according to claim 1 and a method for connecting the suction and throttle tube of a refrigeration device according to claim 7. The dependent claims relate to preferred configurations of the refrigerator.
[006] Demnach wird ein Kältegerät mit einem Drosselrohr und einem Saugrohr für Kältemittel bereitgestellt, wobei das Drosselrohr an einer ersten Stelle des Saugrohres in das Innere des Saugrohres hineingeführt und mit diesem verbunden ist und wobei das Drosselrohr und das Saugrohr an einer weiteren, zweiten Stelle des Saugrohres, an der sich Außenflächen des Drosselrohres und des Saugrohres berühren, miteinander verbunden sind. Erfindungsgemäß sind die Außenflächen des Drosselrohres und des Saugrohres an der zweiten Verbindungsstelle von Saug- und Drosselrohr durch Ultraschallschweißen miteinander verbunden.Accordingly, a refrigeration device is provided with a throttle tube and a suction pipe for refrigerant, wherein the throttle pipe is inserted into and connected to the inside of the suction pipe at a first point of the suction pipe, and wherein the throttle pipe and the suction pipe at a further, second point of the intake manifold, on which outer surfaces of the throttle tube and the intake manifold touch, are connected to one another. According to the invention, the outer surfaces of the throttle tube and the intake manifold are connected to one another by ultrasonic welding at the second connection point of the intake and throttle tube.
[007] Das Ultraschallschweißen geschieht in der Regel so, dass die zu verbindenden Außenflächen von Saug- und Drosselrohr miteinander in Kontakt gebracht und mit hochfrequentem Ultraschall angeregt werden. Die Frequenzen können hier im Bereich von etwa 20 000 bis 60 000 Hertz liegen. Die beiden Oberflächen von Saug- und Drosselrohr reiben aneinander und erhitzen sich dabei so stark, dass ihre Kontaktflächen miteinander verschmelzen. In der Regel wird die Ultraschallenergie über eine sogenannte Sonode den zu verbindenden Rohren zugeführt. Die Sonode verstärkt dabei den beispielsweise von einem Piezoverbundschwinger erzeugten Ultraschall. Ein Piezoverbundschwinger ist in der Regel aus mehreren piezokeramischen Lochscheiben aufgebaut, die über metallische Endstücke miteinander verspannt sind.The ultrasonic welding is usually done so that the outer surfaces to be connected by the suction and throttle tube are brought into contact with one another and excited with high-frequency ultrasound. The frequencies here can range from approximately 20,000 to 60,000 Hertz. The two surfaces of the intake and throttle tube rub against each other and heat up so much that their contact surfaces fuse together. As a rule, the ultrasonic energy is supplied to the pipes to be connected via a so-called sonode. The sonode amplifies the ultrasound generated, for example, by a piezo composite oscillator. A piezo composite transducer is usually made up of several piezoceramic perforated disks that are clamped together via metallic end pieces.
[008] Das Verschweißen von Saug- und Drosselrohr mittels Ultraschallschweißen besitzt den Vorteil, dass die zum Verschweißen benötigte Wärme in kurzer Zeit und ausschließlich auf die einander berührenden Oberflächen der zwei Rohre lokalisiert freigesetzt wird. Andere Regionen der Rohre werden allenfalls durch Wärmefluss vom Berührungsbereich aus erhitzt. Sie bleiben daher wesentlich kühler, als dies z.B. beim Löten möglich ist. Daher wird das Gefüge des metallischen Materials aus dem das Saugrohr und das Drosselrohr bestehen, meist handelt es sich um Kupfer oder eine Kupferlegierung, nicht maßgeblich verändert. Die mechanische Festigkeitseigenschaften des Materials werden somit nicht verändert. Zudem handelt es sich um eine sehr kostengünstige Verbindungstechnik. Des weiteren kann das Fixieren des Drosselrohres an dem Saugrohr mittels Ultraschallschweißen automatisiert erfolgen, was beim bei dem Fixieren mithilfe eines Klebebandes nicht der Fall ist. Dies rmss derzeit noch von Hand angebracht werden. Der Wegfall des Klebebandes bringt auch eine Materialersparnis mit sich.The welding of suction and throttling pipe by means of ultrasonic welding has the advantage that the heat required for welding is released in a short time and exclusively on the contacting surfaces of the two pipes. Other regions of the pipes are at most heated by the flow of heat from the contact area. They therefore remain much cooler than e.g. when soldering is possible. Therefore, the structure of the metallic material from which the intake manifold and the throttle tube are made, mostly copper or a copper alloy, is not significantly changed. The mechanical strength properties of the material are therefore not changed. It is also a very inexpensive connection technology. Furthermore, the throttle tube can be fixed automatically to the intake manifold by means of ultrasonic welding, which is not the case when fixing with the aid of an adhesive tape. This should still be done by hand. The elimination of the adhesive tape also saves material.
[009] Vorzugsweise ist die zweite Stelle, an der die Außenflächen von Drossel- und Saugrohr mittels Ultraschallweißen miteinander verbunden sind, etwa 5 mm bis 20 mm, insbesondere etwa 5 mm bis 15 mm, weiter insbesondere etwa 10 mm, von der ersten Stelle beabstandet, an der das Drosselrohr in das Innere des Saugrohres eintritt.Preferably, the second point at which the outer surfaces of the throttle and intake manifold are connected to one another by means of ultrasonic welding is approximately 5 mm to 20 mm, in particular about 5 mm to 15 mm, more particularly about 10 mm, spaced from the first point at which the throttle tube enters the interior of the intake manifold.
[010] Das Drosselrohr kann auf verschiedenste Weise in das Innere des Saugrohres hineingeführt sein. Das Saugrohr kann in seiner Wandung beispielsweise einen Durchstich bzw. ein Eintrittsloch für das Drosselrohr aufweisen. Des weiteren besteht die Möglichkeit, ein Anschlussrohr vorzusehen, welches an einer Seite eine Anschlussstelle für ein Ende eines ersten Teilsaugrohres und eines Drosselrohres besitzt und daher aufgeweitet ist. In die Aufweitung sind das zweite Teilsaugrohr und das Drosselrohr eingesteckt. Eine weitere Möglichkeit besteht darin, eines der Teilsaugrohre an einem seiner Enden mit einem Deckel zu versehen, der ein Einsteckloch für das zweite Teilsaugrohr und ein Eintrittsloch für das Drosselrohr aufweist. Beispielsweise im Falle einer Aufweitung weist das Saugrohr an der ersten Stelle einen größeren Durchmesser auf als an der zweiten Stelle.The throttle tube can be guided into the interior of the intake manifold in a variety of ways. The suction pipe may have a puncture or an entry hole for the throttle pipe in its wall, for example. Furthermore, there is the possibility of providing a connection pipe which has a connection point on one side for an end of a first partial suction pipe and a throttle pipe and is therefore widened. The second partial intake manifold and the throttle tube are inserted into the expansion. Another possibility is to provide one of the partial suction pipes with a cover at one of its ends, which has an insertion hole for the second partial suction pipe and an entry hole for the throttle pipe. For example, in the case of expansion, the suction pipe has a larger diameter at the first point than at the second point.
[011] Mit dem Führen des Drosselrohres in dem Saugrohr unmittelbar vor dem Verdampfer wird eine Vorkühlung des in dem Drosselrohr zum Verdampfer hin geführten, verflüssigten Kältemittels mittels Wärmeaustausch mit dem in dem Saugrohr aus dem Verdampfer abgeführten, verdampften Kältemittel bewirkt. Daher befindet sich auch die zweite Stelle, an der ein außerhalb des Saugrohres gelegener Teil des Drosselrohres durch Ultraschallschweißen an dem Saugrohr fixiert wird, in Bezug auf das in dem Saugrohr strömende Kältemittel vorzugsweise strö- imngsabwärts der ersten Stelle, an der das Drosselrohr in das Saugrohr eintritt.By guiding the throttle tube in the suction tube immediately upstream of the evaporator, pre-cooling of the liquefied refrigerant conducted in the throttle tube to the evaporator is effected by means of heat exchange with the evaporated refrigerant discharged from the evaporator in the suction tube. Therefore, the second point, at which a part of the throttle tube located outside the intake manifold is fixed to the intake manifold by ultrasonic welding, is preferably downstream of the first point at which the throttle tube enters the intake manifold, with respect to the refrigerant flowing in the intake manifold entry.
[012] Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Kältegerät kann es sich beispielsweise um ein Kühloder Gefriergerät beispielsweise für den Hausgebrauch handeln.[012] The refrigeration device according to the invention can, for example, be a refrigerator or freezer, for example for domestic use.
[013] Die vorliegende Erfindung umfasst auch ein Verfahren zum Verbinden eines Saugrohres eines Kältegeräts mit einem Drosselrohr. Das Verfahren weist dabei folgende Schritte auf: Herausführen des Drosselrohres aus dem Inneren des Saugrohres an einer ersten als Austrittsstelle dienenden Stelle des Saugrohres; Verbinden des Saugrohres und des Drosselrohres an der ersten Stelle, insbesondere durch Löten; In- kontaktbringen einer Außenfläche eines außerhalb des Saugrohres befindlichen Teils des Drosselrohres mit einer Außenfläche des Saugrohres an einer zweiten Stelle des Saugrohres; Verbinden des Saugrohres und des Drosselrohres an der zweiten Stelle. Dabei werden die Außenflächen des Saugrohres und des Drosselrohres durch Ultraschallschweißen miteinander verbunden. Die genannten Verfahrensschritte werden vorzugsweise in der vorstehend aufgezählten Reihenfolge ausgeführt. Es besteht jedoch auch die Möglichkeit, diese in einer davon abweichenden Reihenfolge auszuführen. Beispielsweise kann zunächst das Drosselrohr in das Innere des Saugrohres eingeführt, dann das Drosselrohr an dem Saugrohr mittels Ultraschallschweißen zum späteren Schutz vor Abknicken fixiert und anschließend das Drosselrohr und das Saugrohr an der Eintrittstelle des Drosselrohres in das Saugrohr miteinander verbunden werden, was vorzugsweise durch Löten geschieht.[013] The present invention also includes a method for connecting a suction pipe of a refrigeration device to a throttle pipe. The method has the following steps: leading the throttle tube out of the interior of the intake manifold at a first point of the intake manifold serving as an exit point; Connecting the suction pipe and the throttle pipe at the first point, in particular by soldering; Bringing an outer surface of a part of the throttle tube located outside the intake manifold into contact with an outer surface of the intake manifold at a second location of the intake manifold; Connect the suction pipe and the throttle pipe at the second point. The outer surfaces of the intake manifold and the throttle tube are connected to one another by ultrasonic welding. The method steps mentioned are preferably carried out in the order listed above. However, it is also possible to order them in a different order perform. For example, the throttle tube can first be inserted into the interior of the intake manifold, then the throttle tube can be fixed to the intake manifold by means of ultrasonic welding for later protection against kinking, and then the throttle tube and the intake manifold can be connected to each other at the entry point of the throttle tube, which is preferably done by soldering ,
[014] Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung eines Ausführungsbeispiels mit Bezug auf die beigefügte Zeichnung. Es zeigt:Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of an embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawings. It shows:
[015] Fig. 1 einen Teil eines Verdampfers 1 mit einem ein Kältemittel zuführenden Drosselrohr 1 und einem das Kältemittel abführenden Saugrohr 2 und die Verbindung beider Rohre vor dem Verdampfer 1 in einer Schnittdarstellung.1 shows a part of an evaporator 1 with a throttle tube 1 which supplies a refrigerant and a suction tube 2 which discharges the refrigerant, and the connection of the two tubes in front of the evaporator 1 in a sectional view.
[016] Fig. 1 zeigt ein Drosselrohr 1 und ein Saugrohr 2 eines erfindungsgemäßen Kältegeräts. Das Kältegerät selbst ist nicht dargestellt, da dessen Aufbau dem Fachmann bekannt ist. Bei dem Kältegerät kann es sich beispielsweise um einen Kühlschrank handeln. Das Drosselrohr 1 führt verflüssigtes Kältemittel zu einem Verdampfer 3 des Kältegeräts hin. Es mündet in eine Kältemittelleilung 4 des Verdampfers 3, die sich, was aus dem dargestellten Ausschnitt nicht ersichtlich ist, mäanderartig über die gesamte Fläche des Verdampfers 3 erstreckt. Das Ende der Kältemittelleitung 4 mündet in einen Anschlussabschnitt 5 des Verdampfers 3, in den das Saugrohr 2 eingebracht und befestigt ist. Das Saugrohr 2 führt das verdampfte Kältemittel von dem Verdampfer 3 weg. Bei dem Saugrohr 2 und dem Drosselrohr 1 handelt es sich jeweils um dünnwandige Rohre mit einem Innendurchmesser von einigen Millimetern im Falle des Saugrohres 2 und Bruchteilen eines Millimeters im Falle des Drosselrohres 1.1 shows a throttle pipe 1 and a suction pipe 2 of a refrigeration device according to the invention. The refrigerator itself is not shown because its structure is known to the person skilled in the art. The refrigerator can be a refrigerator, for example. The throttle tube 1 leads liquefied refrigerant to an evaporator 3 of the refrigeration device. It opens into a refrigerant line 4 of the evaporator 3, which, which cannot be seen from the detail shown, extends in a meandering manner over the entire surface of the evaporator 3. The end of the refrigerant line 4 opens into a connection section 5 of the evaporator 3, into which the suction pipe 2 is inserted and fastened. The suction pipe 2 leads the evaporated refrigerant away from the evaporator 3. The intake manifold 2 and the throttle tube 1 are each thin-walled tubes with an inner diameter of a few millimeters in the case of the intake manifold 2 and fractions of a millimeter in the case of the throttle tube 1.
[017] Vor dem Verdampfer 3 tritt das Drosselrohr 1 an einer ersten Stelle A des Saugrohres 2 in das Saugrohr 2 ein und wird bis zum Verdampfer 3 in dem Saugrohr 2 weitergeführt bis dieses im Anschlussabschnitt 5 des Verdampfers 3 endet. Durch Führen des Drosselrohres 1 in dem Saugrohr 2 wird eine Vorkühlung des in dem Drosselrohr 1 geführten, verflüssigten Kältemittels durch Wärmeaustausch mit dem abgesaugten, verdampften Kältemittel in dem Saugrohr 2 bewirkt. Das Saugrohr 2 ist bei der dargestellten Ausführungsform aus mindestens zwei Teilsaugrohren 9 und 10 gebildet, die durch ein Anschlussrohr 11 miteinander flüssigkeits- und gasdicht verbunden sind. Das mit dem Verdampfer 3 unmittelbar verbundene Teilsaugrohr 10 ist an einem seiner Enden mit dem Anschlussrohr 11 verbunden, das eine erste Stelle A aufweist, die aufgeweitet ist und eine Austrittsstelle für das Drosselrohr besitzt. In die Aufweitung sind das Teilsaugrohr 9 und das Drosselrohr 1 eingeführt. Das Teilsaugrohr 9 endet in der Aufweitung. Das Drosselrohr 1 ist bis zum Verdampfer 3 in dem Teilsaugrohr 10 weitergeführt. Das Teilsaugrohr 9 und das Drosselrohr 1 sind an der Aufweitung des. Anschlussrohres 11 durch Löten dicht mit dem Teilsaugrohr 10 verbunden.In front of the evaporator 3, the throttle tube 1 enters the intake manifold 2 at a first point A of the intake manifold 2 and is continued up to the evaporator 3 in the intake manifold 2 until it ends in the connection section 5 of the evaporator 3. By guiding the throttle tube 1 in the intake manifold 2, the liquefied refrigerant guided in the throttle tube 1 is pre-cooled by heat exchange with the evacuated, evaporated refrigerant in the intake manifold 2. In the embodiment shown, the suction pipe 2 is formed from at least two partial suction pipes 9 and 10, which are connected to one another in a liquid-tight and gas-tight manner by a connecting pipe 11. The partial suction pipe 10 directly connected to the evaporator 3 is connected at one of its ends to the connecting pipe 11, which has a first point A, which is widened and has an outlet point for the throttle pipe. In the widening the partial suction pipe 9 and the throttle pipe 1 are introduced. The partial suction pipe 9 ends in the widening. The throttle tube 1 is continued up to the evaporator 3 in the partial intake manifold 10. The partial suction pipe 9 and the throttle pipe 1 are tightly connected to the partial suction pipe 10 by soldering at the widening of the connecting pipe 11.
[018] Abweichend von der dargestellten Figur ist auch eine Ausführungsform denkbar, bei der das Drosselrohr 1 an der Stelle A des Saugrohres 2 durch einen in der Wandung des Saugrohres 2 bzw. des Anschlussrohres 11 befindlichen Durchstich bzw. ein Eintrittsloch in das Saugrohr 2 hineingeführt ist. Das Saugrohr 2 könnte dann einteilig ausgestaltet sein. Auch wäre es denkbar, das Anschlussrohr 11 an der ersten Stelle A mit einem Deckel auszugestalten, der zwei Durchgangslöcher aufweist, eines zum Einstecken des Teilsaugrohres 9 und eines zum Einführen des Drosselrohres 1. Das Drosselrohr 1 und das Saugrohr 2 würden auch in diesem Fall an der Eintrittsstelle des Drosselrohres 1 in das Saugrohr 2 durch Löten miteinander verbunden.Deviating from the figure shown, an embodiment is also conceivable in which the throttle tube 1 is inserted at point A of the intake manifold 2 through a puncture in the wall of the intake manifold 2 or the connecting tube 11 or an entry hole into the intake manifold 2 is. The suction pipe 2 could then be configured in one piece. It would also be conceivable to design the connecting pipe 11 at the first point A with a cover which has two through holes, one for inserting the partial suction pipe 9 and one for inserting the throttle pipe 1. The throttle pipe 1 and the suction pipe 2 would also come on in this case the entry point of the throttle tube 1 in the intake manifold 2 connected by soldering.
[019] Das Saugrohr 2 und das Drosselrohr 1 bestehen in der Regel aus Kupfer oder einer Kupferlegierung. Beim Löten wird das Gefüge des Kupfermaterials verändert, was zu einer Beeinträchtigung der Festigkeitseigenschaften des Kupfermaterials führt. Das Drosselrohr 1 kann daher bei mechanischer Beanspruchung an der gelöteten Eintrittsstelle in das Saugrohr 2 leicht abknicken. Um dies zu verhindern ist das Drosselrohr 1 an einer weiteren, zweiten Stelle B mittels Ultraschallschweißen an dem Saugrohr 2 fixiert. An dieser Stelle B befindet sich das Drosselrohr 1 außerhalb des Saugrohres 2. Bei der dargestellten Ausführungsform befindet sich die zweite Stelle B des Saugrohres 2 in Bezug auf das in dem Saugrohr 2 geführte Kältemittel somit strö- mungsabwärts der ersten Stelle A des Saugrohres 2. Vorteilhafterweise sind die erste Stelle A und die zweite Stelle B in etwa 5 mm bis 20 mm, vorzugsweise etwa 5 mm bis 15 mm und besonders bevorzugt etwa 10 mm voneinander beabstandet.The intake manifold 2 and the throttle tube 1 are usually made of copper or a copper alloy. When soldering, the structure of the copper material is changed, which leads to an impairment of the strength properties of the copper material. The throttle tube 1 can therefore bend slightly under mechanical stress at the soldered entry point into the intake manifold 2. In order to prevent this, the throttle tube 1 is fixed at a further, second point B to the intake manifold 2 by means of ultrasonic welding. At this point B, the throttle tube 1 is located outside the intake manifold 2. In the embodiment shown, the second location B of the intake manifold 2 is thus downstream of the first location A of the intake manifold 2 with respect to the refrigerant guided in the intake manifold 2 the first point A and the second point B are spaced apart by approximately 5 mm to 20 mm, preferably approximately 5 mm to 15 mm and particularly preferably approximately 10 mm.
[020] Ein Verbinden des Drosselrohres 1 und des Saugrohres 2 an den beiden Stellen A und B kann beispielsweise folgendermaßen erfolgen: Das Drosselrohr 1 wird an der Stelle A aus dem Inneren des Saugrohres 2 herausgeführt und mit diesem durch Löten verbunden. Danach wird eine Außenfläche eines außerhalb des Saugrohres 2 befindlichen Teils des Drosselrohres 1 mit einer Außenfläche des Saugrohres 2 an der Stelle B in Kontakt gebracht, d.h. das Drosselrohr 1 wird an das Saugrohr 2 angelegt. Durch Ultraschallschweißen werden die sich berührenden Außenflächen von Drosselrohr 1 und Saugrohr 2 miteinander verbunden. Dies geschieht durch Anregung mit hochfrequentem Ultraschall. Die Frequenzen können hier im Bereich von etwa 20 000 bis 60 000 Hertz liegen. Durch den Ultraschall angeregt, reiben die Oberflächen des Drossehohres 1 und des Saugrohres 2 aneinander und erhitzen sich dabei so stark, dass ihre Kontaktflächen miteinander verschmelzen. 1h der Regel wird die Ultraschallenergie über eine sogenannte Sonode zugeführt. Die Sonode verstärkt dabei den beispielsweise von einem Piezoverbundschwinger erzeugten Ultraschall. Ein Piezoverbundschwinger kann aus mehreren piezokeramischen Lochscheiben aufgebaut sein, die über metallische Endstücke miteinander verspannt sind. Die vorstehend beschriebenen Verfahrensschritte zum Verbinden von Drosselrohr 1 und Saugrohr 2 an den Stellen A und B können auch in einer anderen als der be- schriebnen Reihenfolge erfolgen. Es ist beispielsweise denkbar zunächst das Drosselrohr 1 an der Stelle A aus dem Saugrohr 2 herauszuführen, anschließend das Drosselrohr 1 an der Stelle B durch Ultraschallschweißen an dem Saugrohr 2 zu fixieren und erst nachfolgend das Drosselrohr 1 und das Saugrohr 2 an der Stelle A miteinander zu verlöten. A connection of the throttle tube 1 and the intake manifold 2 at the two points A and B can be carried out, for example, as follows: The throttle tube 1 is led out of the interior of the intake manifold 2 at point A and connected to it by soldering. Thereafter, an outer surface of a part of the throttle tube 1 located outside the intake manifold 2 is brought into contact with an outer surface of the intake manifold 2 at point B, ie the throttle tube 1 is placed on the intake manifold 2. The contacting outer surfaces of throttle tube 1 and intake manifold 2 are connected to one another by ultrasonic welding. This is done by excitation with high-frequency ultrasound. The frequencies here can range from around 20 000 to 60,000 hertz. Excited by the ultrasound, the surfaces of the throttle tube 1 and the suction tube 2 rub against each other and heat up so strongly that their contact surfaces fuse with one another. As a rule, the ultrasonic energy is supplied via a so-called sonode. The sonode amplifies the ultrasound generated, for example, by a piezo composite oscillator. A piezo composite oscillator can be constructed from a plurality of piezoceramic perforated disks which are clamped together via metallic end pieces. The method steps described above for connecting throttle tube 1 and intake manifold 2 at points A and B can also be carried out in a sequence other than that described. For example, it is conceivable first to lead the throttle tube 1 out of the intake manifold 2 at point A, then to fix the throttle tube 1 at location B by ultrasonic welding on the intake manifold 2 and only then to close the throttle tube 1 and the intake manifold 2 at location A with one another solder.

Claims

AnsprücheExpectations
[001] Kältegerät mit einem Saugrohr (2) und einem Drosselrohr (1), das zumindest mit einem Teil seiner Länge im Inneren des Saugrohres (2) verläuft und unter Bildung einer Austrittssteile (A) aus dem Saugrohr (2) herausgeführt ist, wobei das Drosselrohr (1) und das Saugrohr (2) an einer zweiten Stelle (B) des Saugrohres (2), an der sich Außenflächen des Drossehohres (1) und des Saugrohres (2) berühren, miteinander verbunden sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Außenflächen des Drossehohres (1) und des Saugrohres (2) an der zweiten Stelle (B) durch Ultraschallschweißen miteinander verbunden sind.Refrigeration device with a suction pipe (2) and a throttle pipe (1), which extends at least with part of its length inside the suction pipe (2) and is led out from the suction pipe (2) to form an outlet part (A), wherein the throttle tube (1) and the intake manifold (2) are connected to one another at a second point (B) of the intake manifold (2) at which the outer surfaces of the throttle tube (1) and the intake manifold (2) touch, characterized in that the External surfaces of the throttle tube (1) and the suction tube (2) are connected to one another at the second point (B) by ultrasonic welding.
[002] Kältegerät nach Ansprach 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Stelle (B) etwa 5 mm bis 20 mm, vorzugsweise etwa 10 mm, von der ersten Stelle (A) beabstandet ist.Refrigerating appliance according spoke 1, characterized in that the second point (B) is about 5 mm to 20 mm, preferably about 10 mm, from the first point (A) spaced.
[003] Kältegerät nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sich die zweite Stelle (B) in Bezug auf das in dem Saugrohr (2) strömende Kältemittel strö- rmngsabwärts der Austrittsstelle (A) befindet.[003] Refrigeration device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the second point (B) is located downstream of the outlet point (A) with respect to the refrigerant flowing in the suction pipe (2).
[004] Kältegerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Austrittsstelle (A) an einem Anschlussrohr (11) vorgesehen ist, an dem stromabwärts sowohl der Saugrohr (2) als auch das Drosselrohr (1) flüssigkeits- und gasdicht festgesetzt ist.Refrigerating appliance according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the outlet point (A) is provided on a connecting pipe (11) on which downstream both the suction pipe (2) and the throttle pipe (1) are liquid and gas tight is fixed.
[005] Kältegerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Saugrohr (2) im Bereich der Austrittsstelle (A) eine Aufweitung oder einen Durchstich für das Drosselrohr (1) aufweist.Refrigerating appliance according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the suction pipe (2) in the region of the outlet point (A) has an expansion or a puncture for the throttle pipe (1).
[006] Verfahren zum Verbinden eines Saugrohres (2) eines Kältegeräts mit einem Dro sselrohr (1) aufweisend folgende Schritte:Herausführen des Drossehohres (1) aus dem Inneren des Saugrohres (2) an einer Austrittsstelle (A) des Saugrohres (2); Verbinden des Saugrohres (2) und des Drossehohres (1) an der Austrittsstelle (A), insbesondere durch Löten; hikontaktbringen einer Außenfläche eines außerhalb des Saugrohres (2) befindlichen Teils des Drosselrohres (1) mit einer Außenfläche des Saugrohres (2) an einer zweiten Stelle (B) des Saugrohres (2); Verbinden des Saugrohres (2) und des Drosselrohres (1) an der zweiten Stelle (B); dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Außenflächen des Saugrohres (2) und des Drosselrohres (1) an der zweiten Stelle (B) durch Ultraschallschweißen miteinander verbunden werden. Method for connecting a suction pipe (2) of a refrigeration device with a throttle pipe (1) comprising the following steps: leading the throttle pipe (1) out of the interior of the suction pipe (2) at an exit point (A) of the suction pipe (2); Connecting the suction pipe (2) and the throttle pipe (1) at the exit point (A), in particular by soldering; bringing an outer surface of a part of the throttle tube (1) located outside the intake manifold (2) into contact with an outer surface of the intake manifold (2) at a second location (B) of the intake manifold (2); Connecting the suction pipe (2) and the throttle pipe (1) at the second point (B); characterized in that the outer surfaces of the suction pipe (2) and the throttle pipe (1) at the second point (B) by ultrasonic welding be connected to each other.
PCT/EP2004/053358 2003-12-13 2004-12-08 Refrigerating unit comprising an ultrasound-welded suction tube and a throttling tube WO2005064246A1 (en)

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US10/584,161 US20080016904A1 (en) 2003-12-13 2004-12-08 Refrigerating Unit Comprising An Ultrasound-Welded Suction Tube And A Throttling Tube
EP04804736A EP1702184A1 (en) 2003-12-23 2004-12-08 Refrigerating unit comprising an ultrasound-welded suction tube and a throttling tube

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DE10360899A DE10360899A1 (en) 2003-12-23 2003-12-23 Refrigeration unit with ultrasonically welded suction and throttle tube
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DE10360899A1 (en) 2005-07-21
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CN1898508A (en) 2007-01-17
RU2006120460A (en) 2008-01-27
RU2375650C2 (en) 2009-12-10
US20080016904A1 (en) 2008-01-24

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