WO2005054768A1 - Echangeurs thermiques a deux fluides et procedes de fabrication d'une mousse metallique pour des echangeurs thermiques a deux fluides - Google Patents

Echangeurs thermiques a deux fluides et procedes de fabrication d'une mousse metallique pour des echangeurs thermiques a deux fluides Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005054768A1
WO2005054768A1 PCT/EP2004/013298 EP2004013298W WO2005054768A1 WO 2005054768 A1 WO2005054768 A1 WO 2005054768A1 EP 2004013298 W EP2004013298 W EP 2004013298W WO 2005054768 A1 WO2005054768 A1 WO 2005054768A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
foam
heat exchanger
fluid heat
celled
open
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2004/013298
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Karine Brand
Patrice Tochon
Pierre Mercier
Christoph Walther
Original Assignee
Wieland-Werke Ag
Commissariat A L'energie Atomique
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wieland-Werke Ag, Commissariat A L'energie Atomique filed Critical Wieland-Werke Ag
Publication of WO2005054768A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005054768A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/003—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by using permeable mass, perforated or porous materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/10—Cores; Manufacture or installation of cores
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/10—Cores; Manufacture or installation of cores
    • B22C9/105—Salt cores
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
    • B22C9/24—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings for hollow articles
    • B22C9/26—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings for hollow articles for ribbed tubes; for radiators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D25/00—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product
    • B22D25/005—Casting metal foams

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to two-fluid heat exchangers and to methods for manufacturing an anisotropic, open-celled metallic foam for two-fluid heat exchangers.
  • Two-fluid heat exchangers including open-celled metallic foam structures through which a liquid or gas phase can flow are already known.
  • Such structures show a significant potential regarding the heat transfer performance mainly because they provide a high surface area per unit volume for effectively exchanging heat.
  • the basic structures of such a kind are isotropic foams with properties being independent from any direction.
  • these structures with high heat transfer performance show a flow resistance that is too large.
  • DE 101 23 456 Al has disclosed a two-fluid heat exchanger consisting of metallic open-celled gradient foam.
  • the cells of the disclosed foam are connected in such a way that a fluid can flow through it.
  • the volume of the foam cells can vary along the path of the heat flux to be dissipated.
  • a gradient and consequently an anisotropy in the thermal conductivity and in the flow resistance are achieved.
  • DE 101 23 456 Al it is intended to vary the cell volume depending on the temperature difference or the velocity of the heat transport. Further heat exchanger components are connected to the foam, whereas the components and the open-celled metallic foam can be cast in one piece.
  • DE 39 06 446 Al has also disclosed a two-fluid heat exchanger with a heat exchanger body containing channels the media can flow through.
  • the inside of said channels are provided with a body made of foam through which the fluids can flow.
  • the foam body has a variable pore size in radial direction relative to the channel axis. If the pore size increases in radial direction, then an increased flow of the medium will occur in the outside areas of the radius.
  • WO 02/42707 Al discloses a two-fluid heat exchanger including gradient metallic foam.
  • the heat exchanger comprises flow passages for a first fluid, the outer wall of these passages being in heat-transferring contact with a body made of metallic foam through which a second fluid flows.
  • This metal foam has a gradient regarding the volume density of the metal, so that it is possible to achieve a favorable equilibrium between heat transfer and conduction, on the one hand, and flow resistance, on the other hand.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a two-fluid heat exchanger having good heat transfer performance and a lower flow resistance than the above described heat exchangers from the state of the art.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a cost-effective method for manufacturing a metallic foam for said two-fluid heat exchanger.
  • this object is achieved by a two-fluid heat exchanger according to claim 1, by a two-fluid heat exchanger according to claim 2, by a method according to claim 13, by a method according to claim 14, by a method according to claim 16, and by a method according to claim 17.
  • the object is achieved by using a foam as described in the characterizing portion of claim 1 or in the characterizing portion of claim 2, respectively.
  • the pores of said foam have lens-like or rod-like shape, respectively. In dependence upon the cut position the open pores appear to be circular or ellipsoidal.
  • One particular advantage of such foam structures resides in the high thermal performance obtained with a small flow resistance.
  • the foam used can serve different functions. On the one hand, the foam serves, for instance, for improving the heat transfer in the fluid flow. On the other hand, the foam can also be used for reducing the noise arising from the flow in the heat exchanger, e.g. at the air outlet of air/refrigerant heat exchangers. Furthermore, such foams can be used as supporting or stabilizing components in the constructive design. In the two-fluid heat exchanger according to claim 2 each layer provides another function, for instance, regarding the heat transfer, noise reduction, or stability.
  • a large number of materials can be considered to be suitable for open-celled foam structures used in the two-fluid heat exchangers according to the invention. Therefore, the foam materials can be selected for each specific application, whereby in particular the easy and cost- effective processing properties of the material should be considered.
  • a particularly advantageous and thus preferred embodiment of the invention proposes that the open-celled structure can be made of metal, carbon or further ceramics, or composites. Different material combinations also guarantee a sufficient variability with regard to the respective constructive design.
  • the porosity being defined as the ratio of the empty volume over the total volume, ranges between 80% and 99%.
  • the spatial limitation of the individual pores volume lacks in case of open-celled structures.
  • the volume of the pores can be defined by the space limited by ligaments and node points.
  • the extent of the pore volumes and their distribution is usually described in the literature by the pore number of the structure, measured in any linear direction of the structure. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the number of pores can range between 1 and 100 ppi (pores per inch), measured in any linear direction. In particular it is advantageous to select a pore number between 5 and 60 ppi.
  • the geometry of the pores is predetermined by a three- dimensional cross-linking of ligaments and their shape.
  • rounded ligaments are formed during manufacturing the structure, meeting each other at the node points.
  • the ligaments are partially tapered, whereas the node points are thickened.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention proposes that it is possible to develop the ligaments cross section of said structure substantially in oval or polygonal shape.
  • the boundary layer of the fluid flow can be developed either favorable or even inhibiting to the flow, in or- der to possibly regulate the heat transfer between the ligament materials and the fluid and in particular to promote it.
  • the ligaments can either be hollow or full.
  • hollow ligaments allow with relatively small material amount for a particular stability of the structure against mechanical stress, as well as for high surface area per unit volume.
  • a particularly advantageous and thus preferred modification of the invention provides to arrange additional macroscopic flow channels, partially or entirely penetrating the open-celled structure.
  • Additionnal channels are considered to be macroscopic if their volume differs from the pore volume of at least a factor of 5.
  • fluids, especially liquid/gas mixtures can be drained off the structure favorably and easily during phase-change processes in the heat exchangers. This is very important in case of condensation or evaporation processes.
  • Straight flow channels represent the easiest constructive design.
  • the flow channels can also extent in meander or zigzag shape, wherein the fluid flow in the open- celled structure will be optimized.
  • the heat exchanger has at least one distribution element suitable for two-phase flows and at least one distribution element is partially or fully filled with a three-dimensional, anisotropic, open-celled structure.
  • the structure serves for homogeneously distributing the liquid/gas mixture into the respective channels of the heat exchanger.
  • the structure is shaped to provide favorable flow features, in particular of two-phase flows. I.e., with respect to two-phase heat exchangers, that the foam insert is shaped in order to reduce the flow resistance.
  • the forming liquid has to be drained effectively out of the foam insert, whereas for evaporation processes, the forming vapor has to be disengaged rapidly out of the foam insert.
  • a foam compressed in at least one direction is being used as a mold for manufacturing the three- dimensional, anisotropic, open-celled structure.
  • Compressed foams can either be deformed permanently or - as an alternative - elastic deformations can also be suitable if an appropriate supporting device is provided during the deformation process to stabilize this deformation.
  • Deformations in one direction usually lead to lens-shaped pore structures, whereas deformations in two directions preferably perpendicular to one another lead to rod-shaped and rounded structures.
  • the space holders used in the method according to claim 16 can originally have the geometrical shape of the pores generated during the sintering process.
  • dissolvable materials such as plaster, salts, ceramics or resins are particularly appropriate as space holder material.
  • the space holders used in the method according to claim 17 are made of a heat resistant material, withstanding the temperatures arising during the pressure cast process. Again, the geometrical shape of the space holders corresponds to the pores generated in the further course of the manufacture. And again, dissolvable materials, such as plaster, salts or ceramics are suitable.
  • Figure la shows a cubic foam body with three directions in space perpendicular to one another in order to illustrate precisely the following figures;
  • Figures lb-d show schematically the cross-section of an anisotropic foam structure, which section is perpendicular to the direction in space [A], [B], and [C], respectively, shown in Figure la;
  • Figure 2 shows schematically a cutout of a two-fluid heat exchanger according to the invention
  • Figure 3 shows schematically a cutout of a two-fluid heat exchanger according to the invention, with additional macroscopic flow channels
  • Figure 4 shows schematically a cutout of a two-fluid heat exchanger according to the invention, with foam inserts designed to provide favorable flow features.
  • Fig. la shows a cubic body made of a foam structure with three directions in space [A], [B], and [C], perpendicular one to another.
  • the directions in space are perpendicular to the corresponding cross sections (A), (B), and (C).
  • the aim of this Figure is to precise the illustrations of the following Figures.
  • Fig. lb shows schematically the cross section of an anisotropic foam structure perpendicular to the direction [A].
  • the illustrated open-celled structure shows pores 1 in different sizes, which sizes correspond to a statistical distribution.
  • the porosity is defined by the ligaments 2 and the conjuncture of ligaments through node points 3.
  • This cross section represents an isotropic structure.
  • FIG. lc Another cross section (B) of the anisotropic foam structure is shown in Figure lc.
  • the anisotropy is clarified in this cross-section, since the structure appears to be compressed in direction [A].
  • a compression in this direction affects the cross section (C), as shown in Figure Id, so that it exhibits the same appearance as cross section (B).
  • Figures 2a and b show schematically a cutout of two cross-sections extending perpendicular to one another of a two-fluid heat exchanger according to the invention; the cutout is taken at a location where the heat exchange takes place.
  • the illustration shows foam inserts 5 made of a three-dimensional, anisotropic, open-celled foam consisting of a three-dimensional network of ligaments and node points forming lens-like shaped pores, disposed between separating walls 4.
  • flat tubes are utilized as separating walls 4.
  • a first fluid 6 and a second fluid 7 flow through the foam structure and the tubes, respectively, so that both fluids run in cross flow, separated one from another.
  • Said anisotropic, open-celled foam is oriented to provide simultaneously a small flow resistance for the first fluid 6 and enough heat exchange surface. Furthermore, this type of structure provides enough material at the contact areas be- tween foam structure 5 and separating walls 4, where the heat needs essentially to be dissipated.
  • Figure 3a-c illustrates schematically a cutout of a two-fluid heat exchanger, similar to Figure 2.
  • a first fluid 6 and a second fluid 7 flow again through the foam structure and the tubes, respectively, yet so that both fluids run in counterflow, separated one from another.
  • the anisotropic open-celled foam is also oriented to simultaneously provide a small flow resistance for the first fluid 6 and enough heat exchange surface.
  • macroscopic flow channels 8 are placed in the foam structure. Said channels allow fluids during phase-change processes, such as condensation or evaporation, to drain off the foam structure particularly favorably and easily.
  • the flow channels 8 can have different rounded, squared or also stretched cross- sections, as shown in Figure 4b.
  • Figure 4c shows examples for the channel run, such as a straight, a meander and a zigzag shape.
  • Figure 4a-c shows schematically a cutout of a two-fluid head exchanger, similar to Figure 2.
  • the anisotropic open-celled foam is again oriented to provide simultaneously a small flow resistance for the first fluid 6 and enough heat exchange surface.
  • the foam insert 5 is shaped for favorable flow, in particular for two-phase flows, such as condensation and evaporation.
  • the wedge form void part at the exit of the flow channel assists the forming vapor to exit the foam structure quicker, and hence enhances the evaporation process.
  • E.g. one method for manufacturing an anisotropic, open-celled, metallic foam for the two- fluid heat exchanger according to the invention, having full ligaments 2 comprises the following steps: using an anisotropic open-celled foam, in particular a plastic foam, preferably a poly- urethane foam, as a mold, casting a material, preferably a heat-resistant material in liquid state, into the three- dimensional cavities of the mold and subsequently hardening it, removing the mold-forming material by way of appropriate treatment, particularly by heating or burning; wherein the remaining cast material then constitutes a negative form with cavities, pressure casting the liquid metal in the remaining cavities and solidifying it, and, removing the negative form.
  • an anisotropic open-celled foam in particular a plastic foam, preferably a poly- urethane foam
  • a method for manufacturing an anisotropic, open-celled, metallic foam for the two-fluid heat exchanger according to the invention, having hollow ligaments 2 comprises the following steps: using an anisotropic open-celled foam, in particular a plastic foam, preferably a poly- urethane foam, as a mold, layering the mold with metallic particles to achieve a full and homogeneous coating of the entire mold surface, sintering the metallic particles, and removing the mold by way of appropriate treatment, particularly heat treatment.
  • an anisotropic open-celled foam in particular a plastic foam, preferably a poly- urethane foam
  • a further method for manufacturing an anisotropic, open-celled, metallic foam for the two- fluid heat exchanger according to the invention, having full ligaments 2 comprises the following steps: mixing and compacting lens-like or rod-like shaped space holders, particularly of heat resistant material, with metallic particles, solvents and/or binders, removing the space holders, and then sintering the compacted metallic structure.
  • a still further method for manufacturing an anisotropic, open-celled, metallic foam for the two-fluid heat exchanger according to the invention, having full ligaments 2 comprises the following steps: compacting lens-like or rod-like shaped space holders, in particular of heat resistant material, pressure casting the liquid metal in the remaining cavities, and removing the space holders.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
  • Filtering Materials (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un échangeur thermique à deux fluides comprenant une mousse à cellules ouvertes, anisotrope, tridimensionnelle consistant en un réseau tridimensionnel de ligaments (2) et de points nodaux (3) formant des pores en forme de lentille ou de tige (1). Un autre échangeur thermique à deux fluides comprend une structure multicouches faite de mousses différentes à cellules ouvertes, tridimensionnelles sur au moins un côté de fluide, au moins une couche étant composée d'une mousse anisotrope consistant en un réseau tridimensionnel de ligaments (2) et de points nodaux (3) formant des pores en forme de lentille ou de tige (1). L'invention concerne aussi différents procédés de fabrication d'une mousse métallique à cellules ouvertes, anisotrope, pour les deux échangeurs thermiques à deux fluides.
PCT/EP2004/013298 2003-11-24 2004-11-24 Echangeurs thermiques a deux fluides et procedes de fabrication d'une mousse metallique pour des echangeurs thermiques a deux fluides WO2005054768A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP03026915A EP1533586B1 (fr) 2003-11-24 2003-11-24 Échangeur de chaleur de deux fluides avec une structure a pores ouvertes
EP03026915.3 2003-11-24

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005054768A1 true WO2005054768A1 (fr) 2005-06-16

Family

ID=34429428

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2004/013298 WO2005054768A1 (fr) 2003-11-24 2004-11-24 Echangeurs thermiques a deux fluides et procedes de fabrication d'une mousse metallique pour des echangeurs thermiques a deux fluides

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1533586B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE520002T1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2371240T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2005054768A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2124009A2 (fr) * 2008-05-20 2009-11-25 The Boeing Company Échangeur thermique mixte mousse en carbone / mousse en métal
EP2679946A1 (fr) 2012-06-29 2014-01-01 Filtrauto Structure poreuse pour fluide incorporant un conduit
WO2014062268A2 (fr) * 2012-08-09 2014-04-24 United Technologies Corporation Mousse nanocellulaire présentant un rapport résistance/densité élevé

Families Citing this family (10)

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FR2893329B1 (fr) * 2005-11-14 2008-05-16 Aluminium Pechiney Soc Par Act Cuve d'electrolyse avec echangeur thermique.
EP1870657A1 (fr) * 2006-06-24 2007-12-26 Colbond B.V. Échangeur de chaleur
EP2446211B1 (fr) * 2009-04-03 2018-03-21 Universiteit Gent Échangeur thermique amélioré
WO2011051106A1 (fr) * 2009-10-29 2011-05-05 Nv Bekaert Sa Fabrication d'un échangeur de chaleur à partir d'un milieu poreux et de conduits
JP5973921B2 (ja) * 2011-02-18 2016-08-23 住友電気工業株式会社 三次元網状アルミニウム多孔体、該アルミニウム多孔体を用いた集電体及び電極並びに該電極を用いた非水電解質電池、非水電解液を用いたキャパシタ及びリチウムイオンキャパシタ
CN103206879A (zh) * 2013-04-15 2013-07-17 江苏联合热交换系统有限公司 石墨泡沫材料换热器及其制备方法
DE102016226233A1 (de) * 2016-12-27 2018-06-28 Robert Bosch Gmbh Strömungsplatte
US20220113097A1 (en) * 2019-02-13 2022-04-14 Erg Aerospace Corporation Open Cell Foam Metal Heat Exchanger
EP3711736A1 (fr) * 2019-03-18 2020-09-23 Ontex BVBA Articles absorbants ayant une couche d'acquisition en mousse anisotrope
DE102020112004A1 (de) 2020-05-04 2021-11-04 Iav Gmbh Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto Und Verkehr Abgaswärmetauscher und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Abgaswärmetauschers

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JPS60294A (ja) * 1983-06-16 1985-01-05 Matsushita Seiko Co Ltd 発泡金属を用いた熱交換器
AT406350B (de) * 1993-07-29 2000-04-25 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Poröser metallischer werkstoff mit anisotropen eigenschaften
US6196307B1 (en) * 1998-06-17 2001-03-06 Intersil Americas Inc. High performance heat exchanger and method
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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2124009A2 (fr) * 2008-05-20 2009-11-25 The Boeing Company Échangeur thermique mixte mousse en carbone / mousse en métal
EP2124009A3 (fr) * 2008-05-20 2013-08-21 The Boeing Company Échangeur thermique mixte mousse en carbone / mousse en métal
EP2679946A1 (fr) 2012-06-29 2014-01-01 Filtrauto Structure poreuse pour fluide incorporant un conduit
WO2014062268A2 (fr) * 2012-08-09 2014-04-24 United Technologies Corporation Mousse nanocellulaire présentant un rapport résistance/densité élevé
WO2014062268A3 (fr) * 2012-08-09 2014-07-10 United Technologies Corporation Mousse nanocellulaire présentant un rapport résistance/densité élevé

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1533586B1 (fr) 2011-08-10
EP1533586A1 (fr) 2005-05-25
ES2371240T3 (es) 2011-12-28
ATE520002T1 (de) 2011-08-15

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