WO2004089206A1 - Method and apparatus for measuring temperature of a body - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for measuring temperature of a body Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004089206A1
WO2004089206A1 PCT/SG2004/000084 SG2004000084W WO2004089206A1 WO 2004089206 A1 WO2004089206 A1 WO 2004089206A1 SG 2004000084 W SG2004000084 W SG 2004000084W WO 2004089206 A1 WO2004089206 A1 WO 2004089206A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
temperature
image
greyscale
calibration
person
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SG2004/000084
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Albert Loh
Chai Lay Lee
Andy Wee Kok Tan
Kee Poh Koh
Simon Swee Ken Quek
Hun Kiat Tay
Moon Ming Seah
Original Assignee
Singapore Technologies Electronics Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Singapore Technologies Electronics Limited filed Critical Singapore Technologies Electronics Limited
Publication of WO2004089206A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004089206A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/01—Measuring temperature of body parts ; Diagnostic temperature sensing, e.g. for malignant or inflamed tissue
    • A61B5/015—By temperature mapping of body part

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the temperature of a body or object, of particular but by no means exclusive application in the measuring the temperature of a person for the detection of persons displaying symptoms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) .
  • SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
  • infrared imaging systems have been used for surveillance purposes, preventive maintenance and thermography applications.
  • Such systems are inaccurate, typically having a good resolution (of 0.1°C) but an accuracy of only ⁇ 2°C. Hence, such systems cannot be used to accurately measure the temperature of the body.
  • the present invention provides, therefore, a method of measuring the temperature of a object, comprising: creating image data corresponding to an image of said object by means of said infrared camera and representable as a greyscale image of said object; and establishing a temperature calibration for said greyscale image; deducing said temperature from said greyscale image and said temperature calibration.
  • the problem of lack of accurate infrared imaging systems is addressed by calibrating the infrared camera in terms of a greyscale image.
  • the image of the object such as a person
  • the image of the object may comprise an image of a portion of the object (such as the face of a person) .
  • the object could be an animal, plant, inanimate object, person, or any other object.
  • Preferably establishing the temperature calibration for the greyscale output comprises modifying a predetermined calibration of said greyscale output of said infrared camera that is suitable for a first set of environmental or usage conditions to be suitable for a second set of environmental or usage conditions . More preferably modifying the predetermined calibration comprises collecting at least one reference greyscale image of at least one reference thermal source in said second set of conditions and normalising said predetermined calibration according to said reference greyscale image.
  • a reference greyscale image would be collected for each of the one or more reference thermal sources.
  • the thermal source or sources may be provided in the infrared camera.
  • the first set of conditions and the second set of conditions are each characterizable in terms of ambient temperature .
  • the predetermined calibration may apply only when the ambient temperature is, say, 28°C (constituting in this example the first set of conditions) , but the second set of conditions may comprise an ambient temperature is, say, 32°C.
  • the sets of conditions may relate to the use of the infrared camera, such as whether it has been just switched on or has been in operation for an extended period.
  • the method includes establishing the temperature calibration at a temperature or over a temperature range approximating or corresponding to an expected range of said temperature.
  • the method includes establishing the temperature calibration at a temperature or over a temperature range approximating or corresponding to an expected range of said temperature, wherein said reference thermal source has a temperature in or at the limits of said range.
  • the method may include extrapolating a surface temperature of the object to a core temperature of the object, based on the known relationship between these values.
  • said method includes outputting said image in colour coded or greyscale form so that said temperature can be ascertained visually at one or more portions of said object.
  • the camera is replaced with an infrared detector with a field of view sufficiently narrow that a measure of the temperature of the person (or other object) can be ascertained by the method above.
  • This may be in the form, for example, of a spot thermometer boresighted to a CCD camera.
  • the invention provides a method of measuring the temperature of a person, comprising: creating image data corresponding to an image of said person by means of said infrared camera and representable as a greyscale image of said person; and establishing a temperature calibration for said greyscale image; deducing said temperature from said greyscale image and said temperature calibration.
  • the invention also provides an apparatus for measuring the temperature of an object, comprising: an infrared camera for outputting image data corresponding to or representable as a greyscale image of said object; and computing means; wherein said computing means is configured to receive said image data, to establish a temperature calibration for said greyscale image and to deduce said temperature from said greyscale image and said temperature calibration.
  • the computing means is operable to establish the temperature calibration for the greyscale image by modifying a predetermined calibration that is suitable for a first set of environmental or usage conditions to be suitable for a second set of environmental or usage conditions. More preferably the computing means is operable to modify the predetermined calibration by employing at least one reference greyscale image of at least one reference thermal source in the second set of conditions and normalizing the predetermined calibration according to the reference greyscale image.
  • the infrared camera may include the thermal source or sources .
  • the apparatus includes a display. More preferably the display is a printer or a video screen or a numerical readout of temperature (either at one or more points of said person or as an average) .
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view of an apparatus for screening people for SARS infection according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view of the apparatus of figure 1 set up for use in screening people for SARS infection;
  • Figure 3 is a graph of calibration results for the camera of the apparatus of figure 1 performed at different distances between reference thermal source and camera;
  • Figure 4 is a graph of calibration results for the camera of the apparatus of figure 1 performed at a fixed distance but under varying conditions as a check on repeatability;
  • Figure 5 are infrared images collected by means of the apparatus of figure 1.
  • FIG 1 An apparatus screening people for SARS infection according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown schematically in figure 1, generally at 10.
  • the apparatus 10 is a fast, non-intrusive, passive and reliable system for mass screening of people for possible SARS infections. It is essentially a non-contact measurement of human body temperature to detect a person with fever from a remote distance of more than 1 m.
  • the apparatus 10 can be deployed at airport terminal, causeway check point, seaport check point, hospitals, clinic, schools, convention halls, etc.
  • the apparatus 10 could also be adapted for similar applications to measure accurately temperatures of animals, plants, inanimate and other objects .
  • the apparatus 10 includes an accurately calibrated passive infrared camera 12. An image, once obtained by means of the camera 12, is outputted as greyscale image 14 to personal computer 16 where it is processed electronically and then displaying as a false colour picture 18 on video display monitor 20.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view of apparatus 10 set up for screening for SARS . It is envisaged that the apparatus 10 would be in portable form for deployment at entrances where there is a constant flow of people.
  • the apparatus 10 is configured to screen both tall and short people
  • the apparatus 10 is preferably automated for use with a motorised gate that opens automatically only when the person is detected to have normal temperature.
  • Figures 3 and 4 are graphs of typical calibrations under various conditions.
  • Figure 3 is a graph of calibration results for the camera 12 performed at different distances between reference thermal source and camera
  • figure 4 is a graph of calibration results for the camera 12 performed at a fixed distance but under varying conditions as a check on repeatability.
  • the apparatus 10 can be quickly calibrated by using a single temperature setting. This is to correct for any change in the temperature of the environment or temperature sensor. This can be seen in figure 4, where the gradient remains fairly constant.
  • the color temperature of the image can then be set to indicate a person with normal, feverish or fever temperature.
  • the processing is done by the video graphic card in the personal computer 16 before the final picture 18 of the person is displayed on the color monitor 20.
  • a spot thermometer boresighted to a CCD camera is used instead of the camera.
  • the system is be pointed accurately at, preferably, the forehead of the person to be screened.
  • an alarm can be set to indicate that the person has a fever.

Abstract

A method and apparatus measuring the temperature of an object (such as a person), comprising creating image data corresponding to an image of the object by means of the infrared camera (12) and representable as a greyscale image (14) of the object, establishing a temperature calibration for the greyscale image, and deducing the temperature from the greyscale image and the temperature calibration. The image (14) may be outputted in colour coded (18) or greyscale form so that the temperature can be ascertained visually at one or more portions of the object.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE OF A BODY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the temperature of a body or object, of particular but by no means exclusive application in the measuring the temperature of a person for the detection of persons displaying symptoms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) .
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
One existing method of screening people for diseases that induce fever is by means of visual and using clinical thermometer to measure the body temperature of each person. For example, any person with a measured temperature of 38°C and above is considered to be potentially infected with SARS. This is based on the key indicator that a suspected SARS infection will have a onset of high fever. However, such a method of screening requires close contact with the suspected person and is very slow.
More generally, infrared imaging systems have been used for surveillance purposes, preventive maintenance and thermography applications. However such systems are inaccurate, typically having a good resolution (of 0.1°C) but an accuracy of only ±2°C. Hence, such systems cannot be used to accurately measure the temperature of the body.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides, therefore, a method of measuring the temperature of a object, comprising: creating image data corresponding to an image of said object by means of said infrared camera and representable as a greyscale image of said object; and establishing a temperature calibration for said greyscale image; deducing said temperature from said greyscale image and said temperature calibration.
Thus, the problem of lack of accurate infrared imaging systems is addressed by calibrating the infrared camera in terms of a greyscale image. It will be understood that the image of the object (such as a person) , as in common usage, may comprise an image of a portion of the object (such as the face of a person) .
The object could be an animal, plant, inanimate object, person, or any other object.
Preferably establishing the temperature calibration for the greyscale output comprises modifying a predetermined calibration of said greyscale output of said infrared camera that is suitable for a first set of environmental or usage conditions to be suitable for a second set of environmental or usage conditions . More preferably modifying the predetermined calibration comprises collecting at least one reference greyscale image of at least one reference thermal source in said second set of conditions and normalising said predetermined calibration according to said reference greyscale image.
Preferably a reference greyscale image would be collected for each of the one or more reference thermal sources.
The thermal source or sources may be provided in the infrared camera.
Preferably the first set of conditions and the second set of conditions are each characterizable in terms of ambient temperature .
Thus, the predetermined calibration may apply only when the ambient temperature is, say, 28°C (constituting in this example the first set of conditions) , but the second set of conditions may comprise an ambient temperature is, say, 32°C.
Alternatively, the sets of conditions may relate to the use of the infrared camera, such as whether it has been just switched on or has been in operation for an extended period.
In one embodiment, the method includes establishing the temperature calibration at a temperature or over a temperature range approximating or corresponding to an expected range of said temperature.
In one embodiment, the method includes establishing the temperature calibration at a temperature or over a temperature range approximating or corresponding to an expected range of said temperature, wherein said reference thermal source has a temperature in or at the limits of said range.
Typically the method may include extrapolating a surface temperature of the object to a core temperature of the object, based on the known relationship between these values.
Preferably said method includes outputting said image in colour coded or greyscale form so that said temperature can be ascertained visually at one or more portions of said object.
In one aspect, the camera is replaced with an infrared detector with a field of view sufficiently narrow that a measure of the temperature of the person (or other object) can be ascertained by the method above. This may be in the form, for example, of a spot thermometer boresighted to a CCD camera. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of measuring the temperature of a person, comprising: creating image data corresponding to an image of said person by means of said infrared camera and representable as a greyscale image of said person; and establishing a temperature calibration for said greyscale image; deducing said temperature from said greyscale image and said temperature calibration.
The invention also provides an apparatus for measuring the temperature of an object, comprising: an infrared camera for outputting image data corresponding to or representable as a greyscale image of said object; and computing means; wherein said computing means is configured to receive said image data, to establish a temperature calibration for said greyscale image and to deduce said temperature from said greyscale image and said temperature calibration.
Preferably the computing means is operable to establish the temperature calibration for the greyscale image by modifying a predetermined calibration that is suitable for a first set of environmental or usage conditions to be suitable for a second set of environmental or usage conditions. More preferably the computing means is operable to modify the predetermined calibration by employing at least one reference greyscale image of at least one reference thermal source in the second set of conditions and normalizing the predetermined calibration according to the reference greyscale image.
The infrared camera may include the thermal source or sources . Preferably the apparatus includes a display. More preferably the display is a printer or a video screen or a numerical readout of temperature (either at one or more points of said person or as an average) .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
In order that the present invention may be more clearly ascertained, an embodiment will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
Figure 1 is a schematic view of an apparatus for screening people for SARS infection according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 is a schematic view of the apparatus of figure 1 set up for use in screening people for SARS infection;
Figure 3 is a graph of calibration results for the camera of the apparatus of figure 1 performed at different distances between reference thermal source and camera;
Figure 4 is a graph of calibration results for the camera of the apparatus of figure 1 performed at a fixed distance but under varying conditions as a check on repeatability; and
Figure 5 are infrared images collected by means of the apparatus of figure 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION An apparatus screening people for SARS infection according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown schematically in figure 1, generally at 10. The apparatus 10 is a fast, non-intrusive, passive and reliable system for mass screening of people for possible SARS infections. It is essentially a non-contact measurement of human body temperature to detect a person with fever from a remote distance of more than 1 m. The apparatus 10 can be deployed at airport terminal, causeway check point, seaport check point, hospitals, clinic, schools, convention halls, etc.
The apparatus 10 could also be adapted for similar applications to measure accurately temperatures of animals, plants, inanimate and other objects .
The apparatus 10 includes an accurately calibrated passive infrared camera 12. An image, once obtained by means of the camera 12, is outputted as greyscale image 14 to personal computer 16 where it is processed electronically and then displaying as a false colour picture 18 on video display monitor 20.
Figure 2 is a schematic view of apparatus 10 set up for screening for SARS . It is envisaged that the apparatus 10 would be in portable form for deployment at entrances where there is a constant flow of people. The apparatus 10 is configured to screen both tall and short people
(typically adults and children respectively) in real time. The apparatus 10 is preferably automated for use with a motorised gate that opens automatically only when the person is detected to have normal temperature.
As mentioned above, most infrared cameras are not sufficiently enough. This problem is addressed in this embodiment by calibrating the infrared camera 12 at a temperature within the expected temperature range. The method of calibration is by means of a reference thermal source. The output of the infrared camera in greyscale level is then plotted against the temperature of the thermal source. Figures 3 and 4 are graphs of typical calibrations under various conditions. Figure 3 is a graph of calibration results for the camera 12 performed at different distances between reference thermal source and camera, while figure 4 is a graph of calibration results for the camera 12 performed at a fixed distance but under varying conditions as a check on repeatability.
From these results, it is apparent that the greyscale level varies linearly with the temperature and can be repeated consistently under the same environmental conditions. Based on this characteristic, the result is stored electronically and used for further computation to provide the false colour of the final picture 18.
It was also found that once the apparatus 10 had been calibrated at the set-up location, the apparatus can be quickly calibrated by using a single temperature setting. This is to correct for any change in the temperature of the environment or temperature sensor. This can be seen in figure 4, where the gradient remains fairly constant.
Based on the relation between the body temperature and the skin temperature, the color temperature of the image can then be set to indicate a person with normal, feverish or fever temperature. The processing is done by the video graphic card in the personal computer 16 before the final picture 18 of the person is displayed on the color monitor 20.
Trials had been performed on more than 100 persons and the photographs of figure 5 show some of the results. A person with fever is readily identified by the red color of his forehead and neck.
The distinct advantages of this apparatus include:
It provides a non contact screening method and hence avoid spreading of the virus
• It is fast and avoids delay, hence does not cause inconvenient to the person under screening;
• It provides a simple and intelligent system, which consequently does not require a skilled operator • It permits efficient mass screening, hence saving in manpower resources;
• It is reliable and ensure continuous monitoring.
In an alternative embodiment, a spot thermometer boresighted to a CCD camera is used instead of the camera. However, in this case the system is be pointed accurately at, preferably, the forehead of the person to be screened. When the temperature exceeds a certain value, an alarm can be set to indicate that the person has a fever.
Modifications within the scope of the invention may be readily effected by those skilled in the art. It is to be understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described by way of example hereinabovβ .
Further, any reference herein to prior art is not intended to imply that such prior art forms or formed a part of the common general knowledge.

Claims

CLAIMS :
1. A method of measuring the temperature of a object, comprising: creating image data corresponding to an image of said object by means of said infrared camera and representable as a greyscale image of said object; and establishing a temperature calibration for said greyscale image; deducing said temperature from said greyscale image and said temperature calibration.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the establishing of the temperature calibration for the greyscale output comprises modifying a predetermined calibration of said greyscale output of said infrared camera that is suitable for a first set of environmental or usage conditions to be suitable for a second set of environmental or usage conditions.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the modifying of the predetermined calibration comprises collecting at least one reference greyscale image of at least one reference thermal source in said second set of conditions and normalizing said predetermined calibration according to said reference greyscale image.
4. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said first set of conditions and said second set of conditions are each characterizable in terms of ambient temperature.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1, including establishing the temperature calibration at a temperature or over a temperature range approximating or corresponding to an expected range of said temperature.
6. A method as claimed in claim 3, including establishing the temperature calibration at a temperature or over a temperature range approximating or corresponding to an expected range of said temperature, wherein said reference thermal source has a temperature in or at the limits of said range.
7. A method as claimed in claim 1, including extrapolating a surface temperature of said object to a core temperature of said object, based on a known relationship between said surface temperature and said core temperature .
8. A method as claimed in claim 1, including outputting said greyscale image in colour coded or greyscale form so that said temperature can be ascertained visually at one or more portions of said object.
9. A method as claimed in claim 1, including creating said greyscale output of said infrared camera from non- greyscale data output by said camera.
10. A method of measuring the temperature of a person, comprising: calibrating an infrared detector at a temperature or over a temperature range approximating or corresponding to an expected range of said temperature; creating an image of said person by means of said infrared detector; and deducing said temperature from said image; wherein said infrared detector has a field of view sufficiently narrow that a measure of the temperature of said person can be ascertained.
11. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein said infrared detector is in the form of a spot thermometer boresighted to a CCD camera.
12. A method of measuring the temperature of a person, comprising: creating image data corresponding to an image of said person by means of said infrared camera and representable as a greyscale image of said person; and establishing a temperature calibration for said greyscale image; deducing said temperature from said greyscale image and said temperature calibration.
13. An apparatus for measuring the temperature of an object, comprising: an infrared camera for outputting image data corresponding to or representable as a greyscale image of said object; and computing means; wherein said computing means is operable to receive said image data, to establish a temperature calibration for said greyscale image and to deduce said temperature from said greyscale image and said temperature calibration.
14. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein the computing means is operable to establish the temperature calibration for the greyscale image by modifying a predetermined calibration that is suitable for a first set of environmental or usage conditions to be suitable for a second set of environmental or usage conditions.
15. An apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein the computing means is operable to modify the predetermined calibration by employing at least one reference greyscale image of at least one reference thermal source in said second set of conditions and normalizing said predetermined calibration according to said reference greyscale image .
16. An apparatus as claimed in claim 12, including a display.
17. An apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein said display is a printer or a video screen or a numerical readout of temperature.
PCT/SG2004/000084 2003-04-10 2004-04-08 Method and apparatus for measuring temperature of a body WO2004089206A1 (en)

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AU2003901694A AU2003901694A0 (en) 2003-04-10 2003-04-10 Method and apparatus for measuring body temperature
AU2003901694 2003-04-10

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DE102006024501A1 (en) * 2006-05-26 2007-11-29 Rafail Rabkin Human organ temperature measurement method for e.g. mercury thermometer, involves evaluating measuring values for temperature of skin of human by statistical method and neural network for temperature, and displaying organ temperature
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CN113796839A (en) * 2021-08-31 2021-12-17 广州蓝仕威克医疗科技有限公司 Method for intelligently tracking limb position and performing zonal temperature adjustment

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Cited By (14)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1646310A4 (en) * 2003-05-27 2011-04-06 Cardiowave Inc Methods and apparatus for a remote, noninvasive technique to detect core body temperature in a subject via thermal imaging
EP1646310A2 (en) * 2003-05-27 2006-04-19 Cardiowave, Inc. Methods and apparatus for a remote, noninvasive technique to detect core body temperature in a subject via thermal imaging
DE102006024501A1 (en) * 2006-05-26 2007-11-29 Rafail Rabkin Human organ temperature measurement method for e.g. mercury thermometer, involves evaluating measuring values for temperature of skin of human by statistical method and neural network for temperature, and displaying organ temperature
NL2000423C2 (en) * 2007-01-09 2008-07-10 Robert Leonard Krullaards Method and device for determining the blood flow rate in a living being.
WO2008085043A1 (en) * 2007-01-09 2008-07-17 Robert Leonard Krullaards Method and device for determining the blood flow velocity in a living being
EP2000786B1 (en) * 2007-06-06 2018-11-07 Rheinmetall Defence Electronics GmbH Thermal imaging device with calibrating functionality
EP2384494A2 (en) * 2008-12-31 2011-11-09 Iscon Video Imaging, Inc. Systems and methods for concealed object detection
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CN103479339A (en) * 2013-09-29 2014-01-01 中华人民共和国南京出入境检验检疫局 Infrared body temperature monitoring automatic calibration method and system
CN109480773A (en) * 2018-10-20 2019-03-19 北京理工大学 A kind of rodent temperature sensation identifying system and its temperature sensation deficient animals screening technique
CN109480773B (en) * 2018-10-20 2020-10-16 北京理工大学 Rodent temperature sensation identification system and temperature sensation defect animal screening method thereof
CN113796839A (en) * 2021-08-31 2021-12-17 广州蓝仕威克医疗科技有限公司 Method for intelligently tracking limb position and performing zonal temperature adjustment
CN113796839B (en) * 2021-08-31 2023-08-08 广州蓝仕威克医疗科技有限公司 Method for intelligently tracking limb positions and carrying out zonal temperature adjustment

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