WO2004081051A1 - Anticorps specifiques - Google Patents
Anticorps specifiques Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004081051A1 WO2004081051A1 PCT/GB2004/001026 GB2004001026W WO2004081051A1 WO 2004081051 A1 WO2004081051 A1 WO 2004081051A1 GB 2004001026 W GB2004001026 W GB 2004001026W WO 2004081051 A1 WO2004081051 A1 WO 2004081051A1
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- Prior art keywords
- bispecific antibody
- antibodies
- antibody
- cells
- cell
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
- A61K47/6891—Pre-targeting systems involving an antibody for targeting specific cells
- A61K47/6897—Pre-targeting systems with two or three steps using antibody conjugates; Ligand-antiligand therapies
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
- A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
- A61K51/04—Organic compounds
- A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
- A61K51/10—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody
- A61K51/1084—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody the antibody being a hybrid immunoglobulin
- A61K51/109—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody the antibody being a hybrid immunoglobulin immunoglobulins having two or more different antigen-binding sites or multifunctional antibodies
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
- A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
- A61K51/04—Organic compounds
- A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
- A61K51/10—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody
- A61K51/1093—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody conjugates with carriers being antibodies
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/46—Hybrid immunoglobulins
- C07K16/468—Immunoglobulins having two or more different antigen binding sites, e.g. multifunctional antibodies
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the production of bispecific antibodies providing increased specificity toward target tissues over non-target tissues.
- the production of antibodies having improved specificity for target tissues and cells and with reduced cross-reactivity to non-target tissues has long been recognised as desirable by the medical profession.
- a monoclonal antibody has specificity for a single epitope of an antigen, but is normally bivalent (i.e. has two binding interactions) for this epitope providing improved binding characteristics.
- bispecific antibodies have been developed in which two monoclonal antibodies having specificities for different antigens are coupled together (EP 0468637A). It has been suggested that these bispecific antibodies may be useful in increasing the relative amount of antibody-linked agent delivered to target tissues in vivo compared to the amount of such agent delivered to non-target tissues (EP 0331034B).
- the individual monoclonal antibodies having differing specificities are generally chosen because of their strong binding affinity for their respective epitopes and are cross-linked to each other to produce the bispecific antibody.
- the bispecific antibody provides some selectivity, binding more strongly to cells where both epitopes are expressed compared to those where only one is expressed, and may even have reduced affinity for cells expressing a single epitope when compared to the monoclonal antibody (EP 0468637). However, these bispecific antibodies still bind to cells expressing only one of the epitopes, resulting in cross-reactivity to non-target cells.
- a bispecific antibody comprising two antibodies, each of said antibodies having a binding specificity to a different epitope situated on the surface of a target structure, wherein each of said antibodies has a relatively low binding affinity for its respective epitope.
- EP 0468637 discloses a method of in vivo targeting specific cells using high affinity commercially available or hybridoma produced monoclonal antibodies to produce bifunctional antibodies. These bifunctional antibodies provide some selectivity for target cells by providing greater avidity to target cells than cross-reactive non-target cells leading, due to the dynamism of the system, to more bispecific antibody being bound to the target than non-target at equilibrium.
- the BAb disclosed in EP 0468637 still has a relatively high affinity for cross-reactive non- target tissue.
- the BAbs produced according to the present invention have much lower affinity for cross-reactive non-target tissue due to the lower affinity of the MAbs used to produce them. These BAbs still provide high avidity for target tissue due to the cumulative nature of the binding interactions.
- the binding affinity of the antibodies is measured in terms of the affinity constant, which is the concentration of an antibody required to cause 50% saturation of a specific antigen. The lower the concentration required, the greater the binding affinity.
- relatively low binding affinity is defined as an affinity constant of at least 10 "8 M.
- monoclonal antibodies are typically selected with an affinity constant of 10 "11 M or lower.
- antibody in the context of the antibodies which comprise the BAbs of the present invention includes an intact antibody molecule, an antibody fragment, for example Fab, Fab' or F(ab')2, or functional equivalents of the antibody/antibody fragment whether naturally occurring, genetically engineered or chemically synthesised.
- the target structure may be a cell, collection of cells, bodily tissue or organ.
- the bispecific antibody may also comprise a linker and/or spacer to which the antibodies are attached.
- Said linker/spacer may be a polymer (preferably non-biodegradable under physiological conditions) such as polyethylene glycol (PEG).
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- the presence of the linker/spacer permits binding of epitopes which may be in different domains on the surface of the target structure.
- the affinity constant of each of the antibodies comprising the bispecific antibody is at least 10 "7 M, more preferably, from 10 "7 M to 10 "4 M, and most preferably from 10 ⁇ 7 M to 10 "6 M. It will be understood that each of the antibodies comprising the bispecific antibody may have a different affinity constant for its specific epitope.
- the bispecific antibody may comprise a therapeutic or diagnostic agent which is desirably targeted to said target structure.
- suitable classes of agents include, drugs (especially cytotoxic drugs), pro-drugs, T- cells or other immune system cells (e.g. an antibodies) or target markers, including fluorescent, luminescent and radioactive markers, liposomes, complement, inhibitory RNA (RNAi) or suitable plasmids encoding for RNAi sequences, and retroviral vectors coding sequences to "knockdown" or "knock-in” genes of the target structure.
- Specific therapeutic agents which may be used include, but are not limited to, 13l l, 67 Cu, 97 Ru and 188 Re, anti-cancer drugs such as nitrogen mustards, cytotoxic antibiotics such as bleomycin, cis- diaminodichloroplatinum, alkylating agents, antimetabolites such as 5- fluorouracil, toxins, for example mycotoxins such as trichothecenes, ricin or abrin and biological response modifiers, for example interferons, interleukins or TNF.
- anti-cancer drugs such as nitrogen mustards, cytotoxic antibiotics such as bleomycin, cis- diaminodichloroplatinum, alkylating agents, antimetabolites such as 5- fluorouracil, toxins, for example mycotoxins such as trichothecenes, ricin or abrin and biological response modifiers, for example interferons, interleukins or TNF.
- Suitable diagnostic agents include, but are not limited to, 76 Br, 18 F or 123 l or NMR imaging contrast agents.
- the therapeutic or diagnostic agent may be covalently or otherwise linked to the remainder of the bispecific antibody, said linking being at one or both antibodies and/or at the linker/spacer when present.
- the combination of an antibody with a therapeutic/diagnostic agent is often referred to as an "immuno-conjugate".
- Methods of producing immuno- conjugates to target pre-selected sites in the body are well known (US 4801688, US 4845200, Ghose et a/, [1983] Methods in Enzymol. 93, 280-333.), Garnett [2001] Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 53, 1 71-21 6 and Trail and Bianchi [1999] Current Opinion in Immunology 1 1 , 584- 588.
- the bispecific antibody may comprise a receptor for a therapeutic/diagnostic agent.
- said receptor may be an Fc antibody fragment .
- the Fc fragment can serve as a receptor for complement and cells expressing Fc receptors such as neutrophils and macrophages.
- monoclonal antibodies isolated from cells produced during the primary immune response are used to produce the bispecific antibody.
- primary immune response it is meant the immune response to an initial exposure of antibody-producing cells to an antigen.
- antigen it is also contemplated that, depending upon the particular antigen used, it may be necessary to provide a second exposure of the antibody-producing cells to obtain antibodies having an appropriate binding affinity.
- B-cells activated during the primary immune response caused by the first exposure of the cells to an antigen are isolated and fused with myeloma cells to produce hybridomas.
- the fusion of somatic cells to produce MAbs was first described by Kohler and Milstein in 1975 and provides a relatively simple method of producing and screening large numbers of MAbs to a single antigen.
- the hybridomas created by the cell fusion experiment will produce a number of antibody specificities against the same antigen (i.e. antibodies specific to different regions of the same antigen), each antibody having a different affinity.
- the production of a panel of antibodies is advantageous as some isotypes are better suited to the enzymatic reactions used in the chemical construction of BAbs than others.
- the isolated antibody producing cells from the primary immune response are B-cells or plasma cells. They are B-cells or plasma cells which are likely to produce IgM or IgG antibodies.
- IgM antibodies are the first class of antibodies to appear after exposure to an antigen and generally have lower affinity for their specific epitopes than immunoglobulins produced later in the immune response or upon secondary exposure to an antigen.
- the bispecific antibody may be produced by any known method such as chemical cross-linking, or cross-linking using anti-lgG Fc antibodies followed by covalent cross-linking. They may also be produced biologically by fusing two antibody producing hybridoma cell lines together. In cases where the antibodies are linked to a linker/spacer, the linker/spacer may participate in the cross linking reaction to produce the bispecific antibody.
- a method of selecting monoclonal antibodies for use in production of a bispecific antibody comprising screening a large number of hybridomas which produce antibodies specific for each epitope of interest by direct measurement of their binding affinity for their specific epitope, for example, by surface plasmon resonance, so allowing antibodies having differing affinities for the specific epitopes of interest to be selected.
- a method of treating a patient comprising, administering to a patient a therapeutical ly effective amount of a BAb in accordance with the first aspect, said BAb having a receptor for a therapeutic agent, in conjunction with prior, concomitant or subsequent administration of the therapeutic agent.
- the method may comprise administering to a patient an immu no-conjugate, said immuno-conjugate comprising a BAb which includes a therapeutic agent in accordance with said first aspect.
- Administration of said therapeutical ly effective amount of a BAb may be by any known route e.g. by intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection, topical administration as an ointment, salve, cream or tincture, oral administration as a tablet, capsule, suspension or liquid and nasally as a spray (e.g. aerosol).
- the preferred route of administration is intravenous injection.
- said BAb may be in admixture with one or more excipients, carriers, pH regulators, flavourings, colourings, preservatives, or other commonly used additives in the field of pharmaceuticals as appropriate for the mode of administration.
- a method of diagnosing a disorder comprising, contacting an immuno- conjugate comprising a bispecific antibody and a diagnostic agent according to the first aspect of the present invention with a tissue, or contacting a bispecific antibody having a receptor for the diagnostic agent according to the first aspect of the present invention with a tissue prior to, concomitantly with or subsequently to addition of the diagnostic agent to said tissue.
- said tissue is an isolated tissue sample.
- Antigen in the form of 2 x 10 6 to 5 x 10 10 cells or 1 to 50 ⁇ g protein or peptide in normal saline is prepared for each animal to be immunized.
- the antigen is drawn into a sterile 1- to 2 ml glass syringe with a Luer-Lock tip, which is then connected to a 3-way stopcock.
- a volume of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK) equal to the antigen volume is drawn into another syringe and connected to the antigen- containing syringe.
- CFA complete Freund's adjuvant
- Emulsification of the antigen and CFA is achieved by discharging the antigen into. the CFA, then discharging back and forth until a thickened mixture results.
- a drop is placed in water (a stable emulsion will not disperse).
- the CFA/antigen emulsion is drawn into one syringe and a sterile 20-G needle attached, the emulsion is then injected intraperitoneally into the animals using ⁇ 0.2 ml per mouse, 0.5 to 1 ml per rat, or 0.2 to 0.4 ml per hamster. After 10 to 14 days the animals are boosted with the same dose of antigen.
- the boost immunization is done with antigen alone in aqueous solution, or intact cells in suspension.
- the boost is done with antigen emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA).
- the spleens of some animals are removed for generation of hybridomas.
- the response to a particular antigen may be very poor, and so other animals receive a booster immunisation in incomplete adjuvant and spleens are removed after a further 14 days. It may be necessary to repeat this process, depending on the nature of the antigen.
- Standard protocols (Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256, 495-497) are used to create the hybridomas from the spleen cells and these are grown in selection medium prior to screening.
- One week before fusion expansion of the SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cell line (European Collection of Cell Cultures, Salisbury, UK) (the fusion partner cell line) is begun in complete DMEM/HEPES/ pyruvate in 175cm 3 flasks containing 100 ml of medium.
- mice spleen 1 x 10 8 cells
- hamster spleen 2 x 10 8
- rat spleen 5-10 x 10 8 cells at approximately 0.5 x 10 6 cells per ml.
- Two mouse or hamster spleens, or one rat spleen provides enough cells for the fusion.
- reagents and media are prepared, particularly 50% PEG and the SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells are split into fresh complete DMEM-10/HEPES/pyruvate medium, so that the cells are growing vigorously to ensure optimal fusions.
- the boosted animal(s) is/are sacrificed and the spleen(s) aseptically harvested.
- the spleen(s) is/are transferred into a sterile 100 mm-diameter petri dish filled with 10 ml sterile complete serum-free DMEM, placed in a laminar flow hood, and teased into a single-cell suspension by squeezing with angled forceps or by chopping with fine-tipped dissecting scissors.
- the spleen cell suspension is transferred to a sterile 50 ml conical centrifuge tube filled with sterile complete serum-free DMEM, centrifuged for 5 min at 1500 rpm (500 x g) at room temperature and the supernatant discarded.
- the red blood cells (RBC) are lysed by re-suspending the pellet in 5 ml ammonium chloride solution (0.02 M Tris-CI, pH 7.2 0.14 M NH4CI ) and letting them stand for 5 min at room temperature. 45 ml sterile complete serum-free DMEM is added, and cells centrifuged as above.
- the cells are washed a further two times in 50 ml sterile complete serum-free DMEM. While the spleen cells are being washed, the SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells are harvested by centrifuging at 1500 rpm (500 x g) for 5 min at room temperature and washed three times in DMEM. The spleen and myeloma cells are separately re-suspended in 10 ml complete serum-free DMEM and the cells in each cell suspension counted and their viability assessed using a haemocytometer and trypan blue exclusion.
- the SP2/0-Ag 14 myeloma and spleen cells are mixed at a 1 :1 ratio in a 50 ml conical centrifuge tube which is then filled with complete serum-free DMEM, and the cell mixture centrifuged for 5 min at 500 x g at room temperature. While the cells are in the centrifuge, three 37°C double-beaker water baths are prepared in a laminar flow hood by placing a 400 m l beaker containing 1 00 ml of 37°C water into 600 ml beaker containing 75 to 100 ml of 37°C water. The tubes of pre-warmed 50% PEG solution and complete serum-free DMEM are placed into two of the 37°C water baths in the hood.
- the supernatant from the mixed-cell pellet is aspirated and discarded and the tube placed in the third double-beaker water bath in the laminar flow hood.
- 1 ml pipette 1 ml of pre-warmed 50% PEG is added to the mixed-cell pellet drop-by-drop over 1 m in, with stirring after each drop, the m ixture is then stirred for an additional minute.
- 1 ml of pre-warmed complete serum- free DMEM is added to the cell mixture drop-by-drop over 1 min, stirring after each drop. This is repeated once with an additional 1 ml of pre-warmed complete serum-free DMEM.
- DMEM/HEPES/ pyruvate/HAT DMEM medium containing 10 mM HEPES , 1 mM pyruvate, and 1 % 1 00x HAT (hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thym idine)
- DMEM medium containing 10 mM HEPES , 1 mM pyruvate, and 1 % 1 00x HAT hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thym idine
- hybridoma supernatants are screened for specific antibodies by directly measuring their binding affinity for antigen.
- Supernatants are removed from the multi-well plates in which the hybridomas are grown, concentrated and injected over a BIAcore chip (BlAcore, Stevenage, U K), which has been coupled with purified antigen.
- the concentration of the antigen for coupling is adjusted to aim for three different levels of coupling: 1000, 5000 and 10,000 RU (response units).
- Antigen is immobilized onto the chips by amide coupling. 1 -(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) (0.4 M) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (0.1 M) solution are mixed at a ratio of 1 :1 and 35 ⁇ l injected over the CM5 chip at a rate of 5 ⁇ l/min to activate the surface.
- Antigen at 10 ⁇ g/ml in the selected pH coupling buffer is then injected at 2 ⁇ l/min until the required RU coupling is achieved.
- Supernatants derived from the hybridomas are assayed for Ig content and isotype using a standard ELISA technique. To be able to detect the low affinity antibodies, the supernatants are concentrated to 30 ⁇ g/ml i.e. approximately 200 nM IgG. This concentration is high enough to observe binding, even if it is low affinity, in the ⁇ M range. This is done using 96 well plate format vacuum filter apparatus. Assays are performed with a mobile phase at a flow rate of 10 ⁇ l/min using 20 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCI, 3.4 mM EDTA, 0.05% v/v surfactant P20 (pH 7.4).
- Antibody is cleared from the antigen by an injection of low pH buffer (10 mM glycine pH 3.0) for 1 minute, followed by a wash in pH 7.5 Hepes buffer, the next antibody is then injected.
- An initial estimate of affinity can be made from the on and off kinetics by curve fitting of the data. Those hybridomas having an affinity in a suitable range are selected for expansion into a larger scale culture. After this expansion the affinity is re-assessed using the BIAcore method. A titration of the Ig's at 30, 15, 7.5, 3.75, 1.875, 0.93, 0.47, 0.23, 0.12, 0.06 ⁇ g/ml (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.1 , 1.5, 0.75, 0.37 nM) is then done to give a better estimate of the binding affinity.
- purified antigens are not available, then crude preparations, cell membranes or whole cells may be coupled to the BIAcore chip and used in a similar fashion.
- suitable hybridomas Once suitable hybridomas have been provisionally identified, they are re- cloned to make certain that they are definitely monoclonal.
- the candidate hybridoma lines are resuspended in their wells and the numbers and viability assessed using a haemocyto meter and Trypan blue.
- 1 0 m l of cel ls at 50 viable cel ls/m l and 1 0 m l at 5 viable cel ls/m l are prepared in cloning/expansion medium.
- a 96-well plate is seeded with the cel l suspensions at 200 ⁇ l/well and Incubated for 7 to 10 days in a humidified 37°C, 5% CO, incubator.
- the optimum dilution for monoclonal growth is identified by determining the number of wells that showed growing hybridomas. Wells are inspected for monoclonality with an inverted microscope by looking for tight single clusters of cells before the cells are fed. The supernatants are re-screened using ELISA and BIAcore as above.
- a second re-cloning is done, after the desired clone has been expanded as above, at lower cell density by seeding two new 96-well plates at 0.3 cells/well (60 viable cells in 40 ml cloning medium). The screening process is repeated as above and the re-cloned hybridoma expanded.
- the re-cloned cells are weaned on to complete DMEM-10/HEPES/ pyruvate by splitting the cells 1 :2 every day for 3 days with complete DMEM-IO/HEPES/pyruvate.
- hybridomas are gradually expanded in DMEM/HEPES/ pyruvate containing fetal bovine serum, which has been passed through a protein A-Sepharose affinity column to clear any residual immunoglobul ins from it.
- Supernatants from the hybridoma are col lected and Ig purified by passing the medium through a protein G-Sepharose column and eluting the bound antibody with 0.1 M glycine pH 2.0 and rapidly neutralizing with I M Tris pH 8.0.
- Hetero-bifunctional antibodies are produced by chemical crosslinking or by crosslinking using anti-lgG Fc antibodies, followed by covalent crosslinking. Once the value of a particular coupled pair has been established the hybridomas are used as a source of material for further manipulation such as humanisation or other structural manipulations. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivitisation.
- PEG Polyethylene glycol
- PEGylation of proteins has been widely reported and can give rise to products with greatly prolonged blood half-lives.
- Several derivitized PEG preparations are available commercially which can be coupled to proteins using standard mild cross-linking conditions using either amino or sulphydryl groups.
- Whole antibody molecules or derived Fab or Fab2 fragments can be used for different purposes.
- Pepsin- Sepharose (2mg enzyme per 100mg of IgG). After mixing and incubation overnight at 37°C, the pepsin-Sepharose is centrifuged out, the supernatant taken to pH 7.4 and passed into a Protein A-Sepharose column. This binds undigested IgG and the Fc fragments released by the digestion. After dialysis against PBS, any remaining unfragmented or small material is removed by chromatography on a Sephacryl S200 gel column. The purity is checked by SDS page analysis and the Fab' fragments can be made by reducing with dithiothreitol (DTT).
- DTT dithiothreitol
- the protein is equilibrated with Tris-HCI, degassed and made 20mM with DTT. After an hour, the DTT is rapidly removed by centrifugation on a column of Sephadex G25 and is used immediately to re-form heterodimeric F(ab')2 complexes.
- the pH of the reaction mixture is adjusted to 8 using 1 M Tris-HC1 , pH 8.0 before reducing with mercaptoethanol at a final concentration of 20 mM for 30 min at 30°C and blocking any free SH groups by alkylating with 25 mM iodoacetamide.
- the bispecific F(ab')2 is separated using Sephacryl S200 in 0.2 M Tris- HC1 , 10 mM EDTA, pH 8.0.
- a 4 mg/ml solution of F(ab')2 is equilibrated in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0).
- Five milliliters of the protein solution is mixed with the 3400 kDa- PEG (Shearwater Polymers, Huntsville, AL) reagent:protein at a molar ratio of 3:1 .
- the reaction is carried out in a 15 ml polypropylene tube (Falcon), and the PEG is added while vortexing the sample at low speed.
- Branched derivitized PEGs are also available to which individual Fab' fragments can be coupled to yield products with variable spacing between the hetero Fab' fragments, which may have benefits when binding to widely spaced antigens on cells.
- the Fab' fragments are mixed at a ratio of 1 :1 in phosphate buffer pH 6.5 and the bifunctional maleimide branched PEG mPEG(MAL)2 (Shearwater Polymers, Huntsville, AL) is added.
- the reactivity with SH groups is greater than that with amino groups at this pH and so should orient the Fab' and leave the antigen recognition site intact.
- the sample is then incubated at room temperature while shaking on a rotator for 30 min.
- the extent of modification was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
- the complete reaction mixture was passed through an ion exchange column to remove any unreacted PEG and purification of singly or doubly PEGylated species. This will contain a mixture of heterobifunctional and homobifunctional molecules which will be separated using sequential affinity chromatography through columns with each bound antigen. Only the complexes retained by both columns will contain the required heterobifunctional PEG-Ab complexes.
- oligonucleotide is separated from unreacted crosslinker by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-25 PD10 column (Pharmacia Biotech), equilibrated with 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, containing 10 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
- EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- a 7- fold molar excess of the activated oligonucleotide in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, 10 mM EDTA is incubated with the Fab' overnight at 4°C.
- the Fab'-oligonucleotide conjugate is purified by size exclusion chromatography using Sephacryl S200 chromatography.
- the oligonucleotide-labelled Fab' fragments are then mixed at a ration 1 :1 and left overnight at 4°C for binding to occur. Heterodimers are separated from unbound monomers by gel permeation chromatography on Sephacryl S200 columns.
- a one-to-one mixture of two low affinity antibodies is made and, if the ⁇ hybridomas are derived from mouse, one half mole equivalent of a rat anti-mouse IgG Fc region is added. After 1 hr incubation on ice the mixture is passed though a sizing column of Sephacryl S-300 equilibrated in 20 mM HEPES 150 mM NaCl to separate full trimeric complexes of rat Ig coupled to two mouse IgG molecules (450,000 mw) which elutes first from the column.
- Two separate affinity columns are made by coupling the individual antigens recognized by the antibodies to CNBr-Sepharose.
- the antibody mixture is pumped on to the column containing the first antigen, at 4°C to maximize the binding affinity and washed through with equilibration buffer (20 mM HEPES 0.15M NaCI pH 7.5) until no further buffer is eluted.
- the antibodies are eluted using 100 mM glycine buffer pH 3.0. This eluate is concentrated on a 30,000MW cutoff Centricon filter, re- equilibrated to pH 7.5 and applied to an affinity column loaded with the second antigen. Antibody binding to this column is collected in the same way. This results in an antibody preparation that will recognize both antigens, and so must contain the required heterobifunctional antibody.
- binding characteristics are derived using a BIAcore chip to which both antigens have been coupled.
- an effective binding constant or "avidity" is derived. If antigens are present on cells an estimate of binding can be achieved using flow cytometry by labelling cells with the heterobifunctional complex, followed by a FITC labeled second antibody.
- a more accurate effective binding constant can be derived by radiolabelling of the antibody with 125 l and performing cell binding and Scatchard analysis of the binding data.
- the methods described above can also be used to screen for low affinity Fab fragments or components thereof expressed in bacteria by using a phage display approach. Combinations of these low affinity fragments made by coupling, for example, to a larger carrier molecule such as PEG can also be useful.
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GBGB0305702.3A GB0305702D0 (en) | 2003-03-12 | 2003-03-12 | Bispecific antibodies |
GB0305702.3 | 2003-03-12 |
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WO2004081051A1 true WO2004081051A1 (fr) | 2004-09-23 |
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PCT/GB2004/001026 WO2004081051A1 (fr) | 2003-03-12 | 2004-03-11 | Anticorps specifiques |
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Cited By (108)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2129689A1 (fr) * | 2007-03-07 | 2009-12-09 | Next Biomed Technologies NBT Oy | Polypeptide de fusion permettant de détecter des épitopes combinatoires ou composites conservés dans des protéines non conservées |
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