WO2004068593A2 - Hybrid system for generating power - Google Patents
Hybrid system for generating power Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004068593A2 WO2004068593A2 PCT/US2003/039327 US0339327W WO2004068593A2 WO 2004068593 A2 WO2004068593 A2 WO 2004068593A2 US 0339327 W US0339327 W US 0339327W WO 2004068593 A2 WO2004068593 A2 WO 2004068593A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- flow passage
- capillary flow
- fuel
- capillary
- hybrid system
- Prior art date
Links
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D3/00—Burners using capillary action
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/40—Thermal components
- H02S40/44—Means to utilise heat energy, e.g. hybrid systems producing warm water and electricity at the same time
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
- F23K5/00—Feeding or distributing other fuel to combustion apparatus
- F23K5/02—Liquid fuel
- F23K5/14—Details thereof
- F23K5/18—Cleaning or purging devices, e.g. filters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
- F23K5/00—Feeding or distributing other fuel to combustion apparatus
- F23K5/02—Liquid fuel
- F23K5/14—Details thereof
- F23K5/20—Preheating devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L15/00—Heating of air supplied for combustion
- F23L15/04—Arrangements of recuperators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/60—Thermal-PV hybrids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- batteries have been the principal means for supplying portable sources of power.
- batteries due to the time required for recharging, batteries have proven inconvenient for continuous use applications.
- portable batteries are generally limited to power production in the range of several milliwatts to a few watts and thus cannot address the need for significant levels of mobile, lightweight power production.
- thermoelectric generators are the only commercially available energy conversion technologies below 2 kilowatts. While the benefits of photovoltaic are clear, the drawbacks are obvious. With respect to thermoelectric generators, they tend to be large, expensive and relatively inefficient. [0005] In view of these factors, a void exists with regard to power systems in the size range of approximately 5.1 to 204 kg-m/sec (50 to 2000 watts). Moreover, in order to take advantage of high energy density liquid fuels, improved fuel preparation and delivery systems capable of low fueling rates are needed. Additionally, such systems must also enable highly efficient combustion with minimal emissions. A quiet, clean power source below 204 kg-m/sec (2 kilowatts) could advantageously supplement current technologies, such as those based on photovoltaic arrays, and yield an advantageous hybrid system for generating electrical power.
- the present invention is directed to a hybrid system for generating electrical power comprising:
- an apparatus for producing power from a source of liquid fuel comprising (i) at least one capillary flow passage, said at least one capillary flow passage having an inlet end and an outlet end, said inlet end in fluid communication with the source of liquid fuel; (ii) a heat source arranged along said at least one capillary flow passage, said heat source operable to heat the liquid fuel in said at least one capillary flow passage to a level sufficient to change at least a portion thereof from a liquid state to a vapor state and deliver a stream of substantially vaporized fuel from said outlet end of said at least one capillary flow passage; (iii) a combustion chamber in communication with said outlet end of said at least one capillary flow passage; and (iv) a conversion device operable to convert heat released by combustion in said combustion chamber into electrical power; and
- the present invention is directed to a method of generating electrical power, comprising;
- the capillary flow passage can include a capillary tube and the heat source can include a resistance- heating element, a section of the tube heated by passing electrical current therethrough.
- the conversion device includes a micro-turbine with electrical generator, a Stirling engine with electrical generator, a thermoelectric device or a thermophotovoltaic device that outputs up to about 510 kg-m/sec (5,000 watts) of power.
- An igniter can be provided to ignite the vaporized fuel upon start-up of the apparatus.
- the fuel supply can be arranged to deliver pressurized liquid fuel to the flow passage at a pressure of preferably less than 7.0 kg-m/sec (100 psig), more preferably, less than 3.5 kg-m/sec (50 psig), even more preferably 0.7 kg-m/sec (10 psig), and most preferably less than 0.35 kg- m/sec (5 psig).
- the preferred form can be operated with low ignition energy upon start up of the apparatus since it can provide a stream of vaporized fuel which mixes with air and forms an aerosol in the combustion chamber having a mean droplet size of 25 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 ⁇ m or less.
- FIG. 1 presents a fuel-vaporizing device, in partial cross section, which includes a capillary flow passage in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a multi-capillary arrangement that can be used to implement the device and system of FIG. 4;
- FIG. 3 shows an end view of the device shown in FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4 shows details of a device that can be used to vaporize fuel and oxidize deposits in a multi-capillary arrangement to deliver substantially vaporized fuel for use in the practice of the present invention
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a control device to deliver fuel and optionally oxidizing gas to a capillary flow passage
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic of an arrangement for using combustion heat to preheat the liquid fuel
- FIG. 7 is a side view of another embodiment of a fuel- vaporizing device employing a moveable rod to clean deposits from a capillary flow passage;
- FIG. 7A is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 7 shown with the moveable rod to clean deposits from a capillary flow passage fully engaged within the capillary flow passage;
- FIG. 8 is a schematic view of an apparatus for generating power in accordance with the invention wherein a Stirling engine is used to generate electricity in accordance with one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 9 shows a partial cross-sectional schematic view of a power-producing device in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a hybrid power system in accordance with the present invention.
- the present invention provides a power producing apparatus which advantageously combusts a high energy density liquid fuel.
- the apparatus includes at least one capillary sized flow passage connected to the fuel supply, a heat source arranged along the flow passage to heat liquid fuel in the flow passage sufficiently to deliver a stream of vaporized fuel from an outlet of the flow passage, a combustion chamber in which the vaporized fuel is combusted, and a conversion device which converts heat produced by combustion in the combustion chamber into mechanical and/or electrical power.
- the flow passage can be a capillary tube heated by a resistance heater, a section of the tube heated by passing electrical current therethrough.
- the capillary flow passage also is characterized by having a low thermal inertia, so that the capillary passageway can be brought up to the desired temperature for vaporizing fuel very quickly, e.g., within 2.0 seconds, preferably within 0.5 second, and more preferably within 0.1 second.
- the capillary sized fluid passage is preferably formed in a capillary body such as a single or multilayer metal, ceramic or glass body.
- the passage has an enclosed volume opening to an inlet and an outlet either of which may be open to the exterior of the capillary body or may be connected to another passage within the same body or another body or to fittings.
- the heater can be formed by a portion of the body such as a section of a stainless steel tube or the heater can be a discrete layer or wire of resistance heating material incorporated in or on the capillary body.
- the fluid passage may be any shape comprising an enclosed volume opening to an inlet and an outlet and through which a fluid may pass.
- the fluid passage may have any desired cross-section with a preferred cross-section being a circle of uniform diameter.
- Other capillary fluid passage cross-sections include non-circular shapes such as triangular, square, rectangular, oval or other shape and the cross section of the fluid passage need not be uniform.
- the fluid passage can extend rectilinearly or non-rectilinearly and may be a single fluid passage or multi- path fluid passage.
- a capillary-sized flow passage can be provided with a hydraulic diameter that is preferably less than 2 mm, more preferably less than 1 mm, and most preferably less than 0.5 mm.
- the "hydraulic diameter” is a parameter used in calculating fluid flow characteristics through a fluid carrying element and is defined as four times the flow area of the fluid-carrying element divided by the perimeter of the solid boundary in contact with the fluid (generally referred to as the "wetted" perimeter).
- the hydraulic diameter and the actual diameter are equivalent.
- the capillary passage is defined by a metal capillary tube
- the tube can have an inner diameter of 0.01 to 3 mm, preferably 0.1 to 1 mm, most preferably 0.15 to 0.5 mm.
- the capillary passage can be defined by transverse cross sectional area of the passage that can be 8 x 10 "5 to 7 mm 2 , preferably 8 x 10 "3 to 8 x 10 "1 mm 2 and more preferably 2 x 10 "3 to 2 x 10 "1 mm 2 .
- transverse cross sectional area of the passage can be 8 x 10 "5 to 7 mm 2 , preferably 8 x 10 "3 to 8 x 10 "1 mm 2 and more preferably 2 x 10 "3 to 2 x 10 "1 mm 2 .
- the conversion device can be a Stirling engine, micro- turbine or other suitable device for converting heat to mechanical or electrical power with an optional generator capable of producing up to about 510 kg-m/sec (5,000 watts) of power.
- the liquid fuel can be any type of hydrocarbon fuel such as jet fuel, gasoline, kerosene or diesel oil, an oxygenate such as ethanol, methanol, methyl tertiary butyl ether, or blends of any of these and the fuel is preferably supplied to the flow passage at pressures of preferably less than 7.0 kg-m/sec (100 psig), more preferably less than 3.5 kg-m/sec (50 psig), even more preferably less than 0.7 kg-m/sec (10 psig), and most preferably less than 0.35 kg-m/sec (5 psig).
- the vaporized fuel can be mixed with air to form an aerosol having a mean droplet size of 25 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, thus allowing clean and efficient ignition capabilities.
- liquid fuel is delivered via a heated capillary tube (e.g., a small diameter glass, ceramic or metallic material such as stainless steel tube having an inner diameter of 3 mm or less) to a combustion chamber in which the vaporized fuel is mixed with preheated or unheated air.
- the vaporized fuel can be mixed with air at ambient temperature, which is drawn into air supply passages leading into the combustion chamber.
- the vaporized fuel can be mixed with air that has been preheated such as by a heat exchanger that preheats the air with heat of exhaust gases removed from the combustion chamber.
- the air can be pressurized such as by a blower prior to mixing with the vaporized fuel.
- the air-fuel mixture is combusted in a combustion chamber to produce heat that is converted into mechanical or electrical power.
- the power-producing device provides reliable liquid fuel delivery and atomization of vaporized fuel prior to combustion.
- the heated capillary flow passage has the ability to form an aerosol of small fuel droplets (e.g., 25 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 ⁇ m or less) when the vaporized fuel mixes with air at ambient temperature, operating at liquid fuel pressures below 7.0 kg-m/sec (100 psig), preferably less than 3.5 kg-m/sec (50 psig), more preferably less than 0.7 kg-m/sec (10 psig), and even more preferably less than 0.35 kg-m/sec (5 psig).
- small fuel droplets e.g., 25 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 ⁇ m or less
- the present invention possesses the ability to combust fuel at low air supply pressure (e.g., below 50.8 mm H 2 O (2 in H 2 O)), starts rapidly, provides for control of fouling, clogging and gumming, operates at reduced levels of exhaust emissions and requires low ignition energy to ignite the fuel-air mixture.
- low air supply pressure e.g., below 50.8 mm H 2 O (2 in H 2 O)
- One advantage of the apparatus according to the invention is its ignition energy requirement characteristics.
- Minimum ignition energy is a term used to describe the ease with which an atomized fuel/air mixture can be ignited, typically with an igniter such as a spark ignition source.
- the device according to the invention can provide vaporized fuel and/or aerosol with droplets having a Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of less than 25 ⁇ m, preferably less than 10 ⁇ m and more preferably less than 5 ⁇ m, such fine aerosols being useful to improve the start-up characteristics and flame stability in gas turbine applications. Additionally, very significant reductions in minimum ignition energy can be achieved for fuels having values of SMD at or below 25 ⁇ m.
- SMD Sauter Mean Diameter
- E m j n a term that correlates the ease with which an atomized fuel/air mixture may be ignited, is shown to sharply decrease as SMD decreases.
- Minimum ignition energy is roughly proportional to the cube of the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of the fuel droplets in the aerosol.
- SMD is the diameter of a droplet whose surface-to-volume ratio is equal to that of the entire spray and relates to the mass transfer characteristics of the spray.
- SMD is measured in ⁇ m, and k is a constant related to fuel type.
- heavy fuel oil has a minimum ignition energy of about 800 mJ at a SMD of 115 ⁇ m and a minimum ignition energy of about 23 mJ at a SMD of 50 ⁇ m.
- Isooctane has a minimum ignition energy of about 9 mJ at a SMD of 90 ⁇ m and a minimum ignition energy of about 0.4 mJ at a SMD of 40 ⁇ m.
- E m i n is about 100 mJ.
- a reduction in SMD to 30 ⁇ m would yield a reduction in E min to about 0.8 mJ.
- ignition system requirements are substantially reduced for SMD values below 25 ⁇ m.
- the power conversion apparatus according to the present invention has been found to exhibit highly desirable low ignition energy requirements.
- a low ignition energy requirement improves the power producing benefits of the present invention by reducing the weight of the overall system and maximizing the power output through the reduction of the parasitic power losses associated with the ignition system.
- low energy spark ignition devices are preferred for the igniter of the power producing apparatus.
- the ultra-fine fuel vaporization provided by the apparatus of the invention cooperates to provide excellent ignition characteristics with low energy piezo-electric ignition devices.
- the heat produced during combustion of the vaporized fuel can be converted to electrical or mechanical power.
- the heat could be converted to any desired amount of electrical or mechanical power, e.g., up to 510 kg-m/sec (5000 watts) of electrical power or mechanical power.
- the apparatus according to one preferred embodiment of the invention offers a quiet, clean power source in the few hundred watt range.
- thermoelectric devices offer advantages in terms of being quiet and durable, and coupled with external combustion systems, offer the potential for low emissions and flexibility as to fuel.
- Various types of thermoelectric generators which can be used as the conversion device, include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,563,368; 5,793,119; 5,917,144; and 6,172,427, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- thermophotovoltaic devices offer advantages in terms of being quiet, providing moderate power density, and coupled with external combustion systems offer the potential for low emissions and flexibility as to fuel.
- Various types of thermophotovoltaic devices which can be used as the conversion device, include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,512,109; 5,753,050; 6,092,912; and 6,204,442, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- a heat radiating body can be used to absorb heat from combustion gases and heat radiated from the heat radiating body is directed to a photocell for conversion to electricity, thus protecting the photocell from direct exposure to the combustion gases.
- Micro-gas turbines could be desirable in terms of high specific power.
- Microturbine devices which can be used as the conversion device, include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,836,150; 5,874,798; and 5,932,940, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- Stirling engines offer advantages with respect to size, quiet operation, durability, and coupled with external combustion systems offer the potential for low emissions and flexibility as to fuel. Stirling engines that can be used as the conversion device will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
- Fuel vaporizing device 10 for vaporizing a liquid fuel drawn from a source of liquid fuel, includes a capillary flow passage 12, having an inlet end 14 and an outlet end 16.
- a fluid control valve 18 is provided for placing inlet end 14 of capillary flow passage 12 in fluid communication with a liquid fuel source F and introducing the liquid fuel in a substantially liquid state into capillary flow passage 12.
- fluid control valve 18 may be operated by a solenoid.
- a heat source 20 is arranged along capillary flow passage 12.
- heat source 20 is provided by forming capillary flow passage 12 from a tube of electrically resistive material, a portion of capillary flow passage 12 forming a heater element when a source of electrical current is connected to the tube at connections 22 and 24 for delivering current therethrough.
- Heat source 20 is then operable to heat the liquid fuel in capillary flow passage 12 to a level sufficient to change at least a portion thereof from the liquid state to a vapor state and deliver a stream of substantially vaporized fuel from outlet end 16 of capillary flow passage 20.
- substantially vaporized is meant that at least 50% of the liquid fuel is vaporized by the heat source, preferably at least 70%, and more preferably at least 80% of the liquid fuel is vaporized.
- Fuel vaporizing device 10 also includes means for cleaning deposits formed during the operation of the apparatus of the present invention.
- the means for cleaning deposits shown in FIG. 1 includes fluid control valve 18, heat source 20 and an oxidizer control valve 26 for placing capillary flow passage 12 in fluid communication with a source of oxidizer C.
- the oxidizer control valve can be located at or near either end of capillary flow passage 12 or configured to be in fluid communication with either end of capillary flow passage 12. If the oxidizer control valve is located at or near the outlet end 16 of capillary flow passage 12, it then serves to place the source of oxidizer C in fluid communication with the outlet end 16 of capillary flow passage 12.
- heat source 20 is used to heat the oxidizer C in capillary flow passage 12 to a level sufficient to oxidize deposits formed during the heating of the liquid fuel F.
- the oxidizer control valve 26 is operable to alternate between the introduction of liquid fuel F and the introduction of oxidizer C into capillary flow passage 12 and enables the in-situ cleaning of capillary flow passage when the oxidizer is introduced into the at least one capillary flow passage.
- One technique for oxidizing deposits includes passing air or steam through the capillary flow passage.
- the capillary flow passage is preferably heated during the cleaning operation so that the oxidation process is initiated and nurtured until the deposits are consumed.
- a catalytic substance may be employed, either as a coating on, or as a component of, the capillary wall to reduce the temperature and/or time required for accomplishing the cleaning.
- more than one capillary flow passage can be used such that when a clogged condition is detected, such as by the use of a sensor, fuel flow can be diverted to another capillary flow passage and oxidant flow initiated through the clogged capillary flow passage to be cleaned.
- a capillary body can include a plurality of capillary flow passages therein and a valving arrangement can be provided to selectively supply liquid fuel or air to each flow passage.
- fuel flow can be diverted from a capillary flow passage and oxidant flow initiated at preset intervals.
- Fuel delivery to a capillary flow passage can be effected by a controller.
- the controller can activate fuel delivery for a preset time period and deactivate fuel delivery after the preset amount of time.
- the controller may also effect adjustment of the pressure of the liquid fuel and/or the amount of heat supplied to the capillary flow passage based on one or more sensed conditions.
- the sensed conditions may include inter alia: the fuel pressure, the capillary temperature or the air-fuel ratio.
- the controller may also control one or more capillary flow passages to clean deposits.
- the cleaning technique may be applied to combustion devices having a single flow passage.
- the energy supplied to the flow passage during cleaning would preferably be electrical.
- the time period between cleanings may either be fixed based upon experimentally determined clogging characteristics, or a sensing and control device may be employed to detect clogging and initiate the cleaning process as required.
- a control device could detect the degree of clogging by sensing the fuel supply pressure to the capillary flow passage.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 An exemplary multiple capillary flow passage fuel-vaporizing device for use in the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.
- FIG. 2 presents a schematic view of a multiple capillary tube arrangement, integrated into a single assembly 94.
- FIG. 3 presents an end view of the assembly 94.
- the assembly can include the three capillary tubes 82A, 82B, 82C and a positive electrode 92 which can include a solid stainless steel rod.
- the tubes and the rod can be supported in a body 96 of electrically insulating material and power can be supplied to the rod and capillary tubes via fittings 98.
- power can be supplied to the rod and capillary tubes via fittings 98.
- direct current can be supplied to upstream ends of one or more of the capillary tubes and a connection 95 at the downstream ends thereof can form a return path for the current through rod 92.
- FIG. 4 wherein a multiple capillary tube vaporizing system 80 for use in the practice of the present invention is shown.
- the system includes capillary tubes 82A through C, fuel supply lines 84A through C, oxidizer supply lines 86A through C, oxidizer control valves 88A through C, power input lines 90A-C and common ground 91.
- the system 80 allows cleaning of one or more capillary tubes while fuel delivery continues with one or more other capillary tubes. For example, combustion of fuel via capillary flow passages 82B and 82C can be carried out during cleaning of capillary flow passage 82A.
- Cleaning of capillary flow passage 82A can be accomplished by shutting off the supply of fuel to capillary tube 82A, supplying air to capillary flow passage 82A with sufficient heating to oxidize deposits in the capillary flow passage.
- the one or more capillary flow passages being cleaned are preferably heated during the cleaning process by an electrical resistance heater or thermal feedback from the application.
- the time period between cleanings for any given capillary flow passage may either be fixed based upon known clogging characteristics, determined experimentally, or a sensing and control system may be employed to detect deposit buildup and initiate the cleaning process as required.
- FIG. 5 shows an exemplary schematic of a control system to operate an apparatus in accordance with the present invention, the apparatus incorporating an oxidizing gas supply for cleaning clogged capillary passages.
- the control system includes a controller 100 operably connected to a fuel supply 102 that supplies fuel and optionally air to a flow passage such as a capillary flow passage 104.
- the controller is also operably connected to a power supply 106 that delivers power to a resistance heater or directly to a metal capillary flow passage 104 for heating the tube sufficiently to vaporize the fuel.
- the combustion system can include multiple flow passages and heaters operably connected to the controller 100.
- the controller 100 can be operably connected to one or more signal sending devices such as an on- off switch, thermocouple, fuel flow rate sensor, air flow rate sensor, power output sensor, battery charge sensor, etc. whereby the controller 100 can be programmed to automatically control operation of the combustion system in response to the signal (s) outputted to the controller by the signal sending devices 108.
- signal sending devices such as an on- off switch, thermocouple, fuel flow rate sensor, air flow rate sensor, power output sensor, battery charge sensor, etc.
- the fuel vaporizing device of the apparatus can be configured to feed back heat produced during combustion such that the liquid fuel is heated sufficiently to substantially vaporize the liquid fuel as it passes through the capillary reducing or eliminating or supplementing the need to electrically or otherwise heat the capillary flow passage.
- the capillary tube can be made longer to increase the surface area thereof for greater heat transfer, the capillary tube can be configured to pass through the combusting fuel or a heat exchanger can be arranged to use exhaust gas from the combustion reaction to preheat the fuel.
- FIG. 6 shows, in simplified form, how a capillary flow passage 64 can be arranged so that liquid fuel traveling therethrough can be heated to an elevated temperature to reduce the power requirements of the fuel-vaporizing heater.
- a portion 66 of a tube comprising the capillary flow passage passes through the flame 68 of the combusted fuel.
- a resistance heater comprising a section of the tube or separate resistance heater heated by electrical leads 70, 72 connected to a power source such as a battery 74 can be used to initially vaporize the liquid fuel.
- the portion 66 of the tube can be preheated by the heat of combustion to reduce the power otherwise needed for continued vaporization of the fuel by the resistance heater.
- the fuel in the tube can be vaporized without using the resistance heater whereby power can be conserved.
- the means for cleaning deposits includes fluid control valve 18, a solvent control valve 26 for placing capillary flow passage 12 in fluid communication with a solvent, solvent control valve 26 disposed at one end of capillary flow passage 12.
- the solvent control valve is operable to alternate between the introduction of liquid fuel and the introduction of solvent into capillary flow passage 12, enabling the in-situ cleaning of capillary flow passage 12 when the solvent is introduced into capillary flow passage 12.
- the solvent may comprise liquid fuel from the liquid fuel source. When this is the case, no solvent control valve is required, as there is no need to alternate between fuel and solvent, and the heat source should be phased-out or deactivated during the cleaning of capillary flow passage 12.
- FIG. 7 presents another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- a fuel-vaporizing device 200 for use in the apparatus of the present invention has a heated capillary flow passage 212 for delivering liquid fuel F.
- Heat is provided by heat source 220, which is arranged along capillary flow passage 212.
- heat source 220 is provided by forming capillary flow passage 212 from a tube of electrically resistive material, a portion of capillary flow passage 212 forming a heater element when a source of electrical current is connected to the tube at connections 222 and 224 for delivering current therethrough.
- an axially moveable rod 232 is positioned through opening 236 of end cap 234 of device body 230 so as to be in axial alignment with the opening of inlet end 214 of capillary flow passage 212.
- Packing material 238 is provided within the interior volume of end cap 234 for sealing.
- axial moveable rod 232 is shown fully extended within capillary flow passage 212.
- selecting the diameter of axial moveable rod 232 for minimal wall clearance within the interior of capillary flow passage 212 produces a combination capable of removing substantially all of the deposits built up along the interior surface of capillary flow passage 212 during the operation of fuel vaporizing device 200.
- FIG. 8 shows a schematic of an apparatus in accordance with the invention which includes a free-piston Stirling engine 30, a combustion chamber 34 wherein heat at 550-750°C is converted into mechanical power by a reciprocating piston which drives an alternator 32 to produce electrical power.
- the assembly also includes a capillary flow passage/heater assembly 36, a controller 38, a rectifier/regulator 40, a battery 42, a fuel supply 44, a recuperator 46, a combustion blower 48, a cooler 50, and a cooler/blower 52.
- the controller 38 is operable to control delivery of fuel to the capillary 36 and to control combustion of the fuel in the chamber 34 such that the heat of combustion drives a piston in the Stirling engine such that the engine outputs electricity from the alternator 32.
- the Stirling engine/alternator can be replaced with a kinematic Stirling engine which outputs mechanical power. Examples of combustion chambers and air preheating arrangements can be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,277,942, 4,352,269, 4,384,457 and 4,392,350, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- FIG. 9 presents a partial cross-sectional schematic view of a power-producing device in accordance with another embodiment of the invention, which can form part of a heat conversion device such as a Stirling engine assembly.
- air delivered to an air inlet by an air blower enters the combustion chamber 34 and mixes with vaporized fuel delivered to the chamber by the capillary/heater arrangement 36.
- Heat of combustion in the chamber 34 heats the end of the Stirling engine 30 and a sliding piston reciprocates within an alternator in a manner that generates electricity.
- the chamber 34 can be designed to allow the exhaust gases to preheat incoming air and thus lower the energy requirements for combusting the fuel.
- the housing can include a multiwall arrangement, which allows the incoming air to circulate in a plenum, which is heated by exhaust gases circulating in an exhaust passage.
- Inlet air (indicated by arrow 55) can be caused to swirl in the combustion chamber by passing the air through swirler vanes 56 around the combustion chamber 34.
- the combusted air-fuel mixture heats the heat conversion device (Stirling engine) 30 and exhaust gases (indicated by arrows 57) are removed from the combustion chamber.
- the power conversion apparatus could include a liquid fuel source, at least one flow passage (e.g., one or more heated capillary tubes) through which fuel from the fuel supply is vaporized and delivered to a combustion chamber wherein the vaporized fuel is combusted, and heat produced in the combustion chamber is used to drive a Stirling engine or other heat conversion device.
- a heat exchanger can be used to preheat air as the air travels through air passages in the heat exchanger thereby maximizing efficiency of the device, i.e., by preheating the air mixed with the vaporized fuel to support combustion in the chamber, less fuel is needed to maintain the Stirling engine at a desired operating temperature.
- the exhaust gas can travel through exhaust ducts in the heat exchanger whereby heat from the exhaust gas can be transferred to the air being delivered to the combustion chamber.
- the combustion chamber can incorporate any suitable arrangement wherein air is mixed with the vaporized fuel and/or an air-fuel mixture is combusted.
- the fuel can be mixed with air in a venturi to provide an air-fuel mixture and the air-fuel mixture can be combusted in a heat-generating zone downstream from the venturi.
- the air-fuel mixture can be confined in an ignition zone in which an igniter such as a spark generator ignites the mixture.
- the igniter can be any device capable of igniting the fuel such as a mechanical spark generator, an electrical spark generator, resistance heated ignition wire or the like.
- the electrical spark generator can be powered by any suitable power source, such as a small battery.
- the battery can be replaced with a manually operated piezoelectric transducer that generates an electric current when activated.
- current can be generated electro-mechanically due to compression of the transducer.
- a striker can be arranged so as to strike the transducer with a predetermined force when the trigger is depressed.
- the electricity generated by the transducer can be supplied to a spark generating mechanism by suitable circuitry. Such an arrangement could be used to ignite the fuel-air mixture.
- Some of the electrical power generated by the conversion device can be stored in a suitable storage device such as a battery or capacitor, which can be used to power the igniter.
- a manually operated switch can be used to deliver electrical current to a resistance-heating element or directly through a portion of a metal tube, which vaporizes fuel in the flow passage and/or the electrical current can be supplied to an igniter for initiating combustion of the fuel-air mixture delivered to the combustion chamber.
- the heat generated by combusting the fuel could be used to operate any types of devices that rely on mechanical or electrical power.
- a heat conversion source could be used to generate electricity for portable electrical equipment such as telephone communication devices (e.g., wireless phones), portable computers, power tools, appliances, camping equipment, military equipment, transportation equipment such as mopeds, powered wheelchairs and marine propulsion devices, electronic sensing devices, electronic monitoring equipment, battery chargers, lighting equipment, heating equipment, etc.
- the heat conversion device could also be used to supply power to non-portable devices or to locations where access to an electrical power grid is not available, inconvenient or unreliable. Such locations and/or non-portable devices include remote living quarters and military encampments, vending machines, marine equipment, etc.
- Contemplated photovoltaic arrays for use in the hybrid power generating systems of the present invention include a wide variety of photovoltaic cells. Examples of preferred types known to be available can provide 20-25% conversion efficiency and may include several conversion layers. For example, a blue-responsive layer on an outermost surface, then a green-red responsive layer, and then an infrared layer. Other types are made with gallium rather than silicon.
- dedicated designs of solar cells may comprise an amorphous type comprising layered amorphous silicon constructed on a planar or non-planar surface, as those skilled in the art will understand. Developments in the construction of these cells can allow cell material to be evaporated or sprayed onto any surface to form a conforming coating.
- a useful operating voltage is at least 12 volts, with higher voltages providing enhanced utility from the standpoint of minimizing transmission losses and semiconductor losses, particularly when the sunlight is weak and the actual voltage drops.
- a step-up converter may be provided as is known in the art, to maintain a constant output voltage though at varying currents.
- an array used in combination with this invention may produce in the range of 51 to 204 kg-m/sec (500 watts to 2 kilowatts) or more of electricity.
- a block diagram of a hybrid power system 300 in accordance with a preferred form is shown.
- a power unit 310 which includes a liquid fuel source, one or more heated capillary tubes through which fuel from a fuel supply is vaporized and delivered to a combustion chamber wherein the vaporized fuel is combusted, and heat produced during combustion chamber is used to drive a Stirling engine or other heat conversion device, as previously described.
- the heat conversion device may be advantageously attached to an alternator, such as a linear alternator for the production of electrical power and sent to storage battery 340 that feeds power electronics module 350, which, in turn, is connected to a load.
- Photovoltaic array 320 which may be selected from the types previously described, is also electrically connected to storage battery 340 and may be sized to provide the total requirements of the load during periods of peak solar radiation or may be designed for supplementation by power unit 310.
- a unit having an engine with a 35.7 kg-m/sec (350-watt) capacity would provide a similar power output over 12 hours per day as a 102 kg-m/sec (1 -kilowatt) photovoltaic array provides on a sunny day.
- the capacity of the power unit can be considerably lower than that of the PV array and still provide dispatch capability and power reliability enhancement.
- multiple power units could be used simultaneously to address larger applications.
- photovoltaic array 320 provides about 90% of delivered electricity, yielding a hybrid strategy that requires about 300 to 800 hours annually of engine operation.
- the hybrid architecture of the present invention can reduce the need for photovoltaic panel and battery storage capacity by 25% to 50% and can reduce capital and ownership costs as compared to photovoltaic arrays. Additionally, the hybrid architecture contemplated reduces stress on the battery subsystem (reduced levels of discharge, etc.) with resultant increases in replacement schedules of a factor of two or more.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP03815647A EP1588425A2 (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2003-12-10 | Hybrid system for generating power |
AU2003296473A AU2003296473A1 (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2003-12-10 | Hybrid system for generating power |
JP2004567423A JP4489600B2 (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2003-12-10 | Hybrid system for generating power |
CA2513315A CA2513315C (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2003-12-10 | Hybrid system for generating power |
BR0318030-1A BR0318030A (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2003-12-10 | Hybrid Power Generation System |
MXPA05007694A MXPA05007694A (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2003-12-10 | Hybrid system for generating power. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US44209403P | 2003-01-23 | 2003-01-23 | |
US60/442,094 | 2003-01-23 |
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WO2004068593A2 true WO2004068593A2 (en) | 2004-08-12 |
WO2004068593A3 WO2004068593A3 (en) | 2005-11-10 |
WO2004068593A8 WO2004068593A8 (en) | 2005-12-22 |
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PCT/US2003/039327 WO2004068593A2 (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2003-12-10 | Hybrid system for generating power |
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EP (1) | EP1588425A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4489600B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101004459B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1826698A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003296473A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR0318030A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2513315C (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA05007694A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004068593A2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109404160A (en) * | 2018-11-01 | 2019-03-01 | 浙江大学 | The cellular-type Stirling engine heater of thermal source complementary type |
US10731557B1 (en) | 2019-04-19 | 2020-08-04 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Cyclonic dirt separator for high efficiency brayton cycle based micro turbo alternator |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR101183636B1 (en) | 2010-10-20 | 2012-09-17 | 이진용 | Electricity generating apparatus |
CN103994803A (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2014-08-20 | 厦门大学 | Heat pipe liquid absorbing core capillary flow measuring method and device based on infrared image observation |
JP6575559B2 (en) * | 2017-04-27 | 2019-09-18 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Fuel injection valve |
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2003
- 2003-12-10 KR KR1020057013587A patent/KR101004459B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-12-10 CN CNA2003801102055A patent/CN1826698A/en active Pending
- 2003-12-10 JP JP2004567423A patent/JP4489600B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-10 MX MXPA05007694A patent/MXPA05007694A/en unknown
- 2003-12-10 AU AU2003296473A patent/AU2003296473A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-10 WO PCT/US2003/039327 patent/WO2004068593A2/en active Application Filing
- 2003-12-10 CA CA2513315A patent/CA2513315C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-10 EP EP03815647A patent/EP1588425A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-12-10 BR BR0318030-1A patent/BR0318030A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109404160A (en) * | 2018-11-01 | 2019-03-01 | 浙江大学 | The cellular-type Stirling engine heater of thermal source complementary type |
US10731557B1 (en) | 2019-04-19 | 2020-08-04 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Cyclonic dirt separator for high efficiency brayton cycle based micro turbo alternator |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2004068593A8 (en) | 2005-12-22 |
KR101004459B1 (en) | 2010-12-31 |
KR20050094051A (en) | 2005-09-26 |
EP1588425A2 (en) | 2005-10-26 |
AU2003296473A1 (en) | 2004-08-23 |
JP4489600B2 (en) | 2010-06-23 |
CA2513315C (en) | 2013-10-29 |
MXPA05007694A (en) | 2010-09-28 |
BR0318030A (en) | 2005-12-06 |
JP2006513357A (en) | 2006-04-20 |
WO2004068593A3 (en) | 2005-11-10 |
CN1826698A (en) | 2006-08-30 |
CA2513315A1 (en) | 2004-08-12 |
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