WO2004066337A1 - アルカリ金属発生剤、アルカリ金属発生器、光電面、二次電子放出面、電子管、光電面の製造方法、二次電子放出面の製造方法及び電子管の製造方法 - Google Patents
アルカリ金属発生剤、アルカリ金属発生器、光電面、二次電子放出面、電子管、光電面の製造方法、二次電子放出面の製造方法及び電子管の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004066337A1 WO2004066337A1 PCT/JP2004/000294 JP2004000294W WO2004066337A1 WO 2004066337 A1 WO2004066337 A1 WO 2004066337A1 JP 2004000294 W JP2004000294 W JP 2004000294W WO 2004066337 A1 WO2004066337 A1 WO 2004066337A1
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- alkali metal
- photocathode
- generator
- emission surface
- tube
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B26/00—Obtaining alkali, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
- C22B26/10—Obtaining alkali metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
- C22B5/04—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by aluminium, other metals or silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/14—Metallic material, boron or silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
- C23C14/243—Crucibles for source material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J1/02—Main electrodes
- H01J1/35—Electrodes exhibiting both secondary emission and photo-emission
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
- H01J9/12—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of photo-emissive cathodes; of secondary-emission electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/32—Secondary emission electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/34—Photoemissive electrodes
- H01J2201/342—Cathodes
- H01J2201/3421—Composition of the emitting surface
- H01J2201/3426—Alkaline metal compounds, e.g. Na-K-Sb
Definitions
- Alkali metal generator Alkali metal generator, alkali metal generator, photoelectric surface, secondary electron emission surface, electron tube, method for manufacturing photoelectric surface, method for manufacturing secondary electron emission surface, and method for manufacturing electron tube
- the present invention relates to an alkali metal generator, an alkali metal generator, a photoelectric surface, a secondary electron emission surface, an electron tube, a method for manufacturing the photoelectric surface, and a method for manufacturing the secondary electron emission surface. And a method for manufacturing the electron tube.
- the photoelectric surface that emits electrons (photoelectrons and primary electrons) in response to incident light includes a so-called transmission type photoelectric surface formed on a transparent substrate, and a metal substrate such as Ni.
- a so-called reflective photocathode formed on the top is known, and such a photocathode is used as an important component of an electron tube such as a photomultiplier tube, a phototube, an image intensifier, and a streak tube. Have been.
- photoelectron emitting materials mainly intermetallic compounds and compound semiconductors
- an alkali metal formed on a substrate for example, S b and C s
- an intermetallic compound consisting of
- the photoelectron emitting material containing as an element the alkali metal when expressed at a partial pressure of a predetermined degree of vacuum (residual gas, preferably, 1 0- 7 ⁇ : L 0 _ 2 P It is formed by generating alkali metal vapor in an atmosphere maintained at a) and temperature and reacting it with the constituent materials of the photoelectron emitting material that reacts with the alkali metal.
- a predetermined degree of vacuum residual gas, preferably, 1 0- 7 ⁇ : L 0 _ 2 P
- a photoelectron emission material of an intermetallic compound consisting of Sb and Cs for example, a vapor deposition film made of Sb, which is a constituent material of a photoelectron emission material that reacts with metal, is first formed on a substrate. Then, Cs vapor is generated, Cs reacts with the deposited film of Sb, and a layer of an intermetallic compound is formed.
- the alkali metal since the alkali metal is very unstable in the air and cannot be used as a source of the vapor of the alkali metal itself, it is oxidized at a predetermined temperature.
- a source (a so-called alkali source or alkali metal source) containing, as a constituent, a combination of an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent capable of generating an alkali metal by a primary reaction is used.
- the supply source for example, a powdery alkali metal source or a pelletized alkali metal source has been conventionally used.
- the alkali metal source (supply source) of the alkali metal vapor containing the acid reagent and the reducing agent is referred to as an alkali metal generator.
- these powdery alkali metal generating agents or alkali metal generating agents formed into pellets by pressing are made of metal having an opening capable of discharging the alkali metal vapor to the outside. It is used while housed in the case. In some cases, the metal case is used in a state where the case is enclosed in a glass ampule. When forming the photocathode, the metal case is heated to generate alkali metal vapor.
- the above-mentioned metal-metal generating agent is also used, for example, for forming a secondary electron emission surface of a dynode in a photomultiplier tube.
- an alkali metal generator a chromate (for example, C s) containing three or one or more as a reducing agent and having an alkali metal ion as a counter-thione is used.
- C r 0 the alkali metal generating agent which is pressed into powder form or Perez preparative form containing 4, etc.
- the alkali metal generating agent containing the oxidizing agent for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Sho 55-748438, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Sho 53-124, Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 45-7566, Japanese Utility Model Publication No. Sho 47-3522 No. 1 discloses this.
- the alkali metal generator itself or the alkali metal generator is contained.
- Metal cases or glass ampules could rupture. If such a situation occurs when manufacturing a photocathode in an electron tube, it becomes difficult to control the amount of metal and the desired performance cannot be obtained. Also, in this case, the used metal case remains in the case of the electron tube such as a glass container due to restrictions on manufacturing efficiency, but if the metal case is ruptured at this time, It may be a defective product in appearance.
- the rapid progress of the oxidation-reduction reaction causes large fluctuations in the generation rate and yield of metal alloys, so that the area where the photocathode is to be formed and the secondary electron emission surface of the dynode
- the deposition state of the alkali metal in the region where the metal is to be formed becomes uneven.
- the oxidation-reduction reaction proceeds rapidly when a conventional chromate is used, so that the timing at which heating is stopped cannot always be constant.
- the spectral sensitivity characteristics vary among multiple photocathodes manufactured under the same conditions, and the multiplication efficiency also varies among multiple dynodes manufactured under similar conditions. This may result in defective products, which lowers production efficiency.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and is intended for forming a photoelectric surface or a secondary electron emission surface capable of stably generating Al metal.
- Alkali metal generator Alkali metal generator containing the alkali metal generator, capable of easily controlling the generation rate of Al metal, a photocathode with sufficient spectral sensitivity characteristics, sufficient increase
- the present invention provides It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a photocathode, a method for manufacturing a secondary electron emission surface, and a method for manufacturing an electron tube, which are easy and have excellent performance reproducibility.
- the inventors studied an oxidizing agent having a lower oxidizing power than the above-mentioned chromate, and when a tungstate was used as such an oxidizing agent, the tungstate was manufactured using the conventional chromate. It has been found that a photocathode and a secondary electron emission surface having performances comparable to those of the photocathode and the secondary electron emission surface can be manufactured easily and with good reproducibility.
- Related technologies include WOO 2/093664, JP-B-48-20944, JP-B-47-21951, JP-B-47-25541, and JP-B-47-15976. .
- the present invention relates to a method for forming a photocathode that emits photoelectrons in response to incident light or a secondary electron emission surface that emits secondary electrons in response to incident electrons.
- It is an alkali metal generator as a source of metal and contains at least an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent.
- the oxidizing agent comprises at least one type of tungstate having an alkali metal ion as counter-thione.
- the reducing agent initiates an oxidation-reduction reaction with the oxidizing agent at a predetermined temperature to reduce alkali metal ions.
- Tungstate which uses alkali metal ions as counter-force thiones, has a weaker oxidizing power than the above-mentioned chromate, so that the redox reaction with the reducing agent is slower than in the case of chromate. proceed. Therefore, once the reaction starts to proceed, it is easy to control the reaction rate by adjusting the reaction temperature. In other words, the alkali metal generator according to the present invention itself or the case containing the same may be ruptured. It is possible to stably generate an alkali metal (alkali metal vapor).
- the alkali metal generator containing a tungstate a photocathode having sufficient spectral sensitivity characteristics and a secondary electron emission surface having sufficient multiplication efficiency can be easily and easily provided. It can be manufactured with good reproducibility.
- the present inventors have proposed a method for producing a photoelectric surface having sufficient spectral characteristics and a secondary electron emitting surface having sufficient multiplication efficiency by using a material amount ratio of a reducing agent to a tungstate. Is important. Therefore, the inventors manufactured a plurality of samples (photomultiplier tubes) for the substance ratio of the reducing agent to the tungstate, and obtained a photocathode and an anode having sufficient sensitivity and stability for practical use. Was discussed. As a result, the lower limit of the ratio of the reducing agent to the tungstate is 1.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the amount of the reducing agent to the tungstate is preferably 50.1 or less.
- the alkali metal generator according to the present invention has a photoelectric surface that emits photoelectrons in response to incident light, or a secondary electron emission surface that emits secondary electrons in response to incident electrons. Generates the alkali metal used for The alkali metal generator has a case, a supply source, and a discharge port.
- the case is preferably a metal case for housing a supply source.
- the supply source is an alkali metal generator having the above-mentioned structure (alkali metal generator according to the present invention), including a raw material that generates an alkali metal.
- the discharge port is provided in the case, and discharges alkali metal vapor generated in the supply source from the internal space of the case in which the supply source is stored to the outside of the case.
- the alkali metal generator according to the present invention in which the alkali metal generator having the above-described structure is housed, the oxidation of the oxidizer and the reducing agent in the alkali metal generator is performed. Alkali metal (alkaline metal vapor) generated by the reduction reaction can be stably discharged to the outside from the outlet of the case. Therefore, by using the alkali metal generator according to the present invention, a photocathode having sufficient spectral sensitivity characteristics and a secondary electron emission surface having sufficient multiplication efficiency can be easily and reproducibly formed. Can be manufactured well.
- the photoelectric surface according to the present invention includes an alkali metal that emits photoelectrons in response to incident light.
- This alkali metal is an alkali metal generated from the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- the alkali metal may be an alkali metal generated from the alkali metal generator according to the present invention. In either case, a photocathode having sufficient spectral sensitivity characteristics can be obtained by using the metal alloy or the metal generator.
- the secondary electron emission surface according to the present invention includes an alkali metal that emits secondary electrons in response to incident electrons.
- the alkali metal may be an alkali metal generated from the alkali metal generator according to the present invention, or may be an alkali metal generated from the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- the secondary electron emission surface having a sufficient multiplication efficiency can be formed by using the metal alloy or the metal generator.
- the electrons incident on the secondary electron emission surface include photoelectrons emitted from the photoelectric surface.
- the electron tube according to the present invention is an electron tube having a photoelectric surface that emits photoelectrons in response to incident light, and the photoelectric surface according to the present invention can be applied to this photoelectric surface. is there.
- an electron tube having sufficient photoelectric conversion characteristics can be obtained.
- the electron tube is provided with one or more secondary electron emission surfaces (for example, a secondary electron emission surface such as a dynode), the above secondary electron emission surface is also included in the present invention from the above viewpoint. It is preferable to manufacture using such an alkali metal generator or an alkali metal generator.
- the electron tube according to the present invention is characterized in that each of the electron tubes has a secondary At least an electron multiplier including one or more dynodes having a secondary electron emission surface for emitting electrons is provided. Also in this case, the secondary electron emission surface according to the present invention can be applied as the secondary electron emission surface in each dynode. .
- the secondary electron emission surface manufactured using the alkali metal generator or the alkali metal generator according to the present invention an electron tube having sufficient photoelectric conversion characteristics can be obtained. can get.
- the photocathode provided on the above-mentioned electron tube is also manufactured using the alkali metal generator or the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- the alkali metal generator or the alkali metal generator according to the present invention is prepared as a source of the alkali metal, and the alkali metal generator (alkali) is used.
- the alkali metal generator (alkali) stored in the case is heated, and the alkali metal generated by heating the alkali metal generating agent is guided to the region where the photocathode is formed.
- the method for manufacturing a secondary electron emission surface according to the present invention includes the steps of: preparing an alkali metal generator or an alkali metal generator according to the present invention as a source of alkali metal;
- the heating agent in the case of an alkali metal generator, an alkali metal generating agent housed in a case
- the heating agent is heated, and the alkali metal generated by the heating of the alkali metal generating agent is guided to the region where the secondary electron emission surface is formed.
- a secondary electron emission surface that emits secondary electrons in response to incident electrons is obtained.
- the method for manufacturing an electron tube according to the present invention is characterized in that It is possible to manufacture an electron tube having at least a photocathode containing an alkali metal that emits photoelectrons. That is, in the method for manufacturing the electron tube, an alkali generator or an alkali metal generator according to the present invention is prepared, and the alkali metal generator (in the case of an alkali metal generator, an alkali metal generator stored in a case) is used. A step of heating and guiding an alkali metal generated by heating the alkali metal generating agent to a region where a photocathode is formed.
- an electron tube having excellent performance reproducibility can be obtained.
- an electron tube provided with at least one secondary electron emission surface for example, a secondary electron emission surface such as a dynode
- the secondary electron emission surface is considered from the viewpoint described above.
- the surface is also preferably manufactured using the alkali metal generator or alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- each of the plurality of dynodes has one or more dynodes having a secondary electron emission surface that emits secondary electrons in response to incident electrons. It is possible to manufacture an electron tube having a doubled portion.
- the secondary electron emission surface of each dynode is prepared by preparing the alkali metal generator or the alkali metal generator according to the present invention, and storing the alkali metal generator (in the case of the alkali metal generator, in the case). The alkali metal generating agent) is heated, and the alkali metal generated by heating the alkali metal generating agent is guided to the formation region of the secondary electron emission surface.
- the secondary electron emission surface of the dynode using the alkali metal generator or the alkali metal generator according to the present invention, excellent reproducibility of performance can be obtained.
- An electron tube is obtained.
- the photoelectric surface of the electron tube is also preferably manufactured using the alkali metal generator or the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the configuration of an embodiment of the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the configuration of the first embodiment of the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the alkali metal generator (FIG. 2) according to the first embodiment, taken along line II.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the second embodiment of the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a third embodiment of an aluminum metal generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a sectional view showing the configuration of the fourth embodiment of the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a fifth embodiment of the metal-metal generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a configuration of a photomultiplier tube as a first embodiment of the electron tube according to the second invention.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining a manufacturing process of a photocathode of a photomultiplier tube and a dynode using the alkali metal generator shown in FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a configuration of a photomultiplier tube as a second embodiment of the electron tube according to the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a configuration of a phototube as a third embodiment of the electron tube according to the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a configuration of an image tube (image intensifier) as a fourth embodiment of the electron tube according to the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a configuration of a streak tube as a fifth embodiment of the electron tube according to the present invention.
- FIG. 14 shows a photomultiplier tube manufactured using the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention and a photomultiplier manufactured using the conventional alkali metal generating agent. It is a table
- FIG. 15 shows a sample of a photomultiplier tube manufactured by using the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention, and a sample manufactured by using a conventional Al-Li metal generating agent.
- 6 is a table showing life characteristics (%) in a comparative example of a photomultiplier tube.
- FIG. 16 shows a sample of a photomultiplier tube manufactured using the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention and a photoelectron tube manufactured using the conventional alkali metal generating agent. It is a graph which shows the radiation sensitivity characteristic in the comparative example of a multiplier.
- Fig. 17 shows the results of using a conventional alkali metal generator based on the life characteristics of a sample of a photomultiplier tube manufactured using the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- 7 is a graph showing the relative output of the life characteristics of a comparative example of the photomultiplier manufactured as follows.
- Fig. 18 is a graph showing the relative sensitivity of the photocathode in a sample of a photomultiplier tube manufactured using the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing the relative sensitivity of the anode in a sample of a photomultiplier manufactured using the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention.
- Fig. 1 is a perspective view showing a configuration of a preferred embodiment of the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention.
- the alkali metal generating agent 1 shown in FIG. 1 is a source of an alkali metal used for forming a photocathode or a secondary electron emission surface.
- all the components of the metal generator 1 of FIG. 1 are formed into a cylindrical pellet by compression molding. By making the pellets in this manner, the handleability of the alkali metal generator 1 is improved, and the pellets can be mounted on an alkali metal generator, which will be described later, or when a photoelectric surface, a secondary electron emission surface, or an electron tube is manufactured. Work becomes easier.
- the oxidizing agent contained in the alkali metal generator 1 is at least one type of tungstate having an alkali metal ion as a counter force thione ( as such a tungstate).
- R represents at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, and Cs .
- tungstate having a cation of an alkali metal element represented by R in the above chemical formula as a force cation
- the alkali metal used for the material of the photocathode used can be generated more stably.
- the type and content of the oxidizing agent comprising tungstate are appropriately selected according to the component composition of the photoelectric surface to be manufactured or the secondary electron emission surface to be manufactured. For example, different types of materials may be combined and contained at a predetermined ratio, or only a single type may be contained.
- the reducing agent contained in the above-mentioned metal-metal generating agent 1 is heated to a predetermined temperature.
- the redox reaction with the above-mentioned oxidizing agent is started to reduce the metal ion.
- a reducing agent is not particularly limited as long as it can generate an alkali metal stably, but is at least one selected from the group consisting of Si, Zr, Ti and A1. Is preferred.
- these Si, Zr, Ti and A1 may be used alone or in any combination as a reducing agent (for example, Si and Ti).
- a reducing agent for example, Si and Ti
- the reducing agent composed of Si has a characteristic that the generation amount of alkali metal is saturated at about 900 ° C or more. Therefore, it is easier to control the amount of alkali metal generated with respect to the heating temperature than other reducing agents. Therefore, it is suitable for mass production because the reaction in a short time is easy.
- Si when Si is used as a reducing agent, it is possible to use a high-frequency heating reaction system in which fine temperature control is difficult.
- a method of initiating the oxidation-reduction reaction between the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent a method in which the alkali-metal generating agent starts to proceed in an atmosphere adjusted to a predetermined vacuum degree
- the method of heating to the temperature of above is, 1 0 6 ⁇ Iota if expressed at a partial pressure of residual gas in the atmosphere 0 - ip a, preferably 1 0 6-1 0 — Means an atmosphere that is 3 Pa.
- Li metal generating agent 1 for example, W, A 1 2 0 3 or the like may be contained.
- the above-mentioned alkali metal generator 1 can be produced by the same technique as that of a conventional alkaline metal generator using chromate as an oxidizing agent, except that the above-mentioned tungstate is used as an oxidizing agent.
- the secondary surface of the manufactured photocathode or dynode A tungstate serving as an oxidizing agent is selected according to the component composition of the electron emission surface.
- a measuring step, a pulverizing / mixing step, and a forming step are sequentially performed.
- an appropriate amount of an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent eg, Si, Zr, A1, etc.
- these are put into a crusher (eg, an agate bowl or a ball mill), and crushing and mixing are performed simultaneously.
- a component other than the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent is contained, in the pulverizing / mixing step, the component is put into a pulverizer together with the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent and mixed and pulverized.
- a powder of a metal regenerator is obtained.
- the obtained alkali metal generating agent powder is pressed by a powder press to obtain the alkali metal generating agent 1 as a pellet formed into a cylindrical shape.
- the metallic force generator 1 is formed into cylindrical pellets by compression molding.
- the shape is not particularly limited.
- the alkali metal generator according to the present invention may be compression-molded as in the above-described embodiment. All components may be in powder form.
- the powder before molding as described above may be used as it is, or may be once formed into a pellet and then ground to be used as powder.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the configuration of the first embodiment of the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the alkali metal generator shown in FIG. 2 taken along the line I-I, and also shows a heating device.
- the alkali metal generator 2 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 generates an alkali metal used for forming a photoelectric surface or a secondary electron emission surface.
- the alkali metal generator 2 includes the alkali metal generator 1 shown in FIG. 1 and a metal case 20 containing the alkali metal generator 1.
- the case 20 includes a metal-made bottomed container 22 provided with a recess for accommodating the pellet made of the alkali metal generating agent 1, and a whole recessed portion of the bottomed container 22. And a metal lid member 24 welded to the bottomed container 22 in a state of covering the container.
- the concave portion of the bottomed container 22 has a larger volume than the pellet made of the alkali metal generating agent 1, and is preferably formed in a shape similar to the pellet. Further, an annular flange is provided so as to surround the concave portion of the bottomed container 22, and this flange is welded to the edge of the lid member 24.
- the concave portion of the bottomed container 22 (storage space for the alkali metal generating agent 1) and the bottomed container 2
- An unwelded portion is provided to communicate with the outside of the device, and this unwelded portion allows the vapor of the alkali metal generated from the alkali metal generator 1 to form the photocathode forming area or the secondary of the dynode. It becomes an emission port 23 for emitting toward the site where the electron emission surface is formed.
- the alkali metal In a controlled atmosphere, a method of heating to a predetermined temperature at which the oxidation-reduction reaction starts to progress is exemplified.
- a heating device for generating a vapor of the alkali metal is not particularly limited as long as it has a configuration capable of heating the alkali metal generating agent 1 in the above atmosphere.
- a heating device may have the structure based on a high frequency heating system or a resistance heating system. From the viewpoint of easily and uniformly heating the alkali metal generator 1 while heating, it is preferable that the heating device has a configuration in which the alkali metal generator 1 is heated by high-frequency heating.
- the high-frequency heating type heating device includes a high-frequency coil 25 wound around a case 20 containing an aluminum metal generator 1, A high frequency power supply for supplying a high frequency current to the coil 25 is provided.
- the structure may be the same as the case where an alkali metal generator containing the above-mentioned chromate as an oxidizing agent is heated by a high-frequency heating method.
- an alkali metal generator 1 is mounted in advance in an electron tube where a photoelectric surface and / or a secondary electron emission surface of a dynode is to be formed, and heated by high frequency heating to generate alkali metal vapor in the electron tube. This may be caused to react with a predetermined portion where a photoelectric surface and a secondary or dynode secondary electron emission surface are to be formed.
- the alkali metal generator 1 is manufactured as described above. Subsequently, a bottomed container 22 and a lid member 24 are produced according to the shape and volume of the alkali metal generating agent 1. The bottomed container 22 is welded to the lid member 24 in a state in which the metal force generating agent 1 is stored in the recess.
- the method for producing the bottomed container 22 and the lid member 24 and the method for welding the bottomed container 22 and the lid member 24 are not particularly limited, and can be performed by, for example, a known technique.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a second embodiment of the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 also shows a heating device.
- the alkali metal generator 3 shown in FIG. 4 has a main body 2A having the same configuration as the alkali metal generator 2 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, and a glass ampoule enclosing the main body 2A. 3 and a rod-shaped support member 34 connected to a case 20 (having a discharge port 23) of the main body 2A.
- the glass ampule 32 has a cylindrical shape, and the inner diameter of an upper surface portion (hereinafter, referred to as a tip portion) facing the stem bottom surface through which the support member 34 has penetrated is another portion. Has become smaller than.
- the alkali metal generator 3 forms a photoelectric surface and / or a secondary electron emission surface of a diode
- the alkali metal generator 3 is used for forming an electron tube on which a photoelectric surface and a secondary or electron diode emission surface are to be formed. Connected. At this time, the space in the electron tube and the space in the portion where the secondary electron emission surface of the Z or dynode is to be formed is connected to the space in the glass ampule 32. That is, the glass ampule 32 is opened when the photoelectric surface and the Z or secondary electron emission surface are formed.
- One end of the support member 34 located in the glass ampoule 32 is connected to the outer surface of the lid member 24 of the case 20.
- the other end of the support member 34 is It protrudes outside the ampoule via a through hole h32 provided in the glass ampoule 32.
- the support member 34 is in close contact with the inner surface of the through hole h32 such that the inside of the amplifier 32 is airtight.
- a high-frequency heating device of high-frequency heating type includes a high-frequency electrode 126 capable of generating a high-frequency current and a coil 25 (induction furnace) connected to the high-frequency electrode 126 capable of passing the high-frequency current. Is configured.
- the coil 25 is arranged so as to surround the main body 2A from the outside of the glass ampoule 32, and by heating, the alkali metal generator 3 can start generating steam of the alkali metal.
- the Al metal alloy generator 1 is manufactured as described above, and the main body is manufactured in the same manner as the Al metal alloy generator 2. 2 A is manufactured. Subsequently, after the supporting member 34 is welded to the main body 2A, the main body 2A integrated with the supporting member 34 is sealed in the glass ampule 32.
- the method of welding the main body 2A and the support member 34 and the method of sealing them in the glass ampule 32 are not particularly limited, and can be performed by, for example, a known technique.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the third embodiment of the alkali metal generator according to the present invention. This figure also shows a heating device.
- the alkali metal generator 4 shown in FIG. 5 is a powdery or pelletized alkali metal generator. It consists of a crude agent 1 A and a metal (for example, Ni) case 2 OA that contains the metallizing agent 1 A.
- This alkali metal generator 1A has the same composition as the alkali metal generator 1 shown in FIG.
- the case 2OA is formed of a metal pipe provided with an internal space for accommodating the alkali metal generating agent 1.
- the edges of both ends of the case 2OA are caulked by, for example, knocking with a chisel to prevent the alkali metal generator 1A from leaking from the internal space.
- the crimped edge of Case 2 OA has a non-contact portion that connects the internal space and the outside of Case 2 OA, and this non-contact portion is generated from the alkali metal generator 1 A.
- the discharge port 23 serves as a discharge port 23 for discharging the vapor of the alkali metal to the formation site of the photoelectric surface or the secondary electron emission surface. The size of the outlet 23 is adjusted so that the alkali metal generator 1A does not leak from the internal space.
- the alkali metal vapor can be generated by heating in the same manner as in the alkali metal generators 2 and 3 described above.
- the heating device for heating the alkali metal generator 4 includes, as shown in FIG. 5, a high-frequency coil 25 wound around the case 20 and a high-frequency current supplied to the coil 25. And a high-frequency power supply 26.
- an alkali metal generator 1A is first manufactured as described above, and this is filled in a metal case (metal pipe) 2OA. . Subsequently, the openings at both ends of the metal case 2OA are caulked, whereby the alkali metal generator 4 is obtained.
- the method of caulking the openings at both ends of the metal case 2OA is not particularly limited, and for example, can be performed by a known technique.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the fourth embodiment of the alkali metal generator according to the present invention. This figure also shows a heating device.
- the alkali metal generator 5 shown in FIG. 6 has the same configuration as the alkali metal generator 4 shown in FIG.
- a glass amp 52 enclosing the main body 4A.
- the glass ampule 52 has the same shape as the glass ampule 32 shown in FIG. Further, the inner diameter of the tip portion facing the bottom surface of the glass ampule 52 is adjusted to a size that allows the main body 4A to be confined inside.
- the alkali metal generator 5 When forming the photoelectric surface and / or the secondary electron emission surface of the dynode, the alkali metal generator 5 is also used in the same manner as the alkali metal generator 3 shown in FIG. Connected to the electron tube on which the secondary electron emission surface of Z or dynode is to be formed. At this time, the space in the electron tube where the photoelectric surface and the secondary electron emission surface of the nose or dynode are to be formed is connected to the space in the glass ampoule 52 so as to communicate with each other. [0909] Also in the case of the alkali metal generator 5, by heating in the same manner as in the above-described alkali metal generators 2 to 4, alkali metal vapor can be generated. As shown in FIG. 6, a heating device for heating the alkali metal generator 4 includes a high-frequency coil 25 wound around the case 20 and a high-frequency current flowing through the coil 25. And a high frequency power supply 26 for supplying the power.
- the Al metal alloy generator 1A is manufactured as described above, and the main body is manufactured in the same manner as the Al metal alloy generator 4. 4 A is manufactured. Subsequently, the main body 4 A is sealed in a glass ampoule 52.
- the method of enclosing the main body 4A in the glass ampoule 52 is not particularly limited, and can be performed by, for example, a known technique.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view (including a heating device) showing a configuration of a fifth embodiment of the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- the alkali metal generator 6 shown in FIG. 7 is mainly composed of a metal case 2 containing an alkali metal generator 1 B formed into powder or pellets and an alkali metal generator 1 A. 0 B, two electrodes 64 arranged at predetermined positions of the metal case 20 B, and two electrodes 64 electrically connected to the two electrodes 64, respectively. 4 to allow current to flow And an energizing device 68 having a source.
- the alkaline metal generator 1B has the same composition as the alkaline metal generator 1 shown in FIG.
- the case 20 B includes a metal pipe 62 provided with an internal space for accommodating the alkali metal generating agent 1, and two metal lid members 63 closing both ends of the metal pipe 62.
- the two electrodes 64 are connected to the two metal lid members 63 one by one.
- the current supply device 68 is electrically connected to each of the two electrodes 64 via a conducting wire 66.
- a discharge port 23 for communicating the internal space with the outside of the case 20B.
- the vapor of the metallic alkali generated from the metallic alkali generator 1A can be emitted toward the formation site of the photoelectric surface or the secondary electron emission surface.
- the size of the outlet 23 is adjusted so that the alkali metal generating agent 1B does not leak from the internal space.
- the shape of the discharge port 23 is not particularly limited as long as it has the above-described size, and may be, for example, a slit.
- the energizing device 68 can heat the metal regenerator 1B based on the resistance heating method. For example, when several amperes of current are passed through the metal case 20B, the alkali metal generator 1B is heated by the Joule heat generated in the metal case 20B, generating alkali metal vapor. Can be done.
- an alkali metal generator 1B is manufactured by the same method as the above-mentioned alkali metal generator 1, and the alkali metal generator 1 B is filled in the metal pipe 62. Subsequently, both ends of the metal pipe 62 are closed by welding the lid members 63 so as to cover the entire opening. Further, the electrodes 64 are connected to the two lid members 63, respectively, and the electrodes 64 are connected to the current conducting device 68, thereby obtaining the metal-metal generator 6. (Photoelectric surface, secondary electron emission surface, and electron tube)
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a configuration of a photomultiplier tube as a first embodiment of the electron tube according to the present invention.
- the photomultiplier tube 7 shown in FIG. 8 is a head-on type photomultiplier tube having a transmission type photocathode (more specifically, in the case of the photomultiplier tube 7 shown in FIG. 8, the electron multiplier is a line Focus type).
- the photomultiplier tube 7 mainly receives the photoelectric surface C7 and the photoelectrons e1 emitted from the photoelectric surface C7, and generates the secondary electrons e2 by using the collision of the photoelectrons e1.
- Anode A 7 and a cylindrical (for example, cylindrical) glass side tube 72 (for example, Kovar glass, UV glass, etc.) for accommodating each of these electrodes are made of a metal material such as Kovar metal, stainless steel, or the like.
- a voltage application unit (bleeder circuit) for adjusting potential is connected to each electrode. There Ru.
- the photoelectric surface C7 is mainly formed adjacent to the substrate C71 (face plate) and on the substrate C71, and emits photoelectrons e1 corresponding to the incident light L1.
- C 72 (hereinafter, referred to as a photo emission material layer C 72) made of a film-like photoelectron emission material (for example, an intermetallic compound or a compound semiconductor).
- the photoelectric surface C7 is fixed to one opening 72a of the side tube 72. That is, a substrate C71 (for example, a glass substrate) that can transmit light to be used for one of the openings 72a of the side tube 72 is fused with its light receiving surface FC71 facing outward. It is fixed. Also, the inner surface on the opposite side of the light receiving surface FC 71 of this substrate C 71 On the (back surface), a photoelectron emitting material layer C72 is formed.
- a substrate C71 for example, a glass substrate
- the photoelectron emitting material layer C72 contains an alkali metal generated from any of the above-described alkali metal generator and an alkali metal generator equipped with the same.
- the photoelectron emitting material layer C72 there is an intermetallic compound (compound semiconductor) containing an alkali metal as a constituent material, or a compound semiconductor activated with an alkali metal.
- (C s) in G aAs (C s) means that G a As was obtained by performing an activation treatment with C s.
- (Cs) in InPZInGaAsP (Cs) and InPZInGaAs (Cs) are also synonymous.
- a photoelectron emitting material such as Cs—Te or Ag— ⁇ Cs may be used.
- the photoelectron emitting material layer C72 is formed on the back surface of the substrate C71 with a constituent material of a photoelectron emitting material that reacts with an alkali metal such as an antimony compound semiconductor, and then reacts with the vapor of the alkali metal. Can be obtained.
- an alkali metal such as an antimony compound semiconductor
- the other opening 72b of the side tube 72 is provided with a stem plate made of glass (for example, Kovar glass or UV glass, or a metal material such as Kovar metal or stainless steel). 78 are welded and fixed. Thus, a sealed container is constituted by the side tube 72, the photocathode C7, and the stem plate 78.
- a stem plate made of glass (for example, Kovar glass or UV glass, or a metal material such as Kovar metal or stainless steel).
- an exhaust pipe 73 is fixed at the center of the stem plate 4. This exhaust pipe 73 is used to evacuate the inside of the sealed container with a vacuum pump to make a vacuum state after the completion of the assembling work of the photomultiplier tube 7, and to form the photoelectron emitting material layer C72. It is also used as an inlet tube for introducing alkali metal vapor into the sealed container during formation.
- the electron multiplier D7 has a plurality of plate-shaped dynodes.
- the first dynode D71 to the ninth dynode D79 are provided.
- Each of the first dynode D71 to the ninth dynode D.79 includes a substrate and a secondary dynode D.79 which is disposed on the substrate and emits secondary electrons e2 by using incident photoelectrons e1.
- a layer made of a film-like secondary electron emission material having an electron emission surface FD7 hereinafter, the layer made of the secondary electron emitting material is referred to as a secondary electron emitting material layer.
- each of the first dynode D71 to the ninth dynode D79 is, for example, a stem pin 75 (for example, made of Kovar metal) provided to penetrate the sealed container.
- the stem pins 75 are supported in a sealed container, and the tips of the stem pins 75 are electrically connected to the first to ninth dynodes D71 to D79.
- the hermetic container is provided with a pin hole for allowing each stem pin 75 to pass therethrough.
- each pin hole is filled with a tablet (for example, made of Kovar glass) used as a hermetic seal.
- the stem pin 75 is fixed to the sealed container via the tablet.
- each of the stem pins 75 includes a pin for the first dynode D71 to the ninth dynode D79 and a pin for the anode A7.
- the secondary electron-emitting material of the secondary electron-emitting material layer of each dynode includes the above-described alkali metal generating agent and an alkali metal generating material having the same. Contains alkali metals from any of the vessels.
- the secondary electron emitting material in the secondary electron emitting material layer is not particularly limited as long as it is a material containing an alkali metal as a constituent material or a material activated with an alkali metal.
- an intermetallic compound (compound semiconductor) of Sb with any one of the metal alloys may be used.
- an anode A7 fixed to a stem pin 75 is disposed between the electron multiplier D7 and the stem plate 78.
- a focusing electrode E7 is arranged between the electron multiplier D7 and the photocathode C7.
- the focusing electrode E7 has an opening for discharging the focused stream of photoelectrons e1 toward the electron multiplier D7.
- the other ends of the stem pins 75 connected to the first to ninth dynodes D71 to D79 and the anode A7 are electrically connected to the voltage application unit.
- a predetermined voltage is supplied to the first dynode D71 to the ninth dynode D79 and the anode A7, and the photoelectric surface C7 and the focusing electrode E7 are set to the same potential.
- the potentials of the first to ninth dynodes D71 to D79 and the anode A7 are set so as to become higher in order from the top.
- the light L1 incident on the light receiving surface F C71 of the photoelectric surface C7 is converted into photoelectrons el and emitted from the inner surface F C72.
- the photoelectron el enters the electron multiplier D 7, is multiplied by the first dynode D 71 to the ninth dynode D 79, multiplied by multiple stages, enters the anode A 7, and the current is transmitted from the anode A 7. Will be done.
- the method of manufacturing the photomultiplier tube 7 is to form the photoelectric surface C7 and the first to ninth dynodes D71 to D79 using the alkali metal generator or the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- Conditions and procedures other than those described above are not particularly limited, and they can be produced by a known technique.
- the side tube 72 and the substrate C71 are integrated by heating (or a glass bulb in which the side tube and the substrate are integrally formed may be used). Note that, at this stage, the photoelectron emitting material layer C72 on the substrate C71 of the photocathode C7 is in an unformed state (a state in which alkali activation is not performed).
- FIG. 9 illustrates a manufacturing process of forming the photocathode C 7 and the first to ninth dynodes D 79 to C 79 of the photomultiplier tube 7 using the alkali metal generator 5 shown in FIG. FIG.
- the detailed internal configuration of the photomultiplier tube 7 is omitted.
- a layer composed of the constituent material of the photoelectron emitting material layer C 72 reacting with the alkali metal is formed on the substrate C 71 in advance, and the secondary electron emitting layer reacting with the alkali metal is formed.
- a layer made of the constituent material of the material layer is formed in advance on the substrate of each dynode D7.
- a deposition source a deposition material composed of a material for the photoelectron emission material layer C72 made of a material other than an alkali metal such as Sb or a secondary electron emission material layer made of a material other than an alkali metal
- a deposition source a deposition material composed of a material for the photoelectron emission material layer C72 made of a material other than an alkali metal such as Sb or a secondary electron emission material layer made of a material other than an alkali metal
- the total pressure inside a predetermined vacuum state (dense sealed inside the container the residual gas in the sealed container is, for example, to 1 0- 6 ⁇ l (T 3 P a)
- the vapor deposition material constituting the vapor deposition source is evaporated by applying a current to the vapor deposition source or performing high-frequency heating.
- the deposition material is deposited on each of the substrate C 71 and the dynode D 7.
- the deposition material is previously deposited on each of the substrate C 71 and the dynode D 7 using another deposition apparatus. It may be deposited on a substrate.
- an opening is formed in the exhaust pipe 73, so that the deposition material inside the exhaust pipe 73 is opened to the outside.
- a bottomed glass tube 76 in which an alkali metal generator 5 with an open end of an ampoule 52 is arranged near the bottom is prepared.
- the opening of the exhaust pipe 73 are connected in an airtight state.
- another opening is provided on the side surface of the glass tube 76, and the glass tube 76 is airtightly connected to the opening of the glass tube 77 connected to the vacuum pump.
- a vacuum pump a predetermined vacuum state sealed container interior through an exhaust pipe 7 3 (total pressure of the residual gas in the sealed container is, for example, 1 0- 6 ⁇ 1 0_ 3 P a) is held in.
- the metal-metal generator 5 is heated by the heating device of the above-described high-frequency heating method, and the metal-metal generator 5 in the metal-metal generator 5 is oxidized to 1 A.
- the oxidation-reduction reaction between (tungstate) and the reducing agent proceeds to generate alkali metal vapor.
- C s 2 W_ ⁇ 4 is used as the oxidizing agent
- S i is used as the reducing agent
- the redox reaction proceeds represented by the following chemical equation, the vapor of C s is generated.
- the oxidizing agent (tungstate) that makes the alkali metal ion a counter force thione has a lower oxidizing power than the cuprate that makes the alkali metal ion a counter force thione,
- the redox reaction with the reducing agent proceeds more slowly than in the case of cuprate. Therefore, the alkali metal vapor can be stably generated without bursting the alkali metal generator 1A itself or the case 2OA containing the alkali metal generator 1A.
- the reaction temperature can be easily adjusted by heating the exhaust pipe 73. .
- Cs vapor is guided to the tip of the glass ampoule 52, and the Cs vapor or the Cs liquid is collected at the tip.
- the sealed container portion is placed in an electric furnace, and the inside of the electric furnace is maintained at a predetermined temperature (for example, 200 ° C.).
- a predetermined temperature for example, 200 ° C.
- the tip of the amplifier 52 can be maintained at a predetermined temperature in the electric furnace, and the vapor of the alkali metal such as Cs can be stably discharged from the tip. That is, a photocathode and a dyno produced using a conventional chromate
- the photocathode C7 and the first dynode D71 to ninth dynode D79 having performance comparable to that of the dynode can be easily and reproducibly manufactured.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a configuration of a photomultiplier tube as a second embodiment of the electron tube according to the present invention.
- FIG. 10 shows another configuration of the photomultiplier tube 7 shown in FIG. [0127]
- the photomultiplier tube 7A shown in FIG. 10 mainly includes an electrode portion 71, an alkali metal generator 2 fixed to the electrode portion 71, an electrode portion 71 and an alkali. It comprises a substantially cylindrical glass container for housing the metal generator 2 and stem pins 75 A electrically connected to the respective electrodes of the electrode portion 71.
- the glass container is made up of a glass side 72 A and a glass stem plate 78 A.
- the electrode section 71 like the photomultiplier tube 7 in FIG. 8, includes a photocathode, a focusing electrode, an electron multiplier section including a plurality of dynodes, and an anode. Further, each stem pin 75 A is connected to a voltage application unit, similarly to the photomultiplier tube 7 in FIG. [0128]
- the alkali metal generator 2 has the same configuration as the alkali metal generator shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Further, the alkali metal generator 2 is used for forming a dynode on the photoelectric surface of the electrode part 71 and the electron multiplier part. The alkali metal generator 2 is fixed to the electrode part 71 by a metal wire. Although the number of alkali metal generators 2 in FIG.
- a plurality of metal force generators 2 having the metal force generator 1 may be fixed to the electrode portion 7 1.
- the photomultiplier tube 7A is a side-on type photomultiplier tube having a reflective photocathode in which a photocathode is formed on a metal substrate. Therefore, the cylindrical side tube 72 A constituting the glass container has a light transmittance for light to be used, and the substrate of the photocathode disposed in the electrode portion 71 is made of metal such as Ni. It consists of a substrate made of.
- the configuration of the photomultiplier tube 7A is the same as that of a known side-on type photomultiplier tube except for the electrode portion 71 and the alkali metal generator 2 fixed to the electrode portion 71. It has a configuration of
- the lead pin 75A and the lead pin 7A are inserted into the opening of the cylindrical glass side tube 72A whose one bottom surface is closed.
- a glass stem plate 78 A having an electrode portion 71 fixed to 5 A is fixed.
- the alkali metal generator 2 is also attached to the electrode 71.
- the exhaust pipe 73A connected to the stem plate 78A is once opened, and the opening is connected to the suction port of the vacuum pump.
- a layer for example, an antimony layer for forming an intermetallic compound by reacting with the alkali metal is formed in advance on the photoelectric surface forming substrate or the secondary electron emission surface of the dynode.
- the inside of the glass container is maintained in a predetermined vacuum state by the vacuum pump.
- the heating device using the high-frequency heating method described above heats the alkali metal generator 2 or the evaporation source from outside the glass container. Thereby, a photoelectron emitting material layer on the photocathode and a secondary electron emitting material layer on the dynode are formed.
- the glass container is placed in an electric furnace maintained at a predetermined temperature, and the temperature is controlled, whereby the alkali metal is heated. Can be stably reacted with the formation site of the photocathode or the formation site of the secondary electron emission surface.
- the alkali metal vapor reacts with the alkali metal of the photocathode to form a prototype for forming a photoelectron emitting material layer or a prototype for forming a secondary electron emitting material layer by reacting with a dynode alkali metal. Reacts with the layer to form a photoelectron emitting material or a secondary electron emitting material.
- a photocathode having sufficient spectral sensitivity characteristics or a secondary surface having sufficient multiplication efficiency An electron emission surface is formed.
- the vacuum pump is operated while the inside of the photomultiplier tube 7A is maintained at a predetermined temperature, so that the photomultiplier tube 7 is sufficiently provided.
- the residual gas in A is removed.
- the gas generated from the alkali metal or other evaporation source physically adsorbed to a portion other than the photoelectron emission material or the secondary electron emission surface of the photomultiplier tube 7 is removed.
- the opening of the exhaust pipe 73A of the glass container is sealed, so that a photomultiplier 7A having sufficient photoelectric conversion characteristics is obtained.
- the alkali metal generator 3 shown in FIG. 4 or the alkali metal generator shown in FIG. 5 may be used. Also in this case, the photomultiplier 7A is manufactured by the same procedure as that of the photomultiplier 7 described above.
- the electron tube according to the present invention has a photomultiplier tube configuration
- At least one of the photoelectron emitting material layer of the present invention and the secondary electron emitting material layer of the dynode uses the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention or the alkali metal vapor generated from an Alrimetallic metal generator equipped with the same. What is necessary is just to be formed.
- the photoelectric surface and the dynode are both formed of the alkali metal generator according to the present invention or the alkali metal generator equipped with the same. It may be formed using generated alkali metal vapor.
- only one of the photoelectron emitting material layer of the photocathode and the secondary electron emitting material layer of the dynode is an alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention or an alkali metal generated from an alkali metal generator equipped with the same. It may be formed using the vapor of the above. However, the former is preferred from the viewpoint of manufacturing efficiency.
- the electron tube according to the present invention when the electron tube according to the present embodiment has a configuration including a dynode as in the above-described embodiment (the photomultiplier tube 7 and the photomultiplier tube 7A),
- the shape of the dynode is not particularly limited.
- a case where a line-focus type dynode is mounted as the dynode D7 has been described. You may have.
- FIG. 11 is a view showing a configuration of a photoelectric tube as a third embodiment of the electron tube according to the present invention.
- the photoelectric tube 8 shown in Fig. 11 is the same as the photomultiplier tube 7 shown in Fig. 8 except that it does not have the focusing electrode E7 and the electron multiplier D7. It has the same configuration as the photomultiplier tube 7.
- the photocathode C7 of the phototube 8 can be easily manufactured similarly to the photocathode C7 of the photomultiplier tubes 7 and 7A described above. Then, sufficient photoelectric conversion characteristics can be obtained for the obtained photoelectric tube 8.
- the glass container in the electron tube 8 includes a glass side tube 72, a photocathode C 7, and a glass stem plate 78.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a configuration of an image tube (image intensifier) as a fourth embodiment of the electron tube according to the present invention.
- the intensifier 9 shown in FIG. 12 includes a photocathode C 7, a microchannel plate MCP that multiplies the photoelectrons e 1 emitted from the photocathode C 7, and a microchannel plate MCP.
- the exhaust pipe is provided on the side pipe 72. Note that alkali activation by an alkali metal generator is not performed on MCP. Further, a configuration having no MCP may be employed.
- the image tube includes an X-ray image tube that converts an X-ray image into a visible image.
- the photocathode C 7 is a photoelectron emission material layer C 72 (for example, a photocathode having a composition such as GaAs-CsO). surface)
- incident light L1 including optical two-dimensional information is photoelectrically converted, and photoelectrons e1 corresponding to the incident light L1 are emitted from the inner surface FC72.
- the microchannel plate MCP is held at a high potential with respect to the photocathode C7 by the voltage applying unit 74.
- the microelectron plate MCP utilizes the collision of the photoelectron e1. Emit secondary electrons e 2.
- a voltage of, for example, about 100 V is applied between 1 and the secondary electron emission surface F92 by a predetermined voltage application unit, and an electron doubling rate of thousands to tens of thousands of times is obtained.
- the phosphor screen 90 includes a transparent substrate 94, a phosphor layer 92 formed on the transparent substrate 94, and an electrode 7 formed on the surface of the phosphor layer 92. And 5.
- the electrode 75 is an electrode for accelerating the multiplied secondary electrons e2, and is adjusted to a predetermined potential to apply a voltage. That is, the electrode 75 is also maintained at a high potential with respect to the secondary electron emission surface F92 of the microchannel plate MCP with respect to the voltage application section 74.
- the constituent material of the phosphor layer 92 and the constituent material of the substrate 94 are not particularly limited, and known materials can be used.
- an optical fiber plate formed by bundling a plurality of optical fibers may be used as the substrate 94, and a metal thin film may be arranged between the optical fiber plate and the phosphor layer.
- the photocathode C7 of the image intensifier 9 can be easily manufactured similarly to the photocathode C7 of the photomultiplier tubes 7 and 7A described above. Then, sufficient photoelectric conversion characteristics can be obtained for the obtained image intensifier 9.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a configuration of a streak tube as a fifth embodiment of the electron tube according to the present invention.
- the streak tube 10 shown in FIG. 13 is similar to the photomultiplier tube 7 shown in FIG. Surface C 7 is located.
- the light L 1 to be measured incident from outside is applied to the photoelectron emitting material layer of the photocathode C 7. Converted to photoelectrons at C72.
- a plate-like acceleration electrode 11 for accelerating photoelectrons emitted from the inner surface FC 72 is disposed adjacent to the photoelectric surface C7.
- the accelerating electrode 11 is arranged such that the normal to the electrode surface and the normal to the inner surface FC 72 are substantially parallel to each other.
- a focusing electrode 12 is arranged next to the accelerating electrode 11 to focus primary electrons accelerated by the accelerating electrode 11.
- the focusing electrode 12 is composed of a pair of plate-like electrodes, and the respective electrode surfaces are arranged so as to be parallel to each other and substantially perpendicular to the inner surface FC72.
- a communication hole H10 through which the primary electrons focused by the focusing electrode 12 can pass is formed next to the focusing electrode 12, and the electrons are electrically attracted to the inside of the communication hole H10.
- a disk-shaped anode A10 to be passed is disposed.
- a deflection electrode 14 for sweeping electrons passing through the opening H10 of the anode A10 at high speed is arranged next to the anode A10.
- the deflecting electrode 14 is composed of a pair of plate-like electrodes arranged to face each other. The normals of the electrode surfaces of the pair of electrodes are parallel to each other, and each normal is perpendicular to the normal of the inner surface FC72.
- a predetermined deflection voltage is applied between the pair of flat electrodes, so that primary electrons emitted from the anode A 10 through the opening H 10 are swept in a predetermined direction. Is done.
- a microchannel plate MCP for multiplying the electrons swept by the deflection electrode 14 is arranged next to the deflection electrode 14.
- the streak tube 10 may be configured not to include the microphone opening channel plate MCP.
- a fluorescent screen 90 for converting electrons emitted from the microchannel plate MCP into light is arranged next to the microchannel plate MCP.
- This phosphor screen 90 has the same configuration as the phosphor screen 90 shown in FIG.
- the face plate C 71, the transparent substrate 94, and the side tube 72 form a sealed container. ing.
- the light to be measured is converted into an electronic image, and the light is measured by the acceleration electrode 11. While being accelerated, it is drawn to the anode A 10. Then, the electron image passes through the anode A 10 and enters between the two deflection electrodes 14, and is swept at high speed in a direction parallel to the normal direction of the electrode surface of the deflection electrode 14. The electrons are swept at a high speed because the number of electrons passing through the deflecting electrode 14 changes according to the time change of the light intensity of the light to be measured, which changes at a high speed with respect to time.
- the electrons swept at such a high speed are multiplied by the microchannel plate MCP, and the electrons multiplied by the microchannel plate MCP are converted into an optical image (streak image) by the phosphor screen 90. Is also converted to).
- a temporal change in the intensity of the measured light is converted into a spatial change in the intensity on the phosphor screen 90.
- the electrons are swept in synchronization with the passage time, so that the spatial change of the light intensity projected on the phosphor electrode 90, that is, the streak image, is obtained. By doing so, you can know the change over time.
- the photoelectric surface of the streak tube 10 can be easily manufactured similarly to the photomultiplier tubes 7 and 7A described above. Then, sufficient photoelectric conversion characteristics can be obtained for the obtained streak tube 10.
- the inventors used a sample as a sample, a photocathode (antimony cesium photocathode: Cs-Sb, substrate material: Ni) using an alkali metal generator shown below. And secondary electrons formed using the alkali metal generator shown below
- a plurality of photomultiplier tubes having the same configuration as that of Fig. 10) having the same configuration as a commercially available side-on type photomultiplier tube, except that the emission surface (Cs-Sb) was mounted, respectively, were used. Were produced.
- a vial-type photocathode or a multi-alkali photocathode containing a plurality of types of alkali metal When manufacturing a vial-type photocathode or a multi-alkali photocathode containing a plurality of types of alkali metal, a plurality of types of tandastenates and a reducing agent may be stored in one alkali metal generator. Alternatively, a plurality of alkali metal generators containing one type of tungstate and a reducing agent may be prepared for each type of alkali metal.
- alkali metal generating agent for formation of the photocathode includes a motor tungsten salt (C s 2 W0 4) as an oxidizing agent, and S i as the reducing agent.
- an alkali metal generating agent for forming a photocathode also on a secondary electron emission surface is used.
- the alkali metal generating agent was obtained by sequentially performing the above-described measuring step, pulverizing / mixing step, and forming step on the above-mentioned tungstate mixture.
- the photocathode and the secondary electron emission surface were manufactured by the same method as the method of manufacturing the photomultiplier tube 7 described with reference to FIG. 9 except that the alkali metal generator was used. A photomultiplier tube was obtained.
- the present inventors prepared, as a comparative example, a photomultiplier having a configuration similar to that of a commercially available side-on type photomultiplier by a method similar to that of the sample described above. A plurality were produced.
- the photoelectric surface mounted on the photomultiplier according to the comparative example a chromate as an oxidant (C s 2 C r 0 4 ), a conventional alkali metal generating agent containing a S i as a reducing agent Is a photocathode (antimony cesium photocathode: Cs—Sb).
- the cathode output (S k: ⁇ A / 1 m), the N anode output (S p: IA / 1 m), and the ⁇ current In addition to the characteristics of (Idb: nA :) and After Pulse (%), the radiation sensitivity (mA / W) and life (%) (time-dependent change of Sp) were measured. 14 to 17 are tables and graphs showing the measurement results. The measurement of the above characteristics is performed by the method described in “Photomultiplier tube-its basics and applications 1” (edited by the editorial committee of Hamamatsu Photonitas Co., Ltd.) (for example, p. Basic characteristics ", p. 60-73:” Characteristics of photomultiplier tubes ").
- Fig. 14 shows a photomultiplier tube sample manufactured using the Alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention and a photoelectron tube manufactured using the conventional alkali metal generating agent.
- 4 is a table showing various characteristics (average values) in a comparative example of a multiplier.
- Fig. 15 shows a comparison between a sample of a photomultiplier manufactured using the Alkali metal generator according to the present invention and a photomultiplier manufactured using a conventional alkali metal generator. It is a table
- Figure 16 shows a sample of a photomultiplier tube manufactured using the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention and a comparative example of a photomultiplier tube manufactured using the conventional alkali metal generating agent.
- 5 is a graph showing the radiation sensitivity characteristics at.
- a graph G 1610 shows the measurement results of the photomultiplier tube according to the sample
- a graph G 1620 shows the measurement results of the photomultiplier tube according to the comparative example.
- FIG. 17 shows a photomultiplier manufactured using a conventional alkali metal generating agent based on the life characteristics of a photomultiplier tube sample manufactured using the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention.
- Comparison of pipes 6 is a graph showing relative output of sex. In FIG.
- graph P1 shows the life characteristics of the photomultiplier tube according to the sample
- graphs P2 to P4 show the photomultiplier tubes according to the comparative example based on graph P1.
- the relative output of the Life characteristic of [0166] In particular, the relative outputs P2 to P4 of the life characteristics of the photomultiplier tube (commercially available photomultiplier tube) according to the comparative example shown in FIG. The sump was obtained by measuring the data. That is, the graph P 2 shows the average of all data, the graph P 3 shows the average of all data + ⁇ ( ⁇ is the standard deviation), and the graph ⁇ 4 shows the average of all data _ ⁇ ( ⁇ is the standard deviation).
- the sample manufactured as the photomultiplier according to the present invention has the same radiation sensitivity as the conventional photomultiplier according to the comparative example. It was confirmed that.
- the photomultiplier according to the sample has the same life characteristics as the conventional photomultiplier according to the comparative example. It was confirmed that.
- the Life characteristic evaluation test was performed with the operating current (output current) of each photomultiplier tube set to ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ and the applied voltage between the photocathode and the anode set to 1000 V.
- the L i ⁇ e characteristic (relative output) value in the table shown in Fig. 15 indicates a relative value with the value of the anode output (Sp) after one hour from the start of measurement as 100%.
- a sample of the photomultiplier tube according to the present invention (the graph P 1 showing the life characteristics of the sample in FIG. (Average value), it was possible to obtain a relative output exhibiting life characteristics substantially equivalent to the photomultiplier tube according to the comparative example, and it was confirmed that the reproducibility of the characteristics was excellent.
- the photomultiplier according to the sample (the photomultiplier according to the present invention) is different from the conventional photomultiplier according to the comparative example. It was confirmed that they had equivalent cathode output, anode output, dark current and After Pulse characteristics.
- a pulse signal was output from the photomultiplier tube of each of the sample and the comparative example using an LED (semiconductor laser), and 0.5 to 10 / i sec after the signal was output. Calculated based on After Pulse generated in
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the relative sensitivity of the photocathode in the photomultiplier manufactured using the alkali metal generating agent according to the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing the relative sensitivity of the anode in the photomultiplier manufactured using the alkali metal generator according to the present invention.
- Figures 18 and 19 show the maximum measured value (MAX.), Average measured value (AVE.), And minimum measured value (MIN.) For each substance ratio.
- the pallet weights of the samples prepared as alkali metal generators were 57 mg for the sample power S with a substance ratio of 1.2, 59 mg for the sample with a substance ratio of 1.6, and 1.9 for the sample with a substance ratio of 1.9. 6 lmg of Sampnore, 7 lmg of substance ratio 4 sample, 8 Omg of the substance ratio 6.1 sample, 109 mg of substance ratio 12.1 sample, and 129 m of 20.2 substance ratio sample g, substance ratio 28.3 sample 148 mg, substance ratio 32.3 sample 205 mg, substance ratio 50.1 sample 290 mg, substance ratio
- the lower limit of the ratio of the amount of the reducing agent to the amount of the reducing agent is 1.9 or more, preferably 4.0 or more. Theoretically, as can be seen from the above chemical reaction formula, the ratio of the reducing agent to the tungstate is 1.2.
- the electron emission surface such as the photocathode has advanced manufacturing technology
- this material ratio is important.
- the amount of the reducing agent is too large, it is difficult to control the heating time for obtaining an optimum redox reaction (a photomultiplier tube having a photocathode having the desired sensitivity and stability). Manufacturing becomes difficult).
- the heating method is a high-frequency heating method
- stable reduction can be realized.
- the amount of the reducing agent is too large, heating is required several times, making it difficult to establish a manufacturing technique and reducing the stability during mass production.
- the stability of the photomultiplier may be reduced. Therefore, the upper limit of the ratio of the amount of the reducing agent to tantasteate, which affects the stability, is preferably 50.1 or less.
- the material ratio (reducing agent ZW salt) must be 1.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the reducing agent to the tungstate is preferably 50.1 or less for the same reason as in the case of the above-mentioned photoelectric surface.
- the oxidation-reduction reaction between an oxidizing agent (tungstate) and a reducing agent that turn alkali metal ions into counterforce thione is limited only by the reaction temperature.
- the reaction speed can be easily controlled by the control. That Therefore, it is possible to provide an alkali metal generator for forming a photocathode or a secondary electron emission surface capable of stably generating metal at a predetermined temperature. Further, by providing this alkali metal generator, it is possible to provide an alkali metal generator capable of easily controlling the generation rate of the alkali metal.
- the alkali metal generator or the alkali metal generator according to the present invention a method for producing a photoelectric surface which is easy to form and has excellent reproducibility of the obtained performance, It becomes possible to provide a method for manufacturing an electron emission surface and a method for manufacturing an electron tube.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
- Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005508048A JPWO2004066337A1 (ja) | 2003-01-17 | 2004-01-16 | アルカリ金属発生剤、アルカリ金属発生器、光電面、二次電子放出面、電子管、光電面の製造方法、二次電子放出面の製造方法及び電子管の製造方法 |
US10/538,642 US7474051B2 (en) | 2003-01-17 | 2004-01-16 | Alkali metal generating agent, alkali metal generator, photoelectric surface, secondary electron emission surface, electron tube, method for manufacturing photoelectric surface, method for manufacturing secondary electron emission surface, and method for manufacturing electron tube |
EP04702788A EP1521286A4 (en) | 2003-01-17 | 2004-01-16 | ALKALI METAL GENERATING AGENT, ALKALI METAL GENERATOR, PHOTOELECTRIC SURFACE, SECONDARY ELECTRON EMITTING SURFACE, ELECTRONIC TUBE, PHOTOELECTRIC SURFACE MANUFACTURING METHOD, SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION SURFACE MANUFACTURING METHOD, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003-010012 | 2003-01-17 | ||
JP2003010012 | 2003-01-17 |
Publications (1)
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WO2004066337A1 true WO2004066337A1 (ja) | 2004-08-05 |
Family
ID=32767235
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PCT/JP2004/000294 WO2004066337A1 (ja) | 2003-01-17 | 2004-01-16 | アルカリ金属発生剤、アルカリ金属発生器、光電面、二次電子放出面、電子管、光電面の製造方法、二次電子放出面の製造方法及び電子管の製造方法 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US7474051B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1521286A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPWO2004066337A1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1739182A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004066337A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2008512570A (ja) * | 2004-09-10 | 2008-04-24 | サエス ゲッタース ソチエタ ペル アツィオニ | リチウムの蒸発及びリチウム・ディスペンサのための混合物 |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT501721B1 (de) * | 2005-03-11 | 2006-11-15 | Konstantin Technologies Ges M | Verdampferquelle zum verdampfen von alkali/erdalkalimetallen |
JP5342769B2 (ja) * | 2006-12-28 | 2013-11-13 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 光電陰極、電子管及び光電子増倍管 |
CN101924007B (zh) * | 2009-06-10 | 2012-06-27 | 中国科学院高能物理研究所 | 一种光电倍增管 |
JP5824328B2 (ja) * | 2011-10-31 | 2015-11-25 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | ストリーク管及びそれを含むストリーク装置 |
US10186406B2 (en) * | 2016-03-29 | 2019-01-22 | KLA—Tencor Corporation | Multi-channel photomultiplier tube assembly |
KR20220027944A (ko) | 2019-06-07 | 2022-03-08 | 아답타스 솔루션즈 피티와이 엘티디 | 전파 2차 전자 방출 수단을 포함하는 검출기 |
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JPS442428Y1 (ja) * | 1965-09-25 | 1969-01-29 | ||
JPS4820944B1 (ja) * | 1969-06-25 | 1973-06-25 | ||
JPS5578438A (en) * | 1978-12-06 | 1980-06-13 | Hamamatsu Tv Kk | Manufacturing method of photoelectron booster tube |
JPH02106846A (ja) * | 1988-09-02 | 1990-04-18 | Philips Gloeilampenfab:Nv | アルカリ金属の金属蒸気放出装置 |
Family Cites Families (9)
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DE883936C (de) | 1950-12-20 | 1953-07-23 | Egyesuelt Izzolampa | Kathode fuer Entladungsroehren und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
US3658713A (en) | 1968-11-12 | 1972-04-25 | Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co | Alkali metal generating agents |
JPS4721951U (ja) | 1971-03-16 | 1972-11-11 | ||
JPS4715976U (ja) | 1971-03-24 | 1972-10-24 | ||
JPS4725541U (ja) | 1971-04-15 | 1972-11-22 | ||
JPS518581Y2 (ja) | 1971-05-11 | 1976-03-08 | ||
JPS53124059A (en) | 1977-04-06 | 1978-10-30 | Hamamatsu Tv Co Ltd | Method of producing multiialkali photoelectric plane |
JPH1040864A (ja) | 1996-07-19 | 1998-02-13 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | 高圧ナトリウムランプ |
ITMI20010995A1 (it) | 2001-05-15 | 2002-11-15 | Getters Spa | Dispensatori di cesio e processo per il loro uso |
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2004
- 2004-01-16 WO PCT/JP2004/000294 patent/WO2004066337A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-01-16 EP EP04702788A patent/EP1521286A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-01-16 US US10/538,642 patent/US7474051B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-01-16 CN CNA2004800022984A patent/CN1739182A/zh active Pending
- 2004-01-16 JP JP2005508048A patent/JPWO2004066337A1/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
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JPS442428Y1 (ja) * | 1965-09-25 | 1969-01-29 | ||
JPS4820944B1 (ja) * | 1969-06-25 | 1973-06-25 | ||
JPS5578438A (en) * | 1978-12-06 | 1980-06-13 | Hamamatsu Tv Kk | Manufacturing method of photoelectron booster tube |
JPH02106846A (ja) * | 1988-09-02 | 1990-04-18 | Philips Gloeilampenfab:Nv | アルカリ金属の金属蒸気放出装置 |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008512570A (ja) * | 2004-09-10 | 2008-04-24 | サエス ゲッタース ソチエタ ペル アツィオニ | リチウムの蒸発及びリチウム・ディスペンサのための混合物 |
US7625505B2 (en) | 2004-09-10 | 2009-12-01 | Saes Getters S.P.A. | Mixtures for evaporation of lithium and lithium dispensers |
US7794630B2 (en) | 2004-09-10 | 2010-09-14 | Saes Getters S.P.A. | Lithium dispenser for lithium evaporation |
JP4804469B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-10 | 2011-11-02 | サエス ゲッターズ ソチエタ ペル アツィオニ | リチウムの蒸発及びリチウム・ディスペンサのための混合物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPWO2004066337A1 (ja) | 2006-05-18 |
CN1739182A (zh) | 2006-02-22 |
EP1521286A1 (en) | 2005-04-06 |
US20060055322A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
EP1521286A4 (en) | 2006-12-13 |
US7474051B2 (en) | 2009-01-06 |
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