WO2004031045A1 - Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression - Google Patents

Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2004031045A1
WO2004031045A1 PCT/DE2003/003169 DE0303169W WO2004031045A1 WO 2004031045 A1 WO2004031045 A1 WO 2004031045A1 DE 0303169 W DE0303169 W DE 0303169W WO 2004031045 A1 WO2004031045 A1 WO 2004031045A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
screw cap
webs
sealing web
bottle neck
sealing
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DE2003/003169
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Okten Gassner
Original Assignee
Bericap Gmbh & Co. Kg
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bericap Gmbh & Co. Kg filed Critical Bericap Gmbh & Co. Kg
Priority to BR0314806-8A priority Critical patent/BR0314806A/pt
Priority to CA002496832A priority patent/CA2496832A1/fr
Priority to US10/528,595 priority patent/US20050247663A1/en
Priority to DE50310013T priority patent/DE50310013D1/de
Priority to EP03770880A priority patent/EP1545998B1/fr
Priority to AU2003280289A priority patent/AU2003280289A1/en
Publication of WO2004031045A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004031045A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/02—Caps or cap-like covers without lines of weakness, tearing strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices
    • B65D41/04—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation
    • B65D41/0407—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with integral sealing means
    • B65D41/0414—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with integral sealing means formed by a plug, collar, flange, rib or the like contacting the internal surface of a container neck
    • B65D41/0421—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with integral sealing means formed by a plug, collar, flange, rib or the like contacting the internal surface of a container neck and combined with integral sealing means contacting other surfaces of a container neck

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a screw cap for containers with a threaded neck, in particular for PET bottles, which are designed for receiving CO 2 -containing drinks, with a head plate, an approximately cylindrical cap jacket with an internal thread, an inner one, starting from the head plate, and in approximately cylindrical sealing web, which has an annular circumferential, radially outwardly projecting area, and with an outer, substantially cylindrical sealing web, which concentrically surrounds the inner sealing web, the maximum outer radius of the inner sealing web and the minimal inner radius of the outer sealing web being only slightly and preferably differ by less than 2 mm and in particular by less than 1 mm and are designed to sealingly accommodate the upper region of a bottle neck in the intermediate space thus formed.
  • the screw cap according to the present invention essentially uses the same sealing principle, which is the combination of an inner seal by a radially inner sealing web, the cross section of which resembles an olive and which is therefore also referred to as a "sealing olive", in combination with a cylindrical one , outer sealing web originates, the special geometry of the two sealing webs and also other elements provided on the closure in combination with each other achieving the special sealing effect.
  • the known screw cap is usually used for closing PET bottles that contain carbonated drinks.
  • These PET bottles and in particular their threaded necks are standardized and there are only a few standard types which are relatively similar overall, although the respective closures of the corresponding closures are precisely adapted to one of these standard types.
  • the wall thickness of the bottle neck edge of such PET bottles is usually less than 2 and often also less than 1.5 mm, for example 1.2 mm.
  • the maximum outer radius of the inner sealing web must be significantly larger, i.e. by at least 0.3 to 0.5 mm, than the inner radius of the edge of the bottle neck against which the inner sealing web lies sealingly.
  • the inner radius of the outer sealing web must Lich, that is usually 0.5 mm or more, smaller than the outer radius of the edge of the bottle neck, on which the outer sealing web lies sealingly. This means that the space between the inner web and the outer web is relatively narrow and has typical radial dimensions of only 0.5 mm. Depending on the wall thickness of the bottle neck rim, it can of course also be larger or somewhat smaller.
  • a bead is also generally provided at a distance surrounding the outer sealing web, the inner radius of which is greater than the outer diameter of the bottle neck edge by less than the thickness of the outer sealing web, which means that the outer sealing web between the bottle neck edge and the screwed-on closure the bead is pressed together or pressed against the bottle neck by the bead and thereby contributes to the good seal.
  • the inner sealing web also fulfills a centering effect, whereby only the interaction of all elements of the closure guarantees a surprisingly drastic improvement in the sealing properties.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a screw cap which, on the one hand, maintains the excellent sealing properties of the known screw cap in general even under very harsh external conditions, but which at the same time is also able without loss the sealing function to limit the pressures occurring in a container sealed with the screw cap.
  • the closure can tilt. Since the webs according to the invention are now provided between the inner and the outer sealing strips, they act as an axial stop which, when the closure is screwed onto a bottle neck, immediately leads to a sharp increase in the torque as soon as the end face of the bottle neck reaches the webs. It is understood that any cylindrical bead outside the outer sealing strip is designed so that it does not come into contact with the thread before the end face of the bottle neck reaches the webs mentioned.
  • a statically measured torque is set on capping machines for each capping head, which is determined in corresponding tests for the capping type concerned.
  • an additional torque arises, which can also be taken into account, but which varies with the mostly unavoidable fluctuations in the line speed, so that to achieve a sufficiently high torque even with slow speed
  • a correspondingly high torque value is set for machines, which in turn can easily lead to overtightening of the fastener in the case of high-speed machines.
  • the torque that occurs when the cap is overtightened is also referred to in technical terms with the English term "strip-torque".
  • the webs according to the invention noticeably increase this torque, which is required for overtightening the closure, which consequently contributes to the fact that overtightening can be avoided even when setting comparatively high static torque values.
  • the sharp increase in torque which occurs when the bottle neck meets the webs according to the invention can be used to control the machine in order to end the unscrewing process when such an increase begins.
  • the webs according to the invention are under the face point of an improvement in the properties when mechanically screwing on the closures nevertheless makes sense with regard to the above-mentioned overtorque.
  • the devices are expediently designed in such a way that a distance of between 0.5 and 1.5 mm remains between the plane defined by the inner surface of the head plate and the plane defined by the upper edge of the bottle neck, provided in this connection is that the reason for the space between the sealing webs, which is the actual reference point for the axial position of the bottle neck edge, lies approximately in the inner plane of the head plate. If this is not the case, the corresponding distance should better be determined relative to the plane defined by the reason for this intermediate space.
  • the devices for limiting the penetration of the bottle neck edge into the intermediate space between the sealing webs consist of elevations or webs which extend from the base of the intermediate space into the intermediate space.
  • these elevations or webs when the cap is screwed onto a bottle neck form stops for the bottle neck edge, which prevent further penetration of the bottle neck edge into the space between the sealing webs. Due to the material and their dimensions, these stops are not rigid, but to a certain extent are elastically flexible. It has proven to be expedient if the webs or elevations have an axial height (measured in each case from the bottom of the intermediate space) between 0.3 and 2.5 mm, preferably in the range from 0.5 to 1.8 mm to have.
  • the portion of the head plate between the sealing webs at its lowest point is referred to as the reason for the intermediate space.
  • the width of the webs should be sufficient in the circumferential direction so that they can act as stops and in turn cannot be excessively elastically deformed and pressed in.
  • a width of the webs of 0.3 to 2 mm has proven to be useful for this.
  • a plurality of webs are distributed at approximately equal angular intervals along the annular space.
  • six webs are each arranged in the intermediate space at angular intervals of approximately 60 ° and extend in the axial direction into the intermediate space by approximately 1.5 to 1.8 mm from the deepest bottom of the intermediate space.
  • the wall thickness of the head plate in the area of the intermediate space is somewhat less than the wall thickness of the head plate in the rest of the area, that is to say in particular in the area immediately inside of the inner sealing web.
  • the top plate has more typical have a largely constant wall thickness of the order of 0.8 to 2.5 mm, mostly between 1 and 1.5 mm and can have, for example, an additional reinforcement or bulge in the center.
  • the (minimum) wall thickness of the head plate in the space between the sealing webs is expediently 10 to 50%, preferably about 20 to 40% less than radially inside the inner sealing web.
  • the devices for limiting the penetration of the bottle neck edge into the space between the inner and outer sealing webs are not between these sealing webs, but e.g. provided radially outside the sealing webs.
  • a bead lying radially outside the outer sealing web can be provided and designed such that it is designed as a more or less elastic stop for the upper thread edge of a bottle neck thread, the stop face of the bead, which runs essentially in a plane perpendicular to the screw cap, has an axial distance from the bottom of the intermediate space which is larger by 0.3 to 2 mm, preferably 0.5 to 1.5 mm, than the axial distance of the upper thread edge from the upper edge surface of the threaded neck of a bottle for which the screw cap is provided.
  • Such an embodiment is particularly suitable for bottle necks, the threads of which run out over a considerable circumferential section in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the bottle neck.
  • the upper, flattened thread edge lies against a correspondingly large circumferential section on the stop surface of the bead, so that this also ensures a clearly defined axial position of the edge of the bottle neck between the two sealing strips.
  • the bottle neck edge on the stop surface of a bead or the bottle neck edge directly on the web surfaces between the sealing webs the bottle neck edge penetrates less deeply between the two sealing webs than would be possible without corresponding stops, the elasticity of the stops still giving a certain freedom of movement so that the exact axial position of the bottle neck between the sealing webs in the closure can still be adjusted by tightening it more or less or by rotating the cap thread relative to the bottle neck thread within certain small limits.
  • the penetration of the edge of the bottle neck was essentially limited by the fact that the space between the two sealing webs tapered towards the head plate and thus effectively formed a resistance for the wide insertion of the bottle neck edge.
  • the top edge of the bottle neck could reach a position that was very close to the inner plane of the head plate or close to the bottom of the space between the sealing webs.
  • the bottle neck edge Due to the dimensions of the invention, the bottle neck edge is kept in the axial direction of the order of 1 mm from the inner plane of the head plate, and a little further from the bottom of the space between the two Sealing webs, provided that the head plate is somewhat thinner in the area of this base than in the rest of the head plate, the base of this intermediate space is thus additionally set back somewhat from the inner plane of the head plate.
  • the position with respect to the inner plane of the head plate can deviate more from the specified dimensions if the thickness of the head plate is changed. The point of reference is ultimately the reason for the space mentioned.
  • the design according to the invention means that from a certain internal pressure in a container, which can reach a range significantly above 7 bar, for example due to excessively high temperatures, some gas can escape from the bottle neck and between the bottle neck edge and sealing webs until the pressure is sufficient again (specifically, for example, to a value slightly above 7 bar).
  • the closure according to the invention thus ensures that a sufficient and desired overpressure is always maintained in the container and only an excessively strong overpressure is reduced. At most, this leads to a slight degassing of excess carbonic acid, especially if excessive carbonic acid was dissolved in the liquid. However, because a sufficient overpressure is always maintained, complete or extensive CO 2 degassing of the liquid is prevented.
  • FIG. 1 shows a view in the axial direction from the inside of a closure cap according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a section containing the axis through the closure cap shown in FIG. 1
  • FIG. 3 shows an enlarged section of the closure cap according to FIG. 1
  • FIG. 4 shows a part in section and on a Bottle neck screwed on
  • FIGS. 1 to 3 a closure cap, generally designated 10, which essentially consists of a head plate 1 (also called the cap base) and a cap jacket 2.
  • the cap jacket has an internal thread 3 and on its lower edge a tear-off band, which serves as a guarantee element and the condition of which can be seen whether the closure has already been opened.
  • This tear-off tape is known per se and is of no importance for the present invention, so that it is not described in more detail here.
  • Two ring-shaped sealing webs 4 and 5 extend inward from the head plate in the axial direction.
  • the radially inner sealing web is somewhat more solid and also axially longer than the radially outer sealing web 4.
  • the maximum thickness of the inner sealing web is e.g. 1 to 1.5 mm and its minimum thickness is of the order of 0.8 mm, in particular the free lower edge being chamfered on its outside, which should facilitate the sliding of the inner sealing web 4 into a bottle neck. Due to the approximately olive-shaped cross-section of the sealing web 4, at least on its outside, this sealing web is also referred to below as a "sealing olive" in accordance with what has become common in the meantime.
  • an approximately cylindrical and somewhat thinner sealing web 5 can be seen, the free end of which is slightly chamfered and rounded on the inside, which in turn is intended to facilitate the easier sliding of the outer sealing web 5 onto the edge of a bottle neck.
  • the clear space between the inner and outer sealing web 4 and 5 is relatively narrow and is usually not significantly more than 1 mm or even less.
  • the maximum radius of the inner sealing web differs even less from the minimum radius of the outer sealing web, the difference of which is typically only of the order of magnitude of 0.5 mm.
  • the space between the inner sealing web 4 and the outer sealing web 5 is designated by the reference number 9.
  • FIG. 4 shows the closure cap 10 according to the invention and screwed onto a bottle neck up to the elastic stops.
  • FIG. 5 shows a further enlarged detail from FIG. 4. Even if certain dimensions are not always important, it should be noted that the screw cap according to the invention is shown essentially to scale in the present figures, FIGS. 1, 2 and 4 showing the closure on a 2: 1 scale, FIG. 3 showing the closure on a 5: 1 scale and FIG.
  • the thickness D of the head plate is approximately 1.5 mm, while the thickness d of the head plate at the deepest point of the base of the space 6 is somewhat less and is, for example, 1.1 to 1.4 mm.
  • the thread 3 of the screw cap 2 is screwed onto the thread of the bottle neck 11, to the extent that the edge of the bottle neck has penetrated between the two sealing webs 4, 5, up to the stop on a web 6, of which a total of six stops 6 the circumference of the space 9 are evenly distributed.
  • an external corrugation of the screw cap 10 is designated, which serves the firm and secure gripping of the screw cap when unscrewing and screwing on the screw cap.
  • the bottle neck 11 could easily penetrate further into the intermediate space 9 by 0.5 to 1 mm, the outer sealing web 5 in particular being stretched and tensioned even more and thereby being even firmer and closer to the edge of the bottle neck anläge.
  • the somewhat smaller wall thickness d of the head plate in the area of the intermediate space 9 also has the purpose of giving the head plate an additional elasticity and extensibility in this area, which also leads to the firm and tight engagement of the two inner and outer sealing webs 4, 5 contributes to the bottle neck rim.
  • the webs 6 ensure that this sealing engagement is retained on the one hand, but is not quite as strong as without the webs 6. This leads to an excessive overpressure in the bottle being reduced. Both the bottle itself and the closure are less stressed.
  • this closure in addition to the other geometric features as defined in the claims, is due to the material used (polyolefin) and the wall thicknesses of the sealing webs and the head plate in the area between the sealing webs, and the dimensions of the stop elements or webs has elastic properties which are particularly favorable for catching tolerance deviations, without the sealing function of the closure according to the invention being impaired and nevertheless giving in to the seal Pressures well above 7 bar is guaranteed.
  • other relative dimensions can be particularly useful and necessary if the principles of the present invention are applied to container closures in which the container necks have significantly different dimensions (in particular different diameters and wall thicknesses) than in the exemplary embodiments shown here.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un bouchon à vis destiné à des contenants à col fileté, en particulier des bouteilles en PET conçues pour recevoir des boissons contenant du CO2. Ce bouchon comporte une plaque supérieure (1), une enveloppe (2) sensiblement cylindrique présentant un filetage intérieur (3), une collerette d'étanchéité intérieure (4) sensiblement cylindrique partant de la plaque supérieure (1) et présentant une zone périphérique annulaire faisant saillie radialement vers l'extérieur, ainsi qu'une collerette d'étanchéité extérieure (5) sensiblement cylindrique entourant la collerette d'étanchéité intérieure (4) de façon concentrique. La différence entre le rayon intérieur minimum de la collerette d'étanchéité extérieure et le rayon extérieur maximum de la collerette d'étanchéité intérieure est infime, de préférence inférieure à 2 mm, en particulier à 1 mm. Les collerettes d'étanchéité intérieure et extérieure (4, 5) définissent un interstice annulaire dans lequel doit venir se loger la zone supérieure du col (11) d'une bouteille. L'objectif de l'invention est de perfectionner ce bouchon à vis de telle sorte qu'il conserve de manière générale les excellentes caractéristiques d'étanchéité d'un bouchon à vis classique, y compris en présence de conditions extérieures particulièrement difficiles, tout en permettant de limiter les pressions s'exerçant à l'intérieur d'un contenant fermé au moyen de ce bouchon à vis, sans perte de la fonction d'étanchéité. A cet effet, le bouchon à vis selon l'invention comprend des dispositifs (6, 7) qui limitent la profondeur axiale de pénétration du bord du col (11) de la bouteille dans l'interstice formé entre la collerette d'étanchéité intérieure (4) et la collerette d'étanchéité extérieure (5).
PCT/DE2003/003169 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression WO2004031045A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BR0314806-8A BR0314806A (pt) 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Tampa rosqueada para garrafas pressurizadas
CA002496832A CA2496832A1 (fr) 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression
US10/528,595 US20050247663A1 (en) 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Screw cap for pressurised containers
DE50310013T DE50310013D1 (de) 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Schraubkappe f r unter druck stehende beh lter
EP03770880A EP1545998B1 (fr) 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression
AU2003280289A AU2003280289A1 (en) 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Screw cap for pressurised containers

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10245595A DE10245595A1 (de) 2002-09-30 2002-09-30 Schraubkappe für unter Druck stehende Behälter
DE10245595.3 2002-09-30

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2004031045A1 true WO2004031045A1 (fr) 2004-04-15

Family

ID=31984285

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/DE2003/003169 WO2004031045A1 (fr) 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US20050247663A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1545998B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE398583T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2003280289A1 (fr)
BR (1) BR0314806A (fr)
CA (1) CA2496832A1 (fr)
DE (2) DE10245595A1 (fr)
PL (1) PL374268A1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2005113687A (fr)
WO (1) WO2004031045A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA200501878B (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005039996A1 (fr) * 2003-10-01 2005-05-06 Obrist Closures Switzerland Gmbh Dispositif de fermeture
WO2008045150A1 (fr) * 2006-10-13 2008-04-17 Rexam Closure Systems Inc. Conditionnement et fermeture à double dispositif d'étanchéité

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU2011203587A1 (en) * 2010-01-06 2012-08-09 Daniel P. Soehnlen Combined lip and shoulder seal for threaded cap
IN2014CN04999A (fr) 2012-01-06 2015-09-18 Closure Systems Int Inc
CN203780992U (zh) * 2013-10-28 2014-08-20 赫斯基注射器成型系统有限公司 容器的瓶盖
DE102018116295A1 (de) * 2018-07-05 2020-01-30 Bericap Gmbh & Co. Kg Schraubverschluss mit kontrollierter Dichtung

Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0076778A1 (fr) * 1981-10-05 1983-04-13 Crown Obrist AG Bouchon de fermeture en matière plastique
US5275287A (en) * 1991-04-10 1994-01-04 Mcg Closures Ltd. Closures
EP0982234A1 (fr) * 1998-08-22 2000-03-01 Crown Cork & Seal Technologies Corporation Capuchon de fermeture

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US3255907A (en) * 1964-01-13 1966-06-14 Wheeling Stamping Co Linerless screw closure for containers
EP0093690A1 (fr) * 1982-05-04 1983-11-09 Crown Obrist AG Fermeture pour récipient
US4560077A (en) * 1984-09-25 1985-12-24 Sun Coast Plastics, Inc. Plastic closure cap
US4878589A (en) * 1987-04-27 1989-11-07 American National Can Company Linerless cap closure
US4936494A (en) * 1988-07-26 1990-06-26 Weatherchem Corporation Two-flap container closure
DE4126418C2 (de) * 1991-08-09 2002-08-29 Michael Hertrampf Schraubkappe zum Verschließen einer Flasche oder dergleichen
DE4203238A1 (de) * 1992-02-05 1993-08-12 Mouldtec Pvg Ag Verschlusskappe aus kunststoff fuer insbesondere pet-flaschen
DE4221004A1 (de) * 1992-06-26 1994-01-05 Mouldtec Pvg Ag Meilen Verschlußkappe für Getränkeflaschen
JP3302178B2 (ja) * 1994-06-22 2002-07-15 日本クラウンコルク株式会社 合成樹脂製容器蓋
DE29623290U1 (de) * 1995-10-31 1998-02-19 Safety Cap System AG, Steinhausen Verschluß für eine Flasche o.dgl.
DE19705717A1 (de) * 1997-02-14 1998-08-20 Bericap Gmbh & Co Kg Kunststoffschraubverschluß
US6382445B1 (en) * 2000-06-23 2002-05-07 Alcoa Closure Systems International Linerless closure with pressure seal holding feature
US7308988B2 (en) * 2002-12-02 2007-12-18 Kao Corporation Cap

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0076778A1 (fr) * 1981-10-05 1983-04-13 Crown Obrist AG Bouchon de fermeture en matière plastique
US5275287A (en) * 1991-04-10 1994-01-04 Mcg Closures Ltd. Closures
EP0982234A1 (fr) * 1998-08-22 2000-03-01 Crown Cork & Seal Technologies Corporation Capuchon de fermeture

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005039996A1 (fr) * 2003-10-01 2005-05-06 Obrist Closures Switzerland Gmbh Dispositif de fermeture
US7850029B2 (en) 2003-10-01 2010-12-14 Obrist Closures Switzerland Gmbh Closure
WO2008045150A1 (fr) * 2006-10-13 2008-04-17 Rexam Closure Systems Inc. Conditionnement et fermeture à double dispositif d'étanchéité

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE50310013D1 (de) 2008-07-31
US20050247663A1 (en) 2005-11-10
BR0314806A (pt) 2005-08-02
EP1545998B1 (fr) 2008-06-18
CA2496832A1 (fr) 2004-04-15
AU2003280289A1 (en) 2004-04-23
ATE398583T1 (de) 2008-07-15
EP1545998A1 (fr) 2005-06-29
RU2005113687A (ru) 2006-07-10
DE10245595A1 (de) 2004-04-08
PL374268A1 (en) 2005-10-03
ZA200501878B (en) 2006-05-31

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