Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/06—Peri-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D215/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
  • C07D215/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D215/38—Nitrogen atoms
  • C07D215/42—Nitrogen atoms attached in position 4
  • C07D215/46—Nitrogen atoms attached in position 4 with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by nitrogen atoms, attached to said nitrogen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D471/14—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to lH-imidazo dimers and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such dimers.
• this invention relates to the use of these dimers as immunomodulators, for inducing cytokine biosynthesis in animals, and in the treatment of diseases, including viral and neoplastic diseases.
• This invention further provides methods of making the dimers and intermediates used in their synthesis.
• imidazoquinoline amine imidazopyridine amine, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, thiazoloquinoline amine, oxazoloquinoline amine, thiazolopyridine amine, oxazolopyridine amine, imidazonaphthyridine and tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amine compounds have demonstrated potent immunostimulating, antiviral and antitumor (including anticancer) activity, and have also been shown to be useful as vaccine adjuvants to enhance protective immune system response to vaccines. Such compounds and methods of making them are disclosed in, for example, U.S.
• IH-imidazo dimer compounds induce cytokine biosynthesis.
• the present invention provides IH-imidazo dimer compounds of the Formula (I):
• the compounds of Formula I are useful as immune response modifiers (IRMs) due to their ability to induce cytokine biosynthesis (e.g., induce the biosynthesis or production of one or more cytokines) and otherwise modulate the immune response when administered to animals.
• IRMs immune response modifiers
• the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions containing the immune response modifier compounds, and methods of inducing cytokine biosynthesis in an animal, treating a viral disease in an animal, and treating a neoplastic disease in an animal, by administering an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula I and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof to the animal.
• the invention provides methods of synthesizing the compounds of the invention and intermediates useful in the synthesis of these compounds.
• the present invention provides IH-imidazo dimer compounds of the Formula (I):
• A is a divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of: straight or branched chain C 4 - 20 alkylene; straight or branched chain C 4 - 20 alkenylene; straight or branched chain C - 20 alkynylene; and
• each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of: straight or branched chain C 2 - 20 alkylene; straight or branched chain C 4 - 20 alkenylene; and straight or branched chain C 4 - 20 alkynylene; any of which may be optionally interrupted by -O-, -N(R 5 )-, or -S(O) -; each Y is independently selected from the group consisting of: a bond;
• W is selected from the group consisting of: straight or branched chain C 2 . 20 alkylene; straight or branched chain C . 0 alkenylene; straight or branched chain C 4 . 20 alkynylene; straight or branched chain perfluoro C 2 - 20 alkylene;
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: -hydrogen; -halogen; -alkyl; -alkenyl;
• R 3 and R 4 forai a fused aryl or heteroaryl ring that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of:
• R 3 and R 4 form a fused 5 to 7 membered saturated ring, containing 0 to 2 heteroatoms and unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of: -halogen; -alkyl; -alkenyl; -X-alkyl; and
• each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; Ci- 6 alkyl; C 3 . cycloalkyl; and benzyl; or when Y is -N(R 5 )C(O)-, -C(O)N(R 5 )-, -N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 5 )-, -N(R 5 )S(O) 2 -, -S(O 2 )N(R 5 )-, -N(R 5 )C(O)O-, or -OC(O)N(R 5 )- and the nitrogen of the N(R 5 ) group is bonded to Z, then R 5 can join with Z to form a ring having the structure
• each R 6 is independently hydrogen or C ⁇ -10 alkyl
• R is C 3 - 8 alkylene
• X is -O- or -S-; with the proviso that if W is -C(O)-, -S(O) 2 -, -OC(O)O-, or -N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 5 )- then each Y is a bond; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention also provides compounds that are useful as intermediates in the synthesis of compounds of Formula (I). These intermediate compounds have the structural Formulas (II) - (V), described below.
• the present invention provides intermediate compounds of the Formula (II):
• Ai is a divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of: straight or branched chain C - 20 alkylene; straight or branched chain C - 20 alkenylene; and straight or branched chain C - 20 alkynylene; any of which may be optionally interrupted by -S(O) 2 - or a protected -C(O)-; n is 0 to 4; each R' present is independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen; alkyl; alkenyl; and
• the present invention also provides intermediate compounds of the Formula (III):
• Ai is a divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of: straight or branched chain C . 2 o alkylene; straight or branched chain C - 20 alkenylene; and straight or branched chain C 4 - 20 alkynylene; any of which may be optionally interrupted by -S(O) 2 - or a protected -C(O)-; n is 0 to 4; each R' present is independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen; alkyl; alkenyl; and
• the present invention also provides intermediate compounds of Formula (IV):
• Ai is a divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of: straight or branched chain C 4 - 20 alkylene; straight or branched chain C 4 - 20 alkenylene; and straight or branched chain C 4 - 2 o alkynylene; any of which may be optionally interrupted by -S(O) 2 - or a protected -C(O)-; R" is selected from the group consisting of:
• n 0 to 4; each R' present is independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen; alkyl; alkenyl; and -O-alkyl; each Re is independently hydrogen or Ci-io alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention also provides intermediate compounds of the Formula (V):
• Ai is a divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of: straight or branched chain C 4 - 20 alkylene; straight or branched chain C 4 - 20 alkenylene; and straight or branched chain C 4 - 20 alkynylene; any of which may be optionally interrupted by -S(O) 2 - or a protected -C(O)-;
• R" is selected from the group consisting of: -hydrogen; -alkyl; -alkenyl; -aryl;
• n is 0 to 4; each R' present is independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen; alkyl; alkenyl; and
• each R_ is independently hydrogen or Ci-io alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• A is -Z-Y-W-Y-Z-.
• each Z is straight or branched chain C 2 -2 0 alkylene optionally interrupted by
• each Z is selected from the group consisting of straight or branched chain C2-4 alkylene and C ⁇ - alkylene-O-C ⁇ -4 alkylene. In certain embodiments
• R is joined with Z to form a ring having the structure ;wherein R 7 is C 4 - 6 alkylene.
• each Y is independently selected from the group consisting of a bond; -N(R 5 )C(O)-; -C(O)N(R 5 )-; -N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 5 )-; -S(O) 2 N(R 5 )-; and -N(R 5 )S(O) 2 -.
• W is selected from the group consisting of straight or branched chain C 2 - 20 alkylene; -N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 5 )-;
• R 5 is hydrogen.
• R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl or alkyl-O-alkyl. In certain embodiments R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cyclopropylmethyl, ethoxymethyl or methoxyethyl.
• R 3 and R 4 join together to form a fused benzene ring. In other embodiments R 3 and R 4 join together to form a fused pyridine ring. In other embodiments R and R 4 join together to form a fused six , membered saturated ring. In other embodiments R and R 4 join together to form a fused six membered saturated ring containing one nitrogen atom. In still other embodiments of the present invention R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen or alkyl.
• the invention is inclusive of the compounds described herein in any of their pharmaceutically acceptable forms, including isomers such as diastereomers and enantiomers, salts, solvates, polymorphs, and the like, hi particular, if a compound is optically active, the invention specifically includes each of the compound's enantiomers as well as racemic mixtures of the enantiomers.
• step (1) of Reaction Scheme I a 4-chloro-3-nitroquinoline of Formula VI is reacted with a diamine of Fonnula VII to provide a dimer compound of Formula II.
• the reaction can be carried out by adding a diamine of Formula VII to a solution of a compound of Formula VI in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane in the presence of a base such as triethylamine.
• a base such as triethylamine.
• the reaction can be run at ambient temperature.
• Many compounds of Formula VI are known or can be prepared using known synthetic methods, see for example, U.S. Patents 4,689,338; 5,175,296; 5,367,076; 5,389, 640; and 6,194,425 and the references cited therein.
• Many diamines of Formula VII are commercially available; others can be readily prepared using known synthetic methods.
• step (2) of Reaction Scheme I a compound of Formula II is reduced to provide a compound of Formula III.
• the reduction can be carried out using a conventional heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst.
• the reaction can be conveniently carried out on a Parr apparatus in a suitable solvent such as toluene, h those instances where Ai contains an alkenylene or alkynylene group a catalyst is selected that is capable of reducing the nitro group without reducing the alkenylene or alkynylene group, examples include tin and zinc/hydrochloric acid.
• step (3) of Reaction Scheme I a compound of Fonnula III is (i) reacted with an acyl chloride of Formula R 2 C(O)Cl and then (ii) cyclized to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula IV.
• the acyl chloride is added to a solution of a compound of Formula III in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane in the presence of a base such as triethylamine.
• the reaction can be run at ambient temperature, h part (ii) the product of part (i) is heated in an alcoholic solvent in the presence of a base.
• the product of part (i) is refluxed in ethanol in the presence of excess triethylamine or is heated with methanolic ammonia.
• step (3) can be carried out by reacting a compound of Formula III with a carboxylic acid or an equivalent thereof.
• Suitable equivalents to carboxylic acid include orthoesters and 1,1-dialkoxyalkyl alkanoates.
• the carboxylic acid or equivalent is selected such that it will provide the desired R 2 substituent in a compound of Formula IV.
• triethyl orthoformate will provide a compound where R 2 is hydrogen and triethyl orthovalerate will provide a compound where R 2 is butyl.
• the reaction can be run in the absence of solvent or in an inert solvent such as toluene.
• the reaction is run with sufficient heating to drive off any alcohol or water formed as a byproduct of the reaction.
• a catalyst such as pyridine hydrochloride can be included.
• step (4) of Reaction Scheme I a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula IV is oxidized to provide an N-oxide of Formula V using a conventional oxidizing agent that is capable of forming N-oxides.
• a solution of a compound of Formula TV in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane is treated with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid at ambient temperature.
• step (5) of Reaction Scheme I an N-oxide of Formula V is animated to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula VIII, which is a subgenus of Formula I.
• the reaction is carried out in two parts. In part (i) a compound of Formula V is reacted with an acylating agent.
• Suitable acylating agents include alkyl- or arylsulfonyl chorides (e.g., benzenesulfonyl choride, methanesulfonyl choride, and jc-toluenesulfonyl chloride).
• Suitable aminating agents include ammonia (e.g. in the form of ammonium hydroxide) and ammonium salts (e.g., ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium phosphate).
• the reaction can be carried out by dissolving a compound of Formula V in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane, adding ammonium hydroxide to the solution, and then adding j9-toluenesulfonyl chloride.
• a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane
• ammonium hydroxide to the solution
• j9-toluenesulfonyl chloride can be added.
• the product or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be isolated using conventional methods.
• Ai contains a -C(O)- group, the group is protected (e.g, by forming an acetal) throughout the synthesis and then the protecting group is removed.
• R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and Z are as defined above and Wi is selected from the group consisting of straight or branched chain C 2 - 20 alkylene; straight or branched chain C 4 - 2 o alkenylene; straight or branched chain C - 20 alkynylene; straight or branched chain perfluoro C 2 - 2 o alkylene; C ⁇ - alkylene-O-C ⁇ - 4 alkylene;
• a IH-imidazo compound of Formula IX is reacted with a diisocyanate of Formula X to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula XI, which is a subgenus of Formula I.
• the reaction can be carried out by adding the diisocyanate to a solution or suspension of a compound of Formula IX in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane. The reaction can be run at ambient temperature.
• Many IH- imidazo compounds of Formula IX are known or can be prepared using known synthetic methods, see for example, U.S.
• Reaction Scheme III wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , Wi and Z are as defined above.
• a IH- imidazo compound of Formula IX is reacted with a disulfonyl chloride of Formula XII to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula XIII, which is a subgenus of Formula I.
• the reaction can be carried out by adding the disulfonyl chloride to a solution or suspension of a compound of Formula IX in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane in the presence of a base such as triethylamine.
• the reaction can be run at ambient temperature.
• Many disulfonyl chlorides are commercially available; others can be prepared using known synthetic methods.
• the product or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be isolated using conventional methods.
• Reaction Scheme IV a IH- imidazo compound of Formula IX is reacted with a diacid chloride of Formula XIV to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula XV, which is a subgenus of Formula 1.
• the reaction can be carried out by adding the acid chloride to a solution or suspension of a compound of Formula IX in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane in the presence of a base such as triethylamine.
• the reaction can be run at ambient temperature.
• Many diacid chlorides are commercially available; others can be prepared using known synthetic methods.
• the product or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be isolated using conventional methods.
• reaction can be carried out by reacting a compound of Formula IX with a diacid of the formula ⁇ OC(O)-W ⁇ -C(O)O ⁇ using a standard coupling reagent such as 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.
• a standard coupling reagent such as 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.
• Reaction Scheme V wherein R 2 , R 3 , R , R 5 , and Z are as defined above.
• a IH-imidazo compound of Formula IX is reacted with carbonyldiimidazole to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula XVI, which is a subgenus of Formula I.
• the reaction can be carried out by adding the carbonyldiimidazole to a solution or suspension of a compound of Formula IX in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane in the presence of a base such as 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine.
• the reaction can be run at ambient temperature.
• the product or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be isolated using conventional methods.
• Formula XVII is protected with two tert-butoxycarbonyl groups.
• the reaction can be carried out by treating a solution of a compound of Formula XVII with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in the presence of a base such as 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine.
• a base such as 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine.
• Many IH- imidazo compounds of Formula XVII are known or can be prepared using known synthetic methods, see for example, U.S. Patents 4,698,338; 4,988,815; 5,175,296; 5,268,376; 5,352,784; 5,389,640; 5,395,937; 5,446,153; 5,741,908; and 6,194,425.
• i step (2) of Reaction Scheme VI a protected IH-imidazo compound of Formula
• XVIII is reacted with a diisocyanate of Formula X to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula XIX.
• the reaction can be carried out by adding the diisocyanate to a solution or suspension of a compound of Formula XVIII in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane. The reaction can be run at ambient temperature.
• step (3) of Reaction Scheme VI the protecting groups are removed by hydrolysis under acidic conditions to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula XX, which is a subgenus of Formula I.
• the product or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be isolated using conventional methods.
• step (1) of Reaction Scheme VII a protected IH-imidazo compound of Fonnula XVIII is reacted with a diacid chloride of Formula XIV to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula XXI.
• the reaction can be carried out by adding the diacid chloride to a solution or suspension of a compound of Formula XVIII in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane in the presence of a base such as triethylamine.
• the reaction can be run at ambient temperature.
• step (2) of Reaction Scheme VII the protecting groups are removed by hydrolysis under acidic conditions to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula XXII, which is a subgenus of Formula I.
• the product or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be isolated using conventional methods.
• R 2 , R 3 , R , Z and BOC are as defined above and W 2 is straight or branched chain C2- 20 alkylene.
• step (1) Reaction Scheme VIII a protected IH-imidazo compound of Formula XVIII is reacted with a compound of Formula XXIII to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Fonnula XXIV.
• the reaction can be carried out by adding a compound of
• step (1) of Reaction Scheme IX a protected IH-imidazo compound of Formula XVIII is reacted with carbonyldiimidazole or phosgene to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula XXVI.
• the reaction can be carried out by adding carbonyldiimidazole or phosgene to a solution or suspension of a compound of Formula
• step (2) of Reaction Scheme IX the protecting groups are removed by hydrolysis under acidic conditions to provide a IH-imidazo dimer compound of Formula XXVII, which is a subgenus of Formula I.
• the product or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be isolated using conventional methods.
• the amine in Reaction Schemes VI - IX when Wi does not contain an alkenylene or alkynylene group, the amine can be protected with benzyloxycarbonyl groups instead of tert-butyoxy carbonyl groups.
• the protected compound can be prepared by treating a solution of a compound of Formula XVII with dibenzyl dicarbonate or benzyl chloroformate. The protecting groups are later removed by hydro genolysis.
• alkyl As used herein, the terms “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkynyl” and the prefix “alk-” are inclusive of both straight chain and branched chain groups and of cyclic groups, i.e. cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl. Unless otherwise specified, these groups contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, with alkenyl groups containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and alkynyl groups containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, these groups have a total of up to 10 carbon atoms, up to 8 carbon atoms, up to 6 carbon atoms, or up to 4 carbon atoms.
• Cyclic groups can be monocyclic or polycyclic and preferably have from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms.
• Exemplary cyclic groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, and substituted and unsubstituted norbornyl and norbornenyl.
• alkylene alkenylene
• alkynylene are the divalent forms of the "alkyl”, “alkenyl”, and “alkynyl” groups defined above.
• haloalkyl is inclusive of groups that are substituted by one or more halogen atoms, including perfluorinated groups. This is also true of other groups that include the prefix "halo-”. Examples of suitable haloalkyl groups are chloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, and the like.
• aryl as used herein includes carbocyclic aromatic rings or ring systems. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, fluorenyl and indenyl.
• heteroaryl includes aromatic rings or ring systems that contain at least one ring hetero atom (e.g., O, S, N).
• Suitable heteroaryl groups include furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, carbazolyl, benzoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, and so on.
• Heterocyclyl includes non-aromatic rings or ring systems that contain at least one ring hetero atom (e.g., O, S, N) and includes all of the fully saturated and partially unsaturated derivatives of the above mentioned heteroaryl groups.
• exemplary heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, morpholinyl, thiomo ⁇ holinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and imidazolidinyl.
• the aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, halogen, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino.
• protected -C(O)- means a carbonyl group that has been converted into another functional group which will stand up to and not interfere with the reaction conditions of the succeeding steps in the synthesis and then can be readily removed.
• the carbonyl group may be converted to an acyclic ketal, a cyclic ketal or a cyclic dithio ketal.
• protecting groups are well known and methods for selecting appropriate groups, introducing them into the molecule, and then later removing them have been discussed in for example, Greene, Theodora (1999), Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• compositions of the invention contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described above in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a therapeutically effective amount or “effective amount” means an amount of the compound sufficient to induce a therapeutic effect, such as cytokine induction, immunomodulation, antitumor activity, and/or antiviral activity.
• a therapeutic effect such as cytokine induction, immunomodulation, antitumor activity, and/or antiviral activity.
• the exact amount of active compound used in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention will vary according to factors known to those of skill in the art, such as the physical and chemical nature of the compound, the nature of the carrier, and the intended dosing regimen, it is anticipated that the compositions of the invention will contain sufficient active ingredient to provide a dose of about 100 ng/kg to about 50 mg/kg, preferably about 10 ⁇ g/kg to about 5 mg/kg, of the compound to the subject.
• dosage forms may be used, such as tablets, lozenges, capsules, parenteral formulations, syrups, creams, ointments, aerosol formulations, transdermal patches, transmucosal patches and the
• the compounds of the invention can be administered as the single therapeutic agent in the treatment regimen, or the compounds of the invention may be administered in combination with one another or with other active agents, including additional immune response modifiers, antivirals, antibiotics, antibodies, proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, etc.
• Cytokines whose production may be induced by the administration of compounds according to the invention generally include interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ) and/or tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ ) as well as certain interleukins (IL). Cytokines whose biosynthesis may be induced by compounds of the invention include IFN- ⁇ , TNF- ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12, and a variety of other cytokines.
• the invention provides a method of inducing cytokine biosynthesis in an animal comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or composition of the invention to the animal.
• the animal to which the compound or composition is administered for induction of cytokine biosynthesis may have a disease as described infra, for example a viral disease or a neoplastic disease, and administration of the compound may provide therapeutic treatment.
• the compound may be administered to the animal prior to the animal acquiring the disease so that administration of the compound may provide a prophylactic treatment.
• the compounds of the invention affect other aspects of the innate immune response. For example, natural killer cell activity may be stimulated, an effect that may be due to cytokine induction.
• the compounds may also activate macrophages, which in turn stimulate secretion of nitric oxide and the production of additional cytokines. Further, the compounds may cause proliferation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes.
• Compounds of the invention also have an effect on the acquired immune response. For example, the production of the T helper type 1 (Thl) cytokine IFN- ⁇ is induced indirectly and the production of the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 are inhibited upon administration of the compounds.
• Thl T helper type 1
• Th2 T helper type 2
• the compound or composition may be administered alone or in combination with one or more active components as in, for example, a vaccine adjuvant.
• active components as in, for example, a vaccine adjuvant.
• the compound and other component or components may be administered separately; together but independently such as in a solution; or together and associated with one another such as (a) covalently linked or (b) non-covalently associated, e.g., in a colloidal suspension.
• Diseases for which IRMs identified herein may be used as treatments include, but are not limited to:
• viral diseases such as genital warts, common warts, plantar warts, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, he ⁇ es simplex virus type I and type II, molluscum contagiosum, variola, HIV, CMV, VZV, rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, influenza, para-influenza;
• bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis, and mycobacterium avium, leprosy;
• neoplastic diseases such as intraepithelial neoplasias, cervical dysplasia, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia, Ka ⁇ osi's sarcoma, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, myelogeous leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and other cancers;
• Th2 Th2 mediated, atopic, and autoimmune diseases, such as atopic dermatitis or eczema, eosinophilia, asthma, allergy, allergic rhinitis, systemic lupus erythematosis, essential thrombocythaemia, multiple sclerosis, Ommen's syndrome, discoid lupus, alopecia areata, inhibition of keloid formation and other types of scarring, and enhancing would healing, including chronic wounds; and
• a vaccine adjuvant for use in conjunction with any material that raises either humoral and/or cell mediated immune response, such live viral and bacterial immunogens and inactivated viral, tumor-derived, protozoal, organism-derived, fungal, and bacterial immunogens, toxoids, toxins, polysaccharides, proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, cellular vaccines, DNA vaccines, recombinant proteins, glycoproteins, and peptides, and the like, for use in connection with, e.g., BCG, cholera, plague, typhoid, hepatitis A, B, and C, influenza A and B, parainfluenza, polio, rabies, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, tetanus, diphtheria, he ophilus influenza b, tuberculosis, meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccines, adenovirus, HIV, chicken pox,
• one or more of the above diseases or types of diseases for example, a viral disease or a neoplastic disease may be treated in an animal in need there of (having the disease) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of fonnula (I) to the animal.
• a viral disease or a neoplastic disease may be treated in an animal in need there of (having the disease) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of fonnula (I) to the animal.
• An amount of a compound effective to induce cytokine biosynthesis is an amount sufficient to cause one or more cell types, such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and B-cells to produce an amount of one or more cytokines such as, for example, IFN- ⁇ , TNF- ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 that is increased over the background level of such cytokines.
• the precise amount will vary according to factors known in the art but is expected to be a dose of about 100 ng/kg to about 50 mg/kg, preferably about 10 ⁇ g/kg to about 5 mg/kg.
• the invention also provides a method of treating a viral infection in an animal and a method of treating a neoplastic disease in an animal comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or composition of the invention to the animal.
• An amount effective to treat or inhibit a viral infection is an amount that will cause a reduction in one or more of the manifestations of viral infection, such as viral lesions, viral load, rate of virus production, and mortality as compared to untreated control animals.
• the precise amount that is effective for such treatment will vary according to factors known in the art but is expected to be a dose of about 100 ng/kg to about 50 mg/kg, preferably about 10 ⁇ g/kg to about 5 mg/kg.
• An amount of a compound effective to treat a neoplastic condition is an amount that will cause a reduction in tumor size or in the number of tumor foci. Again, the precise amount will vary according to factors known in the art but is expected to be a dose of about 100 ng/kg to about 50 mg/kg, preferably about 10 ⁇ g/kg to about 5 mg/kg.
• Examples 9 - 16 Using the general method of Example 5, 4-amino-l-[2-(4-piperidyl)ethyl]-lH- imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline (Example 113 in EP 1 104 764) can be reacted with a disulfonyl chloride from the table below to provide a dimer of the invention. All of the disulfonyl chlorides in the table are commercially available.
• Examples 17 - 35 Using the general method of Example 2, l-(2-amino-2-methylpropyl)-2- (ethoxymethyl)-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine can be reacted with a diisocyanate from the table below to provide a dimer of the invention. All of the diisocyanates in the table are commercially available.
• Examples 36 - 56 Using the general method of Example 6, l-(4-aminobutyl)-6,7,8, 9-tetrahydro-2- (methoxyethyl)-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine (Example 172 Part A in U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,810) can be reacted with a diacid dichloride from the table below to provide a dimer of the invention. All of the diacid dichlorides in the table are commercially available.
• Examples 57 - 64 Using the general method of Example 5, 4-(4-amino-2-butyl-lH-imidazo[4,5- c][l,5]naphthyridin-l-yl)butaneamine (Example 46 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,425) can be reacted with a disulfonyl chloride from the table below to provide a dimer of the invention. All of the disulfonyl chlorides in the table are commercially available.
• Examples 65 - 86 Using the general method of Example 2, 2-(4-amino ⁇ 2-butyl-lH-imidazo[4,5- c][l,5]naphthyridin-l-yl)ethaneamine (Example 91 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,425) can be reacted with a diisocyanate from the table below to provide a dimer of the invention. All of the diisocyanates in the table are commercially available.
• Examples 87 - 106 Using the general method of Example 6, 4-(4-amino- IH-imidazo [4,5 - c][l,5]naphthyridin-l-yl)butaneamine (Example 111 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,425) can be reacted with a diacid dichloride from the table below to provide a dimer of the invention. All of the diacid dichlorides in the table are commercially available.
• Examples 107 - 114 Using the general method of Example 5, l-(4-aminobutyl)-2-(ethoxymethyl)-6- methyl-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-amine (Example 10 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,016) can be reacted with a disulfonyl chloride from the table below to provide a dimer of the invention. All of the disulfonyl chlorides in the table are commercially available.
• Examples 115 - 136 Using the general method of Example 2, l-(3-aminopropyl)-2,6,7-trimethyl-lH- imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-amine (Example 18 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,016) can be reacted with a diisocyanate from the table below to provide a dimer of the invention. All of the diisocyanates in the table are commercially available.
• Examples 137 - 156 Using the general method of Example 6, l-(4-aminobutyl)-2-(ethoxymethyl)-7- methyl-lH-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-amine (Example 26 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,016) can be reacted with a diacid dichloride from the table below to provide a dimer of the invention. All of the diacid dichlorides in the table are commercially available.
• CYTOKINE INDUCTION IN HUMAN CELLS An in vitro human blood cell system is used to assess cytokine induction. Activity is based on the measurement of interferon and tumor necrosis factor ( ⁇ ) (IFN and TNF, respectively) secreted into culture media as described by Testerman et. al. In “Cytokine Induction by the Immunomodulators hniquimod and S-27609", Journal of Leukocyte
• PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• DPBS Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline
• HBSS Hank's Balanced Salts Solution
• the PBMC layer is collected and washed twice with DPBS or HBSS and resuspended at 4 x 10 6 cells/mL in RPMI complete.
• the PBMC suspension is added to 48 well flat bottom sterile tissue culture plates (Costar, Cambridge, MA or Becton Dickinson
• the compounds are solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
• DMSO concentration should not exceed a final concentration of 1% for addition to the culture wells.
• the compounds are generally tested at concentrations ranging from 30-0.014 ⁇ M.
• test compound is added at 60 ⁇ M to the first well containing RPMI complete and serial 3 fold dilutions are made in the wells.
• the PBMC suspension is then added to the wells in an equal volume, bringing the test compound concentrations to the desired range (30-0.014 ⁇ M).
• the final concentration of PBMC suspension is 2 x 10 6 cells/mL.
• the plates are covered with sterile plastic lids, mixed gently and then incubated for 18 to 24 hours at 37°C in a 5% carbon dioxide atmosphere.
• the plates are centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1000 rpm ( ⁇ 200 x g) at 4°C.
• the cell-free culture supernatant is removed with a sterile polypropylene pipet and transferred to sterile polypropylene tubes. Samples are maintained at -30 to -70°C until analysis.
• the samples are analyzed for interferon ( ⁇ ) by ELISA and for tumor necrosis factor ( ⁇ ) by ELISA or IGEN Assay.
• Interferon ( ⁇ ) concentration is determined by ELISA using a Human Multi-Species kit from PBL Biomedical Laboratories, New Brunswick, NJ. Results are expressed in pg/mL.
• Tumor necrosis factor ( ⁇ ) (TNF- ⁇ ) concentration is determined using ELISA kits available from Biosource International, Camarillo, CA. Alternately, the TNF- ⁇ concentration can be determined by Origen® M-Series Immunoassay and read on an IGEN M-8 analyzer from IGEN International, Gaithersburg, MD. The immunoassay uses a human TNF- ⁇ capture and detection antibody pair from Biosource International,

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