Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/02—Polyamines
  • C08G73/0206—Polyalkylene(poly)amines
  • C08G73/0213—Preparatory process
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/24—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the sex hormones
  • A61P5/26—Androgens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/24—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the sex hormones
  • A61P5/30—Oestrogens
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/02—Polyamines
  • C08G73/0206—Polyalkylene(poly)amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/02—Polyamines
  • C08G73/0206—Polyalkylene(poly)amines
  • C08G73/0213—Preparatory process
  • C08G73/0226—Quaternisation of polyalkylene(poly)amines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/2031—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, poloxamers

Definitions

• This invention relates to the delivery of drugs.
• this invention relates to the oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs using novel amphiphilic polymers with both solubilising and absorption enhancing properties .
• Poorly soluble drugs are those drugs that are identified in the British Pharmacopoeia as "practically- insoluble” (Medicines Commission , British Pharmacopoeia, The Stationary Office, London, 1998) . Such drugs have an aqueous solubility of less than 0. Img per millilitre of solvent (such as water) at a temperature of about 15°C - 20°C.
• Cyclosporin is a lipophilic immunosuppressant used to treat transplant and autoimmune disease patients. Cyclosporin is poorly soluble in a variety of solvents and is currently administered as a micro-emulsion formulation.
• the Z groups are hydrophobic and are independently hydrogen or any linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, or cyclo form of any hydrophobic substituent ;
• Y may represent a hydrophilic substituent.
• the monomer units identified with ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ may form any arrangement in the polyethylenimine polymer.
• the arrangement of the ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ units may therefore be random or in a block copolymer form such as o ⁇ c ⁇ etc. This is identified above by the dashed line between the different monomer units .
• the polyethylenimine polymer may be linear or branched.
• the ratios for ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ are numerical ratios.
• the Z groups may independently be selected from any of the following hydrophobic substituents: an alkyl, an alkenyl, and alkynyl, an aryl, an acyl, a hydroxy alkyl, a hydroxy acyl, polyethylene glycol or any sugar.
• the Z groups may independently be any linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, or cyclo form of the following alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, acyl, hydroxy alkyl, hydroxy acyl, polyethylene glycol or any sugar groups: C - C 20 ; C - C 12 ; C x - C 6 or C ⁇ .
• the Z groups may be C 1 - C ⁇ linear alkyl groups .
• Y may represent any of the following: -NH 2 ; -NHA;
• R x , R 2 , or R 3 may be selected from any of the following substituents: an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, an aryl , an acyl , a hydroxy alkyl , a hydroxy acyl , polyethylene glycol or any sugar.
• R. ⁇ , R 2 and R 3 may independently be any linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, or cyclo form of the following alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, acyl, hydroxy alkyl, hydroxy acyl, polyethylene glycol or any sugar groups: C x - C 20 ; C 1 - C 12 ; C 1 - C 6 or C 1 .
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are C 1 - C linear alkyl groups . All of R lf R 2 and R 3 may be CH 3 .
• the groups A may be selected from any of the following linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, or cyclo groups: C x - C 30 ; C 8 - C 24 ; or C 12 - c 16 .
• the groups A may be a linear C 12 - C 16 alkyl group .
• A may be CH 3 (CH 2 ) 15 .
• the ratio of quaternary ammonium nitrogens to nitrogens of a ino groups may be selected from any of the following: 0.01% - 100%; 10% - 90%; 30% - 70%; 40% - 60%; 50% - 90% or 60% - 80%. The preferred range is 40% - 90%.
• a high proportion of quaternary ammonium groups promotes solubilisation of both the polyethylenimine polymer and a hydrophobic drug.
• the parent polyethylenimine compound used to make the polyethylenimine polymer may have an average molecular weight of about 2 - 50kD, or more particularly, of about 10 - 25 kD.
• the polyethylene polymer may have an average molecular weight of about 10 - 25 kD.
• the polyethylenimine polymer may produce hydrophobic domains .
• Hydrophobic domains are areas of the molecule ' s self-assembly where hydrophobic compounds or compounds which are poorly soluble in water are able to reside and thus become solubilised with an aqueous disperse phase.
• the level of hydrophobic modification may be from 0.01 - 50%, 0.1 - 20% or 1 - 10% of amino groups.
• the preferred level of hydrophobic modification is 1 - 10% of amino groups.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and Z are as defined above.
• the monomer units m, n, p, q, u, v, w, x, y and z may be arranged in any order.
• the ratios for m, n, p, q, u, v, w, x, y and z are numerical ratios .
• n 0% then n is not equal to 0%.
• n 0% then m is not equal to 0 % .
• m + n lies between 50 to 100%.
• p + q + u + v lies between 20 to 50%.
• w + x + y + z lies between 0.01 to 10%.
• polyethylenime may be linear
• p, q, u, v, w, x, y or z may be equal to 0%.
• the sum total of p, q, u, v, w, x, y and z may be equal to a value greater than 0%, as this allows for the branched compound to be included.
• w, x, y or z may be equal to 0%.
• the sum total of w, x, y or z may not be equal to 0%. This allows for a hydrohobically substituted branched compound.
• a method of forming a polyethylenimine polymer according to the first aspect by reacting a polyethylenimine compound formed from the polymerisation of ethylenimine with a first organo halide to form an organo side chain on the polyethylenimine compound, and then a second organo halide to react with an amino group on the polyethyleneimine compound.
• the polyethylenimine used may be branched or linear .
• Branched polyethylenimine may be prepared by the acid catalysed polymerisation of, for example, aziridine (ethyleneimine) (Dick, C.R., Ham, G.E., J. Macromol . Sci.
• Linear polymers may be prepared by controlling the conditions of polyethylenimine polymerisation (Zhuk, D.S., Gembitsky, P. A., Alexandrovich, A.I., US Patent No. 4,032,480).
• the first organo halide may be any linear or branched, substituted or unsubsituted, or cyclo form of any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or acyl halide or any hydrophilic halide.
• the halide may be any of fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide.
• the organo group of the first organo halide may be selected from any of the following linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, or cyclo groups: C - C 30 ; C 8
• the first organo halide is a linear C 12 - C 16 alkyl halide.
• the first organo halide may be cetyl bromide (e.g. CH 3 (CH 2 ) 15 Br) .
• the second organo halide may be any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or acyl halide or any hydrophilic halide.
• the halide may be any of fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide.
• the organo group of the second organo halide may be selected-' from any of the following linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, or cyclo groups: C x - C 20 ; C x - C 6 ; or C ⁇ .
• the second organo halide is a linear C - C 6 alkyl halide.
• the second organo halide may be methyl iodide.
• the polyethylenimine compound and first organo halide may be mixed in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, which may then be refluxed.
• the refluxing may occur in an alcoholic solution of, for example, sodium hydroxide.
• Cetyl polyethylenimine may then be isolated and may then be reacted with the second organo halide.
• the second organo halide may be added in the presence of, for example, a metal hydroxide (e.g. sodium hydroxide), a metal halide (e.g. sodium iodide) and an alcohol (e.g. methanol) .
• a metal hydroxide e.g. sodium hydroxide
• a metal halide e.g. sodium iodide
• an alcohol e.g. methanol
• the polyethylenimine polymer may then be obtained by washing, dialysis and using an ion exchange column. Further quaternisation may be obtained by adding more of the second organo halide.
• the formed polyethylenimine polymer may be that as represented in Figure 1.
• composition comprising a polyethylenimine polymer according to the first aspect and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, 0.1 M and preferably 0.05 M phosphate buffer or 0.9% w/v saline. Additionally, such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
• non- aqueous solvents examples include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
• Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.
• Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or fixed oils. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants , chelating agents, inert gases and the like.
• the ratio of polyethylenimine polymer to pharmaceutically acceptable carrier ranges from any of the following: 0.0001 - 100 w.v. , 0.005 - 50 w.v.; 0.001 - 30 w.v.; 0.001 - 10 w.v.; or 0.01 - 1 w.v.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polyethylenimine polymer according to the first aspect and a drug.
• the drug may be poorly soluble in aqueous solvents such as water.
• the drug may be administered to a patient as a solution or a particulate formulation.
• the drug may be selected from any of the following: cyclosporin; steroids such as prednisolone, oestradiol, testosterone; drugs with multicyclic ring structures which lack polar groups such as paclitaxel; and drugs such as etoposide.
• the ratio of the polyethylenimine polymer to the drug may be selected from any of the following: 0.001 - 100%; 0.1 - 100%; 1 - 100%; 10 - 90%; 30 - 70%.
• the pharmaceutical composition may also comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the ratio of polyethylenimine polymer to drug to pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be in the range of 5 - 20mg : 0.5 - 5mg : 0.5 - 5mL or 5 - 20mg : 0.5 - 5mg : 0.5 - 5g.
• the ratio of polyethylenimine polymer to drug to pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be about 10mg:2mg:lmL or about lOmg: 2mg: 2g.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of any of the following: tablets, suppositories, liquid capsule, powder form, or a form suitable for pulmonary delivery.
• typically used carriers include sucrose, lactose, mannitol, maltitol, dextran, corn starch, typical lubricants such as magnesium stearate, preservatives such as paraben, sorbin, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, ⁇ -tocopheral, cysteine, disintegrators or binders.
• effective diluents include lactose and dry corn starch.
• a liquid for oral use includes syrup, suspension, solution and emulsion, which may contain a typical inert diluent used in this field, such as water.
• sweeteners or flavours may be contained.
• Suppositories may be prepared by admixing the compounds of the present invention with a suitable non- irritative excipient such as those that are solid at normal temperature but become liquid at the temperature in the intestine and melt in rectum to release the active ingredient, such as cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• a suitable non- irritative excipient such as those that are solid at normal temperature but become liquid at the temperature in the intestine and melt in rectum to release the active ingredient, such as cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• the dose of the polymer can be determined on age, body weight, administration time, administration method, combination of drugs, the level of condition of which a patient is undergoing therapy, and other factors. While the daily does may vary depending on the conditions and body weight of patients, the species of active ingredient, and administration route, in the case of oral use, the daily does may be about 0.1 - 100 mg/person/day, preferably 0.5 - 30 mg/person/day.
• a method of dissolving poorly soluble drugs suitable for oral delivery using a preformed polymer.
• preformed polymer herein is meant a polymer which already exists and does not need to be formed during an in-situ polymerisation step.
• the preformed polymer may be a polyethylenimine polymer according to the first aspect.
• the poorly soluble drug may be selected from any of the following: cyclosporin; steroids such as prednisolone; oestradiol; testosterone; drugs with multicyclic ring structures which lack polar groups such as paclitaxel; drugs such as etoposide.
• R x , R 2 , R 3 and R ⁇ may be long chain alkyl groups or other hydrophobic groups makes it possible for the polyethylenimine polymer according to the first aspect to dissolve poorly soluble drugs in aqueous media .
• the preformed polymer may also be used to dissolve polar (aqueous soluble) materials within hydrophobic media .
• a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided use of a preformed polymer according to the fifth aspect in dissolving poorly soluble drugs in the preparation of a composition.
• the composition may be a pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Figure 1 is a representation of a polyethyleneimine polymer formed according to the present invention
• Figure 2 is a Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image of quaternary ammonium cetyl polyethyleneimine (QCPEI2) and cyclosporin nanoparticles .
• TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy
• cetyl polyethylenimine 0.6g was then quaternised by reaction with methyl iodide (2.6ml) in the presence of sodium hydroxide (0.23g), sodium iodide (0.28g) and methanol (100ml) for 3 hours at 36°C
• the product was isolated by precipitation in ether (400ml) , washing with ethanol, exhaustive dialysis of an ethanolic solution and elution through an ion exchange column to isolate the hydrochloride salt .
• Polymer aggregation was also assessed by recording the hypsochromic shift in the UV absorption spectrum of methyl orange (Lieske, A., Jaeger, W. , 1999, Block Copolymers Containing Polysoap Blocks, Tenside Surfactants Detergents 36: 155 - 161) in 25 ⁇ M in 0.02M borate buffer when encapsulated within a hydrophobic environment.
• UN absorption scans 300 - 600nm were performed on various concentrations of the polymer dissolved in the methyl orange-borate solution and the wavelength of maximum absorbance noted.
• QPEIl Quaternary ammonium cetyl polyethyleneimine
• the yields of cetyl polyethylenimine, quaternary polyethyleneimine (QCPEIl) and di-quaternary cetyl polyethyleneimine (QCPEIl) were 67%, 85% and 46%, respectively.
• the degree of cetylation was found to be 5.2% of all amine groups using elemental analysis data.
• the degree of conversion of amines to quaternary ammonium moieties was approximately 64% for quaternary cetyl polyethylenimine and 81% for di-quaternary cetyl polyethylenimine .
• Both quaternary ammonium polymers aggregate to produce hydrophobic domains in aqueous solution (See Table 1) . This is shown by the increase in the 13/11 values and also by the shift to a lower wavelength of the methyl orange peak.
• hydrophobic domains serve to solubilise poorly aqueous soluble (hydrophobic) drugs such as cyclosporin; in the case of the less quaternised variant - QCPEIl which forms a clear micellar liquid with cyclosporin, when freshly prepared (Table 1) , effectively encapsulating cyclosporin within the hydrophobic domains.
• Example 2 Preparation of Quaternary Cetyl Polyethylenimine - Cyclosporin Formulations
• Quaternary cetyl polyethylenimine polymers were dissolved by probe sonication on ice (Soniprep Instruments, UK) followed by the addition of cyclosporin, which was incorporated into the polymer solution by probe sonication.
• Formulations were stored for up to 13 days and observed for particle formation. Particulate formations were sized by photon correlation spectroscopy, imaged by both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with negative staining (see Wang, W. , Tetley, L., Uchegbu, I.F., 2001.
• TEM transmission electron microscopy
• the doubly quaternarised compound QCPEI2 which is less water soluble than QCPEIl initially formed stable nanoparticles with cyclosporin.
• Figure 2 shows that the double quaternarised compound (QCPEI2) does not form micelles with cyclosporin.
• the size bar shows that the aggregates formed are too large to be micelles although the image could show an aggregate of lots of micelles. These will still be technically nanoparticles as the formulation is not optically clear.
• the polymer forms micelles within which cyclosporin is solubilised, the polymer exhibits a lower critical solution temperature and becomes less hydrated with increase in temperature resulting in aggregation of the polymeric micelles to form nanoparticles after exposure to elevated temperatures (i.e. removal from the fridge, Table 2) .
• elevated temperatures i.e. removal from the fridge, Table 2
• storage of QCPEIl at refrigeration temperature preserved the micellar formulation (Table 2) and there was no conversion of the micelles into nanoparticles.
• the doubly quaternised compound QCPEI2 which is less water soluble than QCPEIl, initially formed stable nanoparticles with cyclosporin ( Figure 2, Table 2) and does not form the micelles with cyclosporin.
• Example 3 Oral Administration of Quaternary Cetyl Polyethylenimine-Cyclosporin Formulations
• Neoral (Registered Trademark) or water.
• Neoral is a microemulsion formulation of cyclosporin manufactured and marketed by Novartis.
• Plasma samples Blood was taken from the tail vein of these anaesthetised rats at 1 hour, 4 hours and 24 hours after dosing. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at lOOOg and stored at -20°C until analysis could be performed on the samples. Cyclosporin was measured in the plasma samples using a monoclonal antibody radioimmunoassay kit (Cyclo-Trac SP-Whole Body Radioimmunoassay Kit) supplied by Diasorin, UK.
• a monoclonal antibody radioimmunoassay kit (Cyclo-Trac SP-Whole Body Radioimmunoassay Kit) supplied by Diasorin, UK.
• the oral QCPEIl formulations were well tolerated in rats with no gross adverse events recorded. Plasma levels at the 4 hour time point from the oil free QCPEI formulations were indistinguishable from peak levels obtained using Neoral (Registered Trademark) , although Neoral (Registered Trademark) was absorbed faster than the QCPEI formulations shown in Table 3.
• the amphiphilic polyethyleneimine polymer therefore promotes the absorption of a poorly soluble drug such as cyclosporin.
• This Example examines the effect of intermediate and low molecular weight quaternary ammonium hexadecyl polyethylenimine on the oral delivery of cyclosporine A.
• Ethanol, diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran were supplied by the Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde.
• a further group was dosed with a dispersion of cyclosporine (lOmg kg -1 ) in water which was shaken just prior to administration. Blood was sampled from these 4 groups of animals at various time intervals and cyclosporine analysed in blood using the radioimmunoassay procedure described in Example 3.
• This Example relates to assessing the stability of quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine - cyclosporine formulations .
• QCPEIl was also synthesised as described in Example 1.
• Qlio and QCPEIl Formulations of cyclosporine (2mg mL "1 ) containing lOmg mL -1 of the amphiphilic PEIs were prepared as described in Example 2. Formulations were then stored in stoppered glass containers at refrigeration temperature (2 - 8 2 C) . At various time intervals aliquots were sampled, filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter and analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) .
• HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
• Peak detection was via a Waters 486 variable wavelength UV detector with the wavelength set at 210nm and data was collected using a Waters 746 data module.
• a standard curve was prepared using solutions of the drug (1 - lO ⁇ g mL -1 ) .

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