WO2004009743A1 - Utilisation d'un bruleur a gaz a flamme blanche - Google Patents

Utilisation d'un bruleur a gaz a flamme blanche Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004009743A1
WO2004009743A1 PCT/EP2003/008061 EP0308061W WO2004009743A1 WO 2004009743 A1 WO2004009743 A1 WO 2004009743A1 EP 0308061 W EP0308061 W EP 0308061W WO 2004009743 A1 WO2004009743 A1 WO 2004009743A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fischer
use according
tropsch derived
flame
tropsch
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2003/008061
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ingrid Maja Guenther
Frank Haase
Original Assignee
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. filed Critical Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
Priority to US10/521,517 priority Critical patent/US20050271991A1/en
Priority to JP2004522563A priority patent/JP2005533235A/ja
Priority to AU2003250146A priority patent/AU2003250146A1/en
Priority to CA002493891A priority patent/CA2493891A1/fr
Priority to EP03765102A priority patent/EP1523538A1/fr
Publication of WO2004009743A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004009743A1/fr
Priority to NO20050880A priority patent/NO20050880L/no

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/12—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/001—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space spraying nozzle combined with forced draft fan in one unit
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/08—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using light-sensitive elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/10—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using thermocouples

Definitions

  • the invention is directed to an improved use of a yellow flame burner.
  • the general pattern of the flame of such an oil burner assembly is one of heterogeneity in terms of fuel concentrations; the pockets of fuel lean mixture give rise to high nitric oxide concentrations from both the fuel nitrogen and the atmospheric nitrogen, while the pockets of fuel rich mixture give rise to soot.
  • the visible flame when using an Industrial Gas Oil fuel from such a system is yellow.
  • the yellow colour is the visible radiation from the high temperature soot particles and this completely masks other visible radiations as far as the human eye is concerned.
  • These soot particles result from non-burnt carbon.
  • the step-wise combustion of carbon to carbon dioxide via the intermediate carbon monoxide stage gives rise to a visible radiation in the blue region of the light spectrum. When this occurs the blue radiation becomes visible in a soot-free or low-luminosity • flame, and oil burners for such soot-free flames are known as blue flame burners.
  • Blue flame burners are known to have a desirable low NOx emission as compared to yellow flame burners. Nevertheless yellow flame burners are still widely applied and there is thus a need -to reduce the NOx of such yellow flame burners.
  • This object is achieved by ' the following use.
  • Use of a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel in a yellow flame burner Applicants have found that the low NOx emissions of a ⁇ yellow flame burner can be reduced when a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel is used. Applicants have even found that the NOx emission can be reduced to below the level of a blue flame burner using conventional Industrial Gas Oil as fuel. An even further advantage is that the carbon monoxide emission is reduced. A next advantage is that less odour during start and' extinction of the yellow ⁇ flame burner has been observed when using this fuel. This is very advantageous, especially when such a burner is used in a domestic environment, wherein frequent start and stops of the burner are common.
  • a next advantage is that the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions at the cold or hot start of the yellow flame burner are less as compared to when state of the art oil is used. This is also very advantageous when the burner is used in for example a domestic heating application wherein frequently the burner has to start and stop.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of such a yellow flame burner.
  • Figure 1 shows a yellow flame burner 1 having pumping means 2 to supply a liquid fuel and a van 3 to supply an oxygen containing gas.
  • the oxygen containing gas is usually air.
  • the fuel is dispersed in a nozzle 4 and mixed with the air to form a combustible mixture, which is fed to a combustion space 5 via a conical shaped' nozzle 6.
  • Figure 1 also shows means 7 to ignite the mixture.
  • the operating conditions of the yellow flame burner may be the same as the operating, conditions used for the state of the art fuels.
  • the proportion of' air in excess of that required for stoichiometric combustion is known as the excess air ratio or "lambda", which is defined as the ratio of total air available for combustion to that required to burn all of the fuel.
  • the lambda is between 1 and 2 and more preferably between 1 and 1.6. Applicants found that by using a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel a very low lambda of between 1.05 and 1.2 could be applied without large emissions of carbon monoxide as would be the case when Industrial Gas Oil would be used.
  • the yellow flame burner using the Fischer-Tropsch fuels is preferably applied for domestic heating, wherein the heat of combustion is used to heat water by indirect heat exchange in so-called boilers.
  • the heated water may be used to warm up the house or consumed in for example " showers and the like.
  • More preferably the yellow-flame burner is used in (domestic) application wherein more than 3 starts of the burner per hour takes place.
  • the use of the present invention is especially suited for such applications because low hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions have been found at the start of the burner running on the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.
  • the yellow flame burner using the Fischer-Tropsch - fuels may advantageously be further used for direct heating of large spaces.
  • Such applications are characterized in that the flue gasses are directly supplied to said space to heat up said space.
  • Spaces such as tents and halls are often heated up with such an apparatus.
  • gaseous fuels for example natural gas, LPG and the like, are used for this application because the associated flue gasses can be safely supplied to said space.
  • a disadvantage of the use of gaseous ' fuels is however that handling of the pressurized gas containers and combustion equipment requires professional skills in order to operate such an apparatus safely.
  • a Fischer-Tropsch derived liquid fuel a " comparable flue gas is obtained in the yellow flame burner as when a gaseous fuel is used.
  • a method is provided wherein a liquid fuel can be applied for direct heating of spaces.
  • the application of the liquid Fischer- Tropsch derived fuel makes- the use of the apparatus for direct heating much more simple and safe.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel will comprise a Fischer-Tropsch product which may be any fraction of the middle distillate fuel range, which can be isolated from the (hydrocracked) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product. Typical fractions will boil in the naphtha, kerosene or gas oil range. Preferably a Fischer-Tropsch product in the kerosene or gas oil range is used because these fractions are easier to handle in for example domestic environments. Such products will suitably comprise a fraction larger than 90 wt% which boils between 160 and 400 °C, preferably to about 370 °C.
  • Fischer-Tropsch derived kerosene and gas oils are described in EP-A-583836, WO-A-9714768, WO-A-9714769, WO-A-011116, ' WO-A-011117, WO-A-0183406, WO-A-0183648 , WO-A-0183647, WO-A-0183641, WO-A-0020535, WO-A-0020534, ' EP-A-1101813, US-A-5766274 , US-A-5378348, US-A-5888376 and US-A-6204426.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch derived product will suitably contain more than 80 wt%, preferably more than 90 wt% iso and normal paraffins and less than 1 wt% aromatics, the balance being naphthenics compounds.
  • the content of sulphur and nitrogen will be very low and normally below the detection limits for such compounds. This low content of these elements is due to the specific process wherein the- Fischer-Tropsch reaction is performed.
  • the content of sulphur will therefore- be below 5 ppm and the content of nitrogen will be below 1 ppm.
  • the density of the Fischer-Tropsch product will be lower than the conventional mineral derived fuels.
  • the density will be between 0.65 and 0.8 g/cm 3 at ' 15 °C.
  • the fuel used in the process of the present invention may also comprise fuel fractions other than the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel components.
  • fuel fractions other than the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel components.
  • such components may be the kerosene or gas oil fractions as obtained in 'traditional refinery processes, which upgrade crude petroleum feedstock to useful products.
  • Preferred non-Fischer-Tropsch fuel fractions are the ultra low sulphur (e.g. less than 50 ppm sulphur) kerosene or diesel fractions, which are currently on the market.
  • non-mineral oil based fuels such as bio-fuels, may also be present in the fuel composition.
  • the content of the Fischer-Tropsch derived product in the fuel will be preferably be above 40 wt%, more preferably above 60 wt% and most preferably above 80 wt%. It should be understood that the content of such, currently less available, Fischer-Tropsch products will be optimised, ' wherein pricing of the total fuel will be balanced with the advantages of the present invention. For some applications fuels fully based on a Fischer-Tropsch product plus optionally some additives may be advantageously used.
  • Yellow flame burners are often provided with a flame detector. Most detectors, which are used today, detect a particular wavelength associated with the yellow colour of the flame. Applicants have now found that when a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel is used the commonly known detectors fail to observe the resulting blue coloured flame. For this reason the yellow flame burner is preferably provided with a detector, which can detect this blue flame. Examples of suitable detectors are the detectors that are used in blue flame burners. Examples of suitable detectors are the UV sensors and IR sensors. A more preferred detector is the so-called ionisation - sensor. An ionisation sensor is suitable to monitor burners with intermittent operation as well as continuous operation. The principle of operation of the ionisation flame monitor is based on the rectifying effect of a flame.
  • a current flows between the burner an the ionisation electrode. This ionisation current is evaluated by the flame monitor to determine if a flame is present.
  • ionisation sensors could not be used in combination with a liquid fuel because deposits in the sensor led to false currents in the sensor.
  • additives may be added to the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel which result in a flame which can be detected by the above standard yellow flame burner detector.
  • the fuel may also comprise one or-more of the following additives.
  • Detergents for example OMA 350 as obtained from Octel OY; stabilizers, for example Keropon ES 3500 as obtained from BASF Aktiengesellchaft, FOA 528A as obtained from OCTEL OY; metal-deactivators, for example IRGAMET 30 (as obtained from Speciality Chemicals Inc; (ashless) dispersants, for example as included in the FOA 528 A package as obtaine from Octel -OY; anti- oxidants; IRGANOX L57 as obtained from Specialtiy Chemicals Inc; cold flow improvers, for example Keroflux 3283 as obtained from BASF Aktiengesellschaft, R433 or R474 as obtained from Infineum UK Ltd; anti-corrosion: Additin RC 4801 as obtained from Rhein Chemie GmbH, Kerocorr 3232 as obtained from BASF, SARKOSY
  • metal-based combustion improvers which typically are added to the fuel composition used in the prior art method, can be left out of the fuel. This is advantageous because as explained above ionisation sensors may then be advantageously applied.
  • Metal-based combustion improvers are for example ferrocene, methylcyclopentadienylmanganese-tricarbonyl (MMT) .
  • the Fischer-Tropsch derived product is colourless and odourless.
  • an odour marker as -for example applied in natural gas for domestic consumption, may be present in the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.
  • a colour marker may be present to distinguish the fuel from other non-Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels.
  • the total content of the additives may be suitably between 0 and 1 wt% and preferably below 0.5 wt%.
  • Example 1 was repeated for oils A, B and D.
  • the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were- measured at a warm start up. With a warm start up is here meant that the boiler temperature was kept constant at its operating temperature.
  • the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions are shown as a function of time. It can be observed that both the CO and hydrocarbon emissions are less when a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel is used when compared to when conventional gas oil is used.
  • Example 1 with the Fischer kerosene was repeated using a flame detector.
  • the flame detector was a so-called photo-element, which delivers amperes (mA) as an output signal.
  • a high output signal is desirable to make correct detection 1 of a flame .possible.
  • the output signal of the neat Fischer Tropsch kerosene was 52.7 mA.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)
  • Pressure-Spray And Ultrasonic-Wave- Spray Burners (AREA)
  • Direct Air Heating By Heater Or Combustion Gas (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne l'utilisation d'un carburant obtenu au moyen du procédé Fischer-Tropsch dans un brûleur à gaz à flamme blanche, ledit carburant comprenant un produit Fischer-Tropsch renfermant plus de 80 % en poids d'isoparaffines et de paraffines normales, moins de 1 % en poids d'aromatiques, moins de 5 ppm de souffre et moins de 1 ppm d'azote et la densité du produit Fischer-Tropsch étant comprise entre 0,65 et 0,8 g/cm3 à 15 °C.
PCT/EP2003/008061 2002-07-19 2003-07-16 Utilisation d'un bruleur a gaz a flamme blanche WO2004009743A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/521,517 US20050271991A1 (en) 2002-07-19 2003-07-16 Process for operating a yellow flame burner
JP2004522563A JP2005533235A (ja) 2002-07-19 2003-07-16 黄炎式バーナーの使用
AU2003250146A AU2003250146A1 (en) 2002-07-19 2003-07-16 Use of a yellow flame burner
CA002493891A CA2493891A1 (fr) 2002-07-19 2003-07-16 Utilisation d'un bruleur a gaz a flamme blanche
EP03765102A EP1523538A1 (fr) 2002-07-19 2003-07-16 Utilisation d'un bruleur a gaz a flamme blanche
NO20050880A NO20050880L (no) 2002-07-19 2005-02-18 Bruk av lavtemperaturbrenner

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02016091.7 2002-07-19
EP02016091 2002-07-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2004009743A1 true WO2004009743A1 (fr) 2004-01-29

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2003/008061 WO2004009743A1 (fr) 2002-07-19 2003-07-16 Utilisation d'un bruleur a gaz a flamme blanche

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20050271991A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1523538A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2005533235A (fr)
AU (1) AU2003250146A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2493891A1 (fr)
NO (1) NO20050880L (fr)
WO (1) WO2004009743A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1486555A1 (fr) * 2003-06-04 2004-12-15 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Utilisation de compositions combustibles peu corrosives dans des chaudières
WO2008052996A1 (fr) * 2006-10-30 2008-05-08 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Compositions de combustible
WO2008138861A1 (fr) * 2007-05-11 2008-11-20 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Composition de combustible
EP2738240A1 (fr) * 2012-11-30 2014-06-04 Schepers Handels- en domeinnamen B.V. Utilisation d'un gazole à liquéfaction dans une composition d'huile de lampe ou d'un briquet

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JP2005533235A (ja) 2005-11-04
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US20050271991A1 (en) 2005-12-08
EP1523538A1 (fr) 2005-04-20
CA2493891A1 (fr) 2004-01-29

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