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Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel compounds of the general formula (I), their derivatives, their analogs, their tautomeric forms, their stereoisomers, their polymorphs, their hydrates, their solvates, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions containing them.
• the present invention more particularly provides novel pyrimidine derivatives of the general formula (I).
• the present invention also provides a process for" the preparation of the above said novel compounds of the formula (I) pharmaceutically acceptable salts, their derivatives, their analogs, their tautomeric forms, their stereoisomers, their polymorphs, their hydrates, their solvates, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and pharmaceutical compositions containing them.
• novel compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of inflammation and immunological diseases.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of inflammation and immunological diseases those mediated by cyto ines such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-l ⁇ , IL-8 and cyclooxygenase such as COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3.
• the compounds of the present invention are also useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; osteoporosis; multiple myeloma; uveititis; acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia; ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, ischemic-induced cell damage, pancreatic ⁇ cell destruction; osteoarthritis; rheumatoid spondylitis; gouty arthritis; inflammatory bowel disease; adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); psoriasis; Crohn's disease; allergic rhinitis; ulcerative colitis; anaphylaxis; contact dermatitis; asthma; muscle degeneration; cachexia; type I and type II diabetes; bone resorption diseases; ischemia reperfusion injury; atherosclerosis; brain trauma; multiple sclerosis; cerebral malaria; sepsis; septic shock; toxic shock syndrome; fever and myalgias due to infection; and diseases mediated by HIV-1; HIV-2; HIV-3; cytomegalo
• Cyclooxygenase enzyme exists in three isoforms, namely, COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3.
• COX-1 enzyme is essential and primarily responsible for the regulation of gastric fluids whereas COX-2 enzyme is present at the basal levels and is reported to have a major role in the prostaglandin synthesis for inflammatory response.
• These prostaglandins are known to cause inflammation in the body. Hence, if the synthesis of these prostaglandins is stopped by way of inhibiting COX-2 enzyme, inflammation and its related disorders can be treated.
• COX-3 possesses glycosylation-dependent cyclooxygenase activity.
• the present invention is concerned with treatment of immunological diseases or inflammation, notably such diseases are mediated by cytokines or cyclooxygenase.
• the principal elements of the immune system are macrophages or antigen-presenting cells, T cells and B cells.
• the role of other immune cells such as NK cells, basophils, mast cells and dendritic cells are known, but their role in primary immunologic disorders is uncertain.
• Macrophages are important mediators of both inflammation and providing the necessary "help" for T cell stimulation and proliferation.
• macrophages make IL-1, IL-12 and TNF- ⁇ all of which are potent pro-inflammatory molecules and also provide help for T cells.
• cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of free radicals capable of damaging normal cells.
• enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3)
• iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase
• Many factors activate macrophages, including bacterial products, superantigens and interferon gamma (IFN ⁇ ). It is believed that phosphotyrosine kinases (PTKs) and other undefined cellular kinases are involved in the activation process.
• PTKs phosphotyrosine kinases
• other undefined cellular kinases are involved in the activation process.
• Cytokines are molecules secreted by immune cells that are important in mediating immune responses. Cytokine production may lead to the secretion of other cytokines, altered cellular function, cell division or differentiation. Inflammation is the body's normal response to injury or infection. However, in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, pathologic inflammatory processes can lead to morbidity and mortality.
• the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- ⁇ ) plays a central role in the inflammatory response and has been targeted as a point of intervention in inflammatory disease. TNF- ⁇ is a polypeptide hormone released by activated macrophages and other cells.
• TNF- ⁇ participates in the protective inflammatory response by activating leukocytes and promoting their migration to extravascular sites of inflammation (Moser et al., J.Clin.Invest., 83, 444-55,1989).
• TNF- ⁇ can act as a potent pyrogen and induce the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines (Haworth et al, Eur.J. Immunol., 21, 2575-79, 1991; Brennan et al, Lancet, 2, 244-7, 1989).
• TNF- ⁇ also stimulates the synthesis of acute-phase proteins. In rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease affecting about 1% of the adult U.S.
• TNF- ⁇ mediates the cytokine cascade that leads to joint damage and destruction (Arend et al, Arthritis Rheum., 38, 151-60,1995).
• Inhibitors of TNF- ⁇ including soluble TNF receptors (etanercept) (Goldenberg, Gin Ther., 21, 75- 87, 1999) and anti-TNF- ⁇ antibody (infliximab) (Luong et al, Ann Pharmacother., 34, 743-60, 2000), have recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drag Administration (FDA) as agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
• FDA U.S. Food and Drag Administration
• TNF- ⁇ Elevated levels of TNF- ⁇ have also been implicated in many other disorders and disease conditions, including cachexia, septic shock syndrome, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis etc.
• Elevated levels of TNF- ⁇ and/or IL-1 over basal levels have been implicated in mediating or exacerbating a number of disease states including rheumatoid arthritis; osteoporosis; multiple myeloma; uveititis; acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia; pancreatic ⁇ cell destruction; osteoarthritis; rheumatoid spondylitis; gouty arthritis; inflammatory bowel disease; adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); psoriasis; Crohn's disease; allergic rhinitis; ulcerative colitis; anaphylaxis; contact dermatitis; asthma; muscle degeneration; cachexia; type I and type II diabetes; bone reso ⁇ tion diseases; ischemia reperfusion injury; atherosclerosis; brain trauma; multiple sclerosis; cerebral malaria; sepsis; septic shock; toxic shock syndrome; fever, and myalgias due to infection.
• TNF- ⁇ HIV-1, HIV- 2, HIV-3, cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza, adenovirus, the he ⁇ es viruses (including HSV-1, HSV-2), and he ⁇ es zoster are also exacerbated by TNF- ⁇ . It can be seen that inhibitors of TNF- ⁇ are potentially useful in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. Compounds that inhibit TNF- ⁇ have been described in several patents.
• the cytokine IL-l ⁇ also participates in the inflammatory response. It stimulates thymocyte proliferation, fibroblast growth factor activity, and the release of prostaglandin from synovial cells. Elevated or unregulated levels of the cytokine IL-l ⁇ have been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases and other disease states, including but not limited to adult respiratory distress syndrome, allergy, Alzheimer's disease etc. Since ove ⁇ roduction of IL-l ⁇ is associated with numerous disease conditions, it is desirable to develop compounds that inhibit the production or activity of IL-l ⁇ .
• IL-1 is a more potent inducer of stromelysin than TNF- ⁇ . (Firestein, Am. J. Pathol., 140, 1309, 1992). At sites of local injection, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte emigration has been observed. The emigration is attributed to the induction of chemokines (e.g., IL-8), and the up-regulation of adhesion molecules (Dinarello, Eur. Cytokine Net., 5, 517-531, 1994).
• chemokines e.g., IL-8
• IL-1 and TNF- ⁇ induce synoviocytes and chondrocytes to produce collagenase and neutral proteases, which leads to tissue destruction within the arthritic joints.
• CIA collagen-induced arthritis
• intra-articular administration of TNF- ⁇ either prior to or after the induction of CIA led to an accelerated onset of arthritis and a more severe course of the disease (Brahn et al., Lymphokine Cytokine Res., 11, 253, 1992; and Cooper, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 898, 244, 1992).
• IL-8 has been implicated in exacerbating and/or causing many disease states in which massive neutrophil in filtration into sites of inlammation or injury (e.g., ischemia) is mediated chemotactic nature of IL-8, including, but not limited to, the following: asthma, inflammatory bowl disease, psoriasis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac and renal reperfusion injury, thrombosis and glomerulonephritis.
• IL-8 has also has ability to activate neutrophils. Thus, reduction in IL-8 levels may lead to diminished neutrophil infiltration.
• X is O, S or NR 5 ;
• Ri and R 2 each independently represent -Y or --Z--Y, and R 3 and R 4 each independently --Z--Y or R 3 is a hydrogen radical; provided that R 4 is other than a substituted-aryl, (substituted-aryl)methyl or (substituted-aryl)ethyl radical; wherein each Z is independently optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl; Y is independently a hydrogen; halo, cyano, nitro, etc., R 5 is independently a hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl etc., R ⁇ and R 12 are each independently represent optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl. An example of these compounds is shown in formula (lib)
• Ri is H, alkyl, alkenyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, or aralkyl
• R 2 is H, alkyl, aryl, or halogen
• R 3 is alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, or aryl
• R 4 is alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, etc.
• An example of these compounds is shown in formula (lid)
• the derivatives may be useful in the treatment of inflammation and immunological diseases.
• the compound of the present invention are useful for the treatment of inflammation and immunological diseases those mediated by cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-l ⁇ , IL-8 and cyclooxygenase such as COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3.
• the compound of the present invention are also useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; osteoporosis; multiple myeloma; uveititis; acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia; ischemic heart disease; atherosclerosis; cancer; ischemic-induced cell damage; pancreatic ⁇ cell destruction; osteoarthritis; rheumatoid spondylitis; gouty arthritis; inflammatory bowel disease; adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); psoriasis; Crohn's disease; allergic rhinitis; ulcerative colitis; anaphylaxis; contact dermatitis; asthma; muscle degeneration; cachexia; type I and type II diabetes; bone reso ⁇ tion diseases; ischemia reperfusion injury; atherosclerosis; brain trauma; multiple sclerosis; cerebral malaria; sepsis; septic shock; toxic shock syndrome; fever, and myalgias due to infection; and diseases mediated by HIV-1; HIV-2; HIV-3;
• R ls R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be same or different and independently represent hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, nitroso, formyl, azido, halo or substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, aralkyl, aralkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, acyl, acyloxy, cycloalkyl, amino, hydrazine, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, acylamino, alkylsufonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylsulf ⁇ nyl, arylsulf ⁇ nyl, alkylthio, arylthio, alkoxycarbony
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 may be same or different and represent, hydrogen, nitro, nitroso, formyl, azido, halo, or substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkyl, alkoxy, acyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, amino, hydrazine, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, acylamino, alkylsufonyl, alkylsulf ⁇ nyl, arylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, alkylthio, arylthio, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkyl, sulfamoyl, carboxylic acid or its derivatives; the pyrimidine group may be attached to the phenyl through carbon or nitrogen atom.
• Suitable groups represented by R ls R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, nitroso, formyl, azido, halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine; or substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched (Q-C 6 ) alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n- pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl and the like; haloalkyl such as chloromethyl, chloroethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, dichloromethyl, dichloroethyl and the like, which may be substituted; aryl group such as phenyl or naphthyl, the aryl group may be substituted; cyclo (Q-C 6 ) alky
• the substituents may be selected from halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, azido, nitroso., amino, hydrazine, formyl, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, acyloxyacyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, acylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylsulfmyl, arylsulf ⁇ nyl, alkylthio, arylthio, sulfamoyl, alkoxyalkyl groups or carboxylic acids or its derivatives and these substituents are as defined above.
• salts of the present invention include alkali metal like Li, Na, and K, alkaline earth metal like Ca and Mg, salts of organic bases such as diethanolamine, ⁇ -phenylethylamine, benzylamine, piperidine, mo ⁇ holine, pyridine, hydroxyethylpyrrolidine, hydroxyethylpiperidine, choline and the like, ammonium or substituted ammonium salts, aluminum salts. Salts also include amino acid salts such as glycine, alanine, cystine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, phenylalanine, guanidine etc.
• Salts may include acid addition salts where appropriate which are, sulphates, nitrates, phosphates, perchlorates, borates, hydrohalides, acetates, tartrates, maleates, citrates, succinates, palmoates, methanesulphonates, tosylates, benzoates, salicylates, hydroxynaphthoates, benzenesulfonates, ascorbates, glycerophosphates, ketoglutarates and the like.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates may be hydrates or comprising other solvents of crystallization such as alcohols.
• Representative compounds according to the present invention include: 4-Chloro-5,6-diphenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine; 4-Chloro-6-(4-methylphenyl)-5-phenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine; 4-Chloro-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-phenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl) pyrimidine;
• reaction of compound of formula (la) with compound of formula (lb) may be carried out using appropriate solvents like toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, o- dichlorobenzene, acetone, ethylacetate, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, methanol, isopropylalcohol, tert-butylalcohol, acetic acid, propionic acid etc., a mixture thereof or the like.
• the condensation reaction is carried out in acidic condition using mineral or organic acids, or basic conditions viz.
• phase transfer catalysts viz. triethylbenzylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulphate, tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride (aliquat 336) and the like.
• the reaction is usually carried out under cooling to refluxing conditions.
• the final product purified by using chromatographic techniques or by recrystallization.
• R 5 and R 7 are as defined above may be prepared by converting the compound of formula (Ic)
• the conversion of compound of fonnula (Ic) is carried out using reagents such as phosphorus oxychloride, thionyl chloride, phosphorus trichloride, phosphoras pentachloride, oxalyl chloride and the like in the presence or absence of solvents such as toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, o-dichlorobenzene, diphenyl ether and the like or a mixture thereof, in presence or absence of dimethylformamide, N,N- dimethylaniline, N,N-diethylaniline and the like.
• the reaction is carried out at a temperature in the range of 20 °C to reflux temperatures for a period in the range of 2 to 12 h.
• R 7 represents halogen atom and R 6 is as defined earlier may be prepared by converting the compound of formula (Id)
• the conversion of compound of formula (Id) is carried out using reagents such as phosphorusoxychlori.de, thionyl chloride, phosphorus trichloride, phosphoras pentachloride, oxalyl chloride and the like in the presence or absence of solvent such as toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, o-dichlorobenzene, diphenyl ether and the like or a mixture thereof, in presence or absence of dimethylformamide, N,N- dimethylaniline, N,N-diethylaniline and the like.
• the reaction is carried out at a temperature in the range of 20 °C to reflux temperatures for a period in the range of 2 to l2 h.
• R 6 represents azido, hydrazine or hydrazine derivatives, R 5 and R 7 are as defined above may be prepared by converting the compound of formula (Ie)
• R 6 represents halogen atom and all other symbols are as defined earlier.
• the conversion of formula (Ie) may be carried out in the presence of one or more equivalents of metal azide such as LiN 3 , NaN 3 , trialkyl silylazide and the like or hydrazine hydrate or substituted hydrazine.
• metal azide such as LiN 3 , NaN 3 , trialkyl silylazide and the like or hydrazine hydrate or substituted hydrazine.
• the reaction may be carried out in the presence of solvent such as toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, o-dichlorobenzene, acetone, ethylacetate, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, methanol, isopropylalcohol, tert-butylalcohol, diphenyl ether and the like or a mixture thereof.
• the reaction may be carried out at a temperature in the range of ambient temperature to reflux temperature of the solvent, preferably at a temperature in the range of 80 °C to 100 °C.
• the reaction time may range from 0.5 to 18 h.
• reaction of compound of formula (If) with compound of formula (Ig) may be carried out using appropriate solvents like toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, o- dichlorobenzene, acetone, ethylacetate, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, methanol, isopropylalcohol, tert-butylalcohol, acetic acid, propionic acid, diphenyl ether etc., a mixture thereof or the like.
• the condensation reaction is carried out using acidic condition: mineral or organic acids, or basic conditions viz.
• phase transfer catalysts viz. triethylbenzylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulphate, tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride (aliquat 336) and the like.
• the reaction is carried out using polyphosphoric acid, phosphoras pentoxide, sulphuric acid and the like.
• the reaction is usually carried out under cooling to refluxing conditions.
• the final product is purified by using chromatographic techniques or by recrystallization.
• reaction of compound of formula (Ii) with compound of formula (Ij) may be carried out using appropriate solvents like toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, o- dichlorobenzene, acetone, ethylacetate, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, methanol, isopropylalcohol, tert-butylalcohol, acetic acid, propionic acid, diphenyl ether etc., a mixture thereof or the like.
• the condensation reaction is carried out using acidic condition: mineral or organic acids, or basic conditions viz.
• phase transfer catalysts viz. triethylbenzylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulphate, tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride (aliquat 336) and the like.
• the reaction is usually carried out under cooling to refluxing conditions.
• the final product is purified by using chromatographic techniques or by recrystallization.
• a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) wherein any of the groups Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 represent hydrazine derivatives such as acylhydrazide may be prepared by reacting the compound of formula (I) wherein any of the groups R l5 R 2 , R 3 , R , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 represent hydrazine.
• the reaction is carried out using reagents such as acetyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, acetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride, trichloroacetic anhydride and the like.
• the reaction may be carried out in the presence of solvent such as toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, o-dichlorobenzene, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, diphenyl ether and the like or a mixture thereof in the presence of base such as carbonates, bicarbonates, hydrides, hydroxides, alkyls and alkoxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals; organic bases such as pyridine, triethyl amine and the like; acids like perchloric acid etc.
• the reaction may be carried out at a temperature in the range of ambient temperature to reflux temperature of the solvent.
• the oxidizing may be selected from potassium peroxymonosulfate (Oxone), hydrogen peroxide, tert-butylperoxide, Jones reagent, peracid [e.g peracetic acid, perbenzoic acid, m-chloroperbenzoic acid etc], chromic acid, potassium permanganate, alkali metal periodate [e.g sodium periodate, etc], magnesium mono peroxypthalate, osmium tetroxide/N-methylmo ⁇ holine-N-oxide, sodium tungstate, and the like.
• potassium peroxymonosulfate Oxone
• hydrogen peroxide e.g peracetic acid, perbenzoic acid, m-chloroperbenzoic acid etc
• chromic acid chromic acid
• potassium permanganate e.g sodium periodate, etc
• alkali metal periodate e.g sodium periodate, etc
• magnesium mono peroxypthalate osmium tetroxide/N
• the oxidation is usually carried out in a solvent which does not adversely influence the reaction such as acetic acid, dichloromethane, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, water, an alcohol [eg. methanol, ethanol, etc.], a mixture thereof or the like.
• a solvent which does not adversely influence the reaction
• the reaction is usually carried out under cooling to refluxing conditions.
• any reactive group in the substrate molecule may be protected according to conventional chemical practice.
• Suitable protecting groups in any of the above-mentioned reactions are those used conventionally in the art.
• the methods of formation and removal of such protecting groups are those conventional methods appropriate to the molecule being protected.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts are prepared by reacting the compound of formula (I) with 1 to 4 equivalents of a base such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, sodium isopropoxide, sodium hydride, potassium t-butoxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and the like, in solvents like ether, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, t-butanol, dioxane, isopropanol, ethanol etc. Mixture of solvents may be used.
• a base such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, sodium isopropoxide, sodium hydride, potassium t-butoxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and the like
• solvents like ether, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, t-butanol, dioxane, isopropanol, ethanol etc. Mixture of solvents may be used.
• Organic bases such as diethanolamine, ⁇ - phenylethylamine, benzylamine, piperidine, mo ⁇ holine, pyridine, hydroxyethylpyrrolidine, hydroxyethylpiperidine, guanidine, choline and the like, ammonium or substituted ammonium salts, aluminum salts.
• Amino acid such as glycine, alanine, cystine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, phenylalanine, etc may be used for the preparation of amino acid salts.
• acid addition salts wherever applicable are prepared by the treatment with acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, p- toluenesulphonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, salicylic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, ascorbic acid, palmitic acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, tartaric acid and in solvents like ethyl acetate, ether, alcohols, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane etc. Mixture of solvents may also be used.
• acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, p- toluenesulphonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, salicylic acid, hydroxynaphth
• stereoisomers of the compounds forming part of this invention may be prepared by using reactants in their single enantiomeric form in the process wherever possible or by conducting the reaction in the presence of reagents or catalysts in their single enantiomer form or by resolving the mixture of stereoisomers by conventional methods.
• Some of the preferred methods include use of microbial resolution, resolving the diastereomeric salts formed with chiral acids such as mandelic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, and the like wherever applicable or chiral bases such as bracine, cinchona alkaloids and their derivatives and the like.
• the compound of formula (I) may be converted to a 1 :1 mixture of diastereomeric amides by treating with chiral amines, aminoacids, aminoalcohols derived from aminoacids; conventional reaction conditions may be employed to convert acid into an amide; the diastereomers may be separated either by fractional crystallization or chromatography and the stereoisomers of compound of formula (I) may be prepared by hydrolysing the pure diastereomeric amide.
• polymo ⁇ hs of compound of general formula (I) forming part of this invention may be prepared by crystallization of compound of formula (I) under different conditions. For example, using different solvents commonly used or their mixtures for recrystallization; crystallizations at different temperatures; various modes of cooling, ranging from very fast to very slow cooling during crystallizations. Polymo ⁇ hs may also be obtained by heating or melting the compound followed by gradual or fast cooling. The presence of polymo ⁇ hs may be determined by solid probe NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction or such other techniques.
• solvates of the compounds of formula (I) forming part of this invention may be prepared by conventional methods such as dissolving the compounds of formula (I) in solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, mixture of solvents such as acetone: water, dioxane: water, N,N- dimethylformamide: water and the like, preferably water and recrystallizing by using different crystallization techniques.
• solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, mixture of solvents such as acetone: water, dioxane: water, N,N- dimethylformamide: water and the like, preferably water and recrystallizing by using different crystallization techniques.
• solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, mixture of solvents such as acetone: water, dioxane: water, N,N- dimethylformamide: water and the like, preferably water and recrystallizing by using different crystallization techniques.
• the novel compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of inflammation and immunological diseases.
• the compound of the present invention are useful for the treatment of inflammation and immunological diseases those mediated by cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-l ⁇ , IL-8 and cyclooxygenase such as COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3.
• cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-l ⁇ , IL-8 and cyclooxygenase such as COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3.
• the compounds of the present invention are also useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; osteoporosis; multiple myeloma; uveititis; acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia; ischemic heart disease; atherosclerosis; cancer; ischemic-induced cell damage; pancreatic ⁇ cell destruction; osteoarthritis; rheumatoid spondylitis; gouty arthritis; inflammatory bowel disease; adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); psoriasis; Crohn's disease; allergic rhinitis; ulcerative colitis; anaphylaxis; contact dermatitis; asthma; muscle degeneration; cachexia; type I and type II diabetes; bone reso ⁇ tion diseases; ischemia reperfusion injury; atherosclerosis; brain trauma; multiple sclerosis; cerebral malaria; sepsis; septic shock; toxic shock syndrome; fever and myalgias due to infection; and the diseases mediated by HIV-1; HIV-2; HIV-3;
• the compounds of the present invention also may possess analgesic properties and may be useful for the treatment of pain disorders, such as hyperalgesia due to excessive IL-1.
• the compounds of the present invention may also prevent the production of prostaglandins by inhibition of enzymes in the human arachidonic acid/prostaglandin pathway, including cyclooxygenase.
• the pharmaceutically active compounds of this invention can be processed in accordance with conventional methods of pharmacy to produce medicinal agents for administration to patients, including humans and other mammals.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, containing the compounds of the general formula (I) as defined above, their derivatives, their analogs, their tautomeric forms, their stereoisomers, their polymo ⁇ hs, their pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates and solvates in combination with the usual pharmaceutically employed carriers, diluents and the like, useful for the treatment of arthritis, pain, fever, psoriasis, allergic diseases, asthma, inflammatory bowel syndrome, gastro-intestinal ulcers, cardiovascular disorders including ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, ischemic-induced cell damage, particularly brain damage caused by stroke, other pathological disorders associated with free radicals.
• the phamiaceutical composition of the present invention are effective in the treatment of inflammation and immunological diseases, particularly those mediated by cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and cyclooxygenase such as COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3.
• cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and cyclooxygenase such as COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be in the forms normally employed, such as tablets, capsules, powders, syrups, solutions, aerosols, suspensions and the like, may contain flavoring agents, sweeteners etc. in suitable solid or liquid carriers or diluents, or in suitable sterile media to form injectable solutions or suspensions.
• Such compositions typically contain from 1 to 20 %, preferably 1 to 10 % by weight of active compound, the remainder of the composition being pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or solvents.
• the title compound was prepared from 6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-phenyl-uracil (0.4g, 1.33mmol) by following the procedure described in example 7 (0.28g, 62.4%, HPLC purity 98.4%), mp: 129 - 131°C.
• the title compound was prepared from 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-uracil (1.5g, 5.1mmol) by following the procedure described in example 7 (lg, 59.2%, HPLC purity 99.4%), mp: 132 - 134°C.
• the title compound was prepared from 4-chloro-6-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-5- phenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (0.5g, 1.2mmol) (synthesized according to the procedure described in example 4) by following the procedure described in example 15 (0.38g, 74.2%, HPLC purity 98%), mp: 172 - 175°C.
• 2,4-Dichloro-5,6-diphenylpyrimidine (0.5g, 1.7mmol) (synthesized according to the procedure described for example 7) was refluxed with sodium azide (0.24g, 3.65 mmol) in ethanol (10ml) under stirring for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was poured onto ice-water mixture. The solid thus separated was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extract was washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude product, which was purified by column chromatography to afford the title compound (0.21g, 40.8%), mp: 132 - 136°C.
• the title compound was prepared from 4-chloro-6-(4-methylphenyl)-5-phenyl-2- (trifluoiOmethyl)pyrimidine (0.55g, 1.6mmol) (synthesized according to the procedure described in example 2) by following the procedure described in example 21 (0.54g, 99.4%, HPLC purity 99.7%), mp: 188 - 191°C.
• the title compound was prepared from 4-chloro-6-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-5- phenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (0.4 lg, lmmol) (synthesized according to the procedure described in example 4) by following the procedure described in example 21 (0.37g, 91.1%, HPLC purity 97.5%), mp: 272 - 275°C.
• the title compound was prepared from 4-chloro-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-[4- (methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (0.4g, 0.93mmol) (synthesized according to the procedure described in example 6) by following the procedure described in example 21 (0.25g, 63%, HPLC purity 97.7%), mp: 286 - 290°C.
• 2,4-Dichloro-5,6-diphenylpyrimidine (2.0g, 6.6mmol) (synthesized according to the procedure described in example 7) was treated with hydrazine hydrate (0.73g, 14.6mmol) in ethanol (10ml) under stirring for 5 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured onto ice-water mixture. The solid thus separated was extracted with diethylether. The organic extract was washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (0.64g, 32.5%).
• 2,4-Dichloro-5,6-diphenylpyrimidine (0.5g, 1.7mmol) (synthesized according to the procedure described in example 7) was refluxed with hydrazine hydrate (0.18g, 3.6mmol) in ethanol (10ml) under stirring for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was poured onto ice-water mixture. The solid thus separated was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic extract was washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (0.12g, 25%).
• the title compound was prepared from 2,4-dichloro-5-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-6- phenylpyrimidine (0.32g, 0.93mmol) (synthesized according to the procedure described in example 12) by following the procedure described in example 29 (0.26g, 81.2%, HPLC purity 95.8%), mp: 207 - 210 °C.
• the title compound was prepared from 4-hydrazino-6-[4- (methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-5-phenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (0-45g, l.lmmol) (synthesized according to the procedure described in example in 24) by following the procedure described in example 32 (0.29g, 58.5%, HPLC purity
• Oxalyl chloride (3.1g, 24.4mmol) was added to a mixture of N,N- dimethylformamide (1.8g, 24.6mmol) in dichloromethane (30ml) at -5 °C to 0 °C under stirring. After the completion of addition the reaction temperature was allowed to reach 20 °C to 25 °C. 1,6-Diphenyluracil (4.0g, 15.2 mmol) was added in portions to the resulted suspension for 2.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 4 hours under stirring and continued stirring for 12 hours at room temperature. The reaction mass was poured onto sodium hydroxide solution (150ml, 0.25 N) and collected the dichloromethane layer.
• the carrageenan paw edema test was performed as described by Winter et al (Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Me., I l l, 544, 1962). Male Wistar rats were selected and the body weight were equivalent within each group. The rats were fasted for eighteen hours with free access to water. The rats were dosed orally with the test compound suspended in vehicle containing 0.5% methylcellulose. The control rats were administered the vehicle alone. After one hour the rats were injected with 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan solution in 0.9% saline into the sub plantar surface of the right hind paw. Paw thickness was measured using vernier calipers at 0 time, after 2 and 3 hours.
• the haemorrhagic puncta and sulci were identified macroscopically. The presence or absence of stomach lesions was scored. The incidence of ulceration was calculated from the number of rats that showed atleast one gastric ulcer or haemorrhagic erosion.
• the compounds of this invention exhibited in vitro inhibition of COX-2.
• the COX-2 inhibition activity of the compounds illustrated in the examples was determined by the following method.
• the plasma was assayed for PGE2 using Cayman ELISA kit as per the procedure outlined by the manufacturer (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, USA).
• the plasma was also tested for TNF- ⁇ , IL-1/3, and IL-6 using appropriate human ELISA kit as per the procedure of manufacturer (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, USA). Representative results of COX-2 inhibition are shown in Table II.
• TNF- ⁇ Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
• This assay determines the effect of test compounds on the production of TNF- ⁇ from human monocytes. Compounds were tested for their ability to downregulate the production of TNF- ⁇ in activated monocytes. Test compounds were incubated for three, six and twenty four hours with human monocytes. Lipopolysaccharide was used to stimulate the monocytes. The level of TNF- ⁇ was quantitated using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay performed in a 96 well format. Representative results of TNF- ⁇ inhibition are shown in Table III.
• Interleukin-6(IL-6) Interleukin-6(IL-6)
• This assay determines the effect of test compounds on the production of IL-6 from human monocytes. Compounds are tested for their ability to downregulate the production of IL-6 in activated monocytes. Test compounds were incubated for three, six and twenty four hours with human monocytes. Lipopolysaccharide was used to stimulate the monocytes. The level of Interleukin-6 is quantitated using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay performed in a 96 well format. Representative results of IL-6 inhibition are shown in Table IV.
• Body weight, contra- lateral paw volumes were determined at various days (0, 4, 14, 21) for all the groups.
• the test compound or vehicle was administered orally beginning post injection of adjuvant and continued for 21 days.
• body weight and paw volume of both right and left hind paw, spleen, and thymus weights were determined.
• the radiograph of both hind paws was taken to assess the tibio-tarsal joint integrity. Hind limb below the stifle joint was removed and fixed in 1% formalin saline.
• plasma samples were analysed for cytokines, interleukins and prostaglandins. The presence or absence of lesions in the stomachs was also observed.
• the three cell line, one-dose prescreen carried out which identifies a large proportion of the compounds that would be inactive in multi-dose 60 cell line screening.
• the cwrent assay utilizes a 384 well plate format and fluorescent staining technologies resulting in greater screening capacity for testing of synthetic samples.
• the cell lines of the cancer screening panel are grown in RPMI 1640 medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum and 2 mM L-glutamine.
• cells are inoculated into 96 well microtiter plates in 100 ⁇ L. After cell inoculation, the microtiter plates are incubated at 37° C, 5 % C0 2 , 95 % air and 100 % relative humidity for 24 h prior to addition of experimental drugs.
• the cells are plated a densities of 5000 cells/well (MCF7), 1000 cells/well (NCI-H460), and 7500 cells/well (SF-268) to allow for varying doubling time of the cell lines.
• MCF7 cells/well
• NCI-H460 7500 cells/well
• SF-268 7500 cells/well
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
• Percent growth is calculated on a plate-by-plate basis for test wells relative to control wells. Percent Growth is expressed as the ratio of fluorescence of the test well to the average fluorescence of the control wells x 100. The results are shown in table V.

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