WO2004006033A1 - 生産計画作成システム及び方法、並びにプログラム - Google Patents
生産計画作成システム及び方法、並びにプログラム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004006033A1 WO2004006033A1 PCT/JP2003/008649 JP0308649W WO2004006033A1 WO 2004006033 A1 WO2004006033 A1 WO 2004006033A1 JP 0308649 W JP0308649 W JP 0308649W WO 2004006033 A1 WO2004006033 A1 WO 2004006033A1
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 368
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 125
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000010801 machine learning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 105
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000013528 artificial neural network Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
- G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
- G05B19/418—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM]
- G05B19/41885—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM] characterised by modeling, simulation of the manufacturing system
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
- G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
- G05B2219/30—Nc systems
- G05B2219/32—Operator till task planning
- G05B2219/32348—Process reengineering, rethink manufacturing process, continuous improve
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/02—Total factory control, e.g. smart factories, flexible manufacturing systems [FMS] or integrated manufacturing systems [IMS]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a computer system for automatically drafting a production plan at a factory or the like, and automatically generating high-speed appropriate production rules required for high-quality planning by a computer instead of manually.
- the present invention relates to a production plan creation system, method, and program having the function of performing Background art
- the manufacturing process for high-tech components consists of a very large number of repetitive processes, and is much larger and more complex than the manufacturing process for products such as automobiles. Usually, the number of steps is hundreds, and the manufacturing lead time is several months (see Non-Patent Document 1, for example).
- new manufacturing process technologies are being developed one after another in order to enhance product competitiveness, and these state-of-the-art manufacturing processes are applied to actual product production without delay. It is rare for a production process to operate stably, and it is necessary to always consider factors in production such as failure of production machines and poor quality of products when planning production of high-tech parts.
- Non-Patent Document 6 When planning a production plan for high-tech parts, optimization by mathematical methods is difficult to apply in terms of calculation time because the manufacturing process is large-scale and complicated.For example, in the case of semiconductor wafer manufacturing, In scheduling based on simulation methods, many validations of the validity of various job submission rules and dispatching rules have been performed (for example, see Non-Patent Documents 5 and 7).
- high-tech component production planning requires simulation methods that can produce faster, more robust production orders.
- Hiroyuki Kashise Semiconductor production scheduling method and high-speed simulation model. Master's thesis, University of Tsukuba, 200. Disclosure of the invention.
- An object of the present invention is to largely improve the production efficiency of a product such as a semiconductor having a large-scale complicated production process.
- One of the objectives is to realize a production planning system with the function to automatically generate high-speed production rules that can formulate high-quality production plans even for large-scale complex production processes.
- Production efficiency of products such as semiconductors with large-scale complicated production processes It aims to significantly improve the rate.
- One of the other objectives is to control the production process to keep the amount of intermediate inventory within a predetermined range, and to greatly improve product production efficiency.
- the production plan creation system, method and program of the present invention make a production plan by using a production process model and a production rule to simulate the movement of products in a factory by an event-based simulation. It comprises a time interval-based simulation for calculating the status of the production process at regular intervals, and a rule generator for automatically deriving the production rules using the time interval-based simulation.
- the rule generator applies machine learning based on a sequential optimization method to efficiently and automatically generate production rules.
- the event-based simulation can create a high-quality production plan.
- the present invention further provides a simulator for repeatedly calculating the intermediate inventory amount in the manufacturing process, and determining a value of a parameter used for the calculation of the simulation so that the calculation result of the simulation is within an allowable range.
- a control system for controlling production in the manufacturing process based on the value of the parameter.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an outline of processing of the time interval simulator.
- Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the contents of specific information on products, processes, and machines included in the production process model and production plan.
- Fig. 4 is a diagram showing the execution of the simulation at a time interval on the time axis.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the outline of the process of updating the production status.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of a learning model of a component insertion rule using a neural network.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a periodic transition of WIP in the process.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the transition of WIP by Period.
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing a system configuration of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing a processing procedure of the production system. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a production planning system according to the present invention.
- Production process model 2 expresses information related to manufacturing in factories that manufacture products as a model in a computer. It models information on manufacturing equipment (such as equipment type, number, capacity, and failure rate), information on manufacturing workers (shift, capacity, number of people, etc.), and information on how to manufacture products (use Information such as the machine to be used, workers, processing time, transport time, non-defective rate, rework rate, etc., and product information (production volume, input time, delivery date, etc.).
- manufacturing equipment such as equipment type, number, capacity, and failure rate
- information on manufacturing workers shift, capacity, number of people, etc.
- use Information such as the machine to be used, workers, processing time, transport time, non-defective rate, rework rate, etc.
- product information production volume, input time, delivery date, etc.
- a detailed model of the real factory is created in the computer, and the model is used to simulate the behavior of products in the factory using the model. After obtaining information such as when the input product will be completed and when the stock will be stored in each machine, a desirable production plan 5 will be made.
- Block 1 in FIG. 1 represents the entire production planning system.
- the production process model 2 is a static model of the ground that expresses the performance and number of machines in the factory, the process and quantity of products manufactured in the factory, etc. It is not possible to simulate the dynamics of an object flowing from material to product.
- Production Rule 3 that models the dynamic aspects of the factory.
- the main production rule 3 required by the production planning system 1 can be broadly divided into two types of rules. One of them is a part input rule that determines the timing of inputting product materials. These rules include, for example, a rule to input a certain amount of material at certain intervals, and a rule to input only new materials that are shipped as products. Another important production rule 3 is called the dispatch rule (or dispatching rule).
- the dispatch rule is a rule that determines which part is to be allocated when the machine is ready for processing when multiple parts are waiting for processing in the buffer in front of the production machine in the factory .
- Dispatch rules include, for example, parts that were buffered first
- a number of rules have been proposed, including the First In First Out rule and the Earliest Due Date rule, which prioritizes parts of the product with the closest delivery date (RW Conway et al., "Theory of Scheduling"). , Addison-Wesley (1986)) 0 Since these production rules 3 control all the dynamic aspects of the factory, the production situation at the factory will vary greatly depending on what production rules 3 are used. Become.
- production rules 3 are assumed to be input by the production planner by themselves, and the function to support the user can select a large number of general rules in advance. None has been achieved beyond preparing in a proper manner.
- a simulation of the production process in the factory can be actually performed using the information.
- This simulation is executed in the event-based simulation overnight 4.
- the event-based simulation 4 the internal cooking process is sequentially advanced, and according to the changes (events) that occur at that timing, the production process 3 is applied to the dynamics in the production process.
- the machining time is set to the machining start time for the part currently being machined on the machine.
- the event-based simulation 4 recreates all changes in the factory that occur during that time by advancing the internal clock while performing the above operations from the simulation start time to the simulation end time.
- the result is output as production plan 5.
- the production plan 5 records information on when, what parts, and how many parts each machine in the factory processes along the time axis. Further, based on the information, various values related to production execution, such as a capacity utilization rate, a production lead time, and a delivery deadline, are calculated and evaluated as the quality of the drafted production plan 5.
- Production process model 2, production rule 3, event-based simulation Evening 4, production plan 5 is no different from the conventional technology.
- a feature of the present invention is that a time interval base simulation 6 and a rule generator 7 are provided in the production planning system 1 in order to automatically generate the production rules 3 at high speed.
- production rule 3 is important in determining the dynamic nature of a factory, and its quality is the quality difference of the production plan 5 where the quality is planned. Therefore, automatically generating the appropriate production rule 3 at high speed has the effect of significantly improving the production efficiency in the factory.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the outline of the processing of the time interval simulation 6.
- the production plan 5 is drafted using the data included in the production process model 2.
- Figure 3 shows the specific information on products 12, processes 13, and machines 14 included in production process model 2 and production plan 5.
- Fig. 3 Initialization of the input, total production, production, demand, work-in-progress, occupancy rate, etc., which should be included in the final planned production plan5.
- the production plan formulation conditions described in the production process model 2 such as the order receiving rate, process flow, machine used, processing time, and number of units, which are indicated by the given conditions in Fig. 3, are read from the data file. Set the time interval and end time for executing the simulation.
- Fig. 4 shows the execution of the time interval base simulator 6 on the time axis.
- the time interval simulation 10 is executed, the production status update 10 is repeated according to the time interval set in the data setting process 8 until the simulation end time (step 9).
- the time interval specifies the temporal detail of the simulation execution, and it is assumed that there is no transfer of inventory between processes within the time interval specified here (for example, 1 hour).
- the simulation is performed by advancing the internal time of the simulation at each time interval and calculating the progress of production at each time interval (herein called time zone 15). It is.
- time zone 15 a conventional event-based simulation that updates the progress of production frequently every time inventory moves in the production process as an event (or event). This makes it possible to significantly reduce the amount of calculation compared to 4, and to execute simulations efficiently while maintaining the accuracy of the simulation results.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing an outline of the process of production status update 10.
- Time interval In the process of updating the production status 10 of the base simulator 6, the amount of parts to be produced for each set time interval is calculated for all machines included in the production process (step 16). ). At that time, by calculating the amount of parts that have been processed so far among the parts that have been put into the machine by the immediately preceding time zone, and by releasing the machine capacity allocated to that part, The value of the operation rate of the machine is updated (step 17). After that, the amount of parts to be produced within the set time interval is calculated for all processes processed by the machine (step 18). In that case, first, the production demand of the process in the current area is calculated (step 19).
- the demand is calculated by the parts input rule in Production Rule 3 described above. If the relevant process is not the first process, the demand is set equal to the sum of the completed amount of the previous process at the previous time zone and the inventory amount of the previous process at the previous time zone. You. In other words, all processed products generated in the previous process from the previous process are transferred to the process and processed in the current process. Next, the amount of production that can be actually realized is calculated for the calculated demand (step 20).
- the amount produced within the available machine capacity in the current time zone ie, the number of machines X operation rate X time interval / processing time
- the demand exceeds the capacity the stock to be processed after the next time zone is calculated (step 21).
- the machine operation rate is updated by obtaining the machine capacity (ie, time interval / (number of machines X processing time)) to be allocated to produce the calculated production volume (step 22).
- the calculation of the production volume of all processes to be processed by the machine is performed (step 18).
- the order of the process of assigning to the same machine is determined using the dispatching rule in the production rule 3.
- time-based simulations 6 allows for high-speed production planning.However, when using time-based simulations 6 Part 3 and parts dispatch rules are required. Therefore, a rule is generated using the rule generator 7, and the quality of the drafted production plan 5 is evaluated, and the production rules are successively improved. The automatic generation of the production rule 3 that can plan 5 is realized.
- the rule generator 7 is implemented by the Pama New Network (CM Bishop, “Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition", Oxford University Press (1995)), the classifier system (P. L. Lanzi et al., "Learning Classifier” System “, Springer (2000)), discriminant tree learning (JR Quinlan,” G4.5: Programs for Machine Learning “, Morgan Kaufmann (1993)).
- FIG. 6 shows an example of a learning model of a part input rule using a neural network as an embodiment.
- This neural network is installed for each machine or for each production planning system1.
- the input information of the neural network includes inventory quantity, Information such as the machine operation rate, the amount of delay from the delivery date (back order), the sum of the remaining processing time of the process to be processed by the machine, etc.
- the part entry rule any of the four types of rules from 00 to 11.
- high-quality production is achieved by improving the weight values between nodes to which random values are initially assigned using sequential optimization methods such as simulation-to-door-ring.
- the quality of the planned production plan 5 is evaluated using the weight set of a certain node, and the weight values are sequentially adjusted so as to improve the quality of the production plan 5 by the influence of a slight change in the weight value. It is necessary to carry out an enormous number of production planning processes, from thousands to tens of thousands of times, in order to make changes. Therefore, it is difficult to apply the conventional event-based simulation overnight 4 to the production planning of a factory or the like of a realistic scale, and the time interval-based simulation overnight 6 in the present invention is indispensable.
- the time interval-based simulation 6 is applied as a simulation method for the proposed production method. Furthermore, using a realistic semiconductor wafer manufacturing process (pre-process), the time interval based simulation 6 based on the proposed production method was compared with the conventional simulation method. This shows that equivalent calculation results are calculated several tens times faster.
- CONSTIIT (£ ⁇ tant Iime literval)
- C0NSTIN all processes in the manufacturing process are performed synchronously, and the intermediate stock moves between processes only at regular intervals (see Fig. 7). It is assumed that the transfer amount of the intermediate stock does not move up to one process, that is, does not move beyond the next process.
- the CONSTIN method is a production method capable of performing a robust manufacturing operation.
- CONSTIN has improved its mouth bust by restricting the free movement of intermediate stocks, and it is not possible to use valuable production capacity (resources) effectively without proper operation.
- it is shown that such a problem can be solved by appropriately setting the value of the cycle and the stock amount in each process by simulation.
- n p Two product p number of processes (however, n 0 2 0);
- Wi (t + 1) Wi (t) + r P (t)-(zi (t)-ui (t)) In other cases
- Wi (t + 1) Wi (t) + (3 ⁇ 4-l (t)-Ui-l (t))-Vi-l (t))-(Zi (t)-Ui (t)) Since the production start volume and the production volume cannot exceed the intermediate stock volume at that time, the following relationship is established. However, when the lead time in the process is longer than the set cycle, the production start volume is not always larger than the production volume.
- the CONSTIN production method instead of calculating the state change due to all the events that occur in the production process one by one as in the conventional event-driven simulation, it only calculates the transition of the intermediate inventory amount in each cycle every cycle. Simulation of production process can be performed. Therefore, the computational speed is expected to be significantly improved compared to the conventional simulation method, and is considered to be effective as a simulation method for the production process of large-scale and complex high-tech parts.
- the parameters to be set at this time are the Period constant that determines the period of CONSTIN and the EndOfSimulation constant that determines the simulation time.
- the guidelines for determining the former will be described later. In deciding the latter simulation time, it is necessary to set as much time as necessary for the simulation result to stabilize to a steady state. Therefore, the larger the value of Period, the larger the value of EndOfSimulation must be set.
- the runForPeriod function which is the core of the simulation, calculates the transition of the intermediate inventory at each workstation as shown in Equation 7.
- the intermediate stock amount at the simulation time t in the first step is the sum of the previous intermediate stock amount and the new input amount.
- step is the first prosess
- the rule that determines how much of the intermediate inventory in each process is processed by the workstation in the current cycle is the wipTansferRule function in Equation 7.
- the wipTansferRule function in Equation 7.
- the processing order of each process is determined by the sortingRule function in Equation 7 based on the priority of each process in the workstation. Steps later in this sequence may not be processed in the current cycle due to workstation capacity limitations. Conventional dispatching rules can be applied to determine the priority of each process.
- the calProduction function of Equation 7 is used to process those processes according to the process type (lot production, batch production, etc.). The required capacity and time of the workstation are calculated, and the values such as the operating status of the workstation and the amount of intermediate stock in each process are updated.
- Period constant An important parameter that needs to be determined in advance when executing a simulation with the CONST IN method is the Period constant. If the value of Period is set to a large value and the simulation is performed up to the steady state, the mouth bust against the fluctuation factors is high,
- Table 1 summarizes the issues raised in this embodiment. However, due to modeling limitations in the event-driven simulation used for comparison, a minimal change was made from the benchmark problem in the section on the problem.
- the releaseRule used in the simulation was a constant input rule based on demand
- the wipTransferRule was a rule for processing all unprocessed intermediate inventory
- the sortingllule was the input rate.
- the average value of the total processing time per wafer was about 8862 minutes, and the average number of processes was 221.7.
- Period was set to 80 minutes.
- EndOf Simulation parameter Six months were taken to ensure that the results of the rac- tions reached a steady state, and the results during the last month were analyzed and examined.
- the CONSTIN method naturally prohibits the movement of inventory during a certain period of time, so it is natural that the intermediate inventory increases, and the existence of such intermediate inventory is a factor in improving the bust of CONSTIN. is there. Therefore, when setting the value of Period, it is necessary to consider the trade-off between the size of intermediate inventory and the robustness of production.
- Figure 8 shows how the interim inventory changes due to the change in the Period value based on the simulation results. As is clear from this figure, the amount of intermediate stock increases almost linearly with the value of Period.
- Holds is Wp «r p n p Perioa, the value that matches well with the simulation results as shown in FIG. 8.
- the computation time required to perform a simulation for 6 months using a PC equipped with Pentium (registered trademark) 3 (1.2 GHz) is less than 5 seconds for the CONSTIN method, It is more than 20 times faster than AutoSched in event-driven simulation.
- CONSTIN when the value of Period is increased, the calculation speed increases almost linearly.
- the Period value is 480, the calculation time is about 1 second.
- the CONSTIN described in the present embodiment can calculate an appropriate intermediate stock amount in each process by considering the magnitude of the fluctuation in the manufacturing process as a moving cycle of the intermediate stock. Soshi
- high-speed simulation based on the CONST IN method enables detailed analysis, setting appropriate input rates and product mix, and studying countermeasures when a machine failure occurs that cannot be resolved within the period. It can be performed with high accuracy by simulation.
- Fig. 9 shows the configuration of a production system for realizing the production method described above.
- reference numeral 100 denotes a production facility for producing a product along a production process.
- 110 is a control system for controlling the production process of the production equipment, and has at least one combination system.
- a control program according to the present invention is stored in the control system 110.
- the control program may be recorded on a recording medium and installed in the control system 110 from the recording medium.
- the control system 110 repeatedly executes the processing procedure of Fig. 10 (the processing defined by the function of Equation 6) at regular intervals.
- the control system 110 sets various parameters indicating the production state of the production process of the production equipment, for example, the initial setting of the material input amount, and the like.
- the intermediate stock amount of each process in the manufacturing process is calculated by the function shown in FIG. 7 (Step S10 S20).
- the initial set values may be manually input in advance from a keyboard or the like, or various parameters relating to production of production equipment may be measured, and the measurement results may be automatically input to the control system 110. Good.
- control system 110 compares the calculation result of the intermediate stock amount with a predetermined allowable value (step S30). If the calculation result of the intermediate inventory is within the allowable range, the production equipment 110 is controlled so that the intermediate inventory in the actual manufacturing process is equal to the intermediate inventory set there. (Step S50).
- Step S40 the parameter used for the calculation is incremented (increased) or decremented by a predetermined value so that the above calculation result falls within the allowable range. Decrease) (Step S40). Specifically, if the intermediate stock is smaller than the allowable range, the parameters will be changed to increase the input of materials etc. so as to increase product production.
- the production process of the production facility 100 is controlled based on the value of the parameter (step S500).
- the control system 110 executes the process of the production control (step 50) in each cycle, the production amount of the product increases and the transition amount of the intermediate stock decreases.
- a measuring device installed in the control device 110 in Fig. 1 that measures the production status in real time, such as a POP (Point of Production) system.
- POP Point of Production
- the time interval-based simulation and the rule generator described in the first embodiment are used.
- the control system 110 may have the function, and the control system 110 may repeatedly calculate the intermediate stock amount of the manufacturing process using the production rules generated by the rule generator.
- the amount of intermediate stock moved means the amount of intermediate stock processed in the process per cycle.
- Production machines eg, steppers, dry etching equipment, etc.
- the amount of material input into a process to produce a product based on a plan (based on a demand forecast).
- the input rate is the amount of input per unit time, and it is generally planned in the plan to match this with the demand rate (demand per unit time).
- the production ratio when multiple products are produced in one production process is the production ratio when multiple products are produced in one production process.
- production rules production mixes, product mixes, and production amounts
- production plans can be set for production plans.
- parts input rules production rules
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US9983559B2 (en) * | 2002-10-22 | 2018-05-29 | Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc. | Updating and utilizing dynamic process simulation in an operating process environment |
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US20060106477A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 |
AU2003246278A1 (en) | 2004-01-23 |
CN1666161A (zh) | 2005-09-07 |
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