WO2003046657A2 - Dispositif optique - Google Patents

Dispositif optique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003046657A2
WO2003046657A2 PCT/GB2002/005283 GB0205283W WO03046657A2 WO 2003046657 A2 WO2003046657 A2 WO 2003046657A2 GB 0205283 W GB0205283 W GB 0205283W WO 03046657 A2 WO03046657 A2 WO 03046657A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
substrate
nanocrystals
regions
optical
refractive index
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PCT/GB2002/005283
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English (en)
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WO2003046657A3 (fr
Inventor
Albert Polman
Christof STROHHÖFER
Alfons Van Blaaderen
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Btg International Limited
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Priority to AU2002356265A priority Critical patent/AU2002356265A1/en
Publication of WO2003046657A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003046657A2/fr
Publication of WO2003046657A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003046657A3/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C21/00—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface
    • C03C21/001—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions
    • C03C21/005—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions to introduce in the glass such metals or metallic ions as Ag, Cu
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C23/00—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments
    • C03C23/0005—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments by irradiation
    • C03C23/0055—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments by irradiation by ion implantation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/1225—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
    • C03C2218/30—Aspects of methods for coating glass not covered above
    • C03C2218/34—Masking
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
    • G02B2006/121—Channel; buried or the like
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29304—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/3568—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to highly dispersive optical devices, and methods of production thereof.
  • optical constants of composite materials formed by metal nanocrystals in an insulating substrate material are the cause of various interesting optical properties of such materials both in the linear and non-linear regimes [U. Kreibig. Electronic properties of small silver particles: the optical constants and their temperature dependence. Journal of Physics F, 4:999-1014, July 1974; C. Flytzanis, F. Hache, M. C. Klein, D. Ricard, and Ph. Roussignol. Nonlinear optics in composite materials. In E. Wolf editor, Progress in Optics XXIX. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1991].
  • linear optical properties mainly the surface plasmon resonance absorption of such composites has been studied [A. Kawabata and R. Kubo.
  • the index of refraction of a glass containing silver ions can thus be changed by nucleating silver nanocrystals.
  • silver can be introduced into oxide glasses containing network modifiers such as Na + or K + a posteriori via ion exchange, which allows for the incorporation of silver ion concentrations of several atomic percent.
  • Silver nanocrystals can be formed by ion irradiation of the ion-exchanged glass [G. W. Arnold and J. A. Borders. Aggregation and migration of ion-implanted silver in lithia-alumina-silica glass. Journal of Applied Physics, 48(4): 1488-1496, April 1977; D. P. Peters, C. Strohhofer, M. L.
  • the invention provides a method of forming an optical device, comprising: providing a mask over a substrate, the mask having a predetermined array of apertures therein; and irradiating the mask, such as to create, in regions of the substrate registering with said apertures, a refractive index that is different from the remainder of the substrate and has a significant wavelength dependence, resulting from plasmon resonance effects.
  • the invention provides a method of forming an optical device, comprising: providing a substrate with elementary entities of predetermined type therein, providing a mask over the substrate, the mask having a predetermined array of apertures therein; and irradiating the mask, such as to create from said entities, in regions of the substrate registering with said apertures, aggregates of nanocrystals providing a refractive index that is different from the remainder of the substrate and has a significant wavelength dependence.
  • the invention provides an optical device comprising a substrate having a predetermined array of regions with a refractive index that is difference from that of the remainder of the substrate and which has a significant wavelength dependence, resulting from plasmon resonance effects.
  • the invention provides an optical device comprising a substrate having, a predetermined array of regions, and each region comprising an aggregate of nanocrystals that provides a refractive index that exhibits a significant wavelength dependence and which is different from the remainder of the substrate.
  • the above- described process of forming silver nanocrystals by ion irradiation of ion exchanged glass opens the possibility to nucleate silver nanocrystals in selected regions of a sample only, and thereby change the index of refraction in those regions.
  • a regular pattern of index variations can find application in various types of optical device. The formation of such regular refractive index variations making use of colloidal silica particles deposited on the ion-exchanged glass as an implantation mask has been accomplished. Using a variety of techniques, colloidal particles can be made to self-organise on a flat substrate, forming an hexagonal array.
  • nanocrystals Whilst silver is preferred, other elements may be employed as ions within the substrate from which nanocrystals are formed, such as noble metals (Au, Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh) or copper.
  • noble metals Au, Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh
  • Semiconductor compounds e.g. Si or compounds including the elements Cd, S, Se, Ge, Ga may be used with an appropriate process.
  • Various type of metals or semiconductor compounds that will form nanocrystals (crystallites) in a substrate are discussed in the above referenced article to Flytzanis et al..
  • Such compounds or elements may or may not, before irradiation, be present in the substrate in ionic form, but, if not in ionic form, may be present as separate atoms of elements from which nanocrystals are formed, the nanocrystals being formed in elemental or compound form.
  • the present invention encompasses all such possibilities, and covers arrangements where the material forming the nanocrystals is present in the substrate before irradiation as elementary entities.
  • the material of the substrate may be of any appropriate type - glass is preferred, but this could be of any type, including porous glass.
  • the substrate might be a polymer, a gel, a zeolite or an aggregate or composite of separate particles.
  • Ion irradiation is preferred, for example Xe ions, He ions.
  • the mass and energy of the ions determine the formation process of the nanocrystals and may vary in the keV - 100 MeV range.
  • Other forms of irradiation may be employed, for example electron beam or laser light.
  • a three-dimensional regular array of said regions may be created by directing the irradiating beam in sequential steps at three different tetragonal angles to the mask, at 120° to each other (in the plane of the mask). This creates a network of interconnected regions within the substrate.
  • the apertures in the mask may be dimensioned as desired: the nanometre range and micrometer range are preferred.
  • the mask may be of any type. It may for example be formed by lithography, e.g. nanoimprint lithography (NIL). Alternatively and as preferred a mask may be formed by depositing particles (e.g. silica) from a colloidal suspension onto a surface of the substrate. Such particles may have the same dimensions to a high degree of accuracy, and form a regular hexagonal array on the substrate. The gaps between the particles form said apertures. The particles may have a diameter within a range between lOnm and 1 micrometer. Arrays or patterns other than hexagonal may be formed, for example rectangular. Defects may be created in the pattern; this may be of use as described below in creating wavelength demultiplexing devices.
  • NIL nanoimprint lithography
  • Ag nanocrystals are created, they usually have a plasmon resonance in the violet region at about 420nm. This may be exploited for optical devices, which commonly employ lasers with a wavelength in the violet region.
  • optical devices which commonly employ lasers with a wavelength in the violet region.
  • a CD disc or DVD may be created where the data stored in the disc is in the form of regions of nanocrystals.
  • the disc forms a substrate and a mask creates selected regions of nanocrystals.
  • the plasmon resonances may be shifted into the infrared region, e.g. the telecommunications wavelengths around 1500nm, by employing nanocrystals with an anisotropic shape, ellipsoidal or elongate in one direction.
  • a variety of optical devices may be formed in accordance with the invention, as will be described below: for example, diffraction gratings, waveguide multiplexers, photonic crystals, and dispersion compensation devices.
  • the non-linear property of nanocrystals in a substrate is known (see the above referenced article to Flytzanis et al). This may be exploited in accordance with the invention to form optical transistors, as described below, wherein a switching effect is obtained by directing an intense laser "pump" beam onto a micropattern in accordance with the invention, in order to vary its refractive index.
  • the regions of nanocrystals may be such as to exhibit desired electrical or magnetic properties. Where the nanocrystals are sufficiently small, they may exhibit quantum confinement effects, and electron storage may occur in regions in the substrate. Where the nanocrystals are of a suitable magnetic alloy (including Mn), the spin directions of the electrons may be controlled.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view of a sodium-silver ion-exchange process for use in the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view of the production of silver nanocrystals in a substrate by ion irradiation
  • Figure 3 shows real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of Ag ion-exchanged borosilicate glass before and after ion irradiation.
  • the imaginary part of the glass index of refraction before irradiation does not exceed 2 • 10 "5 over the spectral range plotted and is not visible on the scale of the graph.
  • the peaks in both real and imaginary part of the index of the glass after irradiation are caused by the surface plasmon resonance of small silver particles formed in the irradiated layer.
  • the data was obtained from reflection and transmission measurements made on planar samples prepared without a colloidal mask;
  • Figure 4 is a view corresponding to Figure 3 of optical transmission and reflection coefficients as a function of wavelength;
  • Figure 5 shows transmission and extinction spectra as a function of ion fluence or energy
  • Figures 6a and 6b are schematic views of a process in accordance with the invention for producing highly dispersive micropatterns
  • Figures 7 and 8 are reflection images of a region of the sample ion-irradiated through a colloidal mask taken with a laser scanning confocal microscope at a wavelength of 488 r ⁇ n, after the colloidal particles were removed. Light regions correspond to areas that reflect the light more strongly than dark regions. A hexagonal pattern of circular regions of low reflectivity is seen. This pattern is attributed to the masking effect of a hexagonal array of colloidal spheres with 1.66 ⁇ m diameter during ion irradiation. The inset shows a magnified image of a hexagonally ordered domain;
  • Figure 9 is a diffraction image of an ion-exchanged borosilicate glass irradiated through a mask of colloidal spheres, measured after the colloids were removed. On top of a diffuse ring, bright spots are observed that are due to diffraction from regions with a hexagonal symmetry of the arrangement of the scatterers. Part (b) shows the same data, overlayed by two hexagons, corresponding to diffraction from two differently oriented domains. The scattering vectors associated with this pattern have a length of around 3.9 • 10 m " , which corresponds to a lattice constant of 1.6 ⁇ m;
  • Figure 10 is a graph showing how the plasmon resonance shifts towards the infrared for anisotropic nanoparticles having a length: width aspect ratio;
  • Figure 11 is a series of views showing the formation of a second embodiment of the invention comprising an array of waveguides;
  • Figure 12 is an enlarged view in cross-section of one waveguide;
  • Figure 13 is a schematic perspective view of an array of waveguides in accordance with the second embodiment.
  • Figures 14 to 20 are schematic diagrams of photonic devices incorporating highly dispersive micropatterns, as in Figures 7 and 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • Figure 1 shows the principle of the ion-exchange process.
  • a glass (borosilicate) substrate 2 containing sodium ions Na + is positioned in contact with a salt melt 4 containing silver ions Ag + .
  • the melt is held in contact with the substrate for a predetermined time at raised temperature, which creates ion-exchange, wherein silver ions migrate into the surface layer 6 of the substrate 2.
  • this shows the formation of silver nanocrystals 8 within layer 6 by means of ion irradiation as at 10 onto the surface of the substrate.
  • Figure 3 shows the refractive index, real and imaginary, for a substrate containing silver nanoparticles. It will be noted there are sharp resonant peaks just below 450nm.
  • Figure 4 shows the data in a different format with an upper graph showing a reflection coefficient and a lower graph showing a transmission coefficient versus wavelength.
  • Figure 5 is a set of graphs corresponding to Figure 4 showing how the resonant peaks vary with ion fluence, the greater the ion fluence (in this case He), the greater the resonant peak.
  • Figure 6a is a schematic view of the process in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention wherein the ion-exchanged surface layer 6 of a substrate 2 is irradiated by ions 10 and a mask 12 on the surface blocks the radiation apart from within apertures 14 within the mask, which form a regular array over the substrate surface. A regular array of nanocrystalline areas 16 is thus created in substrate 2.
  • Figure 6b shows in plan view the mask employed, comprising silica particles 18 of precisely the same diameter, having been deposited onto the surface of the substrate to form an hexagonal array, from a colloidal solution.
  • Borosilicate glass was ion-exchanged for 5 min at 320°C in a 8.3 mol% AgN0 3 //91.7 mol% NaN0 3 melt. Such an ion exchange gives rise to a surface layer in the glass with a graded Ag + concentration up to a depth of around 1 ⁇ m. The silver concentration at the surface amounts to 7.5 at. , as determined with Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry. Colloidal silica particles of 1.66 ⁇ m diameter were prepared from seeds grown by the usual ammonia-catalyzed St ⁇ ber synthesis [W. St ⁇ ber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn. Controlled Growth of Monodisperse Silica Spheres in the Micron Range.
  • the glass with its mask of colloidal particles was cooled to 77 K and irradiated with Xe ions at an energy of 1 MeV to a fluence of 5.10 15 cm “2 .
  • the projected range of the Xe ions in silica is around 450 nm, considerably less than the diameter of the mask particles.
  • silver nanocrystals are formed in the glass in a layer determined by the range of the implanted ions [D. P. Peters, C. Strohh ⁇ fer, M. L. Brongersma, J. van der Elsken, and A. Polman.
  • the index of refraction of the composite layer was estimated by reflection and transmission measurements.
  • Figure 3 shows the index of refraction of the planar ion-exchanged and ion-implanted layer estimated from reflection and transmission measurements. The measurements are compared to the index of refraction of the unirradiated glass.
  • the strong features in both the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction with peaks at 442 nm and 430 nm, respectively, are caused by the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanocrystals in glass.
  • the diameter of the silver nanocrystals is 2 nm (estimated from a fit of Mie theory to the absorbance of the irradiated layer), with interparticle distances of the order of 1-10 nm.
  • the glass/Ag nanocrystal composite in the irradiated regions of the masked sample is therefore as homogeneous as the one in the reference sample. This means that the optical constants of the irradiated regions of the masked sample are comparable to the ones determined for the reference sample.
  • the samples that had been irradiated through a mask of colloidal particles were analysed in a confocal laser scanning microscope in reflection mode at a wavelength of 488 nm, after removal of the colloidal mask.
  • a 100 x objective lens with a numerical aperture of 1.4 was used.
  • Light scattering experiments were performed with a He-Cd laser operating at 442 nm in transmission geometry. The footprint of the laser on the sample was around 300 ⁇ m. The light scattered by the sample was projected onto a screen and imaged using a CCD camera.
  • Figures 7 and 8 show a laser scanning microscope image of the irradiated sample after removal of the colloidal mask.
  • the image was taken in reflection mode at a wavelength of 488 nm.
  • the light regions in the image correspond to areas that reflect light more strongly than the dark regions.
  • the image consists of dark circular regions forming a polycrystalline hexagonal pattern in a light background. It is evident that this image reproduces the "shadow" of the colloidal mask, with the dark circles marking the positions held by the silica particles during the ion irradiation.
  • the radii of the two rings correspond to scattering vectors of lengths (3.9 ⁇ 0.2) • 10 6 m “1 and (7.0 ⁇ 0.3) - 10 m " .
  • the ratio of these two values is 3 within our measurement error, which is to be expected for hexagonal symmetry.
  • the values correspond to a lattice constant of 1.6 ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ m.
  • Identical values for the scattering vectors are obtained when light of different wavelengths in the blue and green is used. The scattering efficiency decreases, however, for longer wavelengths, in correspondence with the decrease of the index contrast (see Figure 3). For 633 nm light, the scattered intensity was below the sensitivity of our measurement. Note that equation 1 describes scattering in vacuum and not in glass. It is valid in our case where the ratio between glass thickness and observation distance is small.
  • the technique described here is not limited to the size range described for colloidal silica particles, ⁇ l ⁇ m. Smaller colloidal silica particles are even easier to fabricate than large ones and can self-organise in the same fashion.
  • the lower limit for the period of the grating is the range of the ions used to form silver nanocrystals in the glass. For the conditions used in our experiments, colloidal particles with a diameter of 600 nm are still sufficient to stop 1 MeV Xe ions whose range is around 450 nm in silica.
  • this shows a graph indicating how the plasmon resonance can be shifted towards the infrared, and in particular to the important wavelength of 1.5 ⁇ m used for telecommunications.
  • Nanoparticles of an elongate or ellipsoidal shape can be shown to have plasmon resonances towards the infrared, the precise resonance frequency depending on the aspect ratio of length: width of the ellipsoid. It may be seen that an aspect ratio of between 10 - 15 will produce for Au a plasmon resonance near the 1.5 ⁇ m point.
  • Elongate nanocrystals can be produced having a length:width aspect ratio: see: Huynh WU, et al: Hybrid nanorod-polymer solar cells SCIENCE 295 (5564): 2425-2427 MAR 29 2002 ; - Peng XG, , et al. Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals NATURE 404 (6773): 59-61 MAR 2 2000 : - van der Zande BMI, et al.
  • aggregate is intended to mean any 3 dimensional regular or irregular collection (or arrangement) of particles, and is not restricted to a more narrow meaning used in colloid science of an irregular structure that results after the colloids are not colloidally stable.
  • a pattern of parallel waveguides is produced in a substrate.
  • a glass substrate 30 has an aluminium layer 32 formed thereon.
  • a photoresist 34 is added which is patterned as at 36, and then, as shown in Figure lie developed to produce gaps 38 in the photoresist comprising parallel lines.
  • the aluminium layer 32 is etched to form a diffusion mask with gaps 40 comprising parallel lines.
  • sodium ions in regions 42 beneath gaps 40 are exposed to a salt bath containing silver ions so that the sodium ions are exchanged for silver ions. Irradiation of the waveguide regions 42 then takes place with the xenon ions. The irradiation produces a layer 44, 0.43 ⁇ m wide of silver nanocrystals.
  • Figure 12 shows the waveguide region 42 in more detail.
  • the ion exchanged region is approximately semicircular with a depth of 2.5 ⁇ m and a width of 5 ⁇ m.
  • Layer 44 is 0.43 ⁇ m wide of silver nanocrystals.
  • Figure 13 is a schematic perspective view of the waveguides 42.
  • a waveguide 140 has a section 142 formed as a highly dispersive micropattern in accordance with the specific EXAMPLE above.
  • Light transmitted through the waveguide 140 experiences a photonic bandgap provided by region 142.
  • the photonic crystal is formed as a 3-D array, by directing ion beams in three separate directions 144 on the surface of the substrate, to produce an interconnected network of nanocrystalline regions 146.
  • Figure 15 shows application of the micropattern 150 of the above EXAMPLE fomiing a diffraction grating in a WDM device.
  • a fibre 152 carries several multiplexed wavelengths A...Q. These are focussed by a lens 154 onto the micropattern 150. The different wavelengths are diffracted at different angles, and are refocused by lens 154 into respective output fibres 156.
  • FIG 16 a multiplexing arrangement is shown wherein a micropattern 160 is formed in accordance with the above EXAMPLE is formed around a waveguide 162. Input light is incident in the waveguide.
  • the micropattern 160 has defects 164 selectively produced. Each defect 164 provides a route for branching light as at 166 from main waveguide 162..
  • a dispersion compensation device wherein an optical fibre 170 is coupled to a circulator 172 via a port P.
  • a micropattern 174 formed as in the above EXAMPLE is coupled at one end to a further port P of the circulator, and has a mirror 176 disposed at the other end.
  • An output fibre 178 is coupled to another port P of the.
  • light pulses or solitons travelling through the fibre 170 may be deformed as a result of chromatic dispersion effects, but their shape is adjusted by passage through micropattern 174 and reflection from mirror 176 so that the various chromatic components of the light pulse are corrected in phase.
  • the corrected pulse is transmitted through output fibre 178.
  • a waveguide 180 carries an input signal 182 to a diffraction grating 184 formed of a micropattern as in the EXAMPLE above.
  • a waveguide 186 carries an output signal diffracted from grating 184.
  • a control beam 188 formed as an intense laser pump beam modifies the refractive index in a region 189, as a result of the non-linear component of the refractive index of the nanocrystals ( ⁇ 3 ).
  • the refractive index change operates to move the diffraction angle so that the diffracted beam is not captured, or captured only partially by waveguide 186.
  • a CD disc 190 has information elements 192 formed as individual regions containing silver ions.
  • each region forming an information bit comprises a single nanocrystal, 1-2 nm wide, separated from adjacent nanocrystals by a distance of about 10 nm.
  • all designated regions of the CD may have nanocrystals formed therein, and selected regions are then masked or processed for example by a beam writing process to modify the optical properties of the selected regions, in order to generate binary information.
  • an electronic array 200 is provided, wherein each element 202 is formed as an aggregate of magnetic nanocrystals, whereby electron spins can be controlled.
  • the nanocrystals may be formed as a compound containing Mn.
  • the array is formed in a manner similar to that described in the above EXAMPLE.
  • An array of row and column electrodes 204, 206 enables individual addressing of each nanocrystal region, or sub array of regions, and application of READ/WRITE voltages.

Abstract

Des modifications d'indice de réfraction sont inscrites dans du verre de silice, au moyen d'une combinaison de techniques d'échange ionique et de masquage. La hausse de l'indice dans les régions irradiées du verre est provoquée par la formation de nanocristaux d'argent sous l'influence d'un faisceau ionique. La hausse de l'indice est hautement dispersive. Des masques colloïdaux auto-assemblés ou des masques définis de manière lithographique sont utilisés pour définir des micromotifs à forme, taille et symétrie prédéfinis. Lesdits micromotifs métallo-diélectriques hautement dispersifs peuvent être utilisés dans une pluralité de dispositifs optiques (commutables de manière optique), notamment des réseaux, des commutateurs, des multiplexeurs ou des cristaux photoniques. Des dispositifs électroniques ou magnétiques comprenant des régions d'agrégats nanocristallins peuvent être aussi formés de manière similaire.
PCT/GB2002/005283 2001-11-23 2002-11-25 Dispositif optique WO2003046657A2 (fr)

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GB0128147A GB0128147D0 (en) 2001-11-23 2001-11-23 Optical devices
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CN105671550A (zh) * 2016-02-03 2016-06-15 陕西科技大学 一种饱和度可调控的SiO2胶体晶体彩虹膜的制备方法
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CN105714291A (zh) * 2016-02-03 2016-06-29 陕西科技大学 一种呈色绚丽的SiO2胶体晶体彩虹膜的制备方法
CN105714290A (zh) * 2016-02-03 2016-06-29 陕西科技大学 一种低角度依赖高饱和度蓝色SiO2胶体晶体膜的制备方法
US11307352B2 (en) 2016-07-15 2022-04-19 Corning Incorporated Optical waveguide article with laminate structure and method for forming the same
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WO2005066093A1 (fr) * 2003-12-19 2005-07-21 Boraglas Gmbh Substrat en verre
FR2939787A1 (fr) * 2008-12-15 2010-06-18 Saint Gobain Composition de verre adaptee a la realisation d'elements optiques plans
WO2010076445A1 (fr) * 2008-12-15 2010-07-08 Saint-Gobain Glass France Composition de verre adaptée a la réalisation d'éléments optiques plans
CN104261673A (zh) * 2014-09-03 2015-01-07 石以瑄 电子敏感玻璃基板和光学电路,以及其中形成的微型结构
CN105671550A (zh) * 2016-02-03 2016-06-15 陕西科技大学 一种饱和度可调控的SiO2胶体晶体彩虹膜的制备方法
CN105695992A (zh) * 2016-02-03 2016-06-22 陕西科技大学 一种低角度依赖的蓝色SiO2胶体晶体膜的制备方法
CN105714291A (zh) * 2016-02-03 2016-06-29 陕西科技大学 一种呈色绚丽的SiO2胶体晶体彩虹膜的制备方法
CN105714290A (zh) * 2016-02-03 2016-06-29 陕西科技大学 一种低角度依赖高饱和度蓝色SiO2胶体晶体膜的制备方法
US11307352B2 (en) 2016-07-15 2022-04-19 Corning Incorporated Optical waveguide article with laminate structure and method for forming the same
US11506938B2 (en) 2016-07-15 2022-11-22 Corning Incorporated Lighting unit with laminate structure

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