WO2003031660A1 - Articles ferreux a haute durete et haute ductilite - Google Patents

Articles ferreux a haute durete et haute ductilite Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003031660A1
WO2003031660A1 PCT/US2002/032267 US0232267W WO03031660A1 WO 2003031660 A1 WO2003031660 A1 WO 2003031660A1 US 0232267 W US0232267 W US 0232267W WO 03031660 A1 WO03031660 A1 WO 03031660A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
article
chain link
steel
steel chain
ferrous
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2002/032267
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Tom R. Jackson
Anne Marie Fraboni
Original Assignee
Borg Warner, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Borg Warner, Inc. filed Critical Borg Warner, Inc.
Priority to BR0206274-7A priority Critical patent/BR0206274A/pt
Priority to JP2003534629A priority patent/JP2005505689A/ja
Priority to EP02782137A priority patent/EP1434889A4/fr
Priority to KR10-2003-7007721A priority patent/KR20040036873A/ko
Priority to MXPA03004326A priority patent/MXPA03004326A/es
Publication of WO2003031660A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003031660A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21L—MAKING METAL CHAINS
    • B21L15/00—Finishing or dressing chains or chain links, e.g. removing burr material, calibrating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21L—MAKING METAL CHAINS
    • B21L15/00—Finishing or dressing chains or chain links, e.g. removing burr material, calibrating
    • B21L15/005—Pre-stretching chains
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C21D1/19—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
    • C21D1/20—Isothermal quenching, e.g. bainitic hardening
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0087—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for chains, for chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/002—Bainite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/008—Martensite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
    • C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0093—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for screws; for bolts

Definitions

  • Austempering produces bits having a microstructure of bainite.
  • the insert bits are heated to a temperature above 723°C so that the steel is first austenitized. Then, the steel is cooled to a temperature above the martensite start temperature, for example, around 300°C, and held at that temperature for a desired time to permit the transformation to bainite. No tempering is required. Austempering helps to reduce distortion or cracking during cooling and produces a tool having improved toughness, when compared to tempered martensite at the same Rockwell C hardness("HRC”).”
  • a time/temperature sequence is closely controlled by Amateau et al in US Patent 5,656,106. Tipton et al, in US Patent 5,910,223, using a procedure similar to
  • a ferrous article is austenitized, then transferred and held at a temperature to convert at least 60% to a bainite microstructure, then immersed in a bath at ambient temperature to convert the remaining 40% or less to martensite; the articles are then cold worked to achieve excellent servicability.
  • Figure 1 is an isothermal transformation diagram for heat treating a steel article according to our invention, showing the target microstructure area.
  • Figure 2 is an illustration of a silent chain link and pin used to demonstrate the invention.
  • Figure 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of a preferred method of applying tensile deformation to a silent chain.
  • Figure 4 presents load and elongation data, in graphical form, to compare the energy adsorption of conventionally manufactured chain links and chain links of the invention.
  • Figure 5 is a Weibull chart showing the results of individual chain link fatigue tests on conventional links and two. types of links of the invention, all prestressed to 60% of yield strength.
  • Figure 6 is a Weibull chart showing results of fatigue tests after prestressing at 75% of yield strength.
  • Thermal Bath A liquid, typically an oil or molten salt, held at a predetermined temperature or within a predetermined temperature range, in which the article to be treated is immersed. Broadly, a furnace or other holding vessel may be used.
  • Compression Deformation A permanent change in shape of an article imparted by impacting, burnishing, rolling, or other means of compressing the article, including shot peening.
  • Tensile Deformation A permanent change in shape of an article imparted by stretching, i.e. applying a tensile force.
  • Plastic Deformation Collectively, compression deformation and tensile deformation.
  • Austenize or Austenitizing Heating and cooling procedure with time/temperature regimen to achieve a substantially complete austenite microstructure in a ferrous article. The precise limits of time and temperature will vary with the metallurgy of the article, as is known in the art.
  • Our invention includes a method of making a ferrous article of high serviceability comprising (a) forming the ferrous article (b) austenitizing the ferrous article at temperatures between 1450-1800°F (c) transferring the ferrous article to a thermal bath in a period less than 60 seconds (d) holding the ferrous article in the thermal bath at above the Ms temperature for a period of at least 10 minutes whereby the ferrous article comprises at least 60% bainite (e) quenching the ferrous article to ambient temperature to convert substantially all of the remaining austenite to martensite, and (f) plastically deforming the article to at least 60% of its yield strength.
  • the article will have a hardness of Re 48 to Re 63 or higher and excellent fatigue life.
  • step c should be accomplished within 60 seconds, and preferably within 20 seconds, longer periods of time may be used so long as the article is kept at a temperature of at least 1450°F. We call this quickly transferring the article.
  • our invention is applicable to articles made from a wide variety of steel and other ferrous materials.
  • the steel will preferably have sufficient hardenability to obtain martensite or bainite.
  • the article may be formed (step a) in any conventional or desired manner.
  • the austenitizing step (b) is also conventional - typically the article is held in a thermal bath or furnace for a time sufficient to convert to 100%o austenite, then quickly transferred to the thermal bath for step (d).
  • step (d) may vary with the metallurgy of the article, but in any case it is necessary to convert at least 60% of the austenite to bainite; the temperature may vary somewhat, as will be illustrated with respect to Figure 1, but should not be allowed to approach the Ms temperature to within less than 20 degrees Fahrenheit. Normally the definition of step (d) will be considerably less than three hours, but could be substantially longer than three hours if economics and discretionary or other subjective factors will justify it.
  • the length of the quenching step (e) may also vary with the type of ferrous material, but should result in conversion of substantially all of the remaining austenite to martensite. Preferably step (e) will be performed in a bath.
  • the plastic deformation step (f) will be further explained below.
  • Figure 1 The outline of Figure 1 is a dimensionless, but otherwise more or less conventional, plot of time and temperature for isothermal transformation of ferrous materials as in step (d) above.
  • Line 30 represents the beginning of transformation
  • line 32 is 50% transformation
  • line 31 is 100% transformation, as is known in the art.
  • Horizontal line Ms is the martensite start line; the lower bainitic zone is above it, as is known.
  • Our invention aims to place the article, at the end of step (d), within the shaded area ABCD. Generally, regardless of the composition of the ferrous article, this means holding the article in a furnace, thermal bath or otherwise holding it at a temperature from 20 degrees Fahrenheit above the Ms for a period of ten minutes to three hours.
  • chain links made of steel having a carbon content of 0.2 to 1%.
  • the chain links are generally flat, saddle-shaped units having two holes for pins, as illustrated in Figure 2.
  • a single chain link is a simple unit having two holes 1 and 2 for pins 3 which connect the links in a series. To form a chain, pins 3 may pass through a plurality of parallel links.
  • Our invention includes, as a part of step (f), a compression deformation step.
  • Individual articles for example chain links, are subject to compressive stress at -50,000psi to -200,000psi. This may be accomplished by shot peening using various masses and hardness of the shot, angles of impingement, quantities, and velocities, and duration of the treatment, with or without accompanying manipulation of the workpiece.
  • step (f) includes both compression deformation and tension deformation.
  • the illustration in Figure 3 is one of two preferred methods for tension deformation.
  • Chain 10 is placed on sprockets 11 and 12.
  • sprocket 11 is held stationary or is able to turn while offering resistance, and a measured force is applied to turn sprocket 12.
  • Segment 13 of chain 10 is therefore stretched and segment 14 is under no tension.
  • Various segments of the chain may be treated in the same manner simply by rotating the sprocket and applying tension to them. Where both sprockets turn, the procedure is called dynamic stress.
  • Figure 4 presents load and elongation data, in graphical form, to compare the energy adsorption of conventionally manufactured chain links and chain links of the invention. Elongation is plotted against load. The object of the study was to determine the improved properties of individual chain links made by our process. It will be seen from the diagram that the chain links of the invention, represented by line 21, can be elongated well beyond the conventional link, and are permanently elongated by, for these specific links, 0.05 inch. Note that our invention link at Rc56 is capable of elongating to at least 0.080 inch compared to a softer R c 50 link of conventional quench and temper which failed at 0.068 inch.
  • the chain links of the invention designated Group A and Group B, were made from 1074 grade steel.
  • T3 means the article was treated according to our process.
  • the Group A links were treated [step (d)] in a salt bath at 500°F for 30 minutes and the Group B links were treated in a salt bath at 518°F for 30 minutes; both had a hardness of about Re 57.
  • the links of Group C were conventional commercial chain links. All were subjected to compression deformation by shot peening in a tumbler using a high velocity nozzle for . impacting with cast iron shot.
  • Prestressing was accomplished by placing pins in the holes of the links (see holes 2 in Figure 2) and using the pins to pull longitudinally on the link, using a force of 60% of the predetermined yield strength.
  • the number of cycles denoted on the horizontal axis of the Figure 5 chart represents the number of times the link was subjected to pulling-apart stresses of 2000 pounds before breaking, thus generating the data points shown in a Weibull plot.
  • the "B10 life” figures in the box represent the lowest number of cycles for failure in a ten-link sample. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that the shot-peened samples did considerably better than the untreated samples. [0030] In Figure 6, a similar comparison was made, this time with the invention links being prestressed at a force of 75% of their yield strength. Again, both the compression deformed products performed better than the untreated ones.
  • Figure 7 shows very much improved results in the shot peened product prestressed at 90% of yield strength.
  • the results of Figure 7 are excellent not only in the absolute results of extremely high cycle numbers in the fatigue tests, and the high angle of the projections on the Weibull scale, but also in that the parallel lines projected by the data points demonstrate a very high reliability, permitting an etiological inference of very high quality based on the heat treatment and plastic deformation.
  • step (d) Because of the variables in steel composition, temperature in step (d), and duration of step (d), we express this phenomenon in terms of the numerical value obtained by dividing the Rockwell hardness of the treated article to its elongation at failure, expressed in percent (see Figure 1). For example, a steel having a Rockwell hardness of 56 and an elongation of 10%, has a serviceability ratio of 56/10, or 5.6. Normally one would expect a chain link of Re 56 to have an elongation no greater than about 0.5%).
  • our invention includes ferrous articles, preferably steel articles, having a serviceability ratio of at least 3.5; more particularly, our invention includes articles having a hardness of at least Re 52 and a serviceability ratio after step (e) of 3.5 to 8, preferably 3.5 to 6. This is further explained with reference to Table 1.
  • our invention includes products, and methods of making them, wherein the ratio of Re to El expressed as percent elongation to failure has a numerical value within the range 3.5 to 5.8 prior to cold working.
  • our invention includes steel articles having a serviceability ratio, prior to cold working, as above defined of 3.5 to 8.0.
  • our invention includes a chain link of hardness at least Rc52 whose fatigue life has been increased at least 100% by plastic deformation. Table 1 Serviceability Ratios
  • Our invention is not limited to the treatment of chain links, but may also be applied to numerous different kinds of steel and iron articles, such as washers, screws, screwdriver bits, masonry nails, bolts, fasteners, springs and many other articles and parts of machines likely to be subjected to serviceability challenges.
  • chain links we particularly apply the invention to chain pins, sprockets, and tensioner arms. Because a chain link has two pin holes which are the focus of stress and wear in use, the plastic deformation described with respect to Figure 2 is particularly suited for it. In the case of a sprocket, plastic deformation is practiced by tooth or fonn rolling. Other shapes of articles may demand other methods of plastic deformation. In each case, however, we apply a stress to the point of at least 60% of yield strength.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)

Abstract

Selon l'invention, des articles ferreux font l'objet d'une austénitisation, puis ils sont convertis à au moins 60 % en bainite, le reste étant converti essentiellement en martensite par refroidissement brutal. Les articles sont ensuite écrouis, de préférence par déformation par compression et traction jusqu'à au moins 60 % de la limite d'élasticité. Ces articles présentent une résistance améliorée, en particulier à la fatigue.
PCT/US2002/032267 2001-10-12 2002-10-10 Articles ferreux a haute durete et haute ductilite WO2003031660A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BR0206274-7A BR0206274A (pt) 2001-10-12 2002-10-10 Método para fazer um artigo ferroso e artigo obtido
JP2003534629A JP2005505689A (ja) 2001-10-12 2002-10-10 高硬度で高変形能を有する鉄製品
EP02782137A EP1434889A4 (fr) 2001-10-12 2002-10-10 Articles ferreux a haute durete et haute ductilite
KR10-2003-7007721A KR20040036873A (ko) 2001-10-12 2002-10-10 고경도, 고연성의 철함유 물품
MXPA03004326A MXPA03004326A (es) 2001-10-12 2002-10-10 Articulos ferrosos altamente ductiles, de alta dureza.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/977,167 2001-10-12
US09/977,167 US20030070736A1 (en) 2001-10-12 2001-10-12 High-hardness, highly ductile ferrous articles

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003031660A1 true WO2003031660A1 (fr) 2003-04-17

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PCT/US2002/032267 WO2003031660A1 (fr) 2001-10-12 2002-10-10 Articles ferreux a haute durete et haute ductilite

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (2) US20030070736A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1434889A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2005505689A (fr)
KR (1) KR20040036873A (fr)
CN (1) CN1491286A (fr)
BR (1) BR0206274A (fr)
MX (1) MXPA03004326A (fr)
RU (1) RU2003117005A (fr)
WO (1) WO2003031660A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

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JP2006102784A (ja) * 2004-10-06 2006-04-20 Jtekt Corp 動力伝達チェーンの製造方法および動力伝達チェーン

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GB2406891B (en) * 2003-10-07 2006-09-27 Renold Plc A transmission chain
JP4322244B2 (ja) * 2005-11-11 2009-08-26 株式会社椿本チエイン 両面噛合い型サイレントチェーン
JP4770454B2 (ja) * 2005-12-26 2011-09-14 株式会社ジェイテクト 無段変速機用動力伝達チェーンの製造方法
JP5508154B2 (ja) 2010-06-17 2014-05-28 ポップリベット・ファスナー株式会社 ブラインドファスナーおよびその製造方法
EP2502708B1 (fr) * 2011-03-22 2017-02-01 Black & Decker Inc. Ciseaux
JP6010508B2 (ja) * 2013-07-03 2016-10-19 ボーグワーナー インコーポレーテッド 摺動部材の製造方法、ならびにチェーン用リンクの製造方法および当該リンクを備えたチェーンの製造方法
WO2019079763A1 (fr) * 2017-10-19 2019-04-25 Cola Gary M Jr Aciers de haute résistance, leurs procédés de fabrication et articles résultant de ces derniers

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US4957702A (en) * 1988-04-30 1990-09-18 Qinghua University Air-cooling duplex bainite-martensite steels
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2006102784A (ja) * 2004-10-06 2006-04-20 Jtekt Corp 動力伝達チェーンの製造方法および動力伝達チェーン

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1491286A (zh) 2004-04-21
US20030070737A1 (en) 2003-04-17
BR0206274A (pt) 2004-01-13
EP1434889A1 (fr) 2004-07-07
KR20040036873A (ko) 2004-05-03
RU2003117005A (ru) 2005-01-20
MXPA03004326A (es) 2004-05-04
JP2005505689A (ja) 2005-02-24
EP1434889A4 (fr) 2005-01-26
US20030070736A1 (en) 2003-04-17

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