WO2003022881A2 - Phänotyp bestimmende virulenzgene von pseudomonas aeruginosa zur kolonisation und persistenz in mensch, tier und pflanze, verwendungen der gene und zugehörigen proteine - Google Patents
Phänotyp bestimmende virulenzgene von pseudomonas aeruginosa zur kolonisation und persistenz in mensch, tier und pflanze, verwendungen der gene und zugehörigen proteine Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003022881A2 WO2003022881A2 PCT/DE2002/003393 DE0203393W WO03022881A2 WO 2003022881 A2 WO2003022881 A2 WO 2003022881A2 DE 0203393 W DE0203393 W DE 0203393W WO 03022881 A2 WO03022881 A2 WO 03022881A2
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
- C07K14/21—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Pseudomonadaceae (F)
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
- A61K2039/53—DNA (RNA) vaccination
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
Definitions
- the invention relates to newly identified sequences of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, uses of these new and known sequences of the above. Microorganism and associated antibodies and vaccines.
- the genus Pseudomonas contains rod-shaped, polar flagellated, gram-negative bacteria.
- the taxonomic classification is based on L5 based on the 16S rRNA sequences.
- P.aeruginosa is characterized by the production of various dyes that have given the bacterium its name.
- P.aeruginosa makes very little demands on the habitat and is able to adapt to a wide range by selectively regulating its gene expression
- the phenotype of the bacteria can vary between a mucoid and a non-mucoid variant, depending on the habitat requirements.
- the bacterium In its non-mucous form, the bacterium is flagellated and has a diverse .0 surface, so that it can open up new habitats.
- Mucous P.aeruginosa are unscathed and differ in many phenotypic features from the mobile variant. The most striking difference is the strong production of alginate. Presumably this glycocalyx becomes the stable one Adhesion of the bacteria to surfaces is imparted, thus securing the colony's hold against water currents or cilia movements of a populated epithelium. Furthermore, phagocytosis is made more difficult and the absorption of nutrients is facilitated (BOTZENHARDT & D ⁇ RING 1993; COSTERTON ET AL. 1987)
- P.aeruginosa only affects people when their immune system is generally or locally weakened.
- the most affected patient groups are premature babies and immunosuppressed people, as well as people suffering from diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), severe burns or malignancies.
- CF cystic fibrosis
- Due to its adaptability, its high antibiotic resistance and its low nutritional requirements, P.aeruginosa is also found in hospitals, where according to data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (USA) it is one of the main causative agents of nosocomial diseases with a share of 10.1% (BRAVENY, KRUMP-SCHMIDT 1985; POLLAK 1985; HORAN 1986).
- P.aeruginosa During tissue colonization and invasion into epithelial cells, P.aeruginosa produces a variety of virulence determinants. These include two toxic proteins, exotoxin A and exoenzyme S, which trigger cell death after being absorbed into eukaryotic cells.
- Various proteases elastase, alkaline protease, LasA fragment
- P.aeruginosa also secretes heat-stable cytotoxins with detergent-like properties, so-called rhamnolipids, which due to their chemical structure can neither be decomposed by host proteases nor induce an immune response.
- Much of the expression of the pathogenicity factors of P.aeruginosa is regulated in a growth-dependent manner using quorum sensing (DEKIEVIT & IGLEWSKI 2000; STOREY ET AL. 1998).
- the aim of an immunization must be an immune response that the bacteria cannot escape by changing their surface proteins, as they do, for example, in the formation of a biofilm or in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. If this is possible, the vaccination strategy would not make sense, since it would not lead to the elimination of the bacteria, but only to a selection of a certain group of bacteria.
- bacteria are organisms that adapt to given environmental stimuli. The development of vaccines against bacteria is therefore very difficult, since it cannot be reliably demonstrated without a function prediction whether a special surface protein is indispensable for an infection or not.
- the invention is based on the knowledge that different genes, which are very different from one another, are involved in the virulence potential of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganisms via their gene products and are independent, but partially complementary and potentiating virulence factors.
- Genes found within the scope of this invention partly have completely different functions and are also located at completely different locations in the genome of the microorganism. Their impact on virulence was unpredictable. On off- switch "one or more of these genes affects the virulence up to the complete harmlessness of the microorganism.
- the invention therefore includes:
- PA1441, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591, PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and / or PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa designated according to the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Community Anno-
- Nucleic acid sequences according to Seq. ID 1, 2 or 3, or the respective associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa-e gene proteins which are all essential for the survivability of the microorganism in humans or animals, as targets for the development of diagnostics for identifying the virulence of a PseU-LO domonas aeruginosa strain , for the development of therapeutic agents against
- PA1104 L5 and / or PA1452 can also be used.
- Proteins which can be used also include proteins or protein fragments of the proteins and homologous variants which are homologous to these, in particular those with deletion, insertion or exchange of individual and / or several amino acids,
- PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa designated according to the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Community Annotation Project, or the nucleic acid sequences according to Seq. ID 1, 2 or 3 encoded protein or at least one functional fragment
- one of the aforementioned proteins are directed for use in determining the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa siamese. 5.
- Vaccine containing at least one of the nucleic acid sequences PA0740, PA1104, PA1288, PA1322, PA1441, PA1452, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591, PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated according to the nomenclature of Pseudomonas pseudomonas pseudomonas Community Annotation Project, or the nucleic acid sequences according to Seq. ID 1, 2 or 3 encoded protein or at least one functional fragment of one of the aforementioned proteins, or at least one fusion protein based on the protein or functional part of the protein and
- L5 ID 1, 2 or 3 in modified modification readable in mammalian cells and in
- the genes with the associated promoter can be ligated into a plasmid. Furthermore, customary additives and
- adjuvants and in particular at least one adjuvant can be contained in the vaccine.
- Seq. ID 1 Seq. ID 2 and Seq. ID 3 is the following newly identified gene sequences:
- This DNA sequence is crucial for both intracellular survival and quorum sensing of P. aeruginosa. This sequence is not present in all but in most pathogenic P. aeruginosa isolates. Destruction of this sequence or of the gene product encoded by it leads to the quorum sensing being switched off and thus to a reduction in
- This ORF codes for a protein that is essential for the function of the quorum sensor.
- D8A6 The transposon insertion in D8A6 prevented the production and release of homoserine lactones (the messenger molecules of the quorum sensing). It is therefore no longer possible to express a pathogenic phenotype.
- the high level of conservation of the proteins encoded by the D8A6 homologous sequences allows regulation of the expression of pathogenicity factors across species boundaries.
- D8A6 / CB31 is one of the sequences necessary for stable co-colonization in the lungs of a CF patient (here between P. aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia). These stable, multiple colonizations very often lead to a rapid and fatal deterioration in the health of the affected patients.
- PA1441 gene can be replaced or combined for the purposes of the invention with the use of the PA1452 and / or PA1104 genes, since these genes interact in their function (see PA1441).
- P.aeruginosa mutants were examined for their survivability in neutrophilic granulocytes.
- the genes identified are for P.aeruginosa is essential to survive contact with these cells. Bacteria that lack these genes can therefore be more easily killed by a cellular immune response.
- some of the striking P.aeruginosa mutants also showed an increased sensitivity to the complement system of the blood serum.
- Virulence is classified in the context of this invention in the following way:
- these proteins can also serve as markers for an assessment of the pathogenic potential of a P. aeruginosa.
- the genes according to the invention were identified with the aid of transposon mutagenesis. First, a mutant library was created and it was determined whether the respective mutants were still virulent or not.
- transposon mutagenesis a transposon is introduced into a cell using a suitable vector system and integrated into the genome.
- the genomic DNA sequence is cut with a single-strand overhang by means of a transposase and the transposon is integrated with smooth ends.
- a DNA polymerase fills the resulting gaps so that the DNA sequence is duplicated to the left and right of the transposon insertion.
- the insertion is sequence-independent with a sequence duplication of 9-12 bp. The insertion takes place in one
- a gene is switched off and marked at the same time. If a phenotypic change occurs as a result of this loss, the mutant in question can be selected.
- the surrounding DNA region can be sequenced on the basis of the known transposon sequence.
- a mini Tn5 derivative in the vector pTnMod-OGm was used for irreversible transposon mutagenesis (DENNIS & ZYLSTRA 1998).
- the origin of replication oriR PMB1 lies in the mini-transposon, so that after the genomic insertion, the remaining plasmid can no longer be replicated with the transposase.
- pTnMod-OGm shown in Fig. 1.
- a gene switched off in this way is responsible for the expression of a particular phenotype, this can be done by comparing the original strain and the transposon mutant in a suitable differentiation approach. If the parent strain can survive a certain selection condition but the mutant cannot, the gene that is switched off is essential for survival under these selected conditions.
- the screening of the mutants can be facilitated using various known methods developed for this. These include the signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) method, the "in vivo expression technology (IVET) and methods using DNA chip technology
- the STM method is described in, for example
- Hensel M Shea JE, Gleeson C, Jones MD, Dalton E, Holden DW. Simultaneous identification of bacterial virulence genes by negative selection. (1995) Hensel M. Whole genome scan for habitat-specific genes by signature-tagged 25 mutagenesis. (1998)
- EMT In Vivo expression technology
- the use of DNA chip technology requires that the genome of the organism to be examined is completely sequenced. Under this condition, it is possible to construct a DNA chip on which the sequences of all putative ORFs are fixed. If this organism becomes the
- an expression profile of the entire genome can be created under the selected growth conditions by hybridization with the DNA chip.
- the respective promoter region of the identified gene was sequentially overlapped on both DNA strands. If additional sequence variants were found in the DNA sequence of the gene hit, which caused an amino acid exchange of the encoded protein, the gene was used
- sequence variants contains the respective amino acid substitutions in the protein (the first letter stands for the PAO sequence, the second for the one found in P.aeruginosa TB) " * " Means that the gene was not fully sequenced due to its length. Further sequence variants in the DNA sequence of this gene are therefore possible. The number in brackets indicates the number of non-coding nucleotide substitutions, the specification after the abbreviation "P "stands for the mutations in the promotor area.
- Viability in AB serum divided by viability in granulocytes. The value indicates by how much the corresponding transposon mutant survived better in the AB serum than phagocytized in granulocytes. P.aeruginosa - mutants whose intracellular survival is impaired thus receive values that are significantly greater than one. Bacteria that are serum sensitive, in
- Quorum Sensing Enhances further properties Enhanced protease secretion
- Lactonase function previously thought to be: ß-lactamase
- PA0740 All genes in the vicinity of PA0740 are encoded on the other strand of DNA. PA0740 itself has a typical promoter and terminator structure. Cis effects can therefore be excluded.
- PA0740 is not a ß-lactamase, but a homoserine lactonase, which is necessary for P aeruginosa to cultivate the homoserine lactones that occur when switching to the stationary growth phase. (A substrate from the class of ⁇ -lactams could not be found for PA0740.) If one takes into account the homology to the ⁇ -lactamases, whose function lies in the cleavage of the ring system of the ⁇ -lactam antibiotics, it can be assumed that PA0740 is a homoserine lactonase which catalyzes a first step in the degradation of the homoserine lactones by cleavage of their ring structure. Switching off this gene results in a significant increase in the concentration of homoserine lactones in the medium and thus an increased reaction of the bacteria to this signal, e.g. a significantly increased secretion of proteases.
- Length: 1275 bp 425 ace.
- the main stress that phagocytosed bacteria in granulocytes are exposed to is oxidative.
- a corresponding transposon mutant 14C5 was spread on LB agar with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and incubated at 37 ° C. for 16 hours. The stress exerted on the bacteria therefore did not last over the entire incubation period, but only worked initially for a relatively short time. If the P.aeruginosa were not killed in this initial phase, they could subsequently grow undisturbed.
- FadL transports long-chain fatty acids through the outer cell membrane.
- a second enzyme fatty acid acyl-CoA synthetase (FACS)
- FACS fatty acid acyl-CoA synthetase
- FadL determines the specificity of the recording, FACS makes the recording process irreversible (DiRusso CC, BLACK PN.1999).
- the structure of FadL corresponds to a ⁇ -barrel made of 20 antiparallel strands, the 5 amino acid sequence of which determine the specificity of the channel thus formed. FadL is primarily expressed during the stationary growth phase of E. coli.
- FadL Bacteria in which FadL was switched off through mutation, show only a slight change in the protein composition in the transition from the logarithmic to stationary phase and survive only for a short time with limited-L o nutrients (FAREWELL A et al. 1996).
- OmpP1 is a protein in the outer cell membrane of Haemophilus influenzae. (BOLDUC GR 2000). There are different variants of this L5 protein in H. influenzae. The protein is expressed during infection of a host organism and its expression is not downregulated even in the case of a specific immune response against its external epitopes. In principle, OmpP1 is suitable for immunization against H. influenzae.
- PA1288 codes for a protein whose structure corresponds to that of a ⁇ -barrel.
- the specificity of the channel formed in this way remains unknown, presumably the recognized substrate is hydrophobic (aliphatic or aromatic).
- the orthologic genes described in the literature it can be assumed that the corresponding substrate within the bacterium is activated and metabolized with coenzyme A (e.g. ⁇ -oxidation).
- FadL transports long-chain fatty acids in E.coli through the outer cell membrane. With external stress (high growth density or incubation at 42 ° C) the expression of this gene is significantly increased. Switching off fadL means that the bacteria can no longer switch from logarithmic growth to the stationary phase. Hunger phases are also poorly survived by these mutants. In Haemophilus influenzae an appropriate orthologic gene is necessary for the infection.
- the knockout of PA1288 could thus block the synthesis of AHL in P. aeruginosa.
- the transposon mutants were no longer able to respond appropriately to various types of external stress: intracellularly in granulocytes, the bacteria could not survive the oxidative stress, and when examining quorum sensing, increased production of homoserine lactones was the appropriate response to stress due to high growth density, no longer observable. This is comparable to the reaction of E.coli to switching off fadL
- the switch to the conditions of the stationary phase also upregulates mechanisms to ward off external stress.
- bacteria from this growth phase were transferred to the granulocytes. If the transposon mutants with an insertion in PA1288 did not change to the conditions of the stationary phase, which is indicated by the low production of pyoverdin and homoserine lactones, they were opposite Stress much more susceptible and could not survive in the granulocytes. This coincides with the finding that P.aeruginosa has much stronger defense mechanisms against a host's immune response in the stationary phase than in its logarithmic growth phase.
- TonB is a secreted protein that binds iron from the surrounding medium with high affinity and delivers P.aeruginosa. If TonB is switched off in P.aeruginosa PAO, pyoverdin and pyochelin are no longer produced. In contrast to the wild type, P.aeruginosa PAO mutants with a defect in tonB are no longer able to lethally damage or even survive immunosuppressed mice. TonB-dependent iron absorption is therefore essential for P.aeruginosa to infect a host (TAKASE H ET AL. 2000)
- Length 1284 bp 427 ace.
- PA1452 flhA
- PA1104 flil
- flagella The structure of flagella was examined in detail using the example of S.typhimurium and E.coli. The genes necessary for the synthesis of the flagella are then arranged in three large neighboring operons. The next operon is only read after all proteins that are encoded in an operon have been completely synthesized and incorporated into the resulting flagellum according to their function.
- fliK is the last gene of the second operon, with which the basal plate of the flagellum is completely built.
- FliK has at least two functions in S.typhimurium. On the one hand, it specifies the specificity of the central channel of the basal plate and regulates whether proteins for the hook of the flagellum or the flagellin itself are exported (MACNAB 1992).
- operon structure can also be found in P.aeruginosa.
- the last gene of the second operon ⁇ fliK) is separated from the rest of the operon by an insertion of 372 kBp, which now ends with fliJ.
- fliK itself lies directly in front of the 3rd operon for flagell synthesis, but is separated from it by a clear termination loop.
- Flil and FlhA together with FliK are necessary components of the flagella export system.
- FlhA is a structural component, while Flil enables the export of the respective proteins while using ATP (MINAMINO, MACNAB, 1999).
- ATP MINAMINO, MACNAB, 1999.
- the location of FliK, Flil and FlhA in the flagellum is shown in Fig. 2.
- Figure 2 shows the secretion system of P aeruginosa. The affected genes are marked in dark gray in the figure. All three genes addressed here are necessary for the secretion of pathogenicity factors by the flagellum. All have been shown to be necessary for the intracellular survival of P aeruginosa.
- the flagellins of fixed bacteria P.aeruginosa TB ⁇ , P.aeruginosa PA1441- knock out and E.coli DH5 ⁇ or DH5a with a specific anti-flagellin - Antibodies (against flagellin type b) detected.
- FlhA mutants have no flagella, flil mutants have functional flagella in principle, but these are not firmly integrated in the membrane and are quickly lost together with the connected export system.
- PA1441 is essential for the motility of P.aeruginosa. In contrast to E.coli and S.typhimurium, however, a shortened flagellum continues to build up when the gene is switched off. In P.aeruginosa, fliK is separated from the rest of the second operon for flagella synthesis by a large insertion. The decrease in intracellular survivability of P. aeruginosa by switching off genes PA1104, PA1441 and PA1452 suggests that the flagella export system is essential for the survival of the bacteria in phagocytes.
- Quorum Sensing reduced production from Autoinducem further properties: reduced protease secretion
- Length 1146 bp 382 ace.
- Length 1694 bp 565 aces. Influence on neighboring genes
- PA1992 is the last gene of a possible polycistronic gene cassette. This closes without a termination loop, but the genes on the opposite strand are encoded on the following 8 kB. An ice effect of transposon insertion is therefore unlikely.
- PA1976 is a bit longer, but has some very homologous areas.
- the second paralogic gene is PA3271. Both genes are functionally classified as 2-component sensors. No further information on the function of PA1992 or flhS is available in the databases.
- the mutant 14B2 mostly showed a survival rate that was clearly above that of the average.
- the results of the invasiveness tests with epithelial cells were particularly striking (Section 3.5.1.).
- the transposon mutant showed a significantly higher adherence and a 10-20 times higher invasiveness in epithelial cells than the wild type.
- PA1992 is a histidine kinase. This structural motif indicates a function as a regulator in a signal cascade. Switching off the PA1992 gene increased the adherence and invasiveness in epithelial cells by at least a factor of 10. The genomic environment does not allow for an ice effect. The phenotypic changes are therefore directly attributable to the switching off of the PA1992 gene.
- PA2591 There is a possible termination loop behind PA2591. However, this structure is not particularly pronounced.
- PA2590 and PA2589 both hypothetical ORFs may therefore also be transcribed by the RNA polymerase.
- the identified gene PA2591 belongs to the family of LuxR regulators, e.g. also Vfr, a well-known regulator of quorum sensing. Heard of all gram negative bacteria whose quorum sensing has been studied so far
- the function prediction obtained from the PAO database is: DNA replication, recombination, modification and repair further investigations
- PA4621 There is no termination structure behind PA4621.
- PA4620 (4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase)
- PA4619 membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase cytochrome c subunit
- PA4618 unknown function
- the mutant with an insertion in PA4621 was characterized by a defect in the quorum sensing and a reduced survivability in AB serum, which made it stand out in the selection experiments with granulocytes. The latter is due to an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress in the phagosomes.
- the information in the databases about the switched-off gene does not contain any information about a possible substrate or further test results for the encoded protein.
- pilQ Function Possible oxidoreductase Structural features / homologies: Necessary to build up type IV
- Influence on neighboring genes pilQ is the last gene of the polycistronic gene cassette pilMNOPQ. Immediately afterwards, other genes are encoded without obvious termination structures, which have a function in amino acid metabolism (aromatic amino acids) or in heme synthesis.
- the mutant transposon in which the transposon was inserted into the pilQ gene (PA1322), has a significantly increased serum stability.
- PilQ is a
- the high survival rate of pilQ transposon mutants is primarily due to increased resistance to blood serum.
- the genes for amino acid or heme synthesis that may be read together with pilQ from RNA polymerases have no decisive influence on the serum stability of bacteria. The observed changes in the phenotype are therefore due to the lack of the corresponding gene product. Switching off PilQ seems to compensate for an increased production of
- PA5349 code for various enzymes of carbon catabolism.
- PA5350 and PA5351 for two rubredoxin ORFs the gene following PA5349 (PA5348) codes for a possible DNA-binding protein, which (in the databases) is assigned a function in DNA replication, modification, recombination or repair , All of these genes (from PA5355 to 5347) are presumably read in one go by the RNA polymerase. Further information
- Rubredoxin reductase is a flavoprotein oxidoreductase. It works together with rubredoxin and thus oxidizes aliphatic hydrocarbons with oxygen to the corresponding carboxylic acid, which can then be further metabolized by other enzymes. However, rubredoxin reductase also has another function: In some anaerobic bacteria, it also acts as a protection against oxidative stress (LUMPPIO HL ET AL., 2001). Rubredoxin and rubredoxin reductase can also be an important protection against oxidative stress in bacteria with an aerobic metabolism. So you can e.g. replace the superoxide dismutase in E.coli (PIANZZOLA MJ ET AL. 1996).
- the mutant was also checked for its sensitivity to peroxides with a transposon insertion in PA5349. This mutant was also characterized by a significantly reduced resistance to oxidative stress.
- the transposon mutant with an insertion in PA5349 showed a significantly reduced survivability in the incubation with granulocytes. Similar to other mutants with a defect in the helicase, this can be directly attributed to a reduced resistance to oxidative stress based on the results of the incubation on peroxide-containing medium. It is known that in P.aeruginosa resistance to hydrogen peroxide in the stationary phase involves at least two superoxide dismutases and one catalase (HASSETT DJ ET AL. 1999). Rubredoxin reductase, which is functionally very similar, could also be classified in this category. The detoxification of Oxygen is of crucial importance for P.aeruginosa.
- the failure of one of the detoxification mechanisms may be the reason why the phagocytosed mutants with a defect in PA5349 can no longer survive intracellularly in granulocytes. Furthermore, the mutant produced no homoserine lactones when inserted in PA5349.
- the rubredoxin reductase is presumably necessary in order to oxidize aliphatic hydrophobic compounds in such a way that they can be processed in the fatty acid metabolism.
- the failure of this enzyme could influence the synthesis of aliphatic homoserine lactones, since no or only a few aliphatic side chains for AHL synthesis are present in the mutants due to the knockout (see also PA1288) PA5415 Phenotypic properties
- Quorum Sensing no production of short-chain AHL, only very little production of long-chain AHL. further properties: protease secretion not switched off
- PA5415 there are at least 4 different options behind PA5415 to form termination structures. It is possible that these are protein binding sites through which the transcription and translation of the following genes (sarcosine oxidase and proteins of the C metabolism) can be regulated.
- S-adenosylmethionine is not only an internal reservoir for C1 metabolism, but also for the production of homoserine lactones. Switching off the serine hydroxymethyltransferase may lead to a reduction in the concentration of available S-adenosylmethionine and thus to a lack of homoserine to build up the autoinducers.
- Seq. ID 1 S-adenosylmethionine is not only an internal reservoir for C1 metabolism, but also for the production of homoserine lactones. Switching off the serine hydroxymethyltransferase may lead to a reduction in the concentration of available S-adenosylmethionine and thus to a lack of homoserine to build up the autoinducers.
- the unknown sequence is not clone-specific DNA from P.aeruginosa TB, since it also occurs in two isolates of clone C (P.aeruginosa SG17M and CSGB8).
- a transposon insertion in this area which does not exist in P.aeruginosa PAO, completely switched off the quorum sensing of P.aeruginosa TB. This means that the quorum sensing in these bacteria is sometimes regulated differently.
- the unknown DNA sequence at least in a subpopulation of P.aeruginosa - encodes additional decisive factors for the expression of the quorum sensing, which are not found in studies of the genetic reference strain PAO.
- Seq. ID 1 Summary As with Seq. ID 1 is also this unknown sequence not a clone-specific DNA of P.aeruginosa TB, since it also occurs in other isolates. A transposon insertion in this area, which does not exist in P.aeruginosa PAO, completely switched off the quorum sensing of P.aeruginosa TB. This is a further indication that the quorum sensing of P.aeruginosa TB - and possibly also of other P.aeruginosa isolates - is regulated by additional factors that are unknown from the studies in PAO. Seq. ID 3
- Seq. ID 3 shows an 80% identity at nucleotide level to Seq. ID 2, in contrast, represents the sequence of the complete gene. This is an example from a gene family that is present in more than 60% of all P. aeruginosa isolates and in many other gram-negative bacteria, but is missing in the sequenced strain PAO. The members of this gene family have a similarity of approx. 80% to each other at the nucleotide level, and usually much higher at the protein level.
- the inventors examined more than 1000 transposon mutants for their intracellular survivability in granulocytes. Those P.aeruginosa mutants with the clearest phenotypic deviations were collected and examined again. The most striking of the bacteria thus confirmed in their phenotypic deviation was more precisely differentiated and quantified, to what extent the measured low survival rates can be attributed to low survivability in granulocytes and what proportion a sensitivity to blood serum has to the measured effect. Furthermore, the identified transposon mutants were examined for their invasiveness in epithelial cells. It was shown that the intracellular survivability in granulocytes and the invasiveness of a bacterium in epithelial cells are phenotypic properties that are not related to each other. The sequencing of the flanking DNA regions of the genomically inserted transposons showed that in most P.aeruginosa TB transposon mutants which had not survived the selection experiment, genes which also occur in the P.aeruginosa PAO genome were switched off.
- mutant transposons whose sensitivity to blood serum was changed, the cause appears to be a modification in the composition of the extracellular matrix or the structure of the outer cell membrane.
- the reasons for the reduced survivability in granulocytes can be traced back to defects in the defense against oxidative stress or the repair of oxidative damage to the DNA.
- genes of the flagella export system were found, the switching off of which on the one hand interfered with the flagellar build-up, but on the other hand also greatly reduced the intracellular survivability in granulocytes and the invasiveness in epithelial cells. This is due to the dual function of this export system. In addition to its function for the orderly building of flagella, it is also required for the secretion of pathogenicity factors that enable P. aeruginosa to survive intracellularly.
- the functionality of the quorum sensing was investigated by incubating the P.aeruginosa transposon mutants with an E. coli detector strain.
- the latter carried a plasmid on which a luciferase was coded behind a promoter to which an RNA polymerase could only bind in the presence of homoserine lactones.
- each individual mutant was examined separately in microtiter plates.
- the identified transposon mutants with a clear defect in the production of long and short chain aliphatic homoserine lactones (AHL) were found on two newly developed selection media investigated their protease activity. As was to be expected, there was a clear connection between the production of AHL and the secretion of proteases.
- a protein which has structural similarities to a ⁇ -lactamase and whose inactivation increases the amount of free homoserine lactones in the stationary growth phase and thus has the function of a homoserine lactonase.
- transposon insertions were found in two further DNA sequences which are not known from the sequencing of P.aeruginosa PAO, but which are not clone-specific DNA of the TB strain, but were also found in other P. aeruginosa isolates. With one exception, all of the genes found had not previously been assigned to quorum sensing. This indicates that the existing regulatory model for the production of AHL is very incomplete.
- DH5 F, ⁇ 80, m80 / acZ ⁇ M1S, A (lacYZA-argF) w ⁇ , recA1, endA1, hsdRU
- HB101 P, leuB6, proA2, recA13, thi-1, ara-14, lacY1, galK2, xyl-5, mtl-1,
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa TB serotype: 4
- Phage lysotype F8, M4, PS2, PS24, PS31, 352, 46b / 2, 1214, Col21, F7, F10, PS21, PS73 A plasmid could not be detected.
- the vector pTnMod-OGm was first described by DENNIS & ZYLSTRA (1998). It is a so-called plasposon with a mini-Th ⁇ (with a 30 gentamicin resistance) and an or / TRP4 for conjugative transfer. During the transposition, the transposase remains on the plasmid. In addition, the transposed sequence in pTnMod-OGm also includes the origin of replication of the plasmid. This means that the residual plasmid can no longer be replicated after transposition and is therefore lost. The replication used Origin oriR pMB1 can also be stably expressed in most E. coli strains, but not in P.aeruginosa.
- Another advantage of this vector lies in the fact that a renewed mobilization of the flanking areas of the inserted mini-transposon is possible as a plasmid (plasmid rescue).
- the plasmid is therefore suitable for generating mutants with specific signal sequences.
- pRK2013 pRK2013 is a so-called helper plasmid. It codes for all genes that are necessary for conjugation (tra and mob). It can be used to mobilize other plasmids that have an RP4 oriT, even if the donor strain itself does not have the genes necessary for conjugation (FIGURSKI D & HELINSKI D 1979).
- the most widely used culture medium for growing bacteria was Luria-Bertiani- (LB-)
- LB agar with an appropriate antibiotic additive served as a storable culture or for selection.
- a mobilizable plasmid is transferred from a donor strain which is itself not capable of conjugation to an acceptor strain with the aid of a helper strain which has the genes necessary for conjugation. It is only important here that the acceptor does not have a functioning restriction system.
- P.aeruginosa TB was incubated for 5-7 days on blood agar at 42 ° C and inoculated daily.
- Donor strain E.coli DH5 ⁇ (with pTnMod-OGm) and helper strain E.coli HB101 (with pRK2013) were streaked on the day before the conjugation on LB agar with appropriate antibiotic addition.
- the bacteria were resuspended in 10 mM MgSO 4 and adjusted to a density of 1.0 OD. Suspensions of donor, helper and acceptor were mixed in a ratio of 10: 10: 1 and plated on an LB agar plate. After incubation at 37 ° C for several hours, the bacteria were resuspended and aliquots were plated onto M9 (glycerol) agar plates with gentamicin added. Positive transposon mutants were transferred to a new M9 (glycerol) agar plate with gentamicin after about 2 days of incubation (37 ° C.).
- the plates were stored at 4 ° C for about 1 month before the P.aeruginosa mutants were subjected to further experiments or were frozen at -80 ° C. This storage was necessary in order to separate the transferred E. coli, which hardly grow with the carbon source glycerol, but can still survive, from the P.aeruginosa mutants. The E.coli were unable to survive such a long period of hunger.
- P. aeruginosa genomic DNA was prepared using a method specially developed for Gram-negative bacteria (CHEN & Kuo 1993). The DNA processed in this way was used as a template in PCR or for the production of Southern blots. Investigation of the P.aeruginosa transposon mutants phagocytosis test
- the generated P.aeruginosa TB - transposon mutants were tested for their intra-intranulocytic survivability.
- granulocytes were freshly prepared from blood and incubated with P.aeruginosa transposon mutants.
- the granulocytes were separated from the extracellular bacteria by washing and filtering and then lysed, so that the fraction of the intracellular, viable P. aeruginosa became available for further analyzes.
- FIG. 3 shows the scheme of the selection method for determining the intracellular survivability in granulocytes of P.aeruginosa TB transposon mutants.
- a control batch started in parallel, the bacteria grew without external selection 2 -10 8 bacteria in RPMI 1640. After the incubation period, the extracellular bacteria were separated from the intracellular bacteria by repeated washing, centrifuging and filtering. The granulocytes were lysed and the genomic DNA was prepared from the surviving bacteria after incubation on full medium for several hours. The DNA was prepared accordingly from an aliquot of the control batch.
- the principle of the test method is to incubate the P.aeruginosa mutants together with an E. coli detector strain which has an episomally encoded luciferase which is only expressed in the presence of aliphatic homoserine lactones.
- the transposon mutants were inoculated in microtiter plates and incubated at 37 ° C.
- the detector strain carrying the sensor plasmid was in LB + Tetracy- clin up to a density of OD 0.3 - 0.4 and an equal volume of it was added to each P.aeruginosa transposon mutant.
- the striking mutants found in this study were then checked again in a second experiment on LB agar (1) together with the detector stem as a cross.
- the first steps for the quantitative determination of the invasiveness of P.aeruginosa strains are similar to those in the chapter above.
- the treatment of the bacteria and epithelial cells corresponds to the above. Protocol.
- the epithelial cells were incubated with a 100-fold excess of bacteria for a time to be determined experimentally.
- the epithelial cells were washed three times with RPMI1640 to separate the bacteria in the supernatant and for 120 Incubated min with RPMI1640 +100 ⁇ g / ml polymyxin B (37 ° C, 5% CO 2 ) to kill the adherent extracellular bacteria.
- the cells were then washed twice again with RPMI1640 and incubated with saponin solution (50 mg / ml) for 5-10 min to release the intracellular bacteria. Aliquots of this lysate and their dilutions were streaked on LB agar, incubated overnight at 37 ° C. and the number of live bacteria was determined.
- the flagellin was detected in accordance with the Tropix protocol, which can generally be used for immunological detections.
- a rabbit AK against flagellin type b (Montie T, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville) was used as the primary antibody.
- P.aeruginosa from a culture incubated overnight at 37 ° C. were killed by adding formaldehyde (final concentration 1%) and on a Fixed mica matrix.
- the staining was done with 5 mM uranyl acetate (pH 7.0), which acted on the bacteria for 5 min. After washing twice with dist.
- the preparation was dried with water and fixed on a copper support. (The electron microscopic examination was carried out at the GBF by Dr. M. Rohde)
- the P.aeruginosa transposon mutants were inoculated separately in microtiter plates from frozen glycerol cultures and incubated at 37 ° C. overnight. 48 transposon mutants each with different signal sequences were combined and examined for their survivability in granulocytes in a phagocytosis test. Each group of 48 mutants was subjected to two independent experiments.
- the bacteria selected and unselected samples were resuspended in 10 mM MgSO 4 and exposed to the selection conditions a second time. (The controls were accordingly only suspended in RPMI1640.) The bacteria spread on LB agar were incubated at 37 ° C. overnight. Only after this second selection was the genomic DNA of the surviving bacteria isolated.
- the signal sequences of the transposons were then amplified from these DNA solutions using PCR.
- the signal sequences thus obtained were digested with Hind ⁇ restriction and the specific 40 bp sequences were purified by gel filtration (Sephadex G-100).
- the purified 40 bp sequences were analyzed using a
- the signal sequences of the donor plasmids were amplified by means of PCR and fixed on membranes as dot blots.
- the 3 'end-marked signal sequences from the phagocytosis test were hybridized to these prepared blots at 65 ° C. (16 h).
- the frequency of the individual signal sequences was determined by a light reaction.
- the X-ray films obtained were scanned and the blackening (od / mm 2 ) of the individual dots. The results were evaluated in MS Excel.
- Plasmid rescue is a procedure to convert the flanking DNA of an inserted plasposon into episomally stable plasmids.
- the genomic DNA of a transposon mutant was digested with a restriction endonuclease and the resulting fragments were converted into ring structures in a self-ligation. Only the genomic sequence in which the plasposon was integrated had an origin of replication and an antibiotic cassette and could be stably expressed on an appropriate selection medium after transformation into E. coli. These plasmids were then used to sequence the flanking genomic DNA sections of the inserted transposon.
- the genomic P.aeruginosa DNA was digested with Pst ⁇ or ⁇ c / l / SamHI and the DNA was purified by phenol / chloroform extraction with subsequent ethanol precipitation.
- the digested genomic DNA was incubated with T4 ligase.
- the ligation batches were concentrated in a vacuum concentrator and transformed into E. coli.
- the flanking DNA sequence of the transposon insertion was determined from the plasmids obtained in this way by sequencing.
- HASSETT D., MA, J.F., ELKINS, J.G., Mc DERMOTT, T.R., OCHSNER, U.A., WEST, 5 S.E., HUANG, CT., FREDERICKS, J., BURNETT, S., STEWART, P.S., MCFETERS,
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US10/489,427 US20060008477A1 (en) | 2001-09-13 | 2002-09-12 | Phenotype-determining virulence genes of pseudomonas aeruginosa for colonization and persistence in human beings, animals and plants, uses of said gene and associated proteins |
DE10294091T DE10294091D2 (de) | 2001-09-13 | 2002-09-12 | Phänotyp bestimmende Virulenzgene von Pseudomonas aeruginosa zur Kolonisation und Persistenz in Mensch, Tier und Pflanze, Verwendungen der Gene und zugehörigen Proteine |
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WO1993000358A1 (en) * | 1991-06-25 | 1993-01-07 | S.P.I. Synthetic Peptides Incorporated | Pseudomonas exoenzyme s peptide composition and method |
WO2000033872A2 (en) * | 1998-11-25 | 2000-06-15 | Mcw Research Foundation, Inc. | Method of and compositions for immunization with the pseudomonas v antigen |
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WO1993000358A1 (en) * | 1991-06-25 | 1993-01-07 | S.P.I. Synthetic Peptides Incorporated | Pseudomonas exoenzyme s peptide composition and method |
WO2000033872A2 (en) * | 1998-11-25 | 2000-06-15 | Mcw Research Foundation, Inc. | Method of and compositions for immunization with the pseudomonas v antigen |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
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DE KIEVIT TERESA R ET AL: "Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships." INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Bd. 68, Nr. 9, September 2000 (2000-09), Seiten 4839-4849, XP002228758 ISSN: 0019-9567 * |
STOREY DOUGLAS G ET AL: "Pseudomonas aeruginosa lasR transcription correlates with transcription of lasA, lasB and toxA in chronic lung infections associated with cystic fibrosis." INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Bd. 66, Nr. 6, Juni 1998 (1998-06), Seiten 2521-2528, XP002228759 ISSN: 0019-9567 * |
STOVER C K ET AL: "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen" NATURE, MACMILLAN JOURNALS LTD. LONDON, GB, Bd. 406, 31. August 2000 (2000-08-31), Seiten 959-964, XP002944689 ISSN: 0028-0836 * |
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WO2004057018A2 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2004-07-08 | University Of Geneva | Pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella virulence genes, proteins, and their use |
WO2004057018A3 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2004-09-02 | Univ Geneve | Pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella virulence genes, proteins, and their use |
US6974680B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2005-12-13 | University Of Geneva | Virulence genes, proteins, and their use |
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