WO2003003080A2 - Structure de support pour cable de fibres optiques - Google Patents

Structure de support pour cable de fibres optiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003003080A2
WO2003003080A2 PCT/GB2002/002986 GB0202986W WO03003080A2 WO 2003003080 A2 WO2003003080 A2 WO 2003003080A2 GB 0202986 W GB0202986 W GB 0202986W WO 03003080 A2 WO03003080 A2 WO 03003080A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
support structure
bore
groove
optical fibre
structure according
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2002/002986
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2003003080A3 (fr
Inventor
Darren Lee Martin
Original Assignee
Bookham Technology Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bookham Technology Plc filed Critical Bookham Technology Plc
Priority to AU2002311489A priority Critical patent/AU2002311489A1/en
Publication of WO2003003080A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003003080A2/fr
Publication of WO2003003080A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003003080A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/3628—Mechanical coupling means for mounting fibres to supporting carriers
    • G02B6/3648—Supporting carriers of a microbench type, i.e. with micromachined additional mechanical structures
    • G02B6/3652—Supporting carriers of a microbench type, i.e. with micromachined additional mechanical structures the additional structures being prepositioning mounting areas, allowing only movement in one dimension, e.g. grooves, trenches or vias in the microbench surface, i.e. self aligning supporting carriers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/30—Optical coupling means for use between fibre and thin-film device
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/3628—Mechanical coupling means for mounting fibres to supporting carriers
    • G02B6/3632—Mechanical coupling means for mounting fibres to supporting carriers characterised by the cross-sectional shape of the mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/3636—Mechanical coupling means for mounting fibres to supporting carriers characterised by the cross-sectional shape of the mechanical coupling means the mechanical coupling means being grooves

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a support structure for an optical fibre cable.
  • An optical fibre cable typically comprises a central optical fibre enclosed by a sheath comprising one or more layers of a plastics material.
  • the optical fibre itself has a central glass core surrounded by an outer optical cladding, the refractive indices of the core and the cladding being such that an optical signal transmitted through the core is retained therein by internal reflection at the core- cladding interface.
  • the sheath protects the optical fibre from damage and imparts flexibility to the optical fibre cable.
  • optical chip constructions are known for transmitting, amplifying, receiving and processing optical signals carried by optical fibres.
  • the optical chips may take the form of integrated optical chips, for instance based on a silicon substrate.
  • One such assembly is disclosed in WO00/02079 (Bookham Technology Limited/Yeandle), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • FIGURES 1 to 5 The assembly of WO00/02079 is shown in FIGURES 1 to 5.
  • the hermetically sealed environment is formed in an outer casing structure 2 which is formed from a material which is impervious to moisture.
  • a material which is impervious to moisture.
  • the outer casing structure 2 comprises a container part 2a and a lid part (not shown) which are adapted to be sealed together.
  • An integrated silicon optical chip 6 is mounted on a ceramic insulator 4 which in turn is secured to the base of the container part 2a.
  • Such an optical chip is called a silicon-on-insulator chip or SOI for short.
  • the container part 2a ordinarily includes electrically conducting pins for mounting the casing structure 2 to a printed circuit board and providing pathways for the conduction of electricity to and from the optical chip 6.
  • the container part 2a includes a tubular extension 2b having a lumen 3 to which is sealed a ferrule 8 through a seal 9.
  • the seal 9 may be formed by soldering or through use of an epoxy resin or a glass sealant material.
  • the ferrule 8 is a sleeve-like element having a lumen or bore 11.
  • the lumen has an entrance 7, an exit 13 and a stepped profile which gives the lumen an enlarged section 14 adjacent the exit 13.
  • the enlarged section 14 of the lumen 11 receives an insert 16 as a push-fit.
  • the insert 16 has a lumen 18 with a narrow diameter d 0 and a countersunk entrance 26.
  • the ferrule 8 and insert 16 are formed from materials which are impervious to moisture.
  • the ferrule 8 may be made from a metal and the insert 16 from a ceramic.
  • the construction of the ferrule 8 is such as to allow an optical fibre 12 of an optical fibre cable 10 to be coupled to the optical chip 6 (see FIGURE 1) whilst maintaining a hermetically sealed environment for the optical chip 6.
  • the construction of the optical fibre cable 10 is shown in FIGURE 3.
  • the optical fibre 12 of the cable 10 is constituted by a core 28 and an outer cladding 30 and has a diameter di.
  • the optical fibre 12 is enclosed in a protective jacket or sheath constituted by a pair of acrylic layers 32 and an outer protective buffer layer 34. This give the cable 10 a diameter d 3 .
  • the buffer layer 34 of the cable 10 is stripped from a front section L1 of the cable 10.
  • the acrylic layers 32 are then stripped from a front portion L2 of the front section L1 to expose the optical fibre 12 and a front end surface 43.
  • the acrylic layers 32 are left over a rear portion L3 of the front section L1 giving the rear portion L3 a diameter d 2 in-between the diameters between the front and rear portions L2, L3.
  • the diameter d 0 of the insert lumen 18 is chosen to closely match the diameter di of the optical fibre 12 so that the front portion L2 forms a close fit in the insert lumen 18.
  • the diameter of the ferrule lumen 11 is chosen to match the diameter d 3 of the optical fibre cable 10.
  • Seals are formed between the insert 16 and the ferrule 11 , on the one hand, and the optical fibre 12 and the insert lumen 18, on the other hand, by placing an epoxy adhesive on the step 35 prior to passing the optical fibre cable 10 through the ferrule 8.
  • the epoxy resin is drawn into the respective interfaces through capillary action.
  • the assembly of the ferrule 8 and the optical fibre cable 10 is then passed into the lumen 3 of the tubular extension 2b of the container part 2a.
  • the ferrule 8 is sealed to the lumen 3 and the optical fibre 12 projecting from the ferrule 8 coupled to the optical chip 6.
  • the optical fibre 12 extending between the ferrule 8 and the optical chip 6 is susceptible to damage due to the protective jacket 32, 34 having been stripped off to enable it to pass through the insert 16. Any damage inflicted to the exposed optical fibre 12 can lead to an impairment of its performance.
  • the central optical fibre 12 extending between the exit 13 of the ferrule 8 and the optical chip 6 with a new sheath 41 of diameter d 4 to decrease the risk of it being damaged, e.g. during further processing of this section of the optical fibre 12.
  • the new sheath 41 can be applied to the optical fibre 12 in a number of different ways. As an example there may be mentioned the following.
  • a fluid plastics material is injected into the mould cavity to surround the optical fibre 12 and then set to form the new sheath 41 about the optical fibre 12.
  • the plastics material is preferably set by curing with electromagnetic radiation, for example ultraviolet radiation.
  • the mould parts would then need to be transparent to the electromagnetic radiation.
  • the mould parts may be made from quartz.
  • the plastics material of the new sheath 41 is selected to provide similar properties as the original sheath material, namely protection and flexibility.
  • the new sheath 41 is preferably formed along the length of the section of the optical fibre 12 projecting from the ferrule 8, including the front end surface 43 thereof.
  • the front portion of the new sheath 41 covering the front end surface 43 of the optical fibre 12 is then stripped off for coupling of the exposed front end surface 43 of the optical fibre 12 to the optical chip 6.
  • the mould assembly may be such that the front end surface 43 of the optical fibre 12 is not re-sheathed to obviate the need for the additional stripping step.
  • the ferrule 8 is sealed in the tubular extension 2b of the container part 2a and the unsheathed front end surface 43 of the optical fibre 12 coupled to the optical chip 6.
  • the optical fibre cable 10 it might be necessary for the optical fibre cable 10 to be coupled to the optical chip 6 through a mounting block or connector when the optical fibre 12 needs to be optically coupled with an optical component at an edge of the optical chip 6.
  • the mounting block would be mounted to a side of the optical chip 6 to optically couple the optical fibre 12 carried by it to the optical component, e.g. an optical waveguide, typically of silicon oxide.
  • the present invention provides a support structure for an optical fibre cable having a longitudinal axis, an end surface and an end section comprising a front portion of a first diameter including the end surface and a rear portion of a second diameter greater than the first diameter (hereinafter an "optical fibre cable of the type defined").
  • a support structure for an optical fibre cable of the type defined having an outer surface, a groove in the outer surface for receiving the rear portion of the optical fibre cable end section and a bore having an inlet opening in the outer surface for receiving the front portion of the optical fibre cable end section.
  • the present invention provides an assembly comprising:- (a) an optical fibre cable having:- (i) a longitudinal axis, (ii) an end surface, and
  • an end section comprising a front portion of a first diameter including the end surface and a rear portion of a second diameter greater than the first diameter, the front portion extending coaxially from the rear portion; and (b) a support structure which has:-
  • an upper side having a forward edge, a rear edge, a forward section which extends rearwardly from the forward edge, a rear section which extends forwardly from the rear edge and an intermediate section connecting the forward and rear sections, (ii) a forward side at the forward edge, (iii) a rear side at the rear edge, (iv) a groove extending along the rear section forwardly from the rear edge to the interface of the rear and intermediate sections, and (v) a bore extending forwardly underneath the forward section from an inlet opening in the forward section to an outlet opening in the forward side; wherein the optical fibre cable is mounted to the support structure with:- • the rear portion of the optical fibre cable end section located in the groove such that the longitudinal axis of the cable in the rear portion is disposed at a first level, and • the front portion of the optical fibre cable end section located in the bore with the end surface being substantially co-terminus with, or spaced rearwardly of, the outlet opening; and wherein the bore has an axis which is located at a second
  • an assembly comprising an optical fibre cable of the type defined, a support structure of the type defined above or one which has a first channel having an outlet end in a side of the support structure and a second channel, the optical fibre cable being mounted to the support structure with the front portion of the optical fibre cable end section located in the first channel with the end surface being substantially co- terminus with, or spaced inwardly of, the outlet end and the rear portion of the optical fibre cable end section located in the second channel, and an optical device to which the side of the support structure is juxtaposed.
  • FIGURE 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a prior art assembly in which an optical fibre cable is mounted to an optical chip;
  • FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a ferrule forming part of the assembly shown in FIGURE 1 ;
  • FIGURE 3 is an end view of an optical fibre cable
  • FIGURE 4 is a side view of the optical fibre cable after it has been stripped for passage through the ferrule
  • FIGURE 5 is a cross-sectional side view of the stripped optical fibre cable mounted in the ferrule
  • FIGURE 6 is a view corresponding to FIGURE 5 showing a new sheath on the stripped optical fibre cable
  • FIGURE 7 is an exploded, perspective view of a connector in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIGURE 8 is a plan view of the connector of FIGURE 7;
  • FIGURE 9 is a sectional view of the connector along section IX-IX in
  • FIGURE 8
  • FIGURE 10 is a rear view of the connector in the direction of arrow A in FIGURE 8;
  • FIGURE 11 is a perspective view corresponding to FIGURE 7 with the connector assembled and supporting the re-sheathed end section of the optical fibre cable shown in FIGURE 6;
  • FIGURE 12 is a side view of the assembled connector;
  • FIGURE 13 is a scrap, front view of the connector taken along section XIII- XIII in FIGURE 12.
  • FIGURES 7 to 13 there is shown a connector 50 for connecting the front end surface 43 of the re-sheathed optical fibre 12 shown in FIGURE 6 to the optical chip 6 shown in FIGURE 1.
  • the connector 50 comprises a base part 51, preferably made of silicon, having a front side 53, a rear side 55 and an upper side
  • a first groove 63 is formed in the surface of the upper side 56 and extends forwardly from the edge 59 between the rear and upper sides 55, 56 to an inclined end face 65 positioned between the front and rear sides 53, 55.
  • the first groove 63 has a uniform cross-sectional shape and size along its length. More particularly, the first groove 63 has a pair of co-terminus tapered flanks 67a, 67b to give a generally V-shape cross section. This shape is achievable through chemical etching of silicon in a manner known per se in which the chemical etchant anisotropically etches along specific crystallographic planes to incline the flanks 67a, 67b at an angle of 54.74° to the upper side 56. Alternatively, the first groove 63 can be etched so that the flanks 67a, 67b are not co-terminus but bridged by a flat bottom surface.
  • the dimensions of the first groove 63 are preferably as follows:
  • a second V-shaped groove 73 is formed in the upper side 56 in the same manner as the first groove 63 and extends forwardly from the end face 65 of the first groove 63 to the front edge 57.
  • the second groove 73 is thus also of a uniform cross-sectional shape and size along its length.
  • second groove 73 are preferably as follows:
  • Width w2 at the surface of the upper side 56 of approximately 184 ⁇ m
  • first and second grooves 63, 73 are linearly formed and, more particularly, arranged so that the respective longitudinal axes are collinear when the base part 51 is viewed in plan.
  • the connector 50 further comprises a retainer part 75, preferably of silicon, having an underside 77 which, as will be understood from FIGURE 7, is to be secured to a forward section 69 of the upper side 56 of the base part 51 by epoxy resin adhesive sheets 79.
  • the retainer part 75 further has a front side 81 and a rear side 83, each having a mutual edge 85, 87 with the underside 77.
  • a third groove 89 is formed in the underside 77 of the retainer part 75 and extends linearly from the mutual edge 87 with the rear side 83 to the mutual edge 85 with the front side 81.
  • the third groove 89 is positioned on the underside 77 so that it registers with the second groove 73 when the retainer part 75 is seated on the forward section 69 of the upper side 56 of the base part 51.
  • the registration of the second and third grooves 73, 89 results in the formation of a bore 91 which has an inlet opening 93, facing towards the first groove 63, and an outlet opening 95 in a front side 97 of the connector 50 defined by the front sides 53, 81 of the assembled base and retainer parts 51 , 75.
  • the third groove 89 is formed in the same manner as the first and second grooves 63, 73 so that, as shown in FIGURE 7, the third groove 89 has tapered flanks 90a, 90b to give a uniform V-shape cross section of constant size along its length.
  • the shape and size of the third groove 89 corresponds to that of the second groove 73 so that the bore 91 has a polygonal cross section. That is to say, a diamond-shaped cross section when the tapered flanks 74a, 74b, 90a, 90b of the second and third grooves 73, 89 are co-terminus (FIGURES 10 and 13) or a hexagonal cross-sectional shape when the second and third grooves 73, 89 have flat bottom surfaces.
  • the width w1 of the first groove 63 is greater than the width w2 of the second and third grooves 73, 89, the width w1 of the first groove 63 is also greater than the diameter of the bore 91.
  • the retainer part 75 has a length 13 which is shorter than the length 12 of the second groove 73 whereby the inlet opening 93 of the bore 91 is spaced from the end face 65 of the first groove 63 by a distance d, preferably substantially 2mm.
  • the retainer part 75 is secured to the base part 51 through the adhesive sheets 79 so that the open-ended bore 91 is formed.
  • the first groove 63 and the bore 91 are sized so tha -
  • the unsheathed optical fibre 12 at the front end of the optical fibre cable 10 is able to be seated in the bore 91 with the front end surface 43 substantially co- planar with the front side 97 of the connector 50;
  • a generally S-shaped bend is able to be formed in the unsheathed optical fibre 12 between the first groove 63 and the bore 91.
  • the S-bend accommodates thermal expansion and contraction of the optical fibre 12.
  • the second and third grooves 73, 89 are preferably formed so that, in the resultant bore 91 , each of the respective flanks 74a, 74b, 90a, 90b makes a discrete point contact with the unsheathed optical fibre 12.
  • a four point contact is formed between the inner wall of the bore 91 and the unsheathed optical fibre 12, each contact point being generally equi-spaced about the circumference of the unsheathed optical fibre 12.
  • An adhesive such as an epoxy resin is used to secure the optical fibre 12 in the bore 91 to prevent displacement thereof.
  • the re-sheathed portion of the optical fibre 12 is retained in the first groove 63 by an epoxy tie 99, for example made from a thermally or ultraviolet curable epoxy resin.
  • the front side 97 of the connector 50 is polished. This results in the end face 43 of the optical fibre 12 also being polished flush with the front side 97 of the connector 50 and, as shown in FIGURE 12, an intimate interface 101 able to be produced between the front side 97 of the connector 50 and a side of the optical chip 6.
  • the interface 101 is bound by a suitable adhesive, such as an epoxy resin, and enables the front end surface 43 of the optical fibre 12 to be brought into juxtaposition with an optical component 6a of the optical chip 6.
  • the optical component 6a is a monolithic waveguide rib (e.g.
  • the optical component 6a could, of course, be different from a waveguide, e.g. a light source, such as a laser diode, or a device which produces photocurrent on impingement of light thereon, e.g. a photodiode.
  • a waveguide e.g. a light source, such as a laser diode, or a device which produces photocurrent on impingement of light thereon, e.g. a photodiode.
  • the second groove 73 might be spaced forwardly of the first groove 63.
  • the forward section 69 may be raised so that the bore 91 is at a higher level than the first groove 63.
  • the bore 91 could even be formed wholly in the retainer part 75 rather than being formed by the interface between the retainer part 75 and the base part 51. Where, in fact, the bore 91 is formed by the interface between the retainer part 75 and the base part 51 , the bore 91 could be formed solely by the provision of the second 73 or third groove 89.
  • the bore 91 would be formed by the surface of the forward section 69 and the third groove 89 or the surface of the underside 77 of the retainer part 75 and the second groove 73.
  • the bore 91 could also be formed by second and third grooves 73, 89 of dissimilar cross sections.
  • the connector 50 could be modified to support a plurality of optical fibres 12 emanating from individual optical fibre cables.
  • the connector 50 would have a plurality of bores 91 for each unsheathed optical fibre
  • the connector 50 could also be adapted to support an optical fibre ribbon cable having a sheathed body from which a plurality of optical fibres extend.
  • the individual fibres would be inserted into individual bores 91 while the sheathed body would be supported in an enlarged first groove 63, typically having a flat bottom.
  • the connector 50 could be an integrally formed body rather than a multi-part assembly. Manufacture of the connector 50, however, is made easier by assembling it from component parts 51 , 75. Finally, the outlet opening 95 of the bore 91 could be plugged with a material which is of substantially the same refractive index as the glass core 28 of the optical fibre 12. The front end surface 43 would then be held in the bore 91 rearward of the outlet opening 95 and optically coupled with the optical component 6a through the index-matching material. It will be further understood that the use of reference numerals from the FIGURES of drawings in the appended claims is purely for illustration and not to be taken as having a limiting effect on the scope of the claims.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Coupling Of Light Guides (AREA)
  • Light Guides In General And Applications Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur une structure de support (50) de câble de fibres optiques (10) ayant un axe longitudinal, une surface terminale (43) et une section terminale comprenant une partie avant (12) d'un premier diamètre (d1) incluant la surface terminale et une partie arrière (41) d'un second diamètre (d4) supérieur au premier. La structure de support comporte une surface externe formée d'une gorge (63) de façon à accueillir la partie arrière de la section terminale du câble et d'un alésage (91) comprenant un orifice d'admission (93) de façon à accueillir la partie avant de la section terminale du câble.
PCT/GB2002/002986 2001-06-29 2002-06-28 Structure de support pour cable de fibres optiques WO2003003080A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2002311489A AU2002311489A1 (en) 2001-06-29 2002-06-28 V-groove support structure for an optical fibre holder

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0116033.2 2001-06-29
GB0116033A GB0116033D0 (en) 2001-06-29 2001-06-29 A support structure for an optical fibre cable

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003003080A2 true WO2003003080A2 (fr) 2003-01-09
WO2003003080A3 WO2003003080A3 (fr) 2003-03-20

Family

ID=9917688

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2002/002986 WO2003003080A2 (fr) 2001-06-29 2002-06-28 Structure de support pour cable de fibres optiques

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2002311489A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB0116033D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003003080A2 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1528415A1 (fr) * 2003-10-27 2005-05-04 Furukawa Electric North America Inc. Connecteurs à fibres optiques et méthodes associées

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5671315A (en) * 1994-03-09 1997-09-23 Fujitsu Limited Optical parts fixing apparatus and method of manufacturing the same
EP0826996A1 (fr) * 1996-07-31 1998-03-04 Kyocera Corporation Organe de fixation pour éléments optiques et son procédé de fabrication
DE29724001U1 (de) * 1997-03-18 1999-09-02 Siemens Ag Hermetisch dichtes optisches Sendemodul
EP0947866A2 (fr) * 1998-03-31 1999-10-06 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Substrat de verre et méthode de moulage en deux étapes
EP1003057A2 (fr) * 1998-11-19 2000-05-24 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Support de fibre optique

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS62150208A (ja) * 1985-12-24 1987-07-04 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 偏波面保存光フアイバ−の接続方法

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5671315A (en) * 1994-03-09 1997-09-23 Fujitsu Limited Optical parts fixing apparatus and method of manufacturing the same
EP0826996A1 (fr) * 1996-07-31 1998-03-04 Kyocera Corporation Organe de fixation pour éléments optiques et son procédé de fabrication
DE29724001U1 (de) * 1997-03-18 1999-09-02 Siemens Ag Hermetisch dichtes optisches Sendemodul
EP0947866A2 (fr) * 1998-03-31 1999-10-06 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Substrat de verre et méthode de moulage en deux étapes
EP1003057A2 (fr) * 1998-11-19 2000-05-24 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Support de fibre optique

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 011, no. 383 (P-646), 15 December 1987 (1987-12-15) & JP 62 150208 A (MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD), 4 July 1987 (1987-07-04) *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1528415A1 (fr) * 2003-10-27 2005-05-04 Furukawa Electric North America Inc. Connecteurs à fibres optiques et méthodes associées

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0116033D0 (en) 2001-08-22
WO2003003080A3 (fr) 2003-03-20
AU2002311489A1 (en) 2003-03-03

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