WO2002098720A1 - Commande d'inclinaison d'une structure de cabine d'un camion -remorque - Google Patents
Commande d'inclinaison d'une structure de cabine d'un camion -remorque Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002098720A1 WO2002098720A1 PCT/FI2002/000470 FI0200470W WO02098720A1 WO 2002098720 A1 WO2002098720 A1 WO 2002098720A1 FI 0200470 W FI0200470 W FI 0200470W WO 02098720 A1 WO02098720 A1 WO 02098720A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- frame structure
- cabin
- rear frame
- joint
- front frame
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D53/00—Tractor-trailer combinations; Road trains
- B62D53/02—Tractor-trailer combinations; Road trains comprising a uniaxle tractor unit and a uniaxle trailer unit
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D33/00—Superstructures for load-carrying vehicles
- B62D33/06—Drivers' cabs
- B62D33/0604—Cabs insulated against vibrations or noise, e.g. with elastic suspension
- B62D33/0608—Cabs insulated against vibrations or noise, e.g. with elastic suspension pneumatic or hydraulic suspension
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D33/00—Superstructures for load-carrying vehicles
- B62D33/06—Drivers' cabs
- B62D33/063—Drivers' cabs movable from one position into at least one other position, e.g. tiltable, pivotable about a vertical axis, displaceable from one side of the vehicle to the other
- B62D33/0633—Drivers' cabs movable from one position into at least one other position, e.g. tiltable, pivotable about a vertical axis, displaceable from one side of the vehicle to the other pivotable about a vertical axis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D33/00—Superstructures for load-carrying vehicles
- B62D33/077—Superstructures for load-carrying vehicles characterised by the connection of the superstructure to the vehicle frame
Definitions
- the invention relates to an articulated vehicle according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the invention also relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 18 for the control of tilting of a cabin structure in an articulated vehicle.
- articulated vehicles such as harvesters, which move on a terrain and perform harvesting, and which are equipped with a so-called harvester head at the end of a boom assembly for cutting and felling a growing tree stem and for sawing the stem to pieces of desired length.
- the sawed tree stems are collected with another known working machine that moves on a terrain, wherein the working machine in question is a forwarder equipped with a grapple and the stems are transported in its load space.
- a forwarder equipped with a grapple and the stems are transported in its load space.
- combined machines in which the functions of a harvester and a forwarder have been combined, wherein the loading grapple is replaced with a harvester head that is also suitable for loading.
- forest machines comprise two successive frame structures which are arranged to turn and/or rotate in relation to each other by means of a frame joint.
- the front frame is supported by means of a pair of wheels or a bogie pair, and a cabin and a boom assembly are placed thereon, which also typically rotate by means of a swivel base.
- the rear frame is supported by a pair of wheels and a power source has been placed thereon.
- the front frame is supported by a pair of wheels and a cabin and a power source are placed thereon.
- a load space and a boom assembly are placed on top of the rear frame, said boom assembly being located between the cabin and the load space.
- the rear frame is supported by a pair of wheels or a bogie pair.
- Each bogie typically comprises two wheels that swing together.
- Patent publication SE 470451 One apparatus for tilting the cabin of a forest machine is disclosed in the publication SE 470451 , and it comprises a linkage located on top of the front frame or underneath the cabin, said linkage being controlled by means of cylinders.
- the device is utilized for tilting the cabin sideways, and by means of the same the cabin is straightened when moving on uneven terrain.
- Patent publication SE 509907 also discloses an apparatus by means of which it is possible to tilt the cabin by means of controlled cylinders.
- the apparatus is coupled to the front frame and a rear frame is connected to the working machine by means of a vertical joint.
- Patent publication SE 509528 discloses a device by means of which it is possible to tilt the cabin sideways, forward and backwards by means of a slide mechanism that is attacked on top of the front frame.
- Publication FI 77618 discloses a harvester whose cabin can be tilted in the longitudinal direction and sideways. The tilting is controlled by means of cylinders that are coupled between the cabin structure and the front frame
- the tilting is controlled by means of an automatic system that takes care of the control of the cylinders and determines the position of the frame structure or the cabin structure for example by means of different kinds of sensors.
- the necessary adjustment is conducted on the basis of the position so that the cabin is in a sufficiently straight position when moving on changing terrain.
- the aim is to attain a cabin that remains in a straight position with a small amount of swinging so that the driver would have good working ergonomics.
- the control system must determine the position even more accurately and restrict the movement of the cabin in certain positions, if necessary. It is an aim of the present invention to eliminate the above-mentioned problems and to implement a mechanism by means of which the correction and control of the position of a cabin is accelerated.
- the mechanism functions in a reliable manner and by means of mechanism it is also possible to restrict the tilting of the cabin efficiently and in a simple manner in relation to different frame structures and in different positions of the frame structures.
- the invention is based on the idea that the cabin is connected to the front frame in a swinging manner, wherein it is capable of tilting sideways and that the tilting of the cabin is controlled by a mechanism that is coupled in such a manner that the cabin follows the movement and position of the rear frame.
- the axes that control the tilting and rotation of the frames are positioned at different heights, wherein the rotating movement of the front frame at the same time causes the tilting of the cabin, but by means of the mechanism it is possible to adjust the direction and amount of tilting.
- the adjustment can be conducted for example by coupling the mechanism to different points.
- the mechanism is coupled in such a manner that the cabin tilts, thus following the rotating movement of the front frame to the same direction, but the tilt is smaller in relation to the rotation, wherein the articulated vehicle behaves in a more comfortable manner when the wheels in the front frame mover over obstacles.
- the mechanical system according to the invention immediately reacts to the tilting of the working machine that results from the irregularities in the terrain.
- the mechanism first restricts the initial swing, and finally the automatic control can take care of the correction of the position, wherein the swing is smaller than in prior art, even if there were a delay in the control.
- Mere rigid coupling that sets the tilting in such a manner that it is smaller than the rotation facilitates the work of the driver of the working machine.
- the system can be easily supplemented with an active control by means of a cylinder.
- the cylinder with a maximum and minimum length also functions as a mechanical limiter for the tilted positions of the cabin, wherein collisions are prevented when the frames also rotate or fold nearly to their extreme positions. If necessary, the rod or cylinder also makes the cabin move to such a position in which collision is not possible.
- the mechanism when a frame joint is coupled between the frames that allows the rotation of the frames around a vertical shaft, the mechanism is connected to the frame joint in such a manner that the folding of the frames around the vertical direction does not affect the geometry of the mechanism.
- Such a mechanism is also useful in such a frame joint which also allows the folding of the frames around a transverse direction.
- Fig. 1 shows a rear view of the front frame structure, the cabin structure and the frame joint when an actively controlled cylinder is used that is set in its maximum length
- Fig. 2 shows the structures of Fig. 1 , when an actively controlled cylinder that is set in its minimum length is used,
- Fig. 3 shows the structures of Fig. 1 , when a cylinder that is set in its central position is used,
- Fig. 4 shows the structures of Fig. 1 , when the rear frame structure and the cabin are tilted to the same direction to the left, and the cylinder is in the central position,
- Fig. 5 shows the structures of Fig. 1 , when the rear frame structure and the cabin are tilted to the same direction to the right, and the cylinder is in the central position
- Fig. 6 shows a rear view of the front frame structure, the rear frame structure, the cabin structure and the frame joint, when the rear frame structure and the cabin are tilted to the same direction to the right, and the cylinder is in the central position.
- Fig 6 shows an articulated vehicle that comprises a front frame structure 1 , a rear frame structure 2 and a cabin structure 3 located on top of the front frame structure 1.
- the vehicle is shown without the wheels, the bogie structures or track assemblies that support the frames 1 , 2 and by means of which the vehicle moves.
- Fig. 6 show the cylinders that turn the frames, but their mounting lugs in the rear frame 2 and in the frame joint 10 are shown.
- the traction is transmitted to the wheels by means of a pressurized medium, and hub motors are used.
- the pressurized medium is typically hydraulic fluid.
- the cabin 3 tilts in relation to the front frame structure 1 around a first axis A that is parallel to the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.
- the rear frame 2 rotates in relation to the front frame 1 around a second axis B that is also parallel to the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.
- the vehicle contains a mechanism 4 that transmits a pushing and pulling movement.
- the axis A deviates from the axis B and is located on a higher level in the vertical direction, wherein the tilting of the front frame 1 also causes the tilting of the cabin 3, and at the same time the cabin 3 moves slightly sideways as well.
- the situation of Figs 4 and 5 also corresponds to this situation in which the front frame 1 rotates. When the driving takes place in a straight position the situation corresponds to the situation shown in Fig. 3. When the axes A and B are located on top of each other on the same vertical line, the tilting is equal in both lateral directions.
- the cabin 3 merely tilts if the axes A and B are parallel to each other, wherein it is possible to couple the mechanism 4 in such a manner that the cabin 3 always has the same position as the rear frame 2 when the front frame 1 rotates.
- the cabin 3 tilts in a corresponding manner, even if the rear frame 1 were not in a tilted position, which is inconvenient.
- the axes A and B differ from each other, wherein the cabin 3 always tilts when the front frame 1 and the rear frame 2 rotate, and the tilting angle remains reasonable, irrespective of the fact which frame is the rotating one.
- the mechanism 4 is coupled on one hand to the cabin 3 and on the other hand to the rear frame 2, and by means of the same the tilting movement of the cabin 3 follows the rotating movement of the rear frame 2.
- the cabin 3 tilts to the same direction as the front frame 1 , as shown in Figs 4, 5 and 6.
- the set gear ratio is approximately 1 :2, wherein when the front frame 1 turns 20°, the cabin 3 tilts 10° in the horizontal direction when one front wheel crosses an obstacle.
- the gear ratio 1 :2 is suitable in working machines in which each frame is supported by means of a pair of wheels, such as in harvesters.
- the cabin 3 tilts 5° in the horizontal direction and in relation to the front frame 1 when one rear wheel moves over an obstacle.
- the gear ratio 1 :3 is suitable in working machines in which the front frame is supported by means of a pair of wheels, and the rear frame 2 is supported by means of a four-wheel bogie structure, that balances the irregularities of the terrain.
- the gear ratio depends on the coupling points of the mechanism 4.
- the mechanism is coupled to a point 6 in the cabin 3, said point deviating from the axis A in the lateral direction, and on the other hand to a point 7 in the rear frame 2, said point deviating from the axis B in the lateral direction.
- the deviations are directed to the same lateral direction, wherein the cabin 3 follows the rotating movement of the rear frame 2. This results in that when the rear frame 1 rotates, the cabin 3 tends to follow the position of the rear frame 2, when the distance between the points 6 and 7 is locked by means of a mechanism, or otherwise remains constant or stable.
- the axes A and B rotate in relation to each other, which results in the tilting of the cabin 3.
- the gear ratio can be adjusted into a suitable one by means of the mutual geometry of the points 6, 7 of axes A, B by examining it mathematically or experimentally. It is advantageous that the points 6, 7 are located far away from the axes A and B, wherein the transmitting forces of the mechanism 4 can be smaller. The distance also depends on how the allowed minimum length and maximum length of the cylinder 4 has been selected. Changes in the position of the rod and the cylinder 4 also affect the forces and torques to be transmitted. The tilt of the cabin 3 is increased by taking the point 6 closer or the point 7 further away from the central line of the working machine.
- the working machine contains a tilting apparatus 8 that is coupled between the cabin 3 and the front frame 1 and that comprises an equipment part 81 that is attached to the front frame 1 and tilts with the same, and an equipment part 82 that is connected to the cabin 3 and tilts with the same.
- the mechanism 4 can be coupled to the cabin 3, or preferably to the device part 82 by means of a joint 9.
- the working machine contains a frame joint 10 that is coupled between the front frame 1 and the rear frame 2 and that comprises a joint part 101 that is attached to the front frame 1 and rotates with the same, and a joint part 102 that is connected to the rear frame 3 and rotates with the same.
- the mechanism 4 is coupled to the rear frame 2, or preferably to the joint part 102 by means of a joint 11.
- the rear frame 2 is arranged to rotate in relation to the front frame 1 around a third axis C that is substantially vertical.
- the frame joint 10 typically comprises a circumferential bearing whose central line joins the axis B, the joint part 101 being attached on the outer periphery and the joint part 102 on the inner periphery of said circumferential bearing.
- the frame joint 10 also comprises a brake, wherein it is possible to lock the mutual position of the joint parts 101, 102.
- frame joints whose rotating position can be controlled.
- the frame joint 10 is preferably of such a quality that the rear frame 2 is connected to the joint part 102 by means of a joint 12, which joint part folds with the front frame 1 but is capable of rotating with the rear frame 2 with respect to the front frame 1.
- the distance of the joint part 102 in relation to the cabin 3 and in the longitudinal direction of the working machine does not change even if the working machine were in a folded or rotated position.
- the gear ratio is not dependent on the folding and the mechanism is less complex.
- the mechanism becomes short when the joint 6 is positioned above the joint 7, and when they are positioned on the same vertical plane that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
- the mechanism 4 mechanically transmits the pulling and pushing force effects between the frames 1 and 2.
- the mechanism 4 comprises a rigid rod of standard length that is connected between the joints 9 and 11, the length of which rod does not change, and said rod transmits axial forces. It is also possible to provide the rod with a cushioning element, for example a spring structure. It is also possible to use different kinds of cushioned structures that are equipped with joints, but these are more complex than the presented structures.
- the mechanism 4 comprises an actuator coupled between the points 6 and 7 that is preferably a linearly moving cylinder that is controlled by means of pressurized medium.
- the distance between the points 6, 7 can be changed in a controlled manner according to Figs 1 to 3, wherein it is possible to use the cylinder 4 actively to correct the position of the cabin 3 also in other situations.
- the correction of the position can also take place in a situation in which the frames 1 , 2 are not in a rotated position with respect to each other, wherein the cabin 3 can be kept in a horizontal position when the working machine is positioned in a slope.
- the actively operating actuator 4 it is possible to level the cabin 3 automatically.
- the frames 1 , 2 are in a rotated position with respect to each other, especially when moving over obstacles, wherein the initial swing of the mechanism 4 is corrected actively after a delay, and the cabin 3 is transferred to a horizontal position.
- the cylinder 4 In a normal situation the cylinder 4 is locked to a fixed length and the delay of the control causes a swing that is reduced as a result of the coupling method of the cylinder 4.
- the cylinder By means of the control the cylinder is thus lengthened or shortened so that the cabin 3 would obtain the desired position that corresponds to the horizontal position or is at least straighter than the position of the initial swing.
- the maximum and minimum length of the cylinder 4 can also be restricted mechanically to the desired level, whereby the excess reduction or increase in the distance between the points 6 and 7 is prevented.
- the minimum length of the cylinder 4 In the extreme position only few centimetres remain between the cabin 3 and the cover. The use of the tilting of the cabin in this situation would be possible only if the wheelbase of the working machine were longer or an electronic control took care of the restriction.
- the act of lengthening the wheelbase reduces the agility of the harvester. It is difficult to arrange an electric control especially for rapidly changing situations, for example when a wheel falls from the top of an obstacle, for example from a stump.
- By means of the mechanism 4 it is possible to produce a mechanical restriction that functions immediately.
- the mechanism 4 also restricts the use of automatic levelling especially in extreme positions.
- the cylinder 4 was dimensioned in such a manner that when the rear frame 2 is rotated to its maximum, the cylinder 4 is set in its minimum length when attempts are made to tilt the cabin 3 against the rear frame 2 and the cover. If the cabin 3 is tilted to its extreme position to the right and the rear frame 2 rotates to its extreme position to the left when moving over an obstacle, the cylinder 4 of maximum length forces the cabin 3 to a straight position. In this situation the tilting of the cabin 3 to the right is restricted, but not the tilting to the left.
- the use of the cylinder 4 also makes it possible to use different kinds of control methods of prior art to keep the cabin 3 in a horizontal position in different situations.
- the cabin 3 contains a sensor that measures the tilting, said sensor controlling the valve of the cylinder 4 that controls the volume flow and pressure supplied to the cylinder 4.
- the valve By means of the valve the cylinder 4 is guided to a direction that corrects the tilting to the opposite direction.
- the pressure source is the hydraulic system of the working machine to which the cylinder 4 and its controls can be easily connected in different ways.
- the tilting movement of the cabin can also be directed to the same direction in relation to the tilting movement of the front frame 1.
- the joints 9 and 11 are placed on different sides of the axes A and B, when seen in the longitudinal direction of the working machine.
- the tilting of the cabin 3 is thus larger than the tilting of the front frame 1 , which is inconvenient for the driver.
- the tilting is compared to the horizontal position.
- the front frame 1 is in horizontal position, when the rear frame tilts 2, the cabin 3 tilts to the opposite direction, which is inconvenient for the driver.
- the tilting to the same direction with the rear frame 2 better indicates the position of the working machine to the driver. Small amount of tilting in different situations gives the driver a good feel of driving.
- One forest machine in which the mechanism is especially suitable is a harvester in which a boom assembly is also positioned on top of the front frame 1 and a motor is placed on top of the rear frame 2, said motor being typically a diesel motor.
- Another working machine in which the mechanism 4 is suitable to be used is a forwarder in which a motor is placed on top of the front frame 1 and a load space is placed on top of the rear frame 2 for the transfer of tree stems.
- a boom assembly is placed in the front part of the rear frame 2, between the cabin 3 and the load space.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10296910T DE10296910T5 (de) | 2001-06-04 | 2002-06-03 | Steuerung des Neigens eines Kabinenaufbaus bei einem Gelenkfahrzeug |
SE0303053A SE524417C2 (sv) | 2001-06-04 | 2003-11-19 | Reglering av tippning av en hyttkonstruktion hos ett ledat fordon |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FI20011178 | 2001-06-04 | ||
FI20011178A FI117380B (fi) | 2001-06-04 | 2001-06-04 | Nivelajoneuvon ohjaamorakenteen kallistumisen ohjaus |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002098720A1 true WO2002098720A1 (fr) | 2002-12-12 |
Family
ID=8561337
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FI2002/000470 WO2002098720A1 (fr) | 2001-06-04 | 2002-06-03 | Commande d'inclinaison d'une structure de cabine d'un camion -remorque |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE10296910T5 (fr) |
FI (1) | FI117380B (fr) |
SE (1) | SE524417C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2002098720A1 (fr) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008016310A1 (fr) * | 2006-07-31 | 2008-02-07 | Felix Edward Joseph Rust | Appareil d'inclinaison et procede pour le faire fonctionner |
US20160114833A1 (en) * | 2013-06-03 | 2016-04-28 | Ponsse Oyj | Arrangement and method for enabling rotation movement between tandem or caterpillar axle and body of vehicle |
US20190327896A1 (en) * | 2018-04-30 | 2019-10-31 | Orchard-Rite Ltd., Inc. | Two-piece harvester |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4161322A (en) * | 1976-10-22 | 1979-07-17 | Mo Och Domsjo Aktiebolag | Vehicles having reduced tilting of the superstructure thereof relative to the wheel axle support therefor |
US4506792A (en) * | 1981-03-13 | 1985-03-26 | Kockums Industri Ab | Articulated waist terrain vehicle |
US4580797A (en) * | 1983-08-05 | 1986-04-08 | Umea Mekaniska Ab | Device at cross-country vehicles or machines |
SE509907C2 (sv) * | 1993-09-20 | 1999-03-22 | Sisu Logging Ab | Förfarande och anordning vid terränggående fordon |
WO1999059862A1 (fr) * | 1998-05-20 | 1999-11-25 | Rover Group Limited | Chassis de vehicule |
-
2001
- 2001-06-04 FI FI20011178A patent/FI117380B/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-06-03 DE DE10296910T patent/DE10296910T5/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-06-03 WO PCT/FI2002/000470 patent/WO2002098720A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2003
- 2003-11-19 SE SE0303053A patent/SE524417C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4161322A (en) * | 1976-10-22 | 1979-07-17 | Mo Och Domsjo Aktiebolag | Vehicles having reduced tilting of the superstructure thereof relative to the wheel axle support therefor |
US4506792A (en) * | 1981-03-13 | 1985-03-26 | Kockums Industri Ab | Articulated waist terrain vehicle |
US4580797A (en) * | 1983-08-05 | 1986-04-08 | Umea Mekaniska Ab | Device at cross-country vehicles or machines |
SE509907C2 (sv) * | 1993-09-20 | 1999-03-22 | Sisu Logging Ab | Förfarande och anordning vid terränggående fordon |
WO1999059862A1 (fr) * | 1998-05-20 | 1999-11-25 | Rover Group Limited | Chassis de vehicule |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008016310A1 (fr) * | 2006-07-31 | 2008-02-07 | Felix Edward Joseph Rust | Appareil d'inclinaison et procede pour le faire fonctionner |
US8028783B2 (en) | 2006-07-31 | 2011-10-04 | Felix Edward Joseph Rust | Tilt apparatus and method for operating it |
AU2007279452B2 (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2011-12-15 | Felix Edward Joseph Rust | Tilt apparatus and method for operating it |
US20160114833A1 (en) * | 2013-06-03 | 2016-04-28 | Ponsse Oyj | Arrangement and method for enabling rotation movement between tandem or caterpillar axle and body of vehicle |
EP3003840A4 (fr) * | 2013-06-03 | 2017-02-22 | Ponsse OYJ | Agencement et procédé destinés à permettre un mouvement de rotation entre un essieu tandem ou de chenille et la caisse d'un véhicule |
US9738321B2 (en) * | 2013-06-03 | 2017-08-22 | Ponsse Oyj | Arrangement and method for enabling rotation movement between tandem or caterpillar axle and body of vehicle |
US20190327896A1 (en) * | 2018-04-30 | 2019-10-31 | Orchard-Rite Ltd., Inc. | Two-piece harvester |
US10785913B2 (en) * | 2018-04-30 | 2020-09-29 | Orchard-Rite Ltd., Inc. | Two-piece harvester having a shaker and a receiver for harvesting tree fruits or nuts |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FI20011178A (fi) | 2003-01-17 |
SE0303053L (sv) | 2004-01-16 |
SE524417C2 (sv) | 2004-08-03 |
DE10296910T5 (de) | 2004-04-29 |
SE0303053D0 (sv) | 2003-11-19 |
FI20011178A0 (fi) | 2001-06-04 |
FI117380B (fi) | 2006-09-29 |
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