WO2002040395A1 - Method of manufacturing hydrogen - Google Patents
Method of manufacturing hydrogen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002040395A1 WO2002040395A1 PCT/RU2001/000104 RU0100104W WO0240395A1 WO 2002040395 A1 WO2002040395 A1 WO 2002040395A1 RU 0100104 W RU0100104 W RU 0100104W WO 0240395 A1 WO0240395 A1 WO 0240395A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- water
- hydrogen
- different
- polymeric film
- metal containing
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 9
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 241001481828 Glyptocephalus cynoglossus Species 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FBEHFRAORPEGFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Allyxycarb Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC(C)=C(N(CC=C)CC=C)C(C)=C1 FBEHFRAORPEGFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
- C01B3/065—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents from a hydride
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J3/00—Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matter; Apparatus therefor
- B01J3/008—Processes carried out under supercritical conditions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
- C01B3/08—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents with metals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/54—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using solvents, e.g. supercritical solvents or ionic liquids
Definitions
- the invention belongs to the methods of extraction of hydrogen as a result of exothermic reaction between metals and steam.
- hydrogen output varies from 4 to 500 cubic m/hour and power consumption is 5.1-5.6 kWt/hour/cubic m. of hydrogen.
- a deficiency of the method [1] is sufficient power consumption.
- This method [3] is considered to be a close analogue, though the usage of this method in the industry is limited because it requires plenty of heat and difficult to control.
- the proposed invention aims at receiving a hydrogen by a simple and safe way of direct burning of metal containing fuel in the water environment without preliminary heating of the metal and with a possibility to restore initial product.
- this can be achieved by covering metal particles used as a fuel by a water-soluble gas proof film and by used a water in a supercritical phase.
- the essence of the method is the use of metal containing substances, for example aluminum or aluminum hydride covered by a water-soluble polymeric (for example, polyethylenoxide) film as a fuel and a supercritical (pressure > 22,12 Mpa, temperature > 647-3K) water as an oxidizer.
- a supercritical water is used for direct (single stage) emission of hydrogen from water when it reacts with metal.
- the aluminum ultradisperse pyrophoric powder (diameter of particles around 0,2 ml ⁇ n) created by the method of an electroarc plasma condensation in an argon environment. Then the powder is covered by a water-soluble polymeric (polyethylenoxide p.e.) film in the horseshoe mixer.
- the substance is granulated and formed up to desired dimensions by compressing.
- the prepared charge of 0,5 kg of mass ( Al - 94%, polyethilenoxide - 6%) is put info a closed type reactor (volume 25 1) and after its hermetisation put there 0,5kg of supercritical water (647,3k, 25 Mpa).
- the polymeric film is dissolving on the surface of the charge and the process of burning layer-by layer with emission of hydrogen and heat starts.
- the gaseous output is as follows: H 2 - 93.43% by volume, C0 2 - 6.19%, CH 4 - 0.38%.
- the heat emission is 7285 kDj, or 15500 kDj per 1 kg of Al. Under normal atmospheric condition the volume of H2 is 659.5 1 or 1.4 cubic m. per 1 kg. of Al.
- Mg instead of Al for this process.
- the usage of the proposed method permits to decrease the power consumption when producing the hydrogen, makes the technological process less dangerous and more easy to control and gives the possibility to restore the initial raw materials.
- the invention might be used in the industry for producing heat and kinetic energy as well.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of manufacturing hydrogen and might be used to produce heat and kinetic energy. The essence of the method is the use of metal containing powder covered by water-soluble polymeric film (p.e. a solution of polyethylene oxide in methanol or dioxane) and the water is in supercritical state. The metal powder of aluminum, magnesium, aluminum hydride can be used as a metal containing substance.
Description
Method of manufacturing hydrogen
The invention belongs to the methods of extraction of hydrogen as a result of exothermic reaction between metals and steam.
It is known that the hydrogen can be released in the process of water electrolysis with caustic potash solution (350-400 g/1) as an electrolyte. [1].
In this method hydrogen output varies from 4 to 500 cubic m/hour and power consumption is 5.1-5.6 kWt/hour/cubic m. of hydrogen.
A deficiency of the method [1] is sufficient power consumption.
More than a half of quantity of industrial hydrogen is produced from coke and steam [2] - C+H2 = CO+H2 under the temperature over 1000° C. Pure hydrogen is produced as a result of catalytic (Fe203) reaction CO+H20 = C02+H2. Though this method is relatively chip but it has several stages, ecologically disastrous and difficult to control.
According to the number of common features and technical solutions the proximate method is the method of direct interaction between steam and metals, for example: 4H20 + 3Fe = Fe304 + 4H2 with further reduction of ferrum oxide by CO. This method [3] is considered to be a close analogue, though the usage of this method in the industry is limited because it requires plenty of heat and difficult to control.
The proposed invention aims at receiving a hydrogen by a simple and safe way of direct burning of metal containing fuel in the water environment without preliminary heating of the metal and with a possibility to restore initial product.
According to the invention this can be achieved by covering metal particles used as a fuel by a water-soluble gas proof film and by used a water in a supercritical phase.
The essence of the method is the use of metal containing substances, for example aluminum or aluminum hydride covered by a water-soluble polymeric
(for example, polyethylenoxide) film as a fuel and a supercritical (pressure > 22,12 Mpa, temperature > 647-3K) water as an oxidizer. In the proposed method the supercritical water is used for direct (single stage) emission of hydrogen from water when it reacts with metal.
The declarer did not find any other technical solutions containing an idea of covering a metal surface by a gas proof water-soluble film.
The general totality of vital features, mentioned in the formula of the invention permits to make a conclusion that the declared method corresponds to the criterion of "novelty" and "invention level".
When the fuel contacts with the supercritical water the protective film is dissolving and the metal substance reacts with molecules of water. In the overcritical water the distances between its molecules are bigger than in normal liquid water. The hydrogen linkages are practically collapsed and the hydrol molecules do not have intermolecular bonds. In the supercritical water the coefficients of diffusion is very high but the resistance to the mass transference is practically absent so all conditions for fast reactions have been provided.
As an example of the described method of manufacturing hydrogen the following experiments had been made: the aluminum ultradisperse pyrophoric powder (diameter of particles around 0,2 mlαn) created by the method of an electroarc plasma condensation in an argon environment. Then the powder is covered by a water-soluble polymeric (polyethylenoxide p.e.) film in the horseshoe mixer.
The substance is granulated and formed up to desired dimensions by compressing.
Then the prepared charge of 0,5 kg of mass ( Al - 94%, polyethilenoxide - 6%) is put info a closed type reactor (volume 25 1) and after its hermetisation put there 0,5kg of supercritical water (647,3k, 25 Mpa). The polymeric film is dissolving on the surface of the charge and the process of burning layer-by layer
with emission of hydrogen and heat starts. The gaseous output is as follows: H2 - 93.43% by volume, C02 - 6.19%, CH4 - 0.38%. The heat emission is 7285 kDj, or 15500 kDj per 1 kg of Al. Under normal atmospheric condition the volume of H2 is 659.5 1 or 1.4 cubic m. per 1 kg. of Al. One can use Mg instead of Al for this process.
When A1H3 is used as a metal containing substance the charge of 500 g ( A1H3 - 94%, polymeric film - 6%) is put into reactor (45 1) and added 500 g. of water ( 25 Mpa, 647.3 K) The gaseous output is : H2 - 96.1% by volume, C02 - 3.9%. The heat emission is 10192 kDj, or 21685 kDj per 1 kg of A1H3. Under normal atmospheric condition the volume of H2 is 1147 1 or 2.6 cubic m. per 1 kg. of AIH3.
The usage of the proposed method permits to decrease the power consumption when producing the hydrogen, makes the technological process less dangerous and more easy to control and gives the possibility to restore the initial raw materials. The invention might be used in the industry for producing heat and kinetic energy as well.
REFERENSES
1. Encyclopaedia of Chemistry, ed. I. P. nounianz, - M.: Soviet encyclopaedia, 1988, v. l- p. 401
2. Putilov "The manual of general chemistry" , Vishay Scola, 1964, ρ.208.
3. Putilov "The manual of general chemistry", Vishay Scola, 1964, p.209.
Claims
The Claims
l.The method of manufacturing of hydrogen when a metal containing hydroreacting composition and a water is put in the reactor. The method is different from the others because the metal containing composition is covered beforehand by water-soluble gas proof polymeric film and the water is in supercritical condition witch ensure the burning process layer by layer.
2. The method [1] is different from others because as a fuel an aluminum powder and is used and a solution of polyethylene oxide in dioxane or methanol is used as a water soluble gas proof polymeric film.
3. The method [1] is different from others because as a fuel an aluminum hydride is used and a solution of polyethylene oxide in dioxane or methanol is used as a water soluble gas proof polymeric film.
4. The method [1-3] is different from others because the pressure of the water is more than 22.12 Mpa and the temperature is more than 647.3 K.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2001246964A AU2001246964A1 (en) | 2000-07-04 | 2001-03-12 | Method of manufacturing hydrogen |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| RU2000117338/12A RU2165388C1 (en) | 2000-07-04 | 2000-07-04 | Method of preparing hydrogen |
| RU2000117338 | 2000-11-15 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2002040395A1 true WO2002040395A1 (en) | 2002-05-23 |
Family
ID=20237174
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/RU2001/000104 WO2002040395A1 (en) | 2000-07-04 | 2001-03-12 | Method of manufacturing hydrogen |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2001246964A1 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2165388C1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2002040395A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006102332A1 (en) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-28 | Purdue Research Foundation | Method for generating hydrogen |
| WO2009046471A1 (en) * | 2007-10-08 | 2009-04-16 | Alvatec Alkali Vacuum Technologies Gmbh | Suspension for hydrogen generators |
| JP2016509570A (en) * | 2013-02-01 | 2016-03-31 | レフレクティア，エセ．アー． | Method for producing hydrogen by reaction with aluminum |
| CN111761037A (en) * | 2020-07-10 | 2020-10-13 | 洛阳理工学院 | Water-soluble organic film coated Mg-Ce alloy nano composite hydrogen production belt and preparation method thereof |
| CN113939473A (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2022-01-14 | 高端学术皇家研究会/麦吉尔大学 | Method for producing hydrogen by a metal-water reaction |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2244817C1 (en) * | 2003-10-15 | 2005-01-20 | Ларин Владимир Николаевич | Method for use of earth mantle substance for producing hydrogen |
| FR2955854B1 (en) * | 2010-02-01 | 2014-08-08 | Cotaver | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN FROM CARBONACEOUS RAW MATERIAL |
| RU2510362C2 (en) * | 2012-04-23 | 2014-03-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет" | Method of producing highly pure hydrogen |
| RU2520490C2 (en) * | 2012-06-08 | 2014-06-27 | Государственное научное учреждение Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт электрификации сельского хозяйства (ГНУ ВИЭСХ РОССЕЛЬХОЗАКАДЕМИИ) | Method and device for obtaining hydrogen from water |
| RU2721697C1 (en) * | 2019-10-30 | 2020-05-21 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Центральный научно-исследовательский институт химии и механики" (ФГУП "ЦНИИХМ") | Hydrogen-generating composition and method of producing hydrogen therefrom |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0310408A2 (en) * | 1987-10-01 | 1989-04-05 | Dowty Maritime Systems Limited | Gas generating devices |
| EP0417279A1 (en) * | 1989-02-22 | 1991-03-20 | KIMOTO, Kenji | Process for producing hydrogen gas |
| JPH11278801A (en) * | 1998-03-30 | 1999-10-12 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | Production of hydrogen gas |
| WO2001074711A1 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-10-11 | Zakrytoe Aktsionernoe Obschestvo 'firma Rikom' | The method of burning metal fuel |
-
2000
- 2000-07-04 RU RU2000117338/12A patent/RU2165388C1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-03-12 AU AU2001246964A patent/AU2001246964A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-03-12 WO PCT/RU2001/000104 patent/WO2002040395A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0310408A2 (en) * | 1987-10-01 | 1989-04-05 | Dowty Maritime Systems Limited | Gas generating devices |
| EP0417279A1 (en) * | 1989-02-22 | 1991-03-20 | KIMOTO, Kenji | Process for producing hydrogen gas |
| JPH11278801A (en) * | 1998-03-30 | 1999-10-12 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | Production of hydrogen gas |
| WO2001074711A1 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-10-11 | Zakrytoe Aktsionernoe Obschestvo 'firma Rikom' | The method of burning metal fuel |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 2000, no. 01 31 January 2000 (2000-01-31) * |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006102332A1 (en) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-28 | Purdue Research Foundation | Method for generating hydrogen |
| WO2009046471A1 (en) * | 2007-10-08 | 2009-04-16 | Alvatec Alkali Vacuum Technologies Gmbh | Suspension for hydrogen generators |
| JP2016509570A (en) * | 2013-02-01 | 2016-03-31 | レフレクティア，エセ．アー． | Method for producing hydrogen by reaction with aluminum |
| EP2952473A4 (en) * | 2013-02-01 | 2016-07-20 | Reflectia S A | Method for generating hydrogen by means of reaction with aluminium |
| CN113939473A (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2022-01-14 | 高端学术皇家研究会/麦吉尔大学 | Method for producing hydrogen by a metal-water reaction |
| EP3931145A4 (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2022-12-21 | The Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning / McGill University | Method for hydrogen production via metal-water reaction |
| CN111761037A (en) * | 2020-07-10 | 2020-10-13 | 洛阳理工学院 | Water-soluble organic film coated Mg-Ce alloy nano composite hydrogen production belt and preparation method thereof |
| CN111761037B (en) * | 2020-07-10 | 2021-11-23 | 洛阳理工学院 | Water-soluble organic film coated Mg-Ce alloy nano composite hydrogen production belt and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2001246964A1 (en) | 2002-05-27 |
| RU2165388C1 (en) | 2001-04-20 |
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