WO2002031348A1 - Einspritzventil mit einem pumpkolben - Google Patents
Einspritzventil mit einem pumpkolben Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002031348A1 WO2002031348A1 PCT/DE2001/003616 DE0103616W WO0231348A1 WO 2002031348 A1 WO2002031348 A1 WO 2002031348A1 DE 0103616 W DE0103616 W DE 0103616W WO 0231348 A1 WO0231348 A1 WO 0231348A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- valve
- injection
- chamber
- line
- injection valve
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M57/00—Fuel-injectors combined or associated with other devices
- F02M57/02—Injectors structurally combined with fuel-injection pumps
- F02M57/022—Injectors structurally combined with fuel-injection pumps characterised by the pump drive
- F02M57/025—Injectors structurally combined with fuel-injection pumps characterised by the pump drive hydraulic, e.g. with pressure amplification
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M59/00—Pumps specially adapted for fuel-injection and not provided for in groups F02M39/00 -F02M57/00, e.g. rotary cylinder-block type of pumps
- F02M59/02—Pumps specially adapted for fuel-injection and not provided for in groups F02M39/00 -F02M57/00, e.g. rotary cylinder-block type of pumps of reciprocating-piston or reciprocating-cylinder type
- F02M59/10—Pumps specially adapted for fuel-injection and not provided for in groups F02M39/00 -F02M57/00, e.g. rotary cylinder-block type of pumps of reciprocating-piston or reciprocating-cylinder type characterised by the piston-drive
- F02M59/105—Pumps specially adapted for fuel-injection and not provided for in groups F02M39/00 -F02M57/00, e.g. rotary cylinder-block type of pumps of reciprocating-piston or reciprocating-cylinder type characterised by the piston-drive hydraulic drive
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M59/00—Pumps specially adapted for fuel-injection and not provided for in groups F02M39/00 -F02M57/00, e.g. rotary cylinder-block type of pumps
- F02M59/44—Details, components parts, or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M59/02 - F02M59/42; Pumps having transducers, e.g. to measure displacement of pump rack or piston
- F02M59/46—Valves
- F02M59/466—Electrically operated valves, e.g. using electromagnetic or piezoelectric operating means
- F02M59/468—Electrically operated valves, e.g. using electromagnetic or piezoelectric operating means using piezoelectric operating means
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/8593—Systems
- Y10T137/86928—Sequentially progressive opening or closing of plural valves
- Y10T137/86936—Pressure equalizing or auxiliary shunt flow
- Y10T137/86944—One valve seats against other valve [e.g., concentric valves]
- Y10T137/86976—First valve moves second valve
Definitions
- the invention relates to an injection valve with a pump piston according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
- Injection valves with pump pistons to increase the pressure of the injected fluid are used, for example, in automotive engineering to achieve particularly high injection pressures.
- diesel fuel is injected into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine at a pressure of up to 2000 bar.
- a fuel injection device for internal combustion engines in which fuel is supplied to an injection valve from a high-pressure plenum.
- the fuel is led into a pump chamber, which is delimited by a first end face of a pump piston.
- a second end face of the pump piston borders an amplifier chamber in which an injection needle is arranged.
- the injection needle is biased against a sealing seat, so that in one
- the injection needle is connected to a second piston which borders on a control chamber.
- the control chamber is connected to a 3/2 valve by a bore.
- the 3/2-level valve is also connected to a high-pressure manifold via a second line and to a relief line via a third line.
- a presettable pressure is set in the control room and the position of the injection needle is thus controlled.
- a further controllable valve is provided between the high-pressure collection space and the pump space, which connects the high-pressure collection space to the pump space as a function of the switching position of the controllable valve.
- an injection process is controlled.
- the object of the invention is to provide a simplified injection valve.
- An advantage of the invention is that two controllable valves are not necessary, but the injection is controlled via a single valve.
- the only valve is arranged in the supply line in front of the pump chamber. This provides an inexpensive injection valve which also enables precise control of the injection.
- An advantageous embodiment of the valve consists in the use of a 3/2 way valve, a first line connection being connected to an inlet line, a second line connection being connected to a first supply line and a third line connection being connected to a relief line.
- a first valve chamber is provided with a first closing element, the inlet line opening into the first valve chamber and the first closing element depending on the switching position holding or closing an outlet opening.
- a preferred embodiment of a first closing member and a first sealing seat consists in a conical sealing surface, by which a simple and secure sealing of the first valve chamber is made possible.
- the first closing element is preferably connected to a second closing element via a rod.
- the second closing element is arranged in a second valve chamber and the rod is guided through a connecting bore which connects the first and the second valve chamber to one another.
- a relief line is connected to the second valve chamber. Depending on the switching position of the valve, either the relief line or the supply line is connected to the supply line.
- the second valve member is preferably in operative connection with an actuator which adjusts the switching position of the first and second closing members.
- the use of a single actuator for the first and the second closing element provides a simple embodiment of the valve.
- the first and second valve chambers are arranged along an axis which is arranged either in parallel or on a center axis of symmetry of the injection valve. In this way, a narrow design of the injection valve is achieved.
- a piezoelectric actuator which actuates the valve.
- the piezoelectric actuator is provided at the upper end of the housing, the piezoelectric actuator being partially inserted into the housing. A slim design is thus achieved.
- the piezoelectric actuator is preferably arranged centrally symmetrically with respect to the injection valve, as a result of which a particularly narrow design of the injection valve is provided.
- the third and fourth sealing surfaces of the second valve chamber and the second closing element are designed as a flat surface. This Embodiment offers an inexpensive manufacture of the third and fourth sealing surface, which also enable a good seal.
- the functionality of the pump piston is preferably improved in that the first end face has a shoulder which can be brought into contact with a contact surface on the housing, the supply line opening into the pump chamber in the region of the contact surface. This ensures that a residual volume of the pump chamber is retained even when the pump piston is deflected to a maximum, and thus when the pump chamber is connected to the inlet line, the pump chamber fills up quickly with fluid, as a result of which a rapid increase in pressure in the injection chamber is achieved. The rapid increase in pressure enables precise control of the start of injection.
- Fig. 2 shows an enlarged section of the injection valve and Fig. 3 shows another embodiment of a valve for controlling the pressure in an amplifier room.
- the injection valve 1 schematically shows an injection valve 1 with a center symmetry axis 19, as is used, for example, for the injection of diesel fuel in a diesel internal combustion engine.
- the injection valve 1 has a valve body 3, which is connected to a pump body 4 via a clamping sleeve 43.
- the pump body 4 is connected via a clamping nut 40 to an intermediate plate 46, a spring body 42 and a nozzle body 5.
- the valve body 3 has an inlet connection 9, which is connected to an inlet line 10.
- the feed line 10 leads to a first valve chamber 11.
- the first Ventilka mer 11 is part of a through hole 56 which is guided through the valve body 3 in a symmetrical manner.
- An actuator 18 is screwed into the through hole 56 in the upper end and seals the through hole 56 upwards.
- a contact plate 21 is provided in the lower end of the through bore 56, which rests on an annular edge on the pump body 4 and is pressed by the pump body 4 against the valve body 3 and seals the through bore 56 downward.
- the contact plate 21 delimits the first valve chamber 11.
- a valve 14 is provided in the valve body 3, which is designed as a 3/2-way valve.
- the valve 14 has the inlet line 10, a first supply line 20 and a relief line 47 as connections. Depending on the position of the valve 14, either the feed line 10 or the relief line 47 is connected to the first supply line 20.
- the first supply line 20 is led through a bore 70 in the contact plate 21 to a pump chamber 22.
- a movable pump piston 64 is arranged below the contact plate 21 in the pump body 4 and defines the pump chamber 22 with a first end face 24, which is formed in the pump body 4 between the contact plate 21 and the first end face 24.
- the pumping piston 64 has a pot-shaped sleeve 25 in the upper area, which is sealingly guided in the pump body 4 and has the first end face 24.
- a booster piston 23 is arranged in the sleeve 25 and is prestressed in the direction of the first end face 24 via a second spring element 26.
- the second spring element 26 is supported against a step of the pump body 4.
- an abutment ring is formed, on which the second spring element 26 rests.
- the lower end of the booster piston 23 is in a guide bore 65 of the pump body 4 sealed.
- the booster piston 23 has a second end face 28 which has a smaller cross section than the first end face 24 and delimits an booster chamber 29 which is formed in the pump body 4.
- Sealing elements 66 are arranged, which seal the booster chamber 29.
- a sealing ring is used as the sealing element.
- the pump body 4 lies on the intermediate plate 46.
- the booster chamber 29 is delimited by the intermediate plate 46, the pump body 4 and the booster piston 23.
- a first bore 67 is made in the intermediate plate 46, which connects the booster chamber 29 to a third supply line 32, which is made in the spring body 42.
- the spring body 42 rests on the intermediate plate 46.
- a second supply line 31 is introduced into the intermediate plate 46, which forms a connection between the booster chamber 29 and a fuel chamber 53 via an inlet valve 30.
- the fuel chamber 53 is supplied with fuel having a low pressure via channels, which are not shown.
- the inlet valve 30 ensures that the booster chamber 29 is always completely filled with fuel.
- the third supply line 32 leads to the nozzle body 5 and ends in the nozzle body 5 in a fourth supply line 54 which is led to an injection chamber 34.
- the injection needle 6 has a needle tip 36 which is arranged in the region of the tip of the nozzle body 5.
- Injection holes 8 are provided which are made in the tip of the nozzle body 5.
- the needle tip 36 has a needle seat 37 which is arranged above the injection holes 8 and is assigned to a sealing seat 69 which is formed on the nozzle body. Is the injection needle 6 with the needle seat 37 on the sealing seat 69, there is no connection between the injection space 34 and the injection holes 8. However, if the injection needle 6 is lifted from the sealing seat 69 with the needle seat 37, there is a hydraulic connection between the injection space 34 and the injection holes 8 , so that fuel is discharged from the injection space 34 via the injection holes 8.
- the injection needle 6 has a guide section 55 in the upper region, which is sealingly guided in a guide bore of the nozzle body 5.
- the guide section 55 is connected to a connecting rod 38 which is guided in the spring body 42.
- the connecting rod 38 is connected to a third spring element 39, which is arranged in a spring chamber 68 in the spring body 42.
- the third spring element 39 is supported against the intermediate plate 46 and prestresses the injection needle 6 in the direction of the sealing seat 69, which is arranged above the injection holes 8. If there is a low fuel pressure in the injection chamber 34, the injection needle 6 is pressed onto the sealing seat 69 by the third spring element 39, so that there is no connection between the pump chamber 34 and the injection holes 8.
- Fuel that escapes through a sealing gap of the guide section 55 of the injection needle 6 is discharged to the fuel chamber 53 via a leakage valve 41.
- the valve 14 controls the pressure in the pump chamber 22 and thus the compression stroke of the booster piston 23.
- the area of the first end face 24 is larger than the area of the second end face 28, so that a pressure increase between the pressure in the pump chamber 22 and the pressure in the booster chamber 29 and in the injection chamber 34 is reached.
- valve 14 The operation of the valve 14 is explained in more detail with reference to FIG. 2.
- the valve body 3 has the central through-bore 56, which is sealed in the upper area by the actuator 18 and in the lower area by the contact plate 21.
- the through hole 56 has an upper first portion 57, 'in which the actuator 18 to the housing is screwed.
- the first section 57 merges via a step into a second section 58, which represents a second valve chamber 17.
- the second section 58 has a smaller cross section than the first section 57.
- the second section 58 merges into a third section 59, the third section 59 having a smaller cross section than the second section 58.
- the third section 59 merges via a step into a fourth section 60, which has a larger cross section than the third section 59.
- the fourth section 60 merges via a step into a fifth section 61, which has a larger cross section than the fourth section 60.
- the fifth section 61 represents the first valve chamber 11.
- the actuator 18 is preferably designed as a piezoelectric actuator which has electrical connections 45. Control lines, which are connected to a control unit, are connected to the electrical connections 45. The control device controls the actuator 18 according to predetermined methods depending on the operating parameters of the internal combustion engine.
- the actuator 18 is operatively connected to a second closing element 15, the second closing element 15 being arranged in the second valve chamber 17.
- the second closing member 15 has a fourth sealing surface 51, which is assigned to a third sealing surface 50.
- the third sealing surface 50 is formed on the valve body 3 in the transition region between the second and the third section 58, 59.
- the second closing member 15 has a rod 16 which is guided through the third section 59 and the fourth section 60 to the first valve chamber 11.
- the rod 16 is connected to a first closing member 13, which is arranged essentially in the first valve chamber 11.
- the first closing member 13 has a second sealing surface 49, which is assigned to a first sealing surface 48.
- the first sealing surface 48 is arranged on the valve body 3 in the transition region between the fourth and fifth sections 60, 61.
- a first spring element 12 Arranged in the first valve chamber 11 is a first spring element 12, which prestresses the first closing member 13 in the direction of the first sealing surface 48.
- the second sealing surface 49 of the first closing element 13 and the fourth sealing surface 51 of the second closing element 15 are preferably designed as conical surfaces.
- the third and first sealing surfaces 50, 48 are preferably designed as conical surfaces in order to ensure a secure seal with the aid of the first and second closing members 13, 15.
- the first and the second closing member 13, 15 are spaced and firmly connected to one another via the rod 16 in such a way that, depending on the deflection position of the actuator 18, the first or second closing member 13, 15 rests on the associated sealing seat 48, 50 and thus either the Inlet line 10 or the relief line 47 is connected to the first supply line 20. This is the co tio I - 1 P 1 o Ui omo c ⁇
- the control unit actuates the actuator 18 in such a way that it deflects downward and thereby presses the second closing element 15 with the fourth sealing surface 51 onto the assigned third sealing surface 50 and thus the connection between the relief line 47 and interrupts the first supply line 20.
- the displacement of the second closing member 15 via the rod 16 pushes the first closing member 13 away from the first sealing surface 48, thus opening a cross-section of the connection between the first supply line 20 and the inlet line 10.
- the inlet line 10 is connected via the inlet connection 9 to a fluid reservoir, preferably a fuel reservoir with a predetermined pressure.
- the fluid flows into the pump chamber 22 at a predetermined pressure and presses the pump piston 64 downward against the biasing force of the second spring element 26 in the direction of the booster chamber 29.
- the booster chamber 29 is completely filled with fuel, so that the pressure is above the first Bore 67, the fourth supply line 54 and the third supply line 32 in the injection chamber 34 is increased. If the pressure in the injection chamber 34 exceeds a predetermined lift-off pressure, the injection needle 6 is lifted from the sealing seat against the prestressing force of the third spring element 39 via the pressure on the pressure surface 35, so that fuel is released from the injection chamber 34 via the injection holes 8.
- a fuel reservoir a so-called common rail, is preferably provided as the fuel reservoir, with which the inlet connection 9 is supplied with fuel under pressure of up to 500 bar.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/399,076 US6997392B2 (en) | 2000-10-12 | 2001-09-19 | Injection valve comprising a pump piston |
EP01980177A EP1325228B1 (de) | 2000-10-12 | 2001-09-19 | Einspritzventil mit einem pumpkolben |
DE50112572T DE50112572D1 (de) | 2000-10-12 | 2001-09-19 | Einspritzventil mit einem pumpkolben |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10050599.6 | 2000-10-12 | ||
DE10050599A DE10050599B4 (de) | 2000-10-12 | 2000-10-12 | Einspritzventil mit einem Pumpkolben |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002031348A1 true WO2002031348A1 (de) | 2002-04-18 |
Family
ID=7659557
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2001/003616 WO2002031348A1 (de) | 2000-10-12 | 2001-09-19 | Einspritzventil mit einem pumpkolben |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6997392B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1325228B1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10050599B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002031348A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10249840A1 (de) * | 2002-10-25 | 2004-05-13 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Kraftstoff-Einspritzeinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschine |
US8443780B2 (en) | 2010-06-01 | 2013-05-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | Low leakage cam assisted common rail fuel system, fuel injector, and operating method therefor |
DE102016109073B4 (de) * | 2015-06-05 | 2022-02-17 | Denso Corporation | Kraftstoffeinspritzventil und Kraftstoffeinspritzventilcontroller |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4311627A1 (de) | 1993-04-08 | 1994-10-13 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Kraftstoffeinspritzeinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschinen |
US5463996A (en) * | 1994-07-29 | 1995-11-07 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulically-actuated fluid injector having pre-injection pressurizable fluid storage chamber and direct-operated check |
DE19517578A1 (de) * | 1994-05-13 | 1995-11-16 | Caterpillar Inc | Elektronisch-gesteuertes Strömungsmitteleinspritzsystem mit vor dem Einspritzen unter Druck setzbarer Strömungsmittelspeicherkammer, und direkt-betätigtem Rückschlagelement |
DE19701879A1 (de) * | 1997-01-21 | 1998-07-23 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Kraftstoffeinspritzeinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschinen |
US6119960A (en) * | 1998-05-07 | 2000-09-19 | Caterpillar Inc. | Solenoid actuated valve and fuel injector using same |
DE19910970A1 (de) * | 1999-03-12 | 2000-09-28 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Kraftstoffeinspritzeinrichtung |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2316449A (en) * | 1995-06-30 | 1998-02-25 | Oded Eddie Sturman | High speed fuel injector |
US5709341A (en) * | 1996-05-03 | 1998-01-20 | Caterpillar Inc. | Two-stage plunger for rate shaping in a fuel injector |
US5873527A (en) * | 1997-02-19 | 1999-02-23 | Caterpillar Inc. | Fuel injector with regulated plunger motion |
DE19712921A1 (de) * | 1997-03-27 | 1998-10-01 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Brennstoffeinspritzventil mit piezoelektrischem oder magnetostriktivem Aktor |
US5871155A (en) * | 1997-06-10 | 1999-02-16 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulically-actuated fuel injector with variable rate return spring |
US5967413A (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 1999-10-19 | Caterpillar Inc. | Damped solenoid actuated valve and fuel injector using same |
US6085992A (en) * | 1998-11-19 | 2000-07-11 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulically-actuated fuel injector with rate shaping through restricted flow to intensifier piston |
-
2000
- 2000-10-12 DE DE10050599A patent/DE10050599B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-09-19 EP EP01980177A patent/EP1325228B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-09-19 WO PCT/DE2001/003616 patent/WO2002031348A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 2001-09-19 DE DE50112572T patent/DE50112572D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-09-19 US US10/399,076 patent/US6997392B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4311627A1 (de) | 1993-04-08 | 1994-10-13 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Kraftstoffeinspritzeinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschinen |
DE19517578A1 (de) * | 1994-05-13 | 1995-11-16 | Caterpillar Inc | Elektronisch-gesteuertes Strömungsmitteleinspritzsystem mit vor dem Einspritzen unter Druck setzbarer Strömungsmittelspeicherkammer, und direkt-betätigtem Rückschlagelement |
US5463996A (en) * | 1994-07-29 | 1995-11-07 | Caterpillar Inc. | Hydraulically-actuated fluid injector having pre-injection pressurizable fluid storage chamber and direct-operated check |
DE19701879A1 (de) * | 1997-01-21 | 1998-07-23 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Kraftstoffeinspritzeinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschinen |
US6119960A (en) * | 1998-05-07 | 2000-09-19 | Caterpillar Inc. | Solenoid actuated valve and fuel injector using same |
DE19910970A1 (de) * | 1999-03-12 | 2000-09-28 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Kraftstoffeinspritzeinrichtung |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20040041037A1 (en) | 2004-03-04 |
DE10050599B4 (de) | 2006-11-02 |
DE50112572D1 (de) | 2007-07-12 |
DE10050599A1 (de) | 2002-11-07 |
EP1325228B1 (de) | 2007-05-30 |
EP1325228A1 (de) | 2003-07-09 |
US6997392B2 (en) | 2006-02-14 |
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