Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• This invention relates to a series of substituted pyrazoles, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and intermediates used in their manufacture, and methods of using them.
• Cathepsin S (EC 3.4.22.27) is a cysteine protease of the papain family found primarily in lysosomes (Bromme, D.; McGrath, M. E. High Level Expression and Crystallization of Recombinant Human Cathepsin S. Protein Science 1996, 5, 789-791).
• cathepsin S is found primarily in lymphatic tissues, lymph nodes, the spleen, B lymphocytes, and macrophages (Kirschke, H. Chapter 211. Cathepsin S. In Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes. Barrett, A. J.; Rawlings, N. D.; Woessner, J. F., Eds. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998. pp. 621-624.). Cathepsin S inhibitors have been shown in animal models to modulate antigen presentation and are effective in an animal model of asthma (Riese, R. J.; Mitchell, R. N.; Villadangos, J.
• mice in which the gene encoding cathepsin S has been knocked out are less susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis and their immune systems have an impaired ability to respond to antigens (Nakagawa, T. Y.; Brissette, W. H.; Lira, P. D.; Griffiths, R. J.; Petrushova, N.; Stock, J.; McNeish, J. D.; Eastman, S. E.; Howard, E. D.; Clarke, S. R. M.; Rosloniec, E. F.; Elliott, E. A.; Rudensky, A. Y. Impaired Invariant Chain Degradation and Antigen Presentation and Diminished Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Cathepsin S Null Mice. Immunity 1999, 10, 207-217).
• Dipeptidyl vinyl sulfones are claimed by Arris (now Axys) as cysteine protease (including cathepsin S) inhibitors in: Palmer, et. al. US-5976858.
• Certain peptidyl sulfonamides are claimed by Arris/Axys as cysteine protease (including cathepsin S) inhibitors in: Palmer, et. al. US-5776718 (assigned to Arris, now Axys) & Klaus, et. al. US-6030946 (assigned to Axys).
• the compound 2-[4-[4-(3-methyl-5-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)butyl]-1- piperazinyrj-pyrimidine is known from EP-382637, which describes pyrimidines having anxiolytic properties. This compound and analogs are further described in EP-502786 as cardiovascular and central nervous system agents. Pharmaceutical formulations with such compounds are disclosed in EP-655248 for use in the treatment of gastric secreation and as anti-ulcer agents. WO- 9721439 describes medicaments with such compounds for treating obsessive- compulsive disorders, sleep apnea, sexual dysfunctions, emesis and motion sickness.
• the compounds 5-methyl-3-phenyl-1 -[4-(4-phenyl-1 -piperazinyl)butyl]- 1H-indazole and 5-bromo-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-[4-(4-phenyl-1- piperazinyl)butyl]-1H-indazole, in particular the hydrochloride salts thereof, are known from WO-9853940 and CA 122:314528, where these and similar compounds are described as kinase inhibitors in the former reference and possessing affinity for benzodiazepine receptors in the latter reference.
• the present invention concerns compounds which can be represented by formula (I):
• R 1 is taken together with W as described below;
• R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, C,. 5 alkoxy, C,_ 5 alkyl, C z _ 5 alkenyl, C,. 5 haloalkyl, cyano, or R 48 R 49 N; alternatively, R 1 and R 2 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 5- to 7- membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, which ring may be unsaturated or aromatic; each of R 3 and R 4 is independently hydrogen or C ⁇ alkyl; each of R 5 and R 6 is independently hydrogen, C 1-5 alkyl, C 2 .
• R 5 and R 6 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted
• R 40 is H, C ⁇ alkyl, C 2 . 5 alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, C .,. 5 heterocyclyl,
• R 62 can be H in addition to the values for R 40 ;
• R 7 is hydrogen, C ⁇ alkyl, C 3 . 5 alkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C 1-5 heterocyclyl,
• R 8 is hydrogen, C,. 5 alkyl, C 3 .
• R 7 and R 8 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic;
• R 9 is C 1-5 alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or C ⁇ heterocyclyl;
• R 22 is hydrogen, C ⁇ alkyl, C 3 . 5 alkenyl, phenyl, or C ⁇ heterocyclyl; alternatively, R 21 and R 22 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic; each of R 23 , R 26 , R 27 , R 30 , R 33 , R 44 , R 45 , and R 50 is C ⁇ alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or
• R 24 is hydrogen, C,. 5 alkyl, C 3 . 5 alkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C ⁇ heterocyclyl,
• R 25 is hydrogen, C 1-5 alkyl, C 3.5 alkenyl, phenyl, or C ⁇ heterocyclyl; alternatively, R 24 and R 25 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic; each of R 10 and R 11 is independently hydrogen, C 1-5 alkyl, C 2 . 5 alkenyl, phenyl, or C .,.
• R 0 and R 1 or can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic; each of R 28 , R 29 , R 31 , R 32 , R 34 , R 35 , R 46 , R 47 , R 51 and R 52 is independently hydrogen, C,_ 5 alkyl, phenyl, or C ⁇ heterocyclyl; alternatively, R 28 and R 29 , R 31 and R 32 , R 34 and R 35 , R 46 and R 47 , or R 51 and R 52 , independently, can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic; n is 1 or 2;
• G represents C 3 . 6 alkenediyl or C 3 . 6 alkanediyl, optionally substituted with hydroxy, halogen, C ⁇ alkyl, C, ⁇ alkoxy, oxo, hydroximino, C0 2 R 60 , R 60 R 61 NCO 2 , (L)-C M alkylene-, (L)-C 1-5 alkoxy, N 3 , or [(L)-C ⁇ alkylene]amino; each of R 60 and R 61 is independently hydrogen, C 1-5 alkyl, C 3 .
• R 60 and R 61 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic;
• L is amino, mono- or di-C, ⁇ alkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl homopiperidinyl, or piperazinyl, where available ring nitrogens may be optionally substituted with alkyl, benzyl, C 2 . 5 acyl, C _ 5 alkylsulfonyl or C 1-5 alkyloxycarbonyl;
• Z is nitrogen or R 14 C
• R 14 is hydrogen, halogen, C ⁇ alkoxy, C ⁇ alkyl, C 2 .
• R 16 is hydrogen, C,. 5 alkyl, C 3 . 5 alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, or C 1-5 heterocyclyl; alternatively, R 15 and R 16 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic;
• each of R 17 and R 53 is C ⁇ alkyl, phenyl, or C ⁇ heterocyclyl;
• each of R 54 and R 55 is independently hydrogen, C ⁇ alkyl, C 2-5 alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, or C .,_ 5 heterocyclyl; alternatively, R 54 and R 55 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic;
• X a is O, S, or N; and X b is O, S or S0 2 ;
• R 20 is hydrogen, C,_ 5 alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, or C 1-5 heterocyclyl;
• R 43 is hydrogen, C ⁇ alkyl, C 3-5 alkenyl, phenyl, or C ⁇ heterocyclyl; alternatively, R 42 and R 43 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic;
• R 44 is C ⁇ alkyl, C 2 . 5 alkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or C ⁇ heterocyclyl;
• R 48 is hydrogen, C ⁇ alkyl, C 3 ⁇ alkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C ⁇ heterocyclyl, C
• R )4 4 9 9 is hydrogen, C 1-5 alkyl, C 3 . 5 alkenyl, phenyl, or C ⁇ heterocyclyl; alternatively, R 48 and R 49 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic; and
• each of the above hydrocarbyl or heterocarbyl groups is optionally and independently substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents selected from methyl, halomethyl, hydroxymethyl, halo, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, C ⁇ alkyl, C ⁇ alkoxy, -COOH, C 2 . 6 acyl, [di(C M a!kyl)amino]C 2 . 5 alkylene, [di(C M alkyl)amino] C 2 . 5 alkyl-NH-
• the disclosed compounds are high-affinity inhibitors of the proteolytic activity of human cathepsin S.
• the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of formula (I) may be desirable.
• Certain compounds of the present invention may have one stereogenic atom and may exist as two enantiomers. Certain compounds of the present invention may have two or more stereogenic atoms and may further exist as diastereomers. It is to be understood by those skilled in the art that all such stereoisomers and mixtures thereof in any proportion are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a further embodiment of the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing a disclosed compound as described above, with a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• compositions comprising more than one compound of formula (I) and compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) and another pharmaceutically active agent.
• the invention features a method of treating disorders or conditions mediated by the cathepsin S enzyme, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described above. If more than one active agent is administered, the therapeutically effective amount may be a jointly effective amount.
• the compounds described herein inhibit the protease activity of human cathepsin S, an enzyme involved in the immune response. In preferred embodiments, cathepsin S inhibition is selective.
• the disclosed compounds and compositions are useful in the prevention, inhibition, or treatment of autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma, and for the prevention, inhibition, or treatment of tissue transplant rejection.
• the invention features pyrazole compounds of formula (I), methods of making them, compositions containing them, and methods of using them to treat diseases and conditions, including those mediated by Cathepsin S.
• Alkyl includes optionally substituted straight chain and branched hydrocarbons with at least one hydrogen removed to form a radical group.
• Alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, 1- methylpropyl, pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and so on.
• Alkyl includes cycloalkyl, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
• Alkenyl includes optionally substituted straight chain and branched hydrocarbon radicals as above with at least one carbon-carbon double bond (sp 2 ).
• Alkenyls include ethenyl (or vinyl), prop-1-enyl, prop-2-enyl (or allyl), isopropenyl (or 1-methylvinyl), but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl, butadienyls, pentenyls, hexa-2,4-dienyl, and so on.
• Hydrocarbon radicals having a mixture of double bonds and triple bonds, such as 2-penten-4-ynyl, are grouped as alkynyls herein.
• Alkenyl includes cycloalkenyl. Cis and trans or (E) and (Z) forms are included within the invention.
• Alkynyl includes optionally substituted straight chain and branched hydrocarbon radicals as above with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (sp).
• Alkynyls include ethynyl, propynyls, butynyls, and pentynyls.
• Hydrocarbon radicals having a mixture of double bonds and triple bonds, such as 2-penten- 4-ynyl, are grouped as alkynyls herein.
• Alkynyl does not include cycloalkynyl.
• Alkoxy includes an optionally substituted straight chain or branched alkyl group with a terminal oxygen linking the alkyl group to the rest of the molecule.
• Alkoxy includes methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, t- butoxy, pentoxy and so on.
• Aminoalkyl “thioalkyl”, and “sulfonylalkyl” are analogous to alkoxy, replacing the terminal oxygen atom of alkoxy with, respectively, NH (or NR), S, and S0 2 .
• Heteroalkyl includes alkoxy, aminoalkyl, thioalkyl, and so on.
• Aryl includes phenyl, naphthyl, biphenylyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and so on, any of which may be optionally substituted.
• Aryl also includes arylalkyl groups such as benzyl, phenethyl, and phenylpropyl.
• Aryl includes a ring system containing an optionally substituted 6-membered carbocyclic aromatic ring, said system may be bicyclic, bridge, and/or fused. The system may include rings that are aromatic, or partially or completely saturated.
• ring systems include indenyl, pentalenyl, 1-4-dihydronaphthyl, indanyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, isoquinolinyl, and so on.
• Heterocyclyl includes optionally substituted aromatic and nonaromatic rings having carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom (O, S, N) or heteroatom moiety (S0 2 , CO, CONH, COO) in the ring.
• a heterocyclic radical may have a valence connecting it to the rest of the molecule through a carbon atom, such as 3-furyl or 2-imidazolyl, or through a heteroatom, such as N-piperidyl or 1-pyrazolyl.
• a monocyclic heterocyclyl has between 4 and 7 ring atoms, or between 5 and 6 ring atoms; there may be between 1 and 5 heteroatoms or heteroatom moieties in the ring, and preferably between 1 and 3.
• a heterocyclyl may be saturated, unsaturated, aromatic (e.g., heteroaryl), nonaromatic, or fused.
• Heterocyclyl also includes fused, e.g., bicyclic, rings, such as those optionally condensed with an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic five- or six-membered aromatic ring.
• heteroaryl includes an optionally substituted six-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 , 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms condensed with an optionally substituted five- or six- memebered carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring.
• Said heterocyclic five- or six-membered aromatic ring condensed with the said five- or six-membered aromatic ring may contain 1 , 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms where it is a six-membered ring, or 1 , 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur where it is a five-membered ring.
• heterocyclyls include thiazoylyl, furyl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, imdazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, indolinyl, and morphoiinyl.
• heterocyclyls or heterocyclic radicals include morphoiinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridyl, cyclohexylimino, cycloheptylimino.and more preferably, piperidyl.
• heteroaryl examples include thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl.
• Acyl refers to a carbonyl moiety attached to either a hydrogen atom (i.e., a formyl group) or to an optionally substituted alkyl or alkenyl chain, or heterocyclyl.
• Halo or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo, and preferably chloro or bromo as a substituent.
• Alkanediyl or "alkylene” represents straight or branched chain optionally substituted bivalent alkane radicals such as, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene or hexylene.
• Alkenediyl represents, analogous to the above, straight or branched chain optionally substituted bivalent alkene radicals such as, for example, propenylene, butenylene, pentenylene or hexenylene. In such radicals, the carbon atom linking a nitrogen preferably should not be unsaturated.
• Aroyl refers to a carbonyl moiety attached to an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, wherein aryl and heteroaryl have the definitions provided above.
• benzoyl is phenylcarbonyl.
• two radicals, together with the atom(s) to which they are attached may form an optionally substituted 4- to 7-, 5 - to 7-, or a 5- to 6- membered ring carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic.
• Said rings may be as defined above in the Summary of the Invention section. Particular examples of such rings are as follows in the next section.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and amides” include carboxylate salts (e.g., C 1-8 alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or non-aromatic heterocyclic) amino acid addition salts, esters, and amides which are within a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, pharmacologically effective and suitable for contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response.
• Representative salts include hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactiobionate, and laurylsulfonate.
• alkali metal and alkali earth cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, as well as non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations such as tetramethyl ammonium, methylamine, trimethylamine, and ethylamine.
• alkali metal and alkali earth cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
• non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations such as tetramethyl ammonium, methylamine, trimethylamine, and ethylamine.
• amine cations such as tetramethyl ammonium, methylamine, trimethylamine, and ethylamine.
• Representative pharmaceutically acceptable amides of the invention include those derived from ammonia, primary c 1-6 alkyl amines and secondary di (C 1-6 alkyl) amines.
• Secondary amines include 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaromatic ring moieties containing at least one nitrogen atom and optionally between 1 and 2 additional heteroatoms.
• Preferred amides are derived from ammonia, C 1-3 alkyl primary amines, and di (C 1-2 alkyl)amines.
• Representative pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the invention include C 7 alkyl, C 5 . 7 cycloalkyl, phenyl, and phenyl(C 1-6 )alkyl esters.
• Preferred esters include methyl esters.
• Patient or subject includes mammals such as humans and animals (dogs, cats, horses, rats, rabbits, mice, non-human primates) in need of observation, experiment, treatment or prevention in connection with the relevant disease or condition.
• the patient or subject is a human.
• Composition includes a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts as well as any product which results directly or indirectly from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
• “Therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
• each radical includes substituted radicals of that type and monovalent, bivalent, and multivalent radicals as indicated by the context of the claims.
• the context will indicate that the substituent is an alkylene or hydrocarbon radical with at least two hydrogen atoms removed (bivalent) or more hydrogen atoms removed (multivalent).
• An example of a bivalent radical linking two parts of the molecule is G in formula (I) which links two rings.
• radicals or structure fragments as defined herein are understood to include substituted radicals or structure fragments.
• Hydrocarbyls include monovalent radicals containing carbon and hydrogen such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkenyl (whether aromatic or unsaturated), as well as corresponding divalent radicals such as alkylene, alkenylene, phenylene, and so on.
• Heterocarbyls include monovalent and divalent radicals containing carbon, hydrogen, and at least one heteroatom.
• Examples of monovalent heterocarbyls include acyl, acyloxy, alkoxyacyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, aroyl, benzoyl, dialkylamino, hydroxyalkyl, and so on.
• alkyl should be understood to include substituted alkyl having one or more substitutions, such as between 1 and 5, 1 and 3, or 2 and 4 substituents. The substituents may be the same (dihydroxy, dimethyl), similar (chlorofluoro), or different (chlorobenzyl- or aminomethyl-substituted).
• substituted alkyl examples include haloalkyl (such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, difluoromethyl, perchloromethyl, 2-bromoethyl, perfluoromethyl, and 3-iodocyclopentyl), hydroxyalkyl (such as hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, 2- hydroxypropyl, aminoalkyl (such as aminomethyl, 2-aminoethyl, 3-aminopropyl, and 2-aminopropyl), nitroalkyl, alkylalkyl, and so on.
• haloalkyl such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, difluoromethyl, perchloromethyl, 2-bromoethyl, perfluoromethyl, and 3-iodocyclopentyl
• hydroxyalkyl such as hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, 2- hydroxypropyl
• aminoalkyl such as aminomethyl, 2-aminoethyl, 3-aminopropyl,
• a di(C ⁇ alkyl)amino group includes independently selected alkyl groups, to form, for example, methylpropylamino and isopropylmethylamino, in addition dialkylamino groups having two of the same alkyl group such as dimethyl amino or diethylamino.
• Preferred substitutions for Ar include methyl, methoxy, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, perfluoromethyl (trifluoromethyl), 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, ethoxy, fluoro, chloro, and bromo, and particularly methyl, bromo, chloro, perfluoromethyl, perfluoromethoxy, methoxy, and fluoro.
• Preferred substitution patterns for Ar or Ar are 4-substituted or 3,4-disubstituted phenyl.
• the invention features compounds of formula (I) as described in the Summary section.
• Preferred compounds include those wherein:
• R 1 is hydrogen, halogen, C,. 5 alkoxy, hydroxy, C 1-5 alkyl, cyano, nitro, R 7 R 8 N, C 2 . 8 acyl, or R 10 R 11 NSO 2 ;
• R 1 is halogen, cyano, nitro, R 7 R 8 N, or R 10 R 11 NSO 2 ;
• R 2 is hydrogen
• each of R 3 and R 4 is independently hydrogen or C,. 3 alkyl
• each of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen;
• one of R 5 and R 6 is hydrogen and the other is a 5-7 membered carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted;
• R 5 and R 6 taken together form a six-membered heterocyclyl;
• each of R 7 , R 8 , R 21 , R 22 , R 24 , R 25 is independently hydrogen or G,_ 5 alkyl; or, independently, each of R 7 and R 8 , R 21 and R 22 , and R 24 and R 25 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic;
• R 9 , R 23 , R 26 , and R 27 is each independently hydrogen or C ⁇ alkyl;
• G is C 3 _ 4 alkanediyl, optionally substituted with hydroxy,
• L is C 3 alkanediyl, optionally substituted with hydroxy, (L)-C ⁇ alkyloxy-, or [(LJ-C ⁇ alkylenejamino-;
• X is nitrogen;
• Ar represents a monocyclic ring, optionally substituted with between 1 and 2 substituents selected independently from halogen, C ⁇ alkyl, cyano, nitro, R 15 R 16 N, CF 3 and OCF 3 ;
• Ar is a six membered ring substituted with between 1 and 2 substituents selected from halo, CF 3 , OCF 3 , said substitutent or substitutents being at the 4-position or at the 3- and 4- positions, respectively;
• R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen;
• Ar represents a monocyclic ring, optionally substituted with between 1 and 2 substituents selected from halogen, C ⁇ alkyl, cyano, nitro, R 5 R 16 N, CF 3 ; and OCF 3 ;
• R 12 is hydrogen, R 23 SO , or R 23 S0 2 ;
• R 13 is hydrogen, R 4 S0 , or R 44 S0 2 ;
• R 14 is hydrogen, halogen, C ⁇ alkoxy, C ⁇ alkyl, cyano, nitro, or R 24 R 25 N;
• G is C 3 ⁇ alkanediyl, optionally substituted with hydroxy, C ⁇ alkyl, (L)-C,. 5 alkyloxy, or KL ⁇ C ⁇ alkylenelamino-;
• each of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen;
• Ar represents a six membered ring, optionally substituted with between 1 and 2 substituents selected from halogen, C ⁇ alkyl, cyano, nitro, R 15 R 16 N, CF 3 and 0CF 3 ;
• R 12 is hydrogen, R 23 SO , or R 23 S0 2 ;
• R 13 is hydrogen, R 44 SO, or R 44 S0 2 ;
• R 14 is hydrogen, halogen, C 1-5 alkoxy, C ⁇ alkyl, cyano, nitro, or R 24 R 25 N;
• G is C 3 alkanediyl, optionally substituted with hydroxy, (L)-C 1 . 5 alkyloxy-, or (L)-G,_ 5 alkylamino;
• Specific preferred compounds include the examples herein, such as: 1-[4-(2-Amino-6-chloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3-[5-methanesulfonyl-3-(4- trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-1-yl]-propan-2- ol ; 1 -[3-Chloro-2-(4- ⁇ 3-[5-methanesulfonyl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7- tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-1-yl]-propyl ⁇ -piperazin-1-yl)-phenyl]-3-methyl- urea ; 1 -[3-Chloro-2-(4- ⁇ 2-hydroxy-3-[5-methanesulfonyl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-
• More preferred compounds include the compounds in Examples 19, 27, and 33.
• the invention provides the disclosed compounds and closely related, pharmaceutically acceptable forms of the disclosed compounds, such as salts, esters, amides, acids, hydrates or solvated forms thereof; masked or protected forms; and racemic mixtures, or enantiomerically or optically pure forms.
• Related compounds also include compounds of the invention that have been modified to be detectable, e.g., isotopically labelled with 18 F for use as a probe in positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
• the invention also includes disclosed compounds having one or more functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl, amino, or carboxyl) masked by a protecting group. See, e.g., Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 rd ed., (1999) John Wiley & Sons, NY. Some of these masked or protected compounds are pharmaceutically acceptable; others will be useful as intermediates. Synthetic intermediates and processes disclosed herein, and minor modifications thereof, are also within the scope of the invention.
• Protection for the hydroxyl group includes methyl ethers, substituted methyl ethers, substituted ethyl ethers, substitute benzyl ethers, and silyl ethers.
• substituted methyl ethers include methyoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, f-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl, benzyloxy methyl, p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl, (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl, guaiacolmethyl, f-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl, siloxymethyl, 2- methoxyethoxymethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl, 4- methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl S,S-dioxido, 1- [(2-chloro-4
• substituted ethyl ethers include 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2- chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1 -methyl- 1-methoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1- methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2- (phenylselenyl)ethyl, f-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4- dinitrophenyl, and benzyl.
• substituted benzyl ethers include p-methoxy benzyl, 3,4- dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6- dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2- and 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2- picolyl N-oxido, diphenylmethyl, p, p'-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, ⁇ -naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4'- bromophenacyloxy)phenyldiphenylmethyl, 4,4',4"-tris(4,5- dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4,4',
• silyl Ethers examples include trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylthexylsilyl, t- butyldimethylsilyl, f-butyldiphenylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, and f-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl.
• esters In addition to ethers, a hydroxyl group may be protected as an ester.
• esters include formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, p-P- phenylacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate(levulinate), 4,4- (ethylenedithio)pentanoate, pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate, 4- methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6- trimethylbenzoate(mesitoate)
• carbonate protecting groups include methyl, 9- fluorenylmethyl, ethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl, 2- (phenylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(triphenylphosphonio)ethyl, isobutyl, vinyl, allyl, p- nitrophenyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p- nitrobenzyl, S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy-1 -naphthyl, and methyl dithiocarbonate.
• assisted cleavage examples include 2-iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2- formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl carbonate, 4-
• miscellaneous esters examples include 2,6-dichloro-4- methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-(1 ,1 ,3,3- tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-bis(1 , 1 -dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2- butenoate(tigloate), o-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoate, p-P-benzoate, - naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, N- phenylcarbamate, borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, and 2,4- dinitrophenylsulfenate.
• sulfonates include sulfate, methanesulfonate(mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate.
• Protection for the amino group includes carbamates, amides, and special -NH protective groups.
• carbamates examples include methyl and ethyl carbamates, substituted ethyl carbamates, assisted cleavage carbamates, photolytic cleavage carbamates, urea-type derivatives, and miscellaneous carbamates.
• methyl and ethyl carbamates include methyl and ethyl, 9- fluorenylmethyl, 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluorenylmethyl, 2,7- di-f-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl, and 4- methoxyphenacyl.
• substituted ethyl carbamates include 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2- trimethylsilylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl, 1 ,1-dimethyl- 2-haloethyi, 1 ,1-dimethyi-2,2-dibromoethyl, 1 ,1-dimethyi-2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1- methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl, 1-(3,5-dW-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl, 2-(2'- and 4'-pyridyl)ethyl, 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl, f-butyl, 1-adamantyl, vinyl, allyl, 1-isopropylallyl, cinnamyi
• assisted cleavage examples include 2-methylthioethyl, 2- methylsulfonylethyl, 2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl, [2-(1 ,3-dithianyl)]methyl, 4- methylthiophenyl, 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl, 2-phosphonioethyl, 2- triphenylphosphonioisopropyl, 1 ,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl, t ⁇ ?-chloro-p- acyloxybenzyl, p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl, and 2- (trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl.
• Photolytic Cleavage examples include m-nitrophenyl, 3,5- dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl, and phenyl(o- nitrophenyl)methyl.
• urea-type derivatives include phenothiazinyl-(10)-carbonyl derivative, N' -p-toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl, and N'- phenylaminothiocarbonyl.
• miscellaneous carbamates include f-amyl, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropyl methyl, p-decyloxybenzyl, diisopropylmethyl, 2,2- dimethoxycarbonylvinyl, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl, 1 ,1-dimethyl-3- (N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl, 1 ,1-dimethylpropynyl, di(2-pyridyl)methyl, 2- furanylmethyl, 2-iodoethyl, isobomyl, isobutyl, isonicotinyl, p-(p'- methoxyphenylazo)benzyl, 1-methylcyclobutyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 1 -methyl-1
• amides examples include:
• N-formyl N-acetyl, N-chloroacetyl, N-trichloroacetyl, N-trifluoroacetyl, N- phenylacetyl, N-3-phenylpropionyl, N-picolinoyl, N-3-pyridylcarboxamide, N- benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-benzoyl, N-p-phenylbenzoyl.
• N-o-nitrophenylacetyl N-o-nitrophenoxyacetyl, N-acetoacetyl, (N'- dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino)acetyl, N-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl, N-3-(o- nitrophenyl)propionyl, N-2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propionyl, N-2-methyl-2- (o-phenylazophenoxy)propionyl, N-4-chlorobutyryl, N-3-methyl-3-nitrobutyryl, N-o-nitrocinnamoyl, N-acetylmethionine derivative, N-o-nitrobenzoyl, N-o- (benzoyloxymethyl)benzoyl, and 4,5-diphenyl-3 ⁇ oxazolin-2-one.
• N-phthalimide N-dithiasuccinoyl, N-2,3-diphenylmaleoyl, N-2,5- dimethylpyrrolyl, N-1 ,1 ,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct, 5- substituted 1 ,3-dimethyl-1 ,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted 1 ,3- dibenzyl-1 ,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, and 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4- pyridonyl.
• N-diphenylmethylene N-[(2-pyridyl)mesityl]methylene, and N-(N' ,N'- dimethylaminomethylene).
• acyclic acetals and ketals examples include dimethyl, bis(2,2,2- trichloroethyl), dibenzyl, bis(2-nitrobenzyl) and diacetyl. Cyclic Acetals and Ketals
• Examples of cyclic acetals and ketals include 1 ,3-dioxanes, 5- methylene-1 ,3-dioxane, 5,5-dibromo-1 ,3-dioxane, 5-(2-pyridyl)-1 ,3-dioxane, 1 ,3-dioxolanes, 4-bromomethyl-1 ,3-dioxolane, 4-(3-butenyl)-1 ,3-dioxolane, 4- phenyl-1 ,3-dioxolane, 4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1 ,3-dioxolane, 4,5-dimethoxymethyl- 1 ,3-dioxolane, 0,0'-phenyIenedioxy and 1 ,5-dihydro-3H-2,4-benzodioxepin.
• Examples of acyclic dithio acetals and ketals include S,S'-dimethyI, S,S ' -diethyl, S.S'-dipropyl, S,S'-dibutyl, S,S'-dipentyl, S,S'-diphenyl, S,S'- dibenzyl and S,S'-diacetyl.
• cyclic dithio acetals and ketals examples include 1 ,3-dithiane, 1 ,3- dithiolane and 1 ,5-dihydro-3H-2,4-benzodithiepin.
• Examples of acyclic monothio acetals and ketals include O-trimethylsilyl- S-alkyl, O-methyl-S-alkyl or -S-phenyl and 0-methyl-S-2-(methylthio)ethyl.
• cyclic monothio acetals and ketals examples include 1 ,3- oxathiolanes.
• O-substituted Cyanohydrins examples include O-acetyl, O- trimethylsilyl, O-1-ethoxyethyl and O-tetrahydropyranyl. Substituted Hydrazones
• substituted hydrazones include N,N-dimethyl and 2,4- dinitrophenyl.
• oxime derivatives include O-methyl, O-benzyl and O- phenylthiomethyl.
• substituted methylene and cyclic derivatives include oxazolidines, 1-methyl-2-(1'-hydroxyalkyl)imidazoles, N,N'- dimethylimidazolidines, 2,3-dihydro-1 ,3-benzothiazoles, diethylamine adducts, and methylaluminum bis(2,6-di-f-butyl-4-methylphenoxide)(MAD)complex.
• substituted methyl esters include 9-fluorenyimethyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, benzyloxy methyl, phenacyl, p-bromophenacyl, ⁇ -methylphenacyl, p-methoxyphenacyl, carboxamidomethyl, and N-phthalimidomethyl.
• 2-Substituted Ethyl Esters examples include 2,2,2-trichloroethyl,
• substituted benzyl esters include triphenylmethyl, diphenylmethyl, bis(o-nitrophenyl)methyl, 9-anthrylmethyl, 2-(9,10- dioxo)anthrylmethyl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, 1-pyrenylmethyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-6- chromylmethyl, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl, p-bromobenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p- nitrobenzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 2,6-dimethoxybenzyl, 4-(methylsulfinyl)benzyl, 4- sulfobenzyl, piperonyl, 4-picolyl and p-P-benzyl.
• silyl esters examples include trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, f-butyldimethylsilyl, /-propyldimethylsilyl, phenyldimethylsilyl and di-f- butylmethylsilyl.
• activated esters include thiols.
• miscellaneous derivatives include oxazoles, 2-alkyl-1 ,3- oxazolines, 4-alkyl-5-oxo-1 ,3-oxazolidines, 5-alkyl-4-oxo-1 ,3-dioxolanes, ortho esters, phenyl group and pentaaminocobalt(lll) complex.
• stannyl esters examples include triethylstannyl and tri-n-butylstannyl.
• amides include N,N-dimethyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, 5,6- dihydrophenanthridinyl, o-nitroanilides, N-7-nitroindolyl, N-8-Nitro-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolyl, and p-P-benzenesulfonamides.
• hydrazides examples include N-phenyl and N,N'-diisopropyl hydrazides.
• the compounds of the present invention may be prepared by conventional synthetic organic chemistry and by matrix or combinatorial methods according to Schemes 1 to 11 below, and representative detailed Examples 1 to 24. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to modify and adapt the guidance provided herein to make the disclosed compounds.
• the present compounds inhibit the proteolytic activity of human cathepsin S and therefore are useful as a medicine especially in methods for treating patients suffering from disorders or conditions which are modulated or regulated by the inhibition of cathepsin S activity.
• the invention features a method for treating a subject with a condition mediated by cathepsin S, said method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention.
• the invention also provides a method for inhibiting cathepsin S activity in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention.
• a third method is a method for treating an autoimmune disease, or inhibiting the progression of an autoimmune disease, in a subject, said method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a disclosed compound.
• the autoimmune disease can be, for example, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or preferably, asthma.
• the invention also provides a method for treating or inhibiting the progression of tissue transplant rejection in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention.
• the administration step can occur before, during, and/or after a tissue transplant procedure.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated into various pharmaceutical forms for administration purposes.
• an effective amount of a particular compound, in base or acid addition salt form, as the active ingredient is intimately mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration.
• These pharmaceutical compositions are desirably in unitary dosage form suitable, preferably, for oral administration or parenteral injection.
• any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed.
• tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form, in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are generally employed.
• the carrier will usually comprise sterile water, at least in large part, though other ingredients, for example, to aid solubility, may be included.
• injectable solutions for example, may be prepared in which the carrier comprises saline solution, glucose solution or a mixture of saline and glucose solution.
• Injectable suspensions may also be prepared in which case appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like may be employed.
• the carrier optionally comprises a penetration enhancing agent and/or a suitable wetting agent, optionally combined with suitable additives of any nature in minor proportions, which additives do not cause a significant deleterious effect to the skin.
• suitable additives may facilitate the administration to the skin and/or may be helpful for preparing the desired compositions.
• These compositions may be administered in various ways, e.g., as a transdermal patch, as a spot- on, as an ointment. Acid addition salts of the compounds of formula (I), due to their increased water solubility over the corresponding base form, are more suitable in the preparation of aqueous compositions.
• Dosage unit form as used in the specification herein refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active ingredient calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
• dosage unit forms are tablets (including scored or coated tablets), capsules, pills, powder packets, wafers, injectable solutions or suspensions, teaspoonfuls, tablespoonfuls and the like, and segregated multiples thereof.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include the therapeutically active non-toxic acid addition salt forms which the disclosed compounds are able to form. The latter can conveniently be obtained by treating the base form with an appropriate acid.
• Appropriate acids comprise, for example, inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acids, e.g.
• hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid sulfuric; nitric; phosphoric and the like acids; or organic acids such as, for example, acetic, propanoic, hydroxyacetic, lactic, pyruvic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclamic, salicylic, p-aminosalicylic, palmoic and the like acids.
• the term addition salt also comprises the solvates which the disclosed componds, as well as the salts thereof, are able to form. Such solvates are for example hydrates, alcoholates and the like. Conversely the salt form can be converted by treatment with alkali into the free base form.
• Stereoisomeric form defines all the possible isomeric forms which the compounds of formula (I) may possess.
• the chemical designation of compounds denotes the mixture of all possible stereochemically isomeric forms, said mixtures containing all diastereomers and enantiomers of the basic molecular structure. More in particular, stereogenic centers may have the (R)- or (S)-configuration; substituents on bivalent cyclic saturated radicals may have either the cis- or trans-configuration.
• the invention encompasses stereochemically isomeric forms including diastereoisomers, as well as mixtures thereof in any proportion of the disclosed compounds.
• the disclosed compounds may also exist in their tautomeric forms. Such forms although not explicitly indicated in the above and following formulae are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
• a therapeutically effective dose would be from 0.001 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg body weight, more preferably from 0.01 mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg body weight. It may be appropriate to administer the therapeutically effective dose as two, three, four or more sub-doses at appropriate intervals throughout the day. Said sub-doses may be formulated as unit dosage forms, for example, containing 0.05 mg to 250 mg, and in particular 0.5 to 50 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form. Examples include 2 mg, 4 mg, 7 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 25 mg, and 35 mg dosage forms.
• Compounds of the invention may also be prepared in time-release or subcutaneous or transdermal patch formulations. Disclosed compound may also be formulated as a spray or other topical or inhalable formulations.
• the exact dosage and frequency of administration depends on the particular compound of formula (I) used, the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition being treated, the age, weight and general physical condition of the particular patient as well as other medication the patient may be taking, as is well known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, it is evident that said effective daily amount may be lowered or increased depending on the response of the treated patient and/or depending on the evaluation of the physician prescribing the compounds of the instant invention. The effective daily amount ranges mentioned herein are therefore only guidelines.
• Triethylamine (3.1 mL) was added and p- trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride (3.27 mL, 22 mmol) in CH 2 CI 2 (4 mL) was added dropwise into the solution at 0 °C.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 24 h and diluted with aqueous HCI (5%, 25 mL). After stirring for another 30 min, the organic layer was separated, washed with H 2 0 (20 mL), dried (Na 2 S0 4 ), and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in EtOH (95%, 18 mL) and treated at 0 °C with hydrazine (2.9 mL, 60 mmol).
• the reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the enamine which was used without further purification.
• the enamine was dissolved in CH 2 CI 2 (60 mL) and cooled to 0°C. Triethylamine (8.67 mL, 62 mmol) was added, followed by dropwise addition of 4-iodobenzoyl chloride (13.8 g, 52 mmol) dissolved in CH 2 CI 2 (10 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 72 h. The reaction mixture was poured over water (200 mL) and the CH 2 CI 2 layer was separated, dried (Na 2 S0 4 ), and concentrated.
• Trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL) was added to a solution of 1 - ⁇ 3-[4-(2-cyano-phenyl)- piperazin-1 -yl]-2-hydroxy-propyl ⁇ -3-(4-iodo-phenyl)-1 ,4,6,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.402 g, 0.601 mmol) in CH 2 CI 2 (3 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated, then diluted with EtOAc.
• the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (400 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 (50 mL), H 2 0 (2 x 50 mL), brine (50 mL), dried over Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated.
• the crude orthoester was dissolved in CH 2 CI 2 (5 mL), cooled to 0 °C, and treated with AcBr (0.18 mL, 2.4 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm with stirring over 4 h before being worked up as described above.
• the crude acetyl-bromide obtained was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL), treated with K 2 C0 3 (207 mg, 1.50 mmol) and stirred for 4 h.
• the reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the enamine which was used without further purification.
• the enamine was dissolved in CH 2 CI 2 (200 mL) and cooled to 0°C. To this was added triethylamine (47.2 mL, 339 mmol) followed by dropwise addition of 4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride (42.3 mL, 285 mmol) dissolved in CH 2 CI 2 (82 mL).
• the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 20 h.
• the reaction mixture was washed with 1 N aqueous HCI (250 mL) and the CH 2 CI 2 layer was separated, dried (Na 2 S0 4 ), and concentrated.
• 3-Bromo-1- propanol (8.6 mL, 13.2 g, 94.9 mmol) was added and stirred under N 2 at room temperature for 18 h.
• Water (500 mL) was added to the reaction and stirred for 5 min.
• the precipitated material was filtered out and washed with water (4 X 100 mL) and dried in a Freeze Drying System.
• the crude material (31.0 g) was taken up in anhydrous PMF (65 mL) and Cs 2 C0 3 (33.74 g, 103.5 mmol) was added, and stirred for 10 min.
• Pess-Martin periodinane (3.45 g, 8.2 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-[5- methanesulfonyl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3- c]pyridin-1-yl]-propan-1-ol (3.0 g, 7.4 mmol) in CH 2 CI 2 (20 mL) at 0 °C under N 2 . After 15 min, the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for another 1.5 h. The reaction was diluted with Et 2 0 (60 mL) and 20 % aq. NaHC0 3 (35 mL) was added slowly.
• the eneamine was divided and 320 g (1.19 mol) was diluted with CH 2 CI 2 (1.0 L) and 165.0 mL (1.19 mol) of Et 3 N was added. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C and a solution of 225 g (1.08 mol) of 4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride in CH 2 CI 2 (0.5 L) was added slowly by dropping funnel over 1 h. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stir overnight. The reaction was then diluted with 1 N HCI (450 mL) and stirred vigorously for 3 h.
• the aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 CI 2 (3 x 500 mL) and the combined extracts were dried over Na 2 S0 4 and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure.
• the crude oil was diluted with EtOH (1 L) and cooled to 0 °C. To this stirred solution was slowly added 115 g (3.57 mol) of hydrazine and the mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stir overnight during which time a white precipitate formed. The volume of the reaction was reduced to -500 mL and cooled. The precipitate was collected to afford 285 g (72% from eneamine) of a white solid.
• Pess-Martin periodinane (1.43 g, 3.36 mmol) was added portion wise to a stirred solution of 1-(3-hydroxy-propyl)-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1 ,4,6,7- tetrahydropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.30 g, 3.05 mmol) in CH 2 CI 2 (15 mL) at 0 °C under N 2 .Then the reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 15 min and allowed to warm to room temperature.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h before all volatiles were removed.
• the solid was treated with CH 2 CI 2 (20 mL) and aqueous KOH (4 N, 10 mL).
• the organic layer was separated, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , and concentrated.
• the crude oil (90 mg) was dissolved in absolute EtOH (1.0 mL) and treated with 96 mg (0.24 mmol) of 5- methanesulfonyl-1-oxiranylmethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5,6,7- tetrahydro-1 H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine.
• the reaction mixture was refluxed at 85 °C for 3 h and then the solvent was removed.
• A. 4-Benzo[d1isoxazol-3-yl-piperazine-1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester To a stirred solution of 100 mg (0.65 mmol) of 3-chloro-1 ,2-benzisoXazole in pyridine (1 mL) was added 145 mg of piperazine-1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.78 mmol) and 0.18 mL of PBU (0.78 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 100 °C overnight and then partitioned between EtOAC (50 mL) and water (20 mL) and separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAC (2 x 30 mL).
• Recombinant human cathepsin S (CatS) was expressed in the baculovirus system and purified in one step with a thiopropyl-sepharose column. 10-L yielded -700 mg of CatS and N-terminal sequencing confirmed identity.
• the assay is run in 100 mM sodium acetate pH 5.0 containing 1 mM DTT and 100 mM NaCl.
• the substrate for the assay is
• the K m for the substrate is around 5 ⁇ M but the presence of substrate inhibition makes kinetic analysis difficult.
• the assay rate is linear over the range of 1-8 ng CatS in 100 ⁇ l reaction.
• the production of product is linear and yields -7-fold signal after 20 min with only 20% loss of substrate.
• Primary assays are run by quenching the reaction after 20 min with 0.1 % SDS and then measuring the fluorescence. For other assays, measurements are taken every min for 20 min. The rate is calculated from the slope of the increase and the percent inhibition is calculated from this (See Tables 1 , 2 and 3 below).
• EXAMPLE 108 1 -(3-(4-Chloro-phenyI)-1 - ⁇ 3-[4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-piperazin-1 -yl]-2-hydroxy- propyl ⁇ -1 ,4,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl)-ethanone EXAMPLE 109
• EXAMPLE 139 1 -(3-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-1 - ⁇ 2-hydroxy-3-[4-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1 - yl]-propyl ⁇ -1 ,4,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl)-ethanone
• EXAMPLE 146 1 -(3-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-1 - ⁇ 3-[4-(2,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1 -yl]-2-hydroxy- propyl ⁇ -1 ,4,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl)-ethanone
• EXAMPLE 161 1 -(3-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-1 - ⁇ 2-hydroxy-3-[4-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1 -yl]- propyl ⁇ -1 ,4,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl)-ethanone
• Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid 1 [5-acetyl-3-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro- pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-1 -ylmethyl]-2-(4-o-tolyl-piperazin-1 -yl)-ethyl ester
• EXAMPLE 182 1 -[1 - ⁇ 3-[4-(2-Bromo-benzenesulfonyl)-piperazin-1 -yl]-2-hydroxy-propyl ⁇ -3-(4- chloro-phenyl)-1 ,4,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]-ethanone EXAMPLE 183
• EXAMPLE 201 1 -[1 - ⁇ 3-[4-(2-Amino-phenyl)-piperazin-1 -yl]-2-hydroxy-propyl ⁇ -3-(4-chloro- phenyl)-1 ,4,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]-ethanone
• EXAMPLE 234 1 - ⁇ 3-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-1 -[2-(2-pyridin-2-yl-ethylamino)-3-(4-o-tolyl-piperazin-1 - yl)-propyl]-1 ,4,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl ⁇ -ethanone
• EXAMPLE 242 1 -[2-Hydroxy-3-(4-o-tolyl-piperazin-1 -yl)-propyl]-3-(4-iodo-phenyl)-1 ,4,6,7- tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4, 3-c]pyridine-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester
• EXAMPLE 309 1-[1- ⁇ 3-[4-(3,5-Dichloro-pyridin-4-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-2-hydroxy-propyl ⁇ -3-(4- trifluoromethylsulfanyl-phenyl)-1 ,4,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]- ethanone
• EXAMPLE 310 1 -[1 - ⁇ 3-[4-(3,5-Dichloro-pyridin-4-yl)-piperazin-1 -yl]-propyl ⁇ -3-(4-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)-1 ,4,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]-ethanone

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