WO2001040695A1 - Submerged pipeline for transporting fluids such as oil and/or gas - Google Patents

Submerged pipeline for transporting fluids such as oil and/or gas Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001040695A1
WO2001040695A1 PCT/NO2000/000405 NO0000405W WO0140695A1 WO 2001040695 A1 WO2001040695 A1 WO 2001040695A1 NO 0000405 W NO0000405 W NO 0000405W WO 0140695 A1 WO0140695 A1 WO 0140695A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pipeline
pipe
submerged
buoyancy
anchor
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO2000/000405
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Finn Gunnar Nielsen
Thore Clifford Thuestad
Tore Helge SØREIDE
Gunnar Paulsen
Original Assignee
Norsk Hydro Asa
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Norsk Hydro Asa filed Critical Norsk Hydro Asa
Priority to AU17426/01A priority Critical patent/AU1742601A/en
Publication of WO2001040695A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001040695A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/12—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/20—Accessories therefor, e.g. floats, weights
    • F16L1/24—Floats; Weights

Definitions

  • Submerged pipeline for transporting fluids such as oil and/or gas
  • the present invention concerns a submerged pipeline for transporting fluids such as oil and/or gas.
  • the pipes are either laid freely on the seabed, possibly with fixing points arranged at intervals from each other, or are buried in the seabed and covered.
  • the present invention concerns a submerged pipeline which is characte ⁇ sed in that it is arranged in floating fashion for all or at least part of its length, that the buoyancy for the pipeline is provided by floating elements and/or floating material arranged at intervals and in a mainly uniform layer around the pipeline, possibly in combination with weights or sinker material, and that the pipeline is anchored to the seabed by stays or anchor lines arranged at intervals.
  • Fig. 1 shows a drawing of a part of a submerged floating pipeline with anchor lines arranged at intervals and in a V shape and with buoyancy elements arranged for each anchor point.
  • Fig. 2 shows the same as in Fig. 1. However, here the buoyancy elements are evenly distributed along the entire pipeline.
  • Fig. 3 shows a submerged floating pipeline with only one vertical anchor line for each anchor point.
  • Fig. 4 shows a submerged floating pipeline where the pipeline is arranged in arc form between each anchor point.
  • Figs. 5 and 6 show two different buoyancy/weight-loading situations for an anchored pipe.
  • Fig. 7 shows a submerged floating pipe bundle solution with diagonal anchor lines.
  • Fig. 8 shows, in larger scale, a cross-section of the pipe bundle solution shown in Fig. 5.
  • the present invention is characterised in that the individual pipelines float for all or part of their length and are anchored to the seabed at a distance from it.
  • the pipe anchors can be in the form of anchor lines or stays arranged in a V shape 2 (diagonal), as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, or as a single vertical line or stay 3, as shown in Fig. 3.
  • the pipeline can be arranged in an arc and be fixed, at its ends, directly to the anchor points 4 on the seabed without anchor lines, as shown in Fig. 4.
  • buoyancy elements are used, for example one buoyancy element 5 for each suoport point, as shown in Fig. 1 , buoyancy elements 6 evenly distributed along the entire length of the pipeline, as shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4, a floating layer of uniform thickness arranged around the pipeline along its entire length (not shown), or a combination of these solutions.
  • the buoyancy elements can be in the form of dense, solid elements of steel or other metallic material or they can be made of foamed plastic material, for example polypropylene or PVC.
  • the anchors also comprise an anchor point 7 in the seabed and pipe clips (not shown) for fixing the line/stay to the pipe.
  • the anchor point 7 in the seabed may be gravitation anchor, pillar anchor, suction anchor, plate anchor or penetration anchor.
  • the pipeline can have one or two, or possibly also more, anchor lines for each anchor point. Calculations show, however, that, for reasons of lateral rigidity and dynamics, it will be most expedient to use two anchor lines arranged in a V shape.
  • the diagonal position (angle) of the lines/stays will be determined by, among other things, the tension in both lines/stays under the actual load conditions for the pipeline.
  • the lines/stays can be in the form of fibre rope of aramid, polyester, etc., steel wires, steel chains or rigid stays of steel, titanium, composites, etc.
  • One way of controlling the oscillations is by axial tension to the pipeline.
  • the pipeline When the pipeline is laid, filled with water, it is most expedient for it to be in a straight line.
  • the axial tension will, as a result of the net buoyancy of the pipeline itself and the buoyancy elements, produce the most favourable oscillating frequency situation, i.e. in connection with high natural oscillations.
  • Another way of controlling the oscillations is by varying the distance between the support points (pipe sections/pipe spans). These distances must be chosen so that the natural oscillations of the pipe sections will be higher than the threshold value of the excitation frequency generated by the surrounding water current.
  • the length of the sections can be adapted to the local current speed and thus increase the pipe's fatigue life.
  • the tension in the pipeline and the distance between the support points should preferably be co-ordinated and optimised in order to achieve minimal stress in the pipeline.
  • the oscillation frequency (vibration frequency) of a pipe can consequently be determined using:
  • fn natural frequency (Hz) for oscillation form number
  • n M distributed mass (incl. co-oscillating water mass)
  • FIGs. 5 and 6 show examples of two different load situations for an anchored pipe which produce different bending moment and deformation results.
  • Fig. 5 shows a pipe for which only buoyancy is used and where the buoyancy is evenly distributed along the pipe.
  • the deformation W of the pipe takes place in this example only in an upward direction.
  • the maximum bending moment here will occur at the individual anchor points of the pipe.
  • This load situation is less favourable than, for example, the load situation shown in Fig. 6, where evenly distributed buoyancy and evenly distributed weight are used alternately between each pair of anchor points along the pipe. In such a load situation, the minimum moment will be at the anchor points, as indicated in the bottom diagram in the figure.
  • Figs. 7 and 8 show an example of a pipe bundle which is arranged inside a surrounding pipe 8 and which is anchored with anchor lines 2 via a pipe elevator 9.
  • the surrounding pipe will be able to create the buoyancy for the "overall" pipeline/bundle.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Pipeline Systems (AREA)

Abstract

A submerged pipeline for transporting fluids such as oil and/or gas. The pipeline (1) floats for all or at least part of its length. The buoyancy is provided by floating elements and/or floating material (5, 6) arranged at intervals and in a mainly uniform layer around the pipeline, possibly in combination with weights or sinker material. The pipeline is anchored to the seabed by stays or anchor lines (2) arranged at intervals. It is expedient for tension to be applied to the pipeline in a longitudinal direction and for the distance (L) between the anchor points to vary.

Description

Submerged pipeline for transporting fluids such as oil and/or gas
The present invention concerns a submerged pipeline for transporting fluids such as oil and/or gas.
Large numbers of pipes have been laid on the seabed in recent years in connection with the extraction of oil and gas at sea.
The pipes are either laid freely on the seabed, possibly with fixing points arranged at intervals from each other, or are buried in the seabed and covered.
The prior art describes solutions in which floating elements are used in connection with the laying of a pipeline. However, these floating elements do not serve as buoyancy elements for a floating, permanently anchored pipeline. They are removed after the pipeline has been positioned on the seabed.
In areas in which the seabed is very uneven with high peaks and deep, wide depressions (valleys) at great depths, the existing pipe-laying methods cannot be used.
The present invention concerns a submerged pipeline which is characteπsed in that it is arranged in floating fashion for all or at least part of its length, that the buoyancy for the pipeline is provided by floating elements and/or floating material arranged at intervals and in a mainly uniform layer around the pipeline, possibly in combination with weights or sinker material, and that the pipeline is anchored to the seabed by stays or anchor lines arranged at intervals.
Dependent claims 2-5 define advantageous features of the present invention. The present invention will be described in further detail in the following using examples and with reference to the attached drawings, where:
Fig. 1 shows a drawing of a part of a submerged floating pipeline with anchor lines arranged at intervals and in a V shape and with buoyancy elements arranged for each anchor point.
Fig. 2 shows the same as in Fig. 1. However, here the buoyancy elements are evenly distributed along the entire pipeline.
Fig. 3 shows a submerged floating pipeline with only one vertical anchor line for each anchor point.
Fig. 4 shows a submerged floating pipeline where the pipeline is arranged in arc form between each anchor point.
Figs. 5 and 6 show two different buoyancy/weight-loading situations for an anchored pipe.
Fig. 7 shows a submerged floating pipe bundle solution with diagonal anchor lines.
Fig. 8 shows, in larger scale, a cross-section of the pipe bundle solution shown in Fig. 5.
Unlike conventional pipe-laying methods for submerged pipelines in which the pipes 1 are laid on or buried in the seabed along their entire length, the present invention is characterised in that the individual pipelines float for all or part of their length and are anchored to the seabed at a distance from it. The pipe anchors can be in the form of anchor lines or stays arranged in a V shape 2 (diagonal), as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, or as a single vertical line or stay 3, as shown in Fig. 3. Alternatively, the pipeline can be arranged in an arc and be fixed, at its ends, directly to the anchor points 4 on the seabed without anchor lines, as shown in Fig. 4. In order to keep the pipeline floating, buoyancy elements are used, for example one buoyancy element 5 for each suoport point, as shown in Fig. 1 , buoyancy elements 6 evenly distributed along the entire length of the pipeline, as shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4, a floating layer of uniform thickness arranged around the pipeline along its entire length (not shown), or a combination of these solutions. The buoyancy elements can be in the form of dense, solid elements of steel or other metallic material or they can be made of foamed plastic material, for example polypropylene or PVC.
Apart from the lines/stays mentioned above, the anchors also comprise an anchor point 7 in the seabed and pipe clips (not shown) for fixing the line/stay to the pipe. The anchor point 7 in the seabed may be gravitation anchor, pillar anchor, suction anchor, plate anchor or penetration anchor.
As shown in the figures, the pipeline can have one or two, or possibly also more, anchor lines for each anchor point. Calculations show, however, that, for reasons of lateral rigidity and dynamics, it will be most expedient to use two anchor lines arranged in a V shape. The diagonal position (angle) of the lines/stays will be determined by, among other things, the tension in both lines/stays under the actual load conditions for the pipeline.
Moreover, the lines/stays can be in the form of fibre rope of aramid, polyester, etc., steel wires, steel chains or rigid stays of steel, titanium, composites, etc.
Oscillations (vibrations) induced by the local water currents re-present a major problem which must be solved for floating pipelines. Over time, the oscillations can lead to fatigue and in certain situations to uncontrolled excess loads in connection with natural oscillations, which can result in fracture in the worst case scenario.
One way of controlling the oscillations is by axial tension to the pipeline. When the pipeline is laid, filled with water, it is most expedient for it to be in a straight line. When the pipeline is emptied, the axial tension will, as a result of the net buoyancy of the pipeline itself and the buoyancy elements, produce the most favourable oscillating frequency situation, i.e. in connection with high natural oscillations. Another way of controlling the oscillations is by varying the distance between the support points (pipe sections/pipe spans). These distances must be chosen so that the natural oscillations of the pipe sections will be higher than the threshold value of the excitation frequency generated by the surrounding water current.
The underlying theory shows that pipe sections of different lengths have different natural oscillations. As the pipe sections will "prefer" to oscillate at their own natural oscillations, neighbouring sections of different lengths will contribute to damping each other's oscillating amplitudes.
In areas with varying water current speed along the pipe, the length of the sections can be adapted to the local current speed and thus increase the pipe's fatigue life.
The tension in the pipeline and the distance between the support points should preferably be co-ordinated and optimised in order to achieve minimal stress in the pipeline.
The total pipe system rigidity is represented by a combination of tension (cable power) and bending power. As the distance between the support points increases, the cable power will be dominant. The maximum static sag/deflection as a consequence of buoyancy/weight for an anchored pipe can be calculated purely from the point of view of the cable using the expression: qL2 W = 8^
where (see also Figs. 5 and 6):
W = deflection between the anchor points q = distributed, net buoyancy/weight
L = length between the anchor points
Netf = effective tension
= the actual tension in the pipe, corrected for external and internal pressure. The oscillation frequency (vibration frequency) of a pipe can consequently be determined using:
■on - (purely the cable)
Figure imgf000006_0001
Figure imgf000006_0002
where:
fn = natural frequency (Hz) for oscillation form number n M = distributed mass (incl. co-oscillating water mass)
El = bending rigidity of the pipe.
It can easily be seen from the above formulae that the natural frequencies of a floating, anchored pipe can be changed by, among other things, changing the effective tension Ne._ and the length L between the anchor points.
On the other hand, it is necessary also to take deformation (bending outwards) and the bending moment of the pipe into consideration. Figs. 5 and 6 show examples of two different load situations for an anchored pipe which produce different bending moment and deformation results.
Fig. 5 shows a pipe for which only buoyancy is used and where the buoyancy is evenly distributed along the pipe. The deformation W of the pipe takes place in this example only in an upward direction. As can be seen in the bottom diagram in Fig. 5, the maximum bending moment here will occur at the individual anchor points of the pipe. This load situation is less favourable than, for example, the load situation shown in Fig. 6, where evenly distributed buoyancy and evenly distributed weight are used alternately between each pair of anchor points along the pipe. In such a load situation, the minimum moment will be at the anchor points, as indicated in the bottom diagram in the figure. Even though the load pattern is the most favourable in relation to the bending moment in the pipe, a pipe with such a load pattern will be harder to lay than a pipe which has evenly distributed buoyancy as mentioned above. For floating pipes, therefore, it is necessary to take into consideration not only factors associated with the ideal/optimal situation for the pipe when it has been laid but also factors associated with the laying process itself.
The present invention, as it is defined in the attached claims, is not limited to a single pipeline. It applies also to two or more pipelines arranged, for example, in a bundle. Figs. 7 and 8 show an example of a pipe bundle which is arranged inside a surrounding pipe 8 and which is anchored with anchor lines 2 via a pipe elevator 9. Here the surrounding pipe will be able to create the buoyancy for the "overall" pipeline/bundle.

Claims

Claims
A submerged pipeline for transporting fluids such as oil and/or gas, characterised in that the pipeline (1) floats for all or at least part of its length, that the buoyancy is provided by floating elements and/or floating material (5, 6) arranged at intervals and in a mainly uniform layer around the pipeline, possibly in combination with weights or sinker material, and that the pipeline is anchored to the seabed by stays or anchor lines (2) arranged at intervals.
2. A submerged pipeline in accordance with claims 1-3, characterised in that tension is applied to the pipeline in a longitudinal direction.
3. A submerged pipeline in accordance with claims 1 and 2, characterised in that the tension in the pipeline is optimised in relation to desired natural frequencies by a combination of the effects of mechanical tension in connection with laying the pipeline, the effect of internal and external pressure, the effect of temperature and buoyancy and weight distribution along the pipe.
4. A submerged pipeline in accordance with claim 1 , characterised in that the distance (L) between the anchor points (2, 7) varies and is determined in relation to the prevailing local current conditions. A submerged pipeline in accordance with the preceding claims 1-4, characterised in that the natural frequencies for each section (L) of the pipeline are determined by:
where cable)
Figure imgf000009_0001
fn = natural frequency for oscillation mode n
M = distributed mass incl. co-oscillating water mass
El = bending rigidity of the pipe.
PCT/NO2000/000405 1999-12-03 2000-12-01 Submerged pipeline for transporting fluids such as oil and/or gas WO2001040695A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
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NO19995923 1999-12-03

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007045047A1 (en) * 2005-10-20 2007-04-26 J P Kenny Pty Limited Stabilising of submarine elongate structures
EP2161488A1 (en) 2008-09-09 2010-03-10 Heerema Fabrication Group B.V. A pipe section for use in a submerged pipeline system, the submerged pipeline system and the use thereof
US7956227B2 (en) 2007-12-06 2011-06-07 Conocophillips Company Oligomerization of hydrocarbons
AU2006303827B2 (en) * 2005-10-20 2011-06-09 J P Kenny Pty Limited Stabilising of submarine elongate structures
ITGE20110028A1 (en) * 2011-03-15 2012-09-16 Iacopo Martini HEAT EXCHANGER WITH HYDROSTATIC SUSPENSION
US20180195644A1 (en) * 2015-07-15 2018-07-12 Saipem S.P.A. Support device for at least one portion of a linear structure for crossing an uneven underwater topography, assembly comprising said device and method of support
WO2022156092A1 (en) * 2021-01-19 2022-07-28 西京学院 Pre-tension seabed vacuum pipeline structure and stretching method therefor

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1506724A1 (en) * 1967-06-28 1969-11-27 Hewitt Robins Internat S A Ring-shaped or tubular floating body for use in hose lines laid in water
US4107933A (en) * 1976-06-04 1978-08-22 Compagnie Generale Pour Les Developpements Operationnels Des Richesses Sous-Marines "C. G. Doris" Apparatus and method for towing a pipeline in a body of water
US4110994A (en) * 1976-01-26 1978-09-05 Poseidon Marketing And Development Co. Marine pipeline
US4263004A (en) * 1977-04-04 1981-04-21 Institut Francais Du Petrole Device for transferring a fluid through a liquid body by means of a flexible pipe
US4310264A (en) * 1980-03-31 1982-01-12 Brownlee William L Buoyant pipe system

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1506724A1 (en) * 1967-06-28 1969-11-27 Hewitt Robins Internat S A Ring-shaped or tubular floating body for use in hose lines laid in water
US4110994A (en) * 1976-01-26 1978-09-05 Poseidon Marketing And Development Co. Marine pipeline
US4107933A (en) * 1976-06-04 1978-08-22 Compagnie Generale Pour Les Developpements Operationnels Des Richesses Sous-Marines "C. G. Doris" Apparatus and method for towing a pipeline in a body of water
US4263004A (en) * 1977-04-04 1981-04-21 Institut Francais Du Petrole Device for transferring a fluid through a liquid body by means of a flexible pipe
US4310264A (en) * 1980-03-31 1982-01-12 Brownlee William L Buoyant pipe system

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007045047A1 (en) * 2005-10-20 2007-04-26 J P Kenny Pty Limited Stabilising of submarine elongate structures
GB2444894A (en) * 2005-10-20 2008-06-18 J P Kenny Pty Ltd Stabilising of submarine elongate structures
GB2444894B (en) * 2005-10-20 2010-06-02 J P Kenny Pty Ltd Stabilising of submarine elongate structures
AU2006303827B2 (en) * 2005-10-20 2011-06-09 J P Kenny Pty Limited Stabilising of submarine elongate structures
US8100606B2 (en) 2005-10-20 2012-01-24 JP Kenny Pty Ltd Stabilizing of submarine elongate structures
US7956227B2 (en) 2007-12-06 2011-06-07 Conocophillips Company Oligomerization of hydrocarbons
EP2161488A1 (en) 2008-09-09 2010-03-10 Heerema Fabrication Group B.V. A pipe section for use in a submerged pipeline system, the submerged pipeline system and the use thereof
ITGE20110028A1 (en) * 2011-03-15 2012-09-16 Iacopo Martini HEAT EXCHANGER WITH HYDROSTATIC SUSPENSION
US20180195644A1 (en) * 2015-07-15 2018-07-12 Saipem S.P.A. Support device for at least one portion of a linear structure for crossing an uneven underwater topography, assembly comprising said device and method of support
WO2022156092A1 (en) * 2021-01-19 2022-07-28 西京学院 Pre-tension seabed vacuum pipeline structure and stretching method therefor

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Publication number Publication date
NO995923D0 (en) 1999-12-03
AU1742601A (en) 2001-06-12
NO995923L (en) 2001-06-05

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