WO2001023543A1 - Creation de regions de liaison a sequence et longueur variables, pour molecules a domaine double ou multiple - Google Patents

Creation de regions de liaison a sequence et longueur variables, pour molecules a domaine double ou multiple Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2001023543A1
WO2001023543A1 PCT/US2000/025965 US0025965W WO0123543A1 WO 2001023543 A1 WO2001023543 A1 WO 2001023543A1 US 0025965 W US0025965 W US 0025965W WO 0123543 A1 WO0123543 A1 WO 0123543A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
domain
library
repeated
polypeptide
domains
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2000/025965
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Stephen J. Reinl
John A. Lindbo
Thomas Turpen
Original Assignee
Large Scale Biology Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Large Scale Biology Corporation filed Critical Large Scale Biology Corporation
Priority to JP2001526926A priority Critical patent/JP2003510073A/ja
Priority to EP00965277A priority patent/EP1218501A1/fr
Priority to CA002385609A priority patent/CA2385609A1/fr
Priority to AU76017/00A priority patent/AU782856B2/en
Priority to KR1020027003842A priority patent/KR20020059413A/ko
Priority to IL14867500A priority patent/IL148675A0/xx
Publication of WO2001023543A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001023543A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C12N15/1034—Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries
    • C12N15/1093—General methods of preparing gene libraries, not provided for in other subgroups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70503—Immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/62—DNA sequences coding for fusion proteins

Definitions

  • This invention in the field of molecular biology relates to libraries of dual- domain nucleic acids and/or proteins in which the domains are joined by a library of linkers that vary in length and sequence.
  • Dual-domain polypeptides or dual-domain nucleic acids encoding such polypeptides may have new, advantageous properties compared to the original polypeptides or nucleic acids after which they are patterned.
  • Such polypeptide domains are generally linked using a linker region or linker domain.
  • a generic designation of such a polypeptide construct is D]-L-D 2 , wherein Di and D are two structural domains that are identical or different and L is the linker.
  • two cytosolic domains of the membrane-spanning protein adenylyl cyclase coupled with a linker domain form a soluble protein (Tang et al, Science, 268: 1769-1772 (1995)).
  • polypeptide generated by linking two domains is a single chain antibody or scFv.
  • These single chain polypeptides include the variable (V) regions from the heavy (H) and light(L) chains of a selected immunoglobulin (Ig) and recreate the antigen binding site of the native Ig while being a fraction of its size (Skerra, A. et al. (1988) Science, 240: 1038-1041; Pluckthun, A. et al. (1989) Methods Enzymol 178: 497-515; Winter, G. et al. (1991) Nature, 349: 293-299); Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423; Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl.
  • An scFv is composed of a V H domain at its N-terminus and a V L domain at its C-terminus (or vice versa) linked by a peptide linker. Correct folding of the V H and V L regions is cmcial for retention of antigen binding capacity by the scFv. The length and sequence of the linker region are critical parameters for correct folding and biological function. scFv chains are easier to express than the larger Fv fragments or even larger
  • Ig molecules which are four chain complexes.
  • a ribozyme is a catalytic RNA molecule that cleaves other RNA molecules that contain nucleic acid sequences complementary to particular targeting sequences in the ribozyme. Two identical or different nucleic acid domains such as two ribozyme domains can be joined to create a bifunctional ribozyme that can act on more than one
  • RNA substrate structure General methods for constructing ribozymes, including hairpin ribozymes, hammerhead ribozymes and RNAse P ribozymes are known in the art. Castanotto et al. (1994) Advances in Pharmacology, 25: 289-317, reviews ribozymes (including group I, hammerhead, axhead ,hairpin and RNAse P). Ribozymes that can advantageously target desired specific sequences, such as HIV sequences, have been described (Ho, A. et al, WO 9426877 (1994); Yu et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. USA, 90:6340-6344, and Dropulic et al (1992) J Virol, 66:1432- 1441).
  • the hammerhead ribozyme and the hairpin ribozyme are catalytic molecules with antisense and endoribonucleotidase activity. Their intracellular expression can confer significant resistance to, for example, HIV infection.
  • Hammer head ribozymes are described in Rossie et al. (1991) Pharmac. Ther., 50:245-254; Forster et al. (1987) Cell, 48:211-220; Uhlenbeck, OC (1987) Nature, 328:596-600; Haseloff, j. et al. (1988) Nature, 334:334:585; Dropulic et al, supra; and Castanotto et al, supra, and references cited therein. Hairpin ribozyme are disclosed in Hampel et al. (1990) Nucl
  • V a , g or c a , g or c
  • the typical substrate sequence for hairpin ribozymes is nnng/cn*gucnnnnnnn (where n*g is the cleavage site).
  • the hammerhead ribozyme cleaves at any nux sequence.
  • the same substrate target within the hairpin leader sequence, guc is targetable by the hammerhead ribozyme.
  • Two DNA domains can be also linked to form a dual-domain DNA molecule. Certain DNA domains bind to proteins such as DNA polymerases, endonucleases, and transcription factors. Thus, two linked DNA domains can be linked to form a dual- domain DNA molecule that binds one or more DNA binding protein.
  • nucleic acid or polypeptide domains that may be advantageously linked to form a dual-domain nucleic acid or polypeptide with one or more functions.
  • Those of skill will also recognize the general desirability of methods that yield such products.
  • the desired property of a dual-domain DNA, ribozyme or protein molecule can be optimized by modifying the nucleic acid that (1) constitutes the DNA domain, (2) encodes the ribozyme sequence or (3) encodes the protein domain. This is achieved through a variety of conventional techniques. In one approach, the sequence or length of the linker region is varied in an effort to optimize the dual-domain molecule. The length and sequence of the linker region may indeed be critical to the function of a dual-domain protein.
  • heterologous proteins are known in the art. These include bacterial systems which have the advantages of rapid and abundant production, but are limited in many instances by their inability to produce properly folded and soluble proteins (unless the proteins are subjected to cycles of denaturation and renaturation). Baculovirus systems drive expression through the secretory pathways of insect cells, thereby increasing the probability of improved protein solubility (Kretzschmar, T. et al (1996) J. Immunol. Methods 195:93-101; Brocks, B. et al. (1997), Immunotechnology 3:173-184).
  • the present invention inventors have conceived of an approach for generating a library of dual-domain or multi-domain (>2) polypeptides from appropriate coding nucleic acids, which library is characterized by the members having random linkers linking each pair of polypeptide domains, wherein the random linkers have variable length and sequence.
  • the nucleotide sequences encoding the linkers comprise a repeated pattern of degenerate triplet bases.
  • the first and second (and/or higher order) domains may be the same or different from one another.
  • the amino acid composition of an entire linker region may include between 1 and about 20 different amino acids with each repeated pattern of degenerate triplet bases encoding between 1 and about 12 different amino acids.
  • the preferred linker length ranges from 1 to 50 amino acids.
  • the polypeptide is a single chain immunoglobulin or single chain antibody (scFv) molecule wherein one domain is an immunoglobulin V H domain and the other domain is an immunoglobulin V L domain.
  • the present invention is directed to a library of dual-domain nucleic acid molecules each of which has (a) a first and a second domain; (b) separating and linking the domains, a linker which is a member of a randomized library of linkers that (i) vary in size and nucleotide sequence, (ii) consist of a repeated pattern of degenerate repeated triplet nucleotides.
  • the repeated pattern of degenerate repeated triplet nucleotides of the linkers have the following properties: (i) position 1 of each repeated triplet cannot be the same nucleotide as position 2 of the repeated triplet; or (ii) position 2 of each repeated triplet cannot be the same nucleotide as position 3 of the repeated triplet; or (iii) position 1 of each repeated triplet cannot be the same nucleotide as position 3 of the repeated triplet.
  • the nucleotide in the first and second positions of each repeated triplet is selected from any two of deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine or deoxythymidine.
  • position 1 of each repeated triplet is deoxyadenosine or deoxyguanosine;
  • position 2 of each repeated triplet is deoxycytidine or deoxyguanosine;
  • position 3 of each repeated triplet is deoxythymidine.
  • two different repeated patterns of degenerate triplet bases are combined to generate a population of linkers used to produce dual-domain molecules.
  • the combination of different repeated patterns of degenerate triplet bases is used to increase the complexity of the linker sequences obtained from the population.
  • the different repeats can also be used to introduce differing structural or biochemical properties to the linker region.
  • degenerate triplet VWC and degenerate triplet nvt are used as the nontemplated sequence.
  • at least one of the domains binds to a protein.
  • both of the domains bind to a protein.
  • At least one, preferably both, of the domains binds to a nucleic acid that is not a member of the library.
  • the first and the second domains are preferably coding sequences.
  • the library as described above, is preferably produced in plants or plant cells.
  • the present invention also provides a dual-domain or multi-domain nucleic acid molecule selected out from the library described above.
  • L is a peptide or polypeptide linker which is a member of a randomized library of linkers that vary in size and sequence, which library is encoded by nucleic acid sequences consisting of a repeated pattern of degenerate repeated triplet nucleotides.
  • the present invention is directed to a library of multi-domain polypeptide molecules each of which comprises polypeptide domains D, each pair of D's being linked by a peptide or polypeptide linker L, such that each molecule is described by the formula D x L y wherein x is an integer between 2 and about n, wherein n is preferably about 20, y is an integer between 1 and (n-1), with the proviso that for any value of x, y is preferably x-1; Di is bonded to a single C-terminal linker; D n (the "ultimate" C-terminal domain) is bonded to a single N-terminal linker; each of D to D n- ⁇ are bonded to a N-terminal and a C-terminal linker; each L is a member of a randomized library of linkers that vary in size and sequence, which linker library is encoded by nucleic acid sequences consisting of a repeated pattern of degenerate repeated triplet
  • a preferred library is a library of dual-domain polypeptide molecules each of which is described by the formula Di-L -D 2 wherein (a) Di and D are polypeptide domains and (b) L is a peptide or polypeptide linker which is a member of a randomized library of linkers that vary in size and sequence, which library is encoded by nucleic acid sequences consisting of a repeated pattern of degenerate repeated triplet nucleotides.
  • each linker in the library preferably (i) has a length of between about 1 and 50 amino acid residues and (ii) consists of between 1 and about 20 different amino acids and (iii) each repeated pattern of degenerate triplet bases encodes between 1 and 12 different amino acids.
  • the repeated pattern of degenerate repeated triplet nucleotides encoding the linkers preferably has the following properties:
  • nucleotide in the first and second positions of each repeated triplet is selected from any two of deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine or deoxythymidine.
  • position 1 of each repeated triplet is deoxyadenosine or deoxyguanosine;
  • position 2 of each repeated triplet is deoxycytidine or deoxyguanosine; and
  • position 3 of each repeated triplet is deoxythymidine.
  • the above library of dual- or multi-domain polypeptides is preferably produced in plant cells.
  • Specific embodiments of this invention include any dual-domain (or multi- domain) polypeptide molecule selected from the library as described above.
  • One embodiment provides a three domain peptide selected from the above library which is a dual domain scFv polypeptide linked to a third polypeptide domain, third domain is preferably a toxin polypeptide with therapeutic utility or an enzyme with diagnostic utility or use as a research tool.
  • the foregoing polypeptides are preferably produced in plant cells.
  • This invention is further directed to a method for generating the library of dual- domain nucleic acids as above, comprising: a. obtaining two template DNA sequences that comprises the first and the second domains; b. preparing amplification primer pairs which amplify the first and second domains where each primer pair comprises an upstream primer and a downstream primer, each primer having a 5 ' end and a 3 ' end, wherein the downstream primer for the first domain or the upstream primer for the second domain comprises a nontemplated sequence, the nontemplated sequence comprising a repeated pattern of degenerate repeated triplet nucleotides, wherein at least two of the 5' terminal triplets of the repeated pattern of degenerate repeated triplet nucleotides have the same degenerate sequence; c.
  • the repeated pattern of degenerate repeated triplet nucleotides in at least one of the primers preferably has the following properties: (i) position 1 of each repeated triplet cannot be the same nucleotide as position 2 of the repeated triplet; or
  • a linker in the library that consists of 10 or more residues in length should contain at least three different residues and a linker in the library that consists of 20 or more residues in length should contain at least four different residues.
  • At least one of the primers preferably contains a non- templated endonuclease recognition site.
  • the template DNA sequences are preferably made by reverse transcription of mRNA.
  • the method may further comprise the step of ligating the population of dual- domain nucleic acids to vectors, and, further comprise the step of introducing the vector into a host.
  • the nucleic acid domains generally will encode polypeptide domains, and the method preferably also comprises the step of expressing dual-domain polypeptides encoded by the dual-domain nucleic acids.
  • the method may comprise the step of transcribing RNA from the vectors.
  • the vectors should be compatible with replication and/or expression of the nucleic acids in plant cells.
  • the method preferably includes the steps of introducing the transcribed the RNA into a plant cell and expressing the dual-domain (or multi-domain) polypeptide.
  • This invention also provides a population of dual-domain polypeptides or a dual-domain polypeptide selected from that population, produced by the method described above.
  • the population or selected polypeptide is produced in plant cells.
  • a polypeptide or protein "domain” generally refers to a region of a polypeptide chain that is folded in such a way that confers a particular structure and/or biochemical function. (Schulz et al, supra). Domains can be defined in structural or functional terms. A functional domain can be a single structural domain, but may also include more than one structural domain. Such functions can include enzymatic catalytic activity, ligand binding, chelating of an atom or endogenous fluorescence. As discussed above, and of particular importance to this invention, V H and V L regions of Ig molecules each form single structural domains, which act in concert in forming an antigen-combining site. A domain's function is dictated to a large extent by the distinct shapes into which it folds. Although most commonly used to describe proteins, a "domain” can also describe a region of a nucleic acid, either the coding sequence of a polypeptide domain, or a nucleic acid structure that carries out a particular function
  • Binding domains defined by binding to a binding partner (receptor or ligand) are exemplified by the V H and V L regions of Ig molecules (see below), each of which forms a single structural domain that act in concert in forming an antigen-combining site.
  • Other well-known binding domains are extracellular domains of cell surface receptors that bind a respective ligand, for example, a peptide hormone.
  • the portions of a polypeptide or peptide ligand such as erythropoietin, GM-CSF or enkephalin, that binds to its respective receptor is considered a functional (binding) domain.
  • Parts of proteins that are responsible for the capacity to fluoresce are also considered functional domains.
  • a binding domain of a DNA or RNA molecule is a part of the molecule that binds a protein (preferably) such as a transcription factor (e.g. , cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB)), a restriction enzyme (e.g. , EcoR I) or a DNA polymerases (e.g., Taq DNA Polymerase).
  • a transcription factor e.g. , cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB)
  • a restriction enzyme e.g. , EcoR I
  • DNA polymerases e.g., Taq DNA Polymerase
  • Temporal DNA refers to the DNA that is amplified by "amplification primer pairs” (the population of oligonucleotide primers used in the amplification reaction). This DNA may be produced by biological (recombinant) or synthetic (chemical) means. Further, mRNA may be reverse transcribed to form the template DNA that is used in the amplification reaction.
  • An “upstream primer” is an oligonucleotide primer, or a mixture of oligonucleotide primers, that anneal(s) to the antisense strand of the template DNA.
  • a “downstream primer” is an oligonucleotide primer, or a mixture of oligonucleotide primers, that anneal(s) to the sense strand of the template DNA.
  • a "nontemplated sequence” is the portion of an amplification primer that contains a repeated nucleotide triplet. As the goal of this sequence is to introduce variability into the linker library, it is not complementary to the DNA sequence being amplified, e.g.,, the polypeptide domain-coding regions.
  • the phrase "repeated pattern of degenerate triplet bases” refers to a nucleic acid sequence wherein a set of three bases (a triplet) is repeated in the nontemplated sequence, creating a repeating motif where the individual bases in the repeating triplet are independently selected from a defined array.
  • the repeated triplet is nws (see Table 1)
  • n can be any of a, c , g, or t
  • W can be a or t
  • s can be g or c, rendering the repeated pattern degenerate.
  • these repeated triplets are adjacent to each other.
  • the nontemplated sequence of the amplification primer that contains these "repeated pattern of degenerate triplet bases” is produced in vitro.
  • “Amplifying/amplification” refers to a reaction wherein the entire template DNA, or portions thereof, are duplicated at least once, preferably many times.
  • “Ligating/ligation” refers to covalent coupling of two or more DNA strands (3' end to 5' end) using enzymatic and/or chemical methods.
  • a “nontemplated endonuclease recognition site” is a sequence within the nontemplated sequence that is recognized by a restriction endonuclease.
  • library refers to a population, set or collection of nucleic acid molecules consisting of domains joined by linker sequences, which linkers vary in size and nucleotide sequence and which are produced using the methods described.
  • the number of library members contained in the library which differ in nucleotide sequence is determined by the number of sequences contained in the repeated pattern of degenerate triplet bases.
  • library is also applied to the population of polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid library.
  • a "linker” at the nucleic acid level is a nucleic acid molecule or sequence that joins two nucleic acid domains or two nucleic acid sequences encoding two polypeptide domains.
  • the linker sequence has a pattern of degenerate repeated triplet nucleotides with the following properties:
  • the linker is the peptide expression product of the linker nucleic acid sequence.
  • the present linker excludes such sequences that encode (or are) Gly 4 Ser or repeats thereof.
  • a “library of linkers” (or “linker library”) at the nucleic acid level is a set or collection or population of nucleic acid molecules or sequences each of which joins two nucleic acid domains or two nucleic acid sequences encoding two polypeptide domains, each library member of which has a pattern of degenerate repeated triplet nucleotides with the following properties: (i) position 1 of each repeated triplet cannot have the same nucleotide as at position
  • the linker library is the set of expression products of the population of linker nucleic acid members of the library.
  • a “single-chain antibody” (scFv; also termed “scAb” by others) is a single chain polypeptide molecule wherein an Ig heavy chain variable (V H ) domain and an Ig light chain variable (V L ) domain are artificially linked by a relatively short peptide linker that allows the scFv to assume a conformation which retains binding capacity and specificity and for the antigen (or epitope) against which the original antibody (from which the V H and V L domains are derived) was specific.
  • V H Ig heavy chain variable
  • V L Ig light chain variable
  • FIG. 1 shows a Western blot analysis of scFv proteins generated in Example 1 in plant protoplasts.
  • CJ is the scFv with the (Gly Ser) 3 linker.
  • the number of the lane refers to the # of the clone.
  • the size in kilodaltons (kD) is shown on the left.
  • FIG. 2 shows a Western blot analysis of scFv proteins generated in Example 2 in whole plants.
  • CJ is the scFv with the (Gly 4 Ser) 3 linker.
  • the number of the lane refers to the # of the clone.
  • the size in kDa is shown on the left.
  • Figure 3 shows Coomassie stained SDS-PAGE analysis of scFv proteins generated in Example 3 in whole plants.
  • the number of the lane refers to the # of the clone and the arrow indicates the scFv protein.
  • the size in kDa is shown on the left.
  • the present invention employs expression systems, preferably plant-based, to produce dual-domain proteins, for example, individualized tumor-specific immunogens for treating B cell lymphoma.
  • the plant-based transient heterologous expression system described herein produces correctly folded polypeptides in surprisingly high abundance and with surprisingly potent immunogenicity. This system allows rapid and economical production of useful quantities of such proteins or polypeptides.
  • the nucleic acid encoding the dual-domain product is introduced into plants using an appropriate plant virus vector, described in detail below, leading to expression and rapid production of appropriately folded dual-domain protein in plant cells, plant parts and whole plants.
  • the present approaches for generation of random linker libraries of varying degrees of complexity in the production of dual domain (or multi-domain) nucleic acids and proteins can be applied to other prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts, for example bacteria, yeast cells or mammalian cells.
  • the present invention can be applied directly to other protein antigens which can expressed in plants in a similar manner to achieve proper folding and enhanced immunogenicity.
  • antigens that are common to a particular type of tumor or family of tumors, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) present in prostate adenocarcinomas, tyrosinase present in melanomas, and many other known and yet undiscovered tumor antigens.
  • CEA carcinoembryonic antigen
  • PSA prostate-specific antigen
  • TCR T cell receptor
  • TCR-based antigens can be markers and therefore, targets in certain T cell leukemias and lymphomas as well as in autoimmune diseases.
  • autoimmune diseases associated with identifiable T cell clones or with usage of a particular TCR chain V region are modulated/treated by immunizing with a polypeptide antigen corresponding to TCR V region polypeptides that is made by the approach described herein.
  • Other dual domain proteins within the scope of the invention include a viral coat protein domain combined with another domain of interest. If necessary, this molecule is purified taking advantage of the coat protein's characteristics.
  • the protein domains are not limited to those expressed on the cell surface; dual domain proteins wherein one or both polypeptides are derived from a cytosolic protein or a protein that functions in soluble form are also intended. Examples include cytokines such as IL-l ⁇ and polypeptide hormones.
  • transcription factors Other prefened polypeptide domains that are linked as dual- or multi-domain proteins using the linker approach of the present invention are transcription factors. These can be assembled so that active domains of different transcription factors that act in concert or sequentially are combined as single chain molecules separated by linkers.
  • the linker size and complexity is chosen on the basis of the functional requirements for the transcription factors, e.g., the distance between the nucleic acid binding sites for these factors if they must bind and act at about the same time.
  • Such dual domain or multi-domain polypeptides would be expected to show advantageous properties in promoting, activating or orchestrating transcriptional events. This may be particularly useful in cases where more than one factor must act and one is limiting in its concentration or availability. This limitation is overcome by creating an artificial dual domain or multi-domain transcription factor where the domain of the otherwise limiting factor is always linked to a domain or domains or one or more nonlimiting transcription factors.
  • a transcription factor domain may be linked using the present approach to an inhibitory moiety such as a toxin so that binding of the transcription factor domain to its target DNA permits the toxin to perform its function and inhibit transcription or otherwise block a cellular function.
  • an inhibitory moiety such as a toxin
  • Use of the stimulatory or inhibitory transcription factor constructs with linkers having the appropriate flexibility could permit the attainment of new levels of control over cellular functions not heretofore possible using mixtures of proteins or by protein domains that have been linked by a limited array of preselected individual linkers.
  • the random linker library approach generates a much larger anay of choices that can be selected by appropriate means as described herein.
  • the dual- or multi-domain polypeptides prepared in accordance with this invention using the random linker library approach can be delivered to a target cell exogenously, or can be combined in an expression system that is inserted into the target cell and functions autonomously or under the control of cellular factors. This can be accomplished using routine method of molecular biology using conventional vectors such as viral vectors that deliver the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptides to the appropriate cells by selective or nonselective means.
  • the product of the present invention may be used in the form of a dual (or multi) domain nucleic acid molecule, for example, a bifunctional DNA vaccine that is intended for administration to a subject and, when expressed, produces an immunogenic dual domain protein in the subject.
  • the practice of the present invention employs conventional techniques of molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are described in more detail in the references listed earlier. Focusing on a linker region L between two polypeptide domains, it may be difficult to predict what amino acid substitutions or additions will optimize a particular property of the linker, and therefore, of the multi-domain polypeptide as tested, for example, in a biochemical or biological assay. The length and the sequence of L can affect the activity of the polypeptide product because of an impact on properties such as solubility, folding and conformation, protease susceptibility or expression level.
  • the present invention provides approaches for creating a nucleic acid library, that when expressed, results in a library of polypeptides with linker regions that areO variable in both length and sequence. This invention permits a practitioner to create and analyze such libraries, thereby providing advantages over the prior art where either length or sequence, but not both, could be varied.
  • the present invention is based on the use of known template nucleic acids that encode the protein domains of interest.
  • the nucleic acid encoding a first domain is amplified in a PCR reaction using an upstream primer that is complementary to the antisense strand of the template and a downstream primer that is complementary to the sense strand of the template DNA and that may contain repeated triplets of nucleotides at its 5' end.
  • the nucleic acid for the second domain is amplified in a PCR reaction with an upstream primer that is complementary to the antisense strand of the template DNA and that may have a repeated nucleotide triplet sequence at its 5' end and with a downstream primer that is complementary to the sense strand of the template DNA.
  • an upstream primer that is complementary to the antisense strand of the template DNA and that may have a repeated nucleotide triplet sequence at its 5' end and with a downstream primer that is complementary to the sense strand of the template DNA.
  • either the downstream primer for the first domain and/or the upstream primer for the second domain must contain the repeated triplet of nucleotides.
  • the resulting two PCR products are then combined to form a nucleic acid that encodes a dual-domain protein, or contains the dual DNA or dual RNA domains that are linked by the linker region.
  • This resultant molecules protein, DNA or RNA
  • the structures of proteins and nucleic acids and their domains are determined by well-known biochemical and biophysical methods, in particular X-ray crystallography and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) spectroscopy. Inspection of a 3D structure may be sufficient to delineated a macromolecule 's domains.
  • the 3D structure of the dimeric enzyme glutathione reductase illustrates that each subunit is composed of three structural domains - a FAD binding domain, a NADP binding domain and a third domain that forms the interface between the dimers. See Schulz et al, supra. The Ig V H and V L domains cooperate to form the antibody's antigen binding pocket. Thus these structural domains fold into distinct shapes that are important for the molecule's function.
  • a domain may be isolated by any of a number of techniques.
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide (or RNA) domain of interest is cloned from an appropriate cDNA library or a genomic DNA library based on hybridization with a oligonucleotide probe that represents the domain.
  • prefened nucleic acids and proteins are mammalian, more preferably human sequences.
  • the DNA is isolated by amplification techniques using oligonucleotide primers starting with a DNA or RNA template.
  • oligonucleotide primers Starting with a DNA or RNA template.
  • These primers can be used to amplify either a full length coding sequence or a partial sequence that could constitute a probe (ranging in length up to about several thousand nucleotides).
  • the resultant probe sequence is then used to screen a mammalian library for the full-length nucleic acid of interest.
  • Use of synthetic oligonucleotide primers and amplification of an RNA or DNA template is described in U.S.
  • Methods such as PCR and ligase chain reaction (LCR) can be used to amplify nucleic acid sequences of domains directly from mRNA, from cDNA, or from genomic or cDNA libraries.
  • LCR ligase chain reaction
  • Degenerate oligonucleotides can be designed to amplify domain homologues using the known sequences that encode the domain. Restriction endonuclease sites can be incorporated into the primers.
  • Genes amplified by the PCR reaction can be purified on agarose gels and cloned into an appropriate vector.
  • nucleic acids are isolated from expression libraries using as a probe an antibody (or other binding partner) specific for an epitope of the expressed polypeptide.
  • Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be raised by immunization with one or more peptide fragments of the domain being cloned.
  • Nucleic acid probes preferably oligonucleotides are used under preferably stringent hybridization conditions to screen libraries in order to isolate polymorphic variants or alleles of the genes that encode the polypeptide domain of interest.
  • antibody-based expression cloning permits cloning of polymorphic or allelic variants or interspecies homologues.
  • Recombinant phage are analyzed by plaque hybridization (Benton et al, Science 196:180-182 (1977). Colony hybridization is carried out, for example, as generally described by Grunstein et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 72:3961-3965 (1975).
  • Synthetic oligonucleotides can be used to construct recombinant "genes" for use as probes or for expression of the domain polypeptides.
  • Oligonucleotides can be chemically synthesized using solid phase phosphoramidite triester methods (Beaucage et al, Tetrahedron Letts. 22:1859-1862 (1981)) using an automated synthesizer (Van Devanter et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 12:6159-6168 (1984)). Purification of oligonucleotides is typically by native acrylamide gel electrophoresis or by anion-exchange HPLC (Pearson et al, J. Chrom. 255:137-149 (1983)).
  • sequences of cloned genes and synthetic oligonucleotides can be verified by conventional methods such as the chain termination method (Wallace et al. , Gene 16:21-26 (1981) using a series of overlapping oligonucleotides usually 40-120 bp in length, representing both the sense and antisense strands of the gene.
  • the nucleic acid encoding the desired polypeptide is typically cloned into an intermediate vector before transformation or transfection of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells for replication and/or expression of the nucleic acid.
  • These intermediate vectors e.g., plasmids or shuttle vectors, are typically for use in prokaryotic cells.
  • Linker L is to join a first and a second polypeptide (or nucleic acid) domain as a single macromolecule, permit the two domains to fold conectly and thereby assemble into a functional molecule.
  • L may vary in length between 1 and about 50 residues.
  • An individual L preferably is composed of between 1 and about 20 different amino acids, and each repeated pattern of degenerate triplet bases encodes between 1 and about 12 different amino acids.
  • An optimal linker contributes significantly to the correct folding of the V H and V L domains so that the resulting scFv (a) is soluble and (b) binds antigen or (c) is able to act as an antigen to elicit a relevant immune response.
  • the linker will be resistant to cleavage by proteases that the final product is expected to encounter when being used.
  • the linker may also be designed to incorporate an amino acid or short sequence that serves as a cleavable site for a protease that can be used to separate the one or several domains from one another at an appropriate time.
  • the linker may be designed to confer affinity to another molecule or matrix facilitating subsequence purification of the expressed of the fused domains based on the properties of the linker.
  • One example includes incorporation of a histidine (His) tag that permits purification on a metal (e.g. , nickel) affinity column.
  • His histidine
  • metal affinity tags are well-known in the art and need not be described here.
  • the sequence and length of L can vary widely.
  • Linkers may be selected based on their ability to fuse two polypeptide domains and at the same time, facilitate purification and characterization based on the properties of one (or both) domains. Examples include fusions of a selected protein domain and glutathione S-transferase (GST), which can then be purified on an affinity matrix of glutathione-agarose (Smith et al. (1988) Gene, 67:31-40).
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • the linker used by Smith et al. was later modified by Guan et al. (Anal. Biochem. 192:262-267(1991)) to introduce a glycine rich stretch known as a "glycine kinker” having the amino acid sequence PGISGGGGG [SEQ ID NO:l] .
  • Such a linker within the scope of this invention, facilitates the cleavage of GST from its fusion partner (in that example, a protein tyrosine phosphatase).
  • Vectors for producing these kinds of fusion proteins are well-known in the art, and many are commercially available.
  • New England Biolabs provides pMAL-p2, a vector that encodes a maltose binding protein that can be fused to a domain sequence that is cloned into the vector.
  • the amino acid sequence of the linker between the maltose-binding protein and the added domain is NNNNNNN N LGIEGR [SEQ ID NO :2].
  • the stretch of asparagines facilitates purification of the fusion protein on an amylose affinity column.
  • a linker that has been used to link Ig V H and V L domains into an scFv is the 15 amino acid sequence GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:3), commonly designated (Gly -Ser) 3 .
  • GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS SEQ ID NO:3
  • a prefened approach is to create a library of two domain polypeptides (D]-L-D 2 ) wherein each library member varies from all others in L. In other words, randomness between the domains is found in the linkers that link them.
  • This permits the generation of an array of D]-L-D 2 products, particularly in a plant expression system, from which one can select one, or an anay, of optimally folded, optimally functioning products.
  • two cloned domains are amplified and a linker of variable length and variable sequence is introduced between them using an amplification method such as PCR.
  • a portion of the 3' end of the downstream primer for the upstream domain and the 3' end of the upstream primer for the downstream domain are complementary to the respective domain sequence being amplified.
  • Downstream and upstream are relative to the linker.
  • a portion of the 5' end of the downstream primer for the upstream domain and/or the 5' end of the upstream primer for the downstream domain are not complementary to the respective domain being amplified.
  • This noncomplementary segment of the primers termed a "nontemplated sequence," contains a repeated pattern of degenerate triplet bases which, at the nucleic acid level, join the upstream to the downstream domain.
  • the upstream and downstream primers for amplifying Dj and D are mixed with a DNA polymerase and other necessary reactants for amplification. See Innis et al, supra, for details.
  • the reaction mixture is subjected to multiple temperature cycles to melt DNA duplexes, allow annealing of primers to template and polymerization of the PCR product.
  • the DNA polymerase carries out "first strand” synthesis until the temperature is raised sufficiently to melt the duplexes. Thereafter, when the temperature is lowered to the annealing temperature, the primers will anneal to the first strand DNA.
  • the DNA polymerase will then make a "second strand” as the polymerization temperature of the cycle is reached. This results in exponential accumulation of the domain being amplified. Because of the nontemplated sequences, the amplified domain-encoding DNA will form a population (library) of molecules with a repeated pattern of degenerate bases at the 3' end of the upstream product and the 5' end of the downstream product.
  • the PCR products are diverse in sequence and length in the L region.
  • the length diversity is mostly likely due to duplex formation of the L region of the primers with bubbles or loops in the middle due to base pair mismatching.
  • the 3 '-5' exonuclease and the 5 '-3' polymerase activities serve to delete or extend the length of the primer sequence.
  • a primer containing the repeated triplet is annealed to a complementary strand that has already incorporated the L sequence.
  • the degenerate primer can then anneal to form a duplex with a bubble at the site of unpaired bases, and leave an unpaired 3' extension (overhang), as diagrammed below (underscored).
  • An enzyme such as PFU or Vent that has 3 '-5' exonuclease activity will degrade the 3' extension in the 5' direction of the complementary strand until it reaches the annealed portion of the duplex. In this manner one or more triplet repeats can be removed from the PCR product, thereby shortening the peptide linker L by one (or more) amino acids.
  • the "top" strand can anneal to the complementary strand so that a duplex with a 5' extension is formed, as follows: Duplex with bubble and 5 ' overhang.
  • the polymerase present in the amplification reaction can extend the PCR product by one or more triplet repeat codons. Because of its 5 '-3' polymerase activity, the enzyme can fill in the 5' extension, thereby lengthening the linker region by one or more repeated triplets. This will extend of the peptide linker by one or more amino acids. If the polymerase in the PCR lacks 3 '-5' exonuclease activity, and if no enzyme with 3 '-5' exonuclease activity is present, then only extensions of triplet nucleotides should occur.
  • the 5 ' end of at least one primer must contain the same degenerate bases in at least two terminal codons to prevent slippage. That is, there must be two triplet repeats with the same sequence (e.g., 5 ' rst- rst3 ' , or
  • nvt Another degenerate triplet sequence useful in this invention is nvt which can be any of 12 different codons encoding 11 different amino acids.
  • the degenerate triplet nws can be any of 16 different codons encoding 12 different amino acids.
  • the degenerate triplet csy does not adhere to these rules because it could be CCC (which does not comply).
  • any other degenerate sequence that can be a triplet of identical bases i.e., CCC, aaa, ggg, or ttt
  • Restriction enzyme recognition sequences can be incorporated into the primers to facilitate cloning and orientation of, for example the IgV region domains (or any other polypeptide domains) with respect to each other.
  • a restriction endonuclease site may be incorporated in the 5' end of the upstream amplification primer for the Di domain, which will facilitate ligation of the 5' end of the upstream domain to the 5' end of a restricted vector into which that fragment is being subcloned.
  • the same or a different restriction site can be incorporated in the 5' end of the downstream amplification primer for the downstream domain.
  • the resulting PCR product can then be restricted with the respective endonuclease(s) for subsequent ligation into a vector that has complementary sequence(s) to the PCR products.
  • the same restriction site can be used, and the subclones can be screened by DNA sequencing, PCR, restriction enzyme digestion, etc., to determine if the correct orientation has been achieved. Ligation of the PCR products
  • the 3' end of the upstream PCR product and the 5' end of the downstream PCR product can be ligated to one another (Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Berger et al, eds, 1987)). If both ends of these products are blunt, the 5' phosphates can be phosphorylated by T4 polynucleotide kinase and the reaction products ligated with T4 DNA ligase. If the ends of the PCR products are complementary or can be made complementary through restriction endonuclease digestion, then a sticky end ligation can be performed wherein the complementary ends are ligated with T4 DNA ligase. Likewise the 5' end of the upstream PCR product and/or the 3' end of the downstream PCR product can be ligated to a restricted vector in a blunt end or a sticky end ligation.
  • PCR reaction products of Di and D can be combined.
  • a PCR reaction of D] and/or D where the degenerate triplet is repeated six times can be combined with PCR reactions of the Di and/or D 2 where the degenerate triplet is repeated nine times and ligated into the appropriate vector.
  • the combination of the PCR products will increase the length and sequence complexity observed in the L region.
  • the complexity of the linker sequences obtained in the population or "library” can be pre-determined by the number of different amino acids designed into the nontemplate sequence of the PCR amplification primers used to amplify the domains.
  • the number of amino acids encoded by the nontemplated sequence is determined by the nucleotide degeneracy designed into each codon triplet.
  • the desired complexity of the linker sequence present in a library is limited to two amino acids, Ala and Gly.
  • the desired complexity of the linker sequence present in a library is increased to six amino acids, Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, Lys and Asp.
  • multi-domain polypeptides of higher order e.g., three- or four-domain polypeptides. These can comprise all different domains or one or more domains can be repeated.
  • General structures for such molecules is as follows (where D is a polypeptide domain and L is a linker):
  • the different linkers between the various domains can vary in complexity. This will depend on the structural relationship required for the proper function of each domain for its intended purpose. Thus, in the example of an scFv molecule with a single idiotype or with a single ligand-binding specificity, the two domains must function in concert for proper binding.
  • a 3-domain polypeptide which is an scFv of desired binding specificity wherein the third domain D 3 is a toxin there are fewer constraints on the "interaction" between the toxin domain and either of the two binding domains.
  • the linker L 2 between one of the scFv domains and the toxin domain can be different, less complex than the linker Li between the two domains (Di and D 2 ) that comprise the scFv polypeptide.
  • a linker In a library of multi-domain polypeptides, not every pair of domains is necessarily be joined by a linker according to the present invention. Thus, two or more adjacent domains may be (1) linked directly as may occur in their native state (if they are derived from naturally dual- or multi-domain proteins), or (2) linked by a "conventional" linker well-known in the art. In yet another embodiment, a particular linker identified using the present invention and derived as a member of a random linker library may be a preferred choice for use as a non-random linker between two given domains in a multi-domain polypeptide. These various embodiments can be depicted in the following (non- limiting) manner:
  • Li and L indicate random linker members of the libraries of the present invention. All other domains shown bonded to adjacent domains without a linking L may be (1) directly bonded to one another as described above; (2) linked by a conventional linker known in the art; or (3) linked by a fixed linker discovered in a random linker library according to this invention but inserted as a predetermined, non-random, non-varying linker in the particular location.
  • a multi-domain polypeptide herein may be composed of up to about 20 domains.
  • a 10-domain polypeptide may have anywhere between 1 and 9 linkers L according to this invention. If a 10 domain polypeptide has on one such linker L] linking two domains, the other 8 domains are either directly bonded to one another or linked by conventional or other predetermined linker groups.
  • heterologous expression systems in bacterial, insect, mammalian and plant were discussed above, each with its advantages and disadvantages.
  • the present invention is particularly suited for plant expression.
  • a number of transformation methods permit expression of heterologous proteins in plants. Some involve the construction of a transgenic plant by integrating
  • a viral vector that expresses heterologous proteins in plants preferably includes (1) a native viral subgenomic promoter (Dawson, W.O. et al. (l9S8)Phytopathology 78:783-789 and French, R. et al. (1986) Science 231 :1294-1297), (2) preferably, one or more non- native viral subgenomic promoters (Donson, J. et al. (1991) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7204-7208 and Kumagai, M.H. et al. (1993) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
  • the subgenomic promoters allow the expression of the foreign or heterologous coding sequence and any other useful genes such as those encoding viral proteins that facilitate viral replication, proteins required for movement, capsid proteins, etc.
  • the viral vectors are encapsidated by the encoded viral coat proteins, yielding a recombinant plant virus. This recombinant virus is used to infect appropriate host plants.
  • the recombinant viral nucleic acid can thus replicate, spread systemically in the host plant and direct RNA and protein synthesis to yield the desired heterologous protein in the plant.
  • the recombinant vector maintains the non- viral heterologous coding sequence and control elements for periods sufficient for desired expression of this coding sequence.
  • the recombinant viral nucleic acid is prepared from the nucleic acid of any suitable plant virus, though members of the tobamo virus family are preferred.
  • the native viral nucleotide sequences may be modified by known techniques providing that the necessary biological functions of the viral nucleic acid (replication, transcription, etc.) are preserved.
  • one or more subgenomic promoters may be inserted.
  • Native viral coat protein may be encoded by this RNA, or this coat protein sequence may be deleted and replaced by a sequence encoding a coat protein of a different plant virus ("non-native" or “foreign viral”).
  • a foreign viral coat protein gene may be placed under the control of either a native or a non-native subgenomic promoter. The foreign viral coat protein should be capable of encapsidating the recombinant viral nucleic acid to produce functional, Oinfectious virions.
  • the coat protein is foreign viral coat protein encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is placed adjacent to either a native viral promoter or a non-native subgenomic promoter.
  • the nucleic acid encoding the heterologous protein e.g., an immunogenic polypeptide to be expressed in the plant, is placed under the control of a native subgenomic promoter.
  • An important element of this invention that is responsible in part for the proper folding and copious production of the heterologous protein (exemplified as the immunogenic scFv polypeptide), is the presence of a signal peptide sequence that directs the newly synthesized protein to the plant secretory pathway.
  • the sequence encoding the signal peptide is fused in frame with the DNA encoding the polypeptide to be expressed.
  • a prefened signal peptide is the ⁇ -amylase signal peptide.
  • a sequence encoding a movement protein is also incorporated into the viral vector because movement proteins promote rapid cell-to-cell movement of the virus in the plant, facilitating systemic infection of the entire plant.
  • Either RNA or DNA plant viruses are suitable for use as expression vectors.
  • the DNA or RNA may be single- or double-stranded. Single-stranded RNA viruses preferably may have a plus strand, though a minus strand RNA virus is also intended.
  • the recombinant viral nucleic acid is prepared by cloning in an appropriate production cell. Conventional cloning techniques (for both DNA and RNA) are well known. For example, with a DNA virus, an origin of replication compatible with the production cell may be spliced to the viral DNA.
  • RNA virus a full-length DNA copy of the viral genome is first prepared by conventional procedures: for example, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed to form subgenomic pieces of DNA which are rendered double-stranded using DNA polymerases. The DNA is cloned into an appropriate vector and inserted into a production cell. The DNA pieces are mapped and combined in proper sequence to produce a full-length DNA copy of the viral genome.
  • Subgenomic promoter sequences (DNA) with or without a coat protein gene are inserted into nonessential sites of the viral nucleic acid as described herein. Non-essential sites are those that do not affect the biological properties of the viral nucleic acid or the assembled plant virion.
  • cDNA complementary to the viral RNA is placed under control of a suitable promoter so that (recombinant) viral RNA is produced in the production cell. If the RNA must be capped for infectivity, this is done by conventional techniques.
  • suitable promoters include the lac, lacuv ⁇ , trp, tac, Ipl and ompF promoters.
  • a prefened promoter is the phage SP6 promoter or T 7 RNA polymerase promoter.
  • Production cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic and include Escherichia coli, yeast, plant and mammalian cells.
  • TMV tobacco mosaic virus
  • TMV tobacco mild green mosaic virus
  • CMV cowpea mosaic virus
  • AMV alfalfa mosaic virus
  • CGMMV-W Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus - watermelon strain
  • OMV oat mosaic virus
  • BMV brome mosaic virus
  • RMV rice necrosis virus
  • RMV geminiviruses
  • CLV Cassava Latent virus
  • MSV Maize Streak virus
  • a prefened host is Nicotiana benthamiana.
  • the host plant as the term is used here, may be a whole plant, a plant cell, a leaf, a root shoot, a flower or any other plant part. The plant or plant cell is grown using conventional methods.
  • a prefened viral vector for use with N. benthamiana is expression vector pBSG1250 (pTTOSA derivative) containing a hybrid fusion of TMV and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) (Kumagai, MH. et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  • the inserted subgenomic promoters must be compatible with TMV nucleic acid and capable of directing transcription of properly situated (e.g., adjacent) nucleic acids sequences in the infected plant.
  • the coat protein should permit the virus to systemically infect the plant host. TMV coat protein promotes systemic infection of N benthamiana.
  • Infection of the plant with the recombinant viral vector is accomplished using a number of conventional techniques known to promote infection. These include, but are not limited to, leaf abrasion, abrasion in solution and high velocity water spray.
  • the viral vector can be delivered by hand, mechanically or by high pressure spray of single leaves. Purification of the Protein/Polvpeptide Product
  • the dual-domain polypeptide produced in plants is preferably recovered and purified using standard techniques. Suitable methods include homogenizing or grinding the plant or the producing plant parts in liquid nitrogen followed by extraction of protein. If for some reason it is not desirable to homogenize the plant material, the polypeptide can be removed by vacuum infiltration and centrifugation followed by sterile filtration. Protein yield may be estimated by any acceptable technique. Polypeptides are purified according to size, isoelectric point or other physical property. Following isolation of the total secreted proteins from the plant material, further purification steps may be performed. Immunological methods such as immunoprecipitation or, preferably, affinity chromatography, with antibodies specific for epitopes of the desired polypeptide may be used.
  • the viral vector can be engineered so that the protein is produced with an affinity tag that can be exploited at the purification stage.
  • an affinity tag that can be exploited at the purification stage.
  • His histidine
  • affinity column (e.g., nickel) affinity column.
  • affinity tags are well-known in the art and need not be described here.
  • agarose® agarose®, Sephadex®, derivatives of cellulose or other polymers.
  • staphylococcal protein A (or protein L) immobilized to Sepharose® can be used to isolate the target protein by first incubating the protein with specific antibodies in solution and contacting the mixture with the immobilized protein A which binds and retains the antibody-target protein complex.
  • the polypeptide is purified from the plant material to a purity of greater than about 50%, more preferably greater than about 75%, even more preferably greater than about 95%.
  • Critical for certain properties such as immunogenicity is the protein's conformation in solution.
  • the conformation of the relevant epitopes of the dual- domain polypeptide in solution preferably resemble or mimic the same epitopes of the native protein.
  • the present invention insures that the polypeptide is secreted in soluble, optimally folded, form.
  • a prefened reagent to be used in determining proper folding is a specific antibody, preferably a mAb, which (1) binds to an epitope of the polypeptide when the chains are conectly folded but (2) does not bind when the epitopes are denatured.
  • the antibody is employed in any of a number of immunological assays, including dot blot, western blot, immunoprecipitation, radioimmunoassay (RIA), and enzyme immunoassays (EIA) such as an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).
  • immunological assays including dot blot, western blot, immunoprecipitation, radioimmunoassay (RIA), and enzyme immunoassays (EIA) such as an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • EIA enzyme immunoassays
  • Western blots and ELISAs are employed to verify conect folding of the relevant parts of the dual domain (or multi-domain) polypeptide produced in the plant. Additional Analysis of the Dual-Domain Molecule
  • DNA encoding the dual domain polypeptide can be sequenced, yielding a deduced amino acid sequence of its encoded product. If the DNA molecule has been subcloned, it can be excised from the vector with a restriction enzyme and the resulting fragments analyzed on agarose gels to determine the size of the fragments. If the DNA molecule itself has the binding domains of interest, the subcloned
  • DNA molecule (or excised fragment) can be assayed for binding to the relevant ligand. If the DNA molecule encodes a dual-domain ribozyme, then the ribozyme RNA can be transcribed from the vector. The coding sequence can be excised with restriction enzymes and contacted with an RNA polymerase (along with ribonucleotides and other required factors) to transcribe the dual-domain RNA. The ribozyme can then be quantified and its enzymatic activity measured in an appropriate assay.
  • a DNA molecule encoding a dual-domain polypeptide is first expressed. If desired, the DNA can be additionally modified to include sequences that will permit or optimize expression in an appropriate host or in an in vitro transcription/translation system. Once expressed, the polypeptide is then subjected to appropriate functional assays, e.g., measurement of enzymatic activity (of either domain). Also the quantity and physical properties of the dual domain polypeptide can be determined, e.g., by SDS-PAGE. Electrophoretic separation can be followed by direct staining of protein or by Western blotting and probing with an appropriate antibody that recognizes an epitope of either domain. If a domain has binding activity, or other functions as have been described above, this can also be measured by conventional means.
  • the immunogenic scFv protein designated "CJ” was derived from human lymphoma patient (having the initials CJ) and had as its linker (Gly Ser) 3 . Patient CJ had been treated in an earlier passive immuno therapy trial.
  • the CJ molecule (specifically, its V region epitope or epitopes) is recognized by an anti-Id mAb named 7D11. See, also; McCormick, AA et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1999) 96:703-708).
  • CJ V region genes were sequenced and cloned into a bacterial expression system using a (Gly 3 Ser) linker.
  • CJ scFv protein was sequestered in insoluble inclusion bodies.
  • mice were immunized with CJ scFv made in bacteria, no anti-CJ anti-idiotype antibody responses were detected.
  • V H F 5' gtg gca tgc agg ttc aac tgg tgg agt ctg (SEQ ID NO:4)
  • V H R 5' (asy) x tga gga gac ggt gac cag ggt tc (SEQIDNO:5)
  • V L F 5' (rst) 2 gac att cag atg ace cag tct cct tc (SEQ ID NO:8
  • V L R 5' cac cct agg eta teg ttt gat cag tac ctt ggt ccc ctg
  • the number of triplets (z) can be 1 to about 50.
  • Sphl for the V H chain PCR product and Avrll for the V L chain PCR product were electrophoresed on an agarose gels and the four digested PCR fragments were purified, combined and ligated into a Geneware® expression vector pBSG1250 (pTTOSA derivative) containing a hybrid fusion of TMV and ToMV (Kumagai, et al, supra) that had been digested with the restriction enzymes Sphl and Avrll.
  • the Sphl site lies downstream of the TMV UI CP subgenomic promoter and the ⁇ amylase signal peptide sequence.
  • the Sphl site in the primer V H F is in-frame with the Sphl site in the ⁇ amylase signal peptide sequence.
  • the DNA was treated with polynucleotide kinase and ATP to incorporate phosphates at the blunt 5' ends of the initial PCR products.
  • the DNA was ligated back upon itself, to generate circular plasmids.
  • the ligated DNA was transformed into E. coli (using electroporation), and the transformed cells were plated on selective media containing 50 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin. Plasmid DNA was purified from individual ampicillin-resistant E. coli colonies and transcribed with T7 RNA polymerase to generate infectious transcripts of individual clones.
  • Transcripts were transfected into N tobacum plant protoplasts using a PEG-based transfection protocol essentially as described in Lindbo et al, Plant Cell 5:1749-1759 (1993), and transfected protoplasts were incubated in protoplast culture medium for several days.
  • the latter medium contained 265 mM mannitol, IX Murashige minimal organics medium (Gibco/BRL), 1.5 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 0.2 ⁇ g/ml 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.1 ⁇ g/ml kinetin, and 5% coconut water (Sigma).
  • Protoplasts were cultured at a density of about 10 6 cells/ml.
  • Plasmid D ⁇ A was purified from at least 10 to 50 individual colonies from each cloning experiment. Approximately 1-4 days after transfection, protein samples were collected from the individual protoplast samples. Culture medium (200-500 ⁇ l) was concentrated about 10-fold by speed vacuum evaporation or Microcon sample concentrator.
  • the starting scFv incorporated the standard (Gly 4 -Ser) 3 linker sequence; the other scFv chains were randomly selected from the transformants obtained from the linker library cloning experiment that utilized the cloned PCR products generated from the four primers (SEQ ID NO:4-l 1, above). Culture supernatants from equivalent numbers of cells were electrophoresed (SDS-PAGE), and the gels were transfened to nitrocellulose membranes for Western analysis with mAb 7D11 (see above).
  • Table 2 lists some of the nucleotide and amino acid linker sequences obtained and indicates “relative expression” which means the amount of expression relative to the same protein but with the (Gly Ser) 3 linker.
  • C J scFv protein produced also varied (relative to the C J scFv with the (Gly 4 Ser) 3 linker). This indicates that both the length and the sequence of the linker region affects the amount of protein produced by the plant cells or plants.
  • Example 1 The process described in Example 1 is repeated except that whole plants are used along with a suitable expression system for producing the scFv products.
  • Expressed products are screened by SDS-PAGE/Coomassie blue staining and/or Western blotting. The results indicate a varied amount of scFv product produced. The highest yielding clones are selected for production of the vaccine scFv.
  • the DNA fragments encoding the dual-domain scFv fragments having the V regions of the CJ human lymphoma were generated as in Example 1 and cloned into vector pBSG1250.
  • a TMV coat protein subgenomic promoter is located upstream of the insertion site of the CJ sequence. Following infection, this TMV coat protein subgenomic promoter directs initiation of the CJ RNA synthesis in plant cells at the transcription start point ("tsp").
  • the rice ⁇ amylase signal peptide O'Neill, SD et al. (1990) Mol. Gen. Genet.
  • CJ scFv The sequence encoding CJ scFv has been introduced between the 30K movement protein and the ToMV coat protein (Tcp) genes.
  • Tcp ToMV coat protein
  • An T7 phage promoter has been introduced upstream of the viral cDNA, allowing for transcription of infective genomic plus-strand RNA.
  • subgenomic R ⁇ A Transcription of subgenomic R ⁇ A encoding the CJ scFv protein was initiated after infection at the indicated transcription start point. High levels of subgenomic R ⁇ A species were synthesized in virus-infected plant cells (Kumagai, MH. et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:427-430), and serve as templates for the translation and subsequent accumulation of CJ scFv protein. Characterization of clones
  • the secreted material was analyzed for the presence of soluble C J scFv protein by the SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot with C J mAb 7D 11.
  • About 3 ⁇ g of IF protein were separated by SDS-PAGE and transfened to nitrocellulose membrane in standard Tris-glycine buffer with 20% methanol at 150V for 1 hour. After transfer, blots were treated for 20 minutes at room temperature with blocking buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8, 150mM NaCl, ImM EDTA, 2.5% non-fat dry milk, 2.5% BSA and 0.05% Tween 20) followed by a 16 hr incubation at 4°C in blocking buffer plus 1 ⁇ g/ml purified 7D11 antibody.
  • blocking buffer 50 mM Tris pH 8, 150mM NaCl, ImM EDTA, 2.5% non-fat dry milk, 2.5% BSA and 0.05% Tween 20
  • Figure 1 shows the results of 9 individual CJ scFv expressing clones that demonstrated various levels of protein accumulation. Clones 20 and 30 showed high levels of expression, as well as accumulation of protein dimers. Clone C contained a modification of the (Gly 3 Ser) 4 linker. From the sequence data, the linker sequences for individual clones were deduced. The clone numbers in Table 3 are the same as those listed in Table 2. As above, relative expression relates to the scFv protein having (Gly 4 Ser) 3 linker.
  • CJ protein was purified by affinity chromatography using immobilized 7D11 anti-idiotype mAb. This method requires that the CJ protein bind to the anti-Id column under physiological conditions. Such binding will not occur if the protein is not folded conectly. Protein was bound under normal pH and was eluted by
  • the second, more stringent, assay for the quality of the CJ protein was a functional assay in animals.
  • Clone CJLL20 (for Linker Library pick #20) was purified by 7D11 affinity chromatography, administered to five mice in 3 bi-weekly immunizations of 30 ⁇ g each. Ten days after the third injection, serum was sampled. Using the native idiotype (1D12), or an isotype-matched inelevant human antibody in a sandwich ELISA, the sera were tested for specific responses to the CJ idiotype. Results are shown in Figure 2.
  • Non-specifically antibody responses to xenogeneic human Ig determinants were present in only 3 of the 5 animals and in very low amounts (detected as minimal cross- reactivity of the murine sera to an unrelated human antibody).
  • Example 2 The process described in Example 2 was repeated except that a different human scFv with unknown expression characteristics was used along with a suitable expression system for producing the scFv products.
  • the DNA fragments encoding the dual-domain scFv fragments having the V regions of the Go 19 human lymphoma were generated as in Example 1 and cloned into pl324-MBP, a modified 30B vector (Shivprasad, S. et al. (1999) Virology 255:312- 323), containing a hybrid fusion of TMV and TMGMV-U5 as well as the rice amylase signal peptide with Sph I and Avr II insert cloning sites.
  • a TMV coat protein subgenomic promoter is located upstream of the insertion site of the Go 19 sequence.
  • this TMV coat protein subgenomic promoter directs initiation of Go 19 RNA synthesis in plant cells at the transcription start point ("tsp").
  • the rice ⁇ amylase signal peptide (O'Neill, SD et al. (1990) Mol. Gen. Genet. 221 :235-244), fused in-frame to the Gol9 sequence, encodes a 31 residue polypeptide which targets proteins to the secretory pathway (Firek, S. et al.
  • the Go 19 V regions were amplified in four separate PCR reactions.
  • the sequence encoding the V H domain was amplified from a cDNA clone derived from the lymphoma cells of patient Go 19 using the following synthetic oligonucleotides:
  • V H F 5' cct gca tgc tgg agg tgc agt tgg tgg aat c (SEQ ID NO:26
  • V H R 5' (asy) x aga gga gac ggt gac cat ga (SEQ ID NO:27
  • V L F 5' ( rst) z cag tct gcc ctg act cag t (SEQ ID NO:30)
  • V L R 5' cac cct agg tea ace aag gac ggt cag gtt ggt c (SEQ ID NO:31)
  • V H R and V R oligonucleotides Prior to PCR amplification, the V H R and V R oligonucleotides were treated with polynucleotide kinase and ATP to add phosphates at the 5' end of the oligonucleotides.
  • the four PCR products are purified and the V H and V L products are ligated together to create the scFv.
  • the scFv ligation products are re-purified, restriction digested with Sphl and Avr II and the digested scFv is gel isolated and ligated into the Geneware® vector.
  • the ligated DNA was transformed into E. coli (using electroporation), and the transformed cells were plated on selective media containing 50 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin. Plasmid DNA was purified from individual ampicillin-resistant E. coli colonies.
  • Capped infectious RNA was made in vitro from approximately 0.5 ⁇ g plasmid, using an T7 message kit from Ambion. Synthesis of the message was evaluated by gel electrophoresis, and approximately 2 ⁇ g of the in vitro transcribed viral RNA was encapsidated with purified TMV-Ul coat protein in lOOmM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0 at room temperature for a minimum of 6 hours. Encapsidated transcripts are applied with an abrasive to the lower leaves (approximately 1-2 cm in size) of N. benthamiana (W.O. Dawson et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 53:1832-1836).
  • RNA encoding the Go 19 scFv protein was initiated after infection at the indicated transcription start point.
  • High levels of subgenomic RNA species were synthesized in virus-infected plant cells (M.H. Kumagai et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:427-430), and serve as templates for the translation and subsequent accumulation of Go 19 scFv protein. Characterization of clones Signs of infection were visible after 5-6 days as mild leaf deformation, with some variable leaf mottling and growth retardation. Eleven to fourteen days post inoculation, the secreted proteins were isolated.
  • infected leaf material was harvested, placed into 96-well glass fiber filtration block (Whatman/Polyfiltronics), submerged in infiltration buffer (20mM Tris HCl, pH 7.0 , lOmM 2-mercaptoethanol). The tissue is subjected to a 700 mm Hg vacuum for 30 seconds, the vacuum released and the vacuum process is repeated at least one addition round. Residual buffer is removed by a low speed spin at 30 x g in a plate centrifuge. Secreted proteins (hereafter termed "interstitial fraction" or "IF”) were recovered from infiltrated leaves by mild centrifugation at 1700 x g in a plate centrifuge and collected into a 96 well polypropylene plate.
  • IF Interstitial fraction
  • the secreted material was analyzed for the presence of soluble Go 19 scFv protein by SDS-PAGE.
  • IF 27 ⁇ l containing approximately 5 ⁇ g of protein
  • Linkers from individual clones were sequenced, analyzed for reading frame and amino acid content and then screened for protein expression in infected plants.
  • Figure 3 shows the results of 22 individual Go 19 scFv expressing clones that demonstrated various levels of protein accumulation. Clones C5 and El and E9 showed high levels of expression with minimal protease degradation.
  • EE Relative Expression to Go 19 scFv library clones
  • differences were observed in the expression of various Go 19 scFv-based clones in whole plants as well as the degree of degradation indicated by the presence of protein accumulation between the 6.5 kDa and 21 kDa marker bands.
  • the methods disclosed for generating the linker regions with varying length and sequence permit the screening of large numbers of clones for their expression in either plant protoplast or whole plants.
  • a mAb to HER-2/neu inhibits growth of cells of the breast cancer cell line SK-Br-3 (ATCC HTB 30) in 6 day culture. Such treatment sensitizes these cells to chemotherapeutic agents (US 5,677,171).
  • Example 1 The process of Example 1 is repeated using a V H and V regions of an scFv that specifically binds the HER-2/neu (erbB-2) protein.
  • the scFv gene encoding such a polypeptide is described in Wels et al, Biotechnology 70:1128-1132 (1992).
  • the 3' end of the erbB-2 scFv DNA construct is linked to the 5' end of the horseradish peroxidase gene using appropriate PCR primers modeling the method in Example 1.
  • High yielding clones are identified by measuring for peroxidase activity in the supernatant. High affinity and avidity re determined by immunohistochemical detection, with substrate and chromophore on control samples of a breast cancer cell line that overexpresses HER-2/neu. Comparisons are made to conventional labeled mAbs to HER-2/neu (such as DAKO HercepTest, Dako Corp., Carpinteria, CA) to determine which clones produce acceptable scFv proteins.
  • conventional labeled mAbs to HER-2/neu such as DAKO HercepTest, Dako Corp., Carpinteria, CA
  • Example 4 The process of Example 4 is repeated, with the following modification.
  • the gene for the ricin A chain is linked to the 3' end of the scFv DNA construct through the linker region of this invention (made up of repeated triplet nucleotides).
  • the plant cell clones are grown in 24 well plates and screened initially by measuring secreted protein (PAGE followed by Coomassie blue staining). Two day culture supernatants from the wells in which each clone is growing are tested for cytotoxic activity toward target cells by incubation with active cultures of SK-Br-3 in six well plates (Costar). Cytotoxicity against these targets is determined 48 hours later by microscopic inspection.
  • Humanized mAb to HER-2/neu is an FDA approved therapeutic for breast cancer (HERCEPTLN, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA). It is expected that toxin-conjugated scFv specific for the same antigen will be at least equally and probably more cytotoxic to human breast cancer cells.
  • Example 1 The process of Example 1 is repeated except that DNA encoding two different ribozyme domains is used.
  • the vector that contains the subcloned dual ribozyme domains is transcribed to produce RNA with the properties of the respective ribozyme domains.
  • the amount of transcribed RNA product can be determined by hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe, by spectrophotometric measurements, etc.
  • the amount of activity of either ribozyme domain can be measured using the appropriate assay.
  • Example 1 The process of Example 1 is repeated except that two different DNA are used, each of which binds a protein.
  • the plasmid DNA can be produced in large amounts, and the dual DNA domain molecule can be excised with a restriction endonuclease.
  • the resulting fragment has the two linked DNA domains and can be assayed for its ability to bind to a DNA binding protein (e.g.,, transcription factor, restriction endonuclease, polymerase, etc.
  • a DNA binding protein e.g., transcription factor, restriction endonuclease, polymerase, etc.

Abstract

L'invention concerne des procédés et des compositions pour la création d'une molécule d'ADN, d'ARN ou de protéine, comprenant deux ou plusieurs domaines polypeptidiques ou nucléotidiques reliés par une région de liaison. Lesdites méthodes sont utilisées pour la génération de banques de segments de liaison aléatoires d'acides nucléiques codant pour des polypeptides à domaine double ou multiple. Lesdites régions de liaison se caractérisent par une longueur et une séquence variables.
PCT/US2000/025965 1999-09-24 2000-09-22 Creation de regions de liaison a sequence et longueur variables, pour molecules a domaine double ou multiple WO2001023543A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2001526926A JP2003510073A (ja) 1999-09-24 2000-09-22 二重ドメインまたは多重ドメイン分子のための可変長および可変配列リンカー領域の作成
EP00965277A EP1218501A1 (fr) 1999-09-24 2000-09-22 Creation de regions de liaison a sequence et longueur variables, pour molecules a domaine double ou multiple
CA002385609A CA2385609A1 (fr) 1999-09-24 2000-09-22 Creation de regions de liaison a sequence et longueur variables, pour molecules a domaine double ou multiple
AU76017/00A AU782856B2 (en) 1999-09-24 2000-09-22 Creation of variable length and sequence linker regions for dual-domain or multi-domain molecules
KR1020027003842A KR20020059413A (ko) 1999-09-24 2000-09-22 이중-도메인 또는 다중-도메인 분자를 위한 다양한 길이및 서열의 링커 영역의 생성법
IL14867500A IL148675A0 (en) 1999-09-24 2000-09-22 Creation of variable length and sequence linker regions for dual-domain or multi-domain molecules

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US15597899P 1999-09-24 1999-09-24
US60/155,978 1999-09-24

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001023543A1 true WO2001023543A1 (fr) 2001-04-05

Family

ID=22557557

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2000/025965 WO2001023543A1 (fr) 1999-09-24 2000-09-22 Creation de regions de liaison a sequence et longueur variables, pour molecules a domaine double ou multiple

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1218501A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2003510073A (fr)
KR (1) KR20020059413A (fr)
AU (1) AU782856B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2385609A1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2002110820A (fr)
WO (1) WO2001023543A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA200202066B (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101277970B (zh) * 2005-08-02 2014-05-07 行星生物技术有限公司 改良的嵌合毒素受体蛋白和用于治疗和预防炭疽的嵌合毒素受体蛋白
RU2752671C2 (ru) * 2017-03-16 2021-07-29 Иммунворк Инк. Линкерные звенья и содержащие их молекулярные конструкции

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1994012520A1 (fr) * 1992-11-20 1994-06-09 Enzon, Inc. Segment de liaison pour polypeptides fusionnes lies
WO1996012028A1 (fr) * 1994-10-14 1996-04-25 Biosource Technologies, Inc. Production de peptides dans des vegetaux par fusions de proteines d'enveloppe virales
US5747334A (en) * 1990-02-15 1998-05-05 The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Random peptide library
WO1999002710A1 (fr) * 1997-07-10 1999-01-21 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Production et utilisation de multimeres de proteines recombinees a activite biologique modifiee

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5747334A (en) * 1990-02-15 1998-05-05 The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Random peptide library
WO1994012520A1 (fr) * 1992-11-20 1994-06-09 Enzon, Inc. Segment de liaison pour polypeptides fusionnes lies
WO1996012028A1 (fr) * 1994-10-14 1996-04-25 Biosource Technologies, Inc. Production de peptides dans des vegetaux par fusions de proteines d'enveloppe virales
WO1999002710A1 (fr) * 1997-07-10 1999-01-21 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Production et utilisation de multimeres de proteines recombinees a activite biologique modifiee

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
HENNECKE F. ET AL: "Non-repetitive single-chain Fv linkers selected by selectively infective phage (SIP) technology.", PROTEIN ENGINEERING, vol. 11, no. 5, 1998, pages 405 - 410, XP002157638 *
See also references of EP1218501A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
RU2002110820A (ru) 2004-01-27
AU782856B2 (en) 2005-09-01
AU7601700A (en) 2001-04-30
EP1218501A1 (fr) 2002-07-03
ZA200202066B (en) 2003-05-28
JP2003510073A (ja) 2003-03-18
CA2385609A1 (fr) 2001-04-05
KR20020059413A (ko) 2002-07-12

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Anilionis et al. Structure of the glycoprotein gene in rabies virus
KR100270195B1 (ko) 겔로닌 폴리펩타이드를 암호화하는 dna 서열
KR20070083870A (ko) 콜라겐 생산성 식물 및 그 생성 및 사용방법
JPH0191787A (ja) バーソレティアエクセルサｈ．ｂ．ｋ．の高イオウタンパク
JP3090926B2 (ja) 植物におけるベクターおよび形質転換系の開発のための選択可能なマーカー
US5834236A (en) AATT repeat transcription enhancer element
US20030035807A1 (en) Self antigen vaccines for treating B cell lymphomas and other cancers
WO1997049727A9 (fr) Promoteur aatt et facteur de transcription
CA2388955A1 (fr) Molecules hybrides de recombinaison
US7297478B1 (en) Creation of variable length and sequence linker regions for dual-domain or multi-domain molecules
JP7011834B2 (ja) ホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼ－ｉｇｇ融合タンパク質の産生
AU782856B2 (en) Creation of variable length and sequence linker regions for dual-domain or multi-domain molecules
CN101379081A (zh) 大豆结瘤因子受体蛋白、编码核酸及其用途
Landsberger et al. Molecular characterization of nucleus-localized RNA-binding proteins from higher plants
CN111533794B (zh) 烟草NtDREB-1BL1转录因子及其应用
US20030039659A1 (en) Self antigen vaccines for treating B cell lymphomas and other cancers
KR100887367B1 (ko) 플라스미노겐 액티베이터 유전자를 포함하는 벡터, 상기벡터에 의해 형질전환된 모상근 및 이를 이용한플라스미노겐 액티베이터의 제조방법
KR101054851B1 (ko) 형질전환 식물에서의 대장암 세포 표면 특이 단백질-항체복합체 생산
WO2001068682A1 (fr) Vaccins a base d'autoantigenes pour traiter les lymphomes b et autres cancers
KR20050027838A (ko) 식물체에서 발현된 재조합 인간 성장호르몬
CN116042573A (zh) 一种提高引导编辑系统碱基编辑效率的方法
CN112390878A (zh) 一种抗小鹅瘟病毒的单链抗体及其制备方法
KR20150055676A (ko) 이중특이항체를 생산하는 식물의 제조 방법
EP1433854A1 (fr) Plante génétiquement modifiée présentant une floraison accélérée
JP2004215650A (ja) 植物細胞増殖因子の受容体

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY CA CH CN CR CU CZ DE DK DM EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2002/02066

Country of ref document: ZA

Ref document number: 148675

Country of ref document: IL

Ref document number: 200202066

Country of ref document: ZA

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2385609

Country of ref document: CA

Ref document number: 517863

Country of ref document: NZ

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: PA/A/2002/003048

Country of ref document: MX

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2001 526926

Country of ref document: JP

Kind code of ref document: A

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 76017/00

Country of ref document: AU

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1020027003842

Country of ref document: KR

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2000965277

Country of ref document: EP

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2002 2002110820

Country of ref document: RU

Kind code of ref document: A

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 2000965277

Country of ref document: EP

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 1020027003842

Country of ref document: KR

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8642

WWG Wipo information: grant in national office

Ref document number: 76017/00

Country of ref document: AU

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Ref document number: 2000965277

Country of ref document: EP