Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
  • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
  • A62D5/00—Composition of materials for coverings or clothing affording protection against harmful chemical agents

Definitions

• this invention relates to methods for the protection against pesticides, and more particularly, this invention relates to processes for making articles capable of detoxifying pesticides.
• pesticide protective clothing is made of disposable and non-permeable synthetic materials. These materials cannot be comfortably worn in all seasons due to the generation of heat stress to agricultural workers. In addition to the discomfort and impermeable properties of these materials, synthetic materials are non- biodegradable, thus, serious environmental concerns exist.
• Permeation is the process by which a chemical moves through a material on a molecular level. Such movement includes the sorption of molecules of the chemicals into the contacted surface of the material, the diffusion of the adsorbed molecules in the material and the desorption of molecules from the inside surface of the material into the collecting medium.
• Penetration is the flow of a liquid chemical through closures, porous material, and material imperfections on a non- molecular level.
• a physical barrier can effectively prevent any movement of pesticides through the fabrics. Materials that are considered as physical barriers to chemicals are those that will not allow any measurable movement of pesticides through them. Oftentimes, these barrier materials are specifically referred to as chemically resistant materials. Being thick and heavy, these chemical resistant materials disallow permeation and respiration at the same time, hence, generating tremendous heat stress and physical discomfort to wearers.
• the present invention provides a process for making an article, such as a textile material, capable of detoxifying a pesticide, the process comprising:
• the inventors have discovered that chemical detoxification of pesticides can be carried out on the surface of textile materials if a reactive chemical is permanently incorporated on the surface thereof. Consequently, the textile materials of the present invention provide outstanding protection as well as comfort.
• the articles of the present invention include, but are not limited to, textiles such as cellulosic fabric, cellulosic yarn, cellulosic fiber, cotton/polyester blends, cellulosic/synthetic blends, polymers such as synthetic polymers, wood products and the like.
• the present invention provides shirt-weight cotton-containing apparel for field workers that are capable of detoxifying pesticides.
• the apparel that undergoes the processes of the present invention has the surprising advantage of being capable of detoxifying pesticides, thus rendering the apparel an excellent choice for farm workers. Moreover, the treated cotton fabrics are comfortable and breathable and thus, the workers' heat stress is also reduced.
• the present invention provides a process for detoxifying a pesticide, comprising: contacting the pesticide with an article having an N-halamine attached thereto, thereby detoxifying the pesticide. As the pesticide comes in contact with fibrous materials of the articles upon permeation or penetration, chemical detoxification of the pesticides can be carried out on the surface of the treated textile materials or articles.
• a reactive chemical such as a N-halamine, is permanently incorporated on the surface of the textile while maintaining integral textile properties.
• the textile materials contain active functional groups such as chlorine, which have been discovered to be an excellent detoxifying agent in the decomposition of pesticides.
• Figure 1 illustrates suitable heterocyclic amines for use in present invention.
• Figure 2 illustrates formation of a N-halamine on cellulosic fabric and the subsequent detoxification.
• Panel A illustrates the chemical formula of 1,3-dimethylol 5,5- dimethyl hydantoin (DMDMH);
• Panel B illustrates the chemical formula methomyl;
• Panel C illustrates the chemical formula of aldicarb.
• Figure 4 illustrates the detoxification of methomyl by cotton/polyester fabrics treated with DMDMH.
• Figure 5 illustrates the detoxification of aldicarb by cotton/polyester fabrics treated with DMDMH.
• Figure 6 illustrates reduction of methomyl and aldicarb at 0.1% active chlorine content.
• Figure 7 illustrates detoxification of aldicarb on laundered fabrics that were treated with 6% DMDMH and 0.01% active chlorine content.
• the present invention provides methods for making an article, such as a textile, capable of detoxifying a pesticide, comprising: (a) immersing the article in an aqueous treating solution which comprises a catalyst, a wetting agent and a heterocyclic amine; and (b) treating the article with a halogenated aqueous solution, thereby rendering the article capable of detoxifying a pesticide.
• the phrase "capable of detoxifying a pesticide” refers to the ability of the article to chemically convert the pesticide into a non-toxic fragment(s).
• the article detoxifies the pesticide by a degradation mechanism, i.e., the articles that undergo the processes of the present invention are capable of chemically degrading the pesticides (e.g. by oxidation or oxidative hydrolysis).
• the articles which undergo the processes of the present invention have functional groups attached thereto rendering them capable of chemically reacting with the pesticides and thereby rendering the pesticide non-toxic. In certain instances, the pesticide is degraded into a non-toxic derivative.
• a wide variety of articles are suitable for use in the present invention. These articles include, but are not limited to, textiles such as cellulosic fabric, cellulosic yarn, and cellulosic fiber; polymers such as polyester and cellulose; cotton /polyester blends; cellulose/synthetic blends; wood materials such as wood pulp and paper; wood farming materials; tractor farming materials; garments such as shirts, pants, undergarments, coats, hoods, cloaks, gloves and protective garments.
• textiles such as cellulosic fabric, cellulosic yarn, and cellulosic fiber
• polymers such as polyester and cellulose
• cotton /polyester blends such as cotton /polyester blends
• cellulose/synthetic blends wood materials such as wood pulp and paper
• wood farming materials wood farming materials
• tractor farming materials such as shirts, pants, undergarments, coats, hoods, cloaks, gloves and protective garments.
• the articles such as textiles, offer protection against the toxic effects of pesticides, by for example, chemically oxidizing the pesticides.
• the article is immersed in an aqueous treating solution.
• the aqueous treating solution comprises a heterocyclic amine, optionally a wetting agent and optionally a catalyst.
• wetting agent refers to a substance that increases the rate at which a liquid spreads across a surface, i.e., it renders a surface nonrepellent to a liquid.
• wetting agents include, but are not limited to, TRITON ® X-100 which is generically a polyoxyethylene (10) isooctylphenyl ether available from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo; SEQUAWET ® which is generically, a wetting agent containing nonionic surfactants available from Sequa Chemical Inc., Chester, S.C.; and AMWET ® which is generically, a wetting agent containing nonionic surfactants available from American Emulsions Co., Dalton, Ga.
• TRITON ® X-100 which is generically a polyoxyethylene (10) isooctylphenyl ether available from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo
• SEQUAWET ® which is generically, a wetting agent containing nonionic surfactants available from Sequa Chemical Inc., Chester, S.C.
• AMWET ® which is generically, a wetting agent containing nonionic surfactants available from American Emulsions Co
• catalyst refers to a substance that augments the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed.
• Suitable catalysts for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, magnesium salts, zinc salts and ammonium salts.
• the catalysts include, but are not limited to, MgCl 2 , Mg(NO ) , Zn(NO 3 ) 2 and NH 4 NO 3 .
• a halogenated solution such as a halogenated aqueous solution.
• the halogenated solution can be a chlorine solution, a bromine solution, a solution containing free chlorine or bromine, combinations thereof, etc.
• the halogenated solution is sodium hypochlorite (e.g., a chlorine bleach solution such as CLOROX ® ), or trichloro isocyanuric acid or sodium dichloro isocyanuric acid.
• the treatment of the article with a halogenated solution renders the article capable of detoxifying a pesticide.
• the method further comprises removing excess aqueous treating solution from the article before treating the article with a halogenated aqueous solution.
• the excess aqueous treating solution is removed by ordinary mechanical methods, such as by passing the article (e.g., textile) between squeeze rolls, by centrifugation, by draining or by padding.
• the excess aqueous treating solution is removed by padding.
• the process optionally further comprises drying the article after removing excess aqueous treating solution to produce a dried article.
• the article is dried at a temperature ranging from about 50°C to about 90°C and, more preferably, at a temperature ranging from about 75°C to about 85°C for a period of time ranging from about 3 to about 8 minutes and, more preferably, for about 5 minutes.
• the dried article can optionally be cured to produce a cured article.
• the curing process is conducted at a temperature ranging from about 120°C to about 200°C and, more preferably, at a temperature ranging from about 140°C to about 160°C for a period of time ranging from about 3 to about 8 minutes and, more preferably, for about 5 minutes.
• the heating can be carried out in an oven, preferably one having a forced draft of air directed at the surface of the article and exhausting through a vent to remove fumes.
• the cured article is then optionally washed to remove excess reagents. Washing of the treated article can be done with water.
• the covalent bonds formed are stable, insoluble, and durable to the mechanical agitation, spraying and rubbing that occurs in washing machines or in large scale continuous or batchwise textile washing equipment.
• the process further comprises drying the washed article to remove water.
• the article can optionally be dried before treating the article with a halogenated aqueous solution, to render the article capable of detoxifying a pesticide. Drying of the article, such as a fabric, can be carried out by any ordinary means such as oven drying, line drying or, tumble drying in a mechanical clothes dryer. A drying temperature of about 60°C to about 100°C is particularly preferred. Suitable drying times are generally less than 15 minutes in duration.
• the present invention provides a process for preparing an article capable of detoxifying a pesticide, comprising: (a) immersing the article in an aqueous treating solution which comprises a catalyst, a wetting agent and a heterocyclic amine; (b) removing the excess treating solution from the article; (c) drying the article; (d) curing the article; (e) washing the cured article to remove excess reagents; (f) drying the washed article to remove water; and (g) treating the cellulosic article with a halogenated aqueous solution, thereby rendering an article capable of detoxifying a pesticide.
• the articles become capable of detoxifying pesticides by grafting a heterocyclic N-halamine structure on the article.
• a halamine on a fabric such as cotton and subsequent halogenation, the article is thereby rendered capable of detoxifying a pesticide.
• Heterocyclic amine refers to a 4- to 7-membered ring, having at least 3 members of the ring being carbon, and from 1 to 3 members of the ring being nitrogen, and from 0 to 1 member of the ring being an oxygen, wherein from 0 to 2 carbon members comprise a carbonyl group, and wherein at least 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms are substituted with a hydrogen or hydroxyalkyl group, such as -CH OH, or a alkoxyalkyl group, such as -CH OCH 3 .
• Suitable heterocyclic amines are set forth in Figure 1. Those of skill in the art will know of other heterocyclic amines suitable for use in the present invention.
• ring nitrogen has bonded thereto a halogen atom.
• the ring members can be further substituted with alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, etc., or hydroxy groups.
• alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, etc., or hydroxy groups.
• Heterocyclic N-halamines are generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,983 issued to Worley, et al. on Feb. 13, 1996, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
• the preferred heterocyclic amines suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, monomethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (MDMH), 1,3- dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMDMH); monoalkylolated and dialkylolated derivatives of 2,2,5, 5-tetramethyl-l,3-imidazolidin-4-one, 6,6-dimethyl-l,3,5-triazine- 2,4-dione, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3-imidazolidin-2-one, cyanuric acid and 5,5- dimethylhydantoin; and monoalkoxylated and dialkoxylated derivatives of monoalkylolated and dialkylolated derivatives of 2,2,5, 5-tetramethyl-l,3-imidazolidin-4- one, 6,6-dimethyl-l,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione, 4,4,5, 5-t
• the heterocyclic amine is monomethylol-5,5- dimethylhydantoin (MDMH), and l,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMDMH) (see, Figure 1).
• MDMH monomethylol-5,5- dimethylhydantoin
• DMDMH l,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
• the heterocyclic amine is present at a concentration of at least about 0.2%. More typically, the heterocyclic amine is present at a concentration ranging from about 0.2% to about 20%, more preferably at a concentration ranging from about 0.5% to about 10% and, more preferably at a concentration ranging from about 1% to about 5%.
• heterocyclic amine concentrations e.g., 50%
• suitable pesticide detoxifying activity can be imparted using a heterocyclic amine concentration as low as about 0.2%.
• the wetting agent is typically present at a concentration ranging from about 0.1 % to about 3% and, more preferably, at a concentration ranging from about 0.2% to about 1%>.
• concentration of the catalyst employed will depend on the concentration of the heterocyclic amine employed. Typically, the ratio of heterocyclic amine to catalyst present will range from about 10:1 to about 5:1.
• the pH of the aqueous treating solution will typically range from a pH of about 2 to about 6 and, more preferably, from a pH of about 2.5 to about 4.5.
• additives can optionally be incorporated into the aqueous treating solution to impart favorable characteristics to the pesticide resistance articles.
• Such additives can include softeners and waterproofing agents that are known to and used by those of skill in the art.
• softeners which can be added to the aqueous treating solution include, but are not limited to, MYKON ® and SEQUASOFT ® both of which are commercially available from Sequa Chemical Inc. (Chester, S.C).
• waterproofing agents which can be added to the aqueous treating solution include, but are not limited to, SEQUAPEL ® (Sequa Chemical Inc., Chester, S.C), SCOTCHGARD ® (3M, St.
• an active halogen such as the N-halamine on a fabric
• the chemical oxidation occurs by contacting the pesticide with the N-halamine.
• the active halogen atom can effectively oxidize functional groups on pesticides, thereby detoxify the pesticide in the process.
• the contact of pesticides with an article e.g. textile materials
• the fabric materials provide opportunities for chemical detoxification on the surface of the materials.
• pesticides e.g., methomyl and aldicarb; see, Figure 3 B-C
• a grafted N-halamine structure on an article e.g., cotton polyester fabrics.
• the concentration of active chlorine present on the article and the concentration of methomyl being exposed to the article effect the detoxification efficiency. It is believed that the amount of active halogen on the fabric is directly proportional to the amount of pesticide reduced.
• graft DMDMH on the cotton/polyester fabric at a high add-on rate (e.g., 6% ) with high active chlorine treatment (e.g., 0.1%).
• the present invention provides a process for detoxifying a pesticide, comprising: contacting the pesticide with an article having an N-halamine attached thereto, thereby detoxifying the pesticide.
• pesticides can be detoxified using the methods of the present invention. These pesticides include, but are not limited to, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, insecticides and mixtures thereof. More particularly, suitable pesticides include, but are not limited to, methomyl, aldicarb, carbofuran, and carbaryl.
• Other pesticides which are detoxified using the processes of the present invention include, but are not limited to:
• B. hormone herbicides particularly the phenoxy alkanoic acids such as MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, dichlorprop, 2,4,5-T, MCPB, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, mecoprop, trichlopyr, fluroxypyr, clopyralid, and their derivatives (e.g. salts, esters and amides);
• C. 1,3-dimethylpyrazole derivatives such as pyrazoxyfen, pyrazolate and benzofenap;
• D Dinitrophenols and their derivatives (e.g. acetates such as DNOC, dinoterb, dinoseb and its ester, dinoseb acetate;
• acetates such as DNOC, dinoterb, dinoseb and its ester, dinoseb acetate;
• dinitroaniline herbicides such as dinitramine, trifluralin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin; and oryzalin;
• arylurea herbicides such as diuron, flumeturon, metoxuron, neburon, isoproturon, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, linuron, monolinuron, chlorobromuron, daimuron and methabenzthiazuron;
• G phenylcarbamoyloxyphenylcarbamates such as phenmedipham and desmedipham
• H 2-phenylpyridazin-3-ones such as chloridazon and norflurazon;
• uracil herbicides such as lenacil, bromacil and terbacil;
• J. triazine herbicides such as atrazine, simazine, aziprotryne, cyanazine, prometryn, dimethametryn, simetryne and terbutryn;
• K. phosphorothioate herbicides such as piperophos, bensulide and butamifos
• L. thiolcarbamate herbicides such as cycloate, vernolate, molinate, thiobencarb, butylate, EPTC, triallate, diallate, ethyl esprocarb, tiocarbazil, pyridate and dimepiperate;
• M. l,2,4-triazin-5-one herbicides such as metamitron and metribuzin;
• N. benzoic acid herbicides such as 2,3,6-TBA, dicamba and chloramben;
• O. anilide herbicides such as pretilachlor, butachlor, alachlor, propachlor, propanil, metazachlor, metolachlor, acetochlor and dimethachlor;
• P. dihalobenzonitrile herbicides such as dichlobenil, bromoxynil and ioxynil;
• Q. haloalkanoic herbicides such as dalapon, TCA and salts thereof
• R. diphenylether herbicides such as lactofen, fluroglycofen or salts or esters thereof, nitrofen, bifenox, acifluorfen and salts and esters thereof, oxyfluorfen and fomesafen; chlornitrofen and chlomethoxyfen;
• S. phenoxyphenoxypropionate herbicides such as diclofop and esters thereof such as the methyl ester, fluazifop and esters thereof, haloxyfop and esters thereof, quizalofop and esters thereof and fenoxaprop and esters thereof such as the ethyl ester;
• T. cyclohexanedione herbicides such as alloxydim and salts thereof, sethoxydim, cycloxydim, tralkoxydim and clethodim;
• U. sulfonyl urea herbicides such as chlorosulfuron, sulfometuron, metsulfuron and esters thereof; benzsulfuron and esters thereof such as the ester thereof methyl, DPX- M6313, chlorimuron and esters such as the ethyl ester thereof, pirimisulfuron and esters such as the methyl ester thereof, DPX-LS300 and pyrazosulfuron;
• V. imidazolidinone herbicides such as imazaquin, imazamethabenz, imazapyr and isopropylammonium salts thereof, imazethapyr;
• W. arylanilide herbicides such as flamprop and esters thereof, benzoylprop-ethyl, diflufenican;
• X amino acid herbicides such as glyphosate (ROUND-UP ® ) and glufosinate and their salts and esters, sulphosate and bilanafos;
• Y organoarsenical herbicides such as MSMA;
• Z herbicidal amide derivative such as napropamide, propyzamide, carbetamide, tebutam, bromobutide, isoxaben, naproanilide, diphenamid and naptalam;
• miscellaneous herbicides including ethofumesate, cinmethylin, difenzoquat and salts thereof such as the methyl sulfate salt, clomazone, oxadiazon, bromofenoxim, barban, tridiphane, flurochloridone, quinchlorac and mefanacet;
• useful contact herbicides include bipyridylium herbicides such as those in which the active entity is paraquat and those in which the active entity is diquat.
• Pesticides developed for application over the top of genetically engineered crops e.g., ROUND-UP ® READY SOYBEANS.
• the penetration of pesticides is influenced by a variety of factors. These factors include, geometrically oriented capillary forces, relative interfacial tensions between fabric surfaces and pesticide emulsions, polymeric composition of the fibers and total pesticide load on the fabrics. Amongst these factors, penetration and permeability are notably dependent on pesticide load on the fabrics (see, Obendorf, S. K. et al., Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 21, 1991, plO-16). Consistent with these findings, a decrease in detoxification of certain pesticides (e.g., methomyl) was observed with an increase in pesticide concentration being loaded onto the fabric. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the halamine is loaded using a high add-on rate.
• certain pesticides e.g., methomyl
• the concentration of the pesticide (e.g., methomyl) that was exposed to the fabric was proportional to the percent reduction of the pesticide.
• the pesticide/halamine ratio is more critical to reduction than the actual contact time of the pesticide with the fabric.
• a pesticide to halamine ratio of about 10:1 to about 1 : 10 is suitable for the present methods, preferably, a ratio of about 5:1 to about 1 :5 is used and, more preferably, a ratio of about 1 : 10 to about 1 : 1 is used.
• Table 1 sets forth various halogen ratios and percent reductions of various pesticides.
• the pesticide protective articles possess regenerable and durable properties.
• the article can be rendered capable of possessing detoxification properties again.
• the detoxification process on treated fabrics is completed after removal of the degraded pesticides on the surface of fabrics by laundering.
• re-bleached fabrics that were previously exposed to pesticides, demonstrated the ability to detoxify pesticides again.
• the previously exposed fabrics exhibited pesticide detoxification potential after laundering and re -bleaching, and therefore, it is concluded that the functional finishing is regenerable.
• detoxifying properties are imparted onto articles, such as textiles, and these properties are regenerable.
• the detoxifying properties imparted onto articles are durable.
• the durability of the process and its potential to continually detoxify pesticides was demonstrated through the percent reduction of pesticides of the article (e.g. finished fabrics) after laundering.
• the functional finishing on the cotton/polyester fabric is durable, surviving fifty equivalent regular machine washes without compromising its detoxification potential. This finished fabric can therefore provide optimum protection as well as comfort to the wearers.
• the selected textile materials were 65%/35% polyester/ cotton (see, Table 2) blended fabrics, #7436 Dacron cotton (available from Testfabrics Inc. Midlesex, New Jersey).
• the compound used in fabric finishing was 1,3-dimethylol 5,5-dimethyl hydantoin (DMDMH) (Lonza Inc., Fairlawn, New Jersey) (see, Figure 3 A).
• Sodium hypochlorite solution was used in the halogenation (chlorination) of the finished fabrics.
• the targeted pesticides were carbamates: methomyl (see, Figure 3 B) [S-methyl N-
• Polyester/cotton fabrics were washed in a domestic washing machine at 50°C prior to the actual treatment of the functional compounds.
• the halamine functional compounds on the fabrics were achieved in two major steps: grafting a hydantoin ring onto the fabrics as the backbone for the functional compounds, followed by halogenation (e.g., chlorination) of the fabrics with hypochlorite bleach (e.g., CLOROX ® ).
• hypochlorite bleach e.g., CLOROX ®
• the grafting of hydantoin ring onto the cotton/polyester fabrics was carried out using a wet finishing process.
• the weighed fabrics were submerged into an aqueous 6% (w/w) DMDMH solution for 5 min. and then wringed through a padder to secure a wet pickup of 70-100% through a 2 dip-2 nip cycle.
• These wet fabrics were then oven-dried at 85°C for 5 min. and cured at 150°C for 5 min. Following this, the fabrics were washed in water at 50°C for 30 min. to remove any excess chemicals on the surface of the fabrics.
• the treated fabrics were bleached with solutions containing 0.01% > and 0.1 % (w/v) active chlorine content.
• the treated fabrics were submerged into aqueous bleach solution at one of the specified concentrations at 25°C for 15 min. Then, the fabrics were air dried and stored at standard condition (25°C, 65%o relative humidity).
• the chemically finished fabrics were then cut into 3 X 3 inches square swatches for exposure to pesticides in the subsequent testing. Methomyl and aldicarb were dissolved in methanol at three different concentrations: 250, 500 and 1000 ppm. One mL of one of these pesticide solutions was directly loaded onto a fabric swatch. A contact time of 5 min.
• the laundering tests were carried out using the Launder-O-Meter from Atlas Electric Devices Co., following AATCC #61-1994 (American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Technical Manual, AATCC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1996, pp 92-95). Each sample (that was exposed to 1000 ppm aldicarb solution) was laundered at 25°C for 45 min. using 0.225 g AATCC detergent 124 and 150 mL distilled water. Then, the sample was rinsed with distilled water and air dried before re-bleaching. Re-bleaching of a sample was done by using a bleach solution containing 0.01% active chlorine content prior to exposure to 1000 ppm aldicarb solution in the subsequent testing.
• This Example illustrates the detoxification of three different concentrations of methomyl by halamine structures on fabrics.
• the concentration of active chlorine treatment affected the reduction of methomyl in two of the three concentration levels of 250 and 1000 ppm levels respectively. Higher concentration of active chlorine treatment led to increased reduction of methomyl on the fabrics.
• the percentage reduction of methomyl with the 0.01% active chlorine treatment (9.35%) was almost half of that at the 0.1%> active chlorine treatment (19.90%>).
• the percentage reduction at 1000 ppm with O.P/o active chlorine treatment (11.63%>) was almost three times as much as that of 0.01% (4.43%).
• methomyl concentration could also be seen in the results.
• the reduction of methomyl and methomyl concentration were found to be inversely related. With the exception of the 500 ppm level, there was a decrease in the reduction of methomyl from the 250 to 1000 ppm levels in both of the 0.01%> and 0.1%> active chlorine treatments. With the chlorine content being held constant at both levels while the concentration of methomyl was increased from 250 to 1000 ppm, the ratio of chlorine to methomyl was actually decreased, leading to slower degradation of methomyl. This is reflected in the decrease in reduction of methomyl.
• This Example illustrates chemical detoxification of aldicarb using methods of the present invention.

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