WO2001005976A1 - Mutiertes ribosomales protein l3 - Google Patents
Mutiertes ribosomales protein l3 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001005976A1 WO2001005976A1 PCT/AT2000/000194 AT0000194W WO0105976A1 WO 2001005976 A1 WO2001005976 A1 WO 2001005976A1 AT 0000194 W AT0000194 W AT 0000194W WO 0105976 A1 WO0105976 A1 WO 0105976A1
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- amino acid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
- C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
- C12N15/8279—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance
- C12N15/8282—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for fungal resistance
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/37—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi
- C07K14/39—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi from yeasts
- C07K14/395—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi from yeasts from Saccharomyces
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a ribosomal protein L3 (RPL3), a DNA molecule which codes for this protein, a biologically functional vector comprising the DNA molecule, a method for producing trichothecene-tolerant recombinant cells, in particular plant cells, and plants.
- RPL3 ribosomal protein L3
- the invention further relates to a method for producing a DNA molecule comprising a region coding for RPL3, which leads to increased trichothecene resistance in the organism in which it is expressed.
- Trichothecenes are a group of toxic, sesguiterpenoid, secondary metabolites, which are mainly formed by phytopathogenic fungi such as Trichothecium, Fusarium, Myrothetium, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys. In total, more than 180 different naturally occurring compounds from different groups have been isolated. The following four toxin groups, which differ in their chemical structure, are mostly described: The groups A and B, which differ in the occurrence of a keto group on the C 8 , have the greatest importance. Group C toxins have another epoxy group in the same place (between C 8 and C 7 ). The macrocyclic trichothecenes are summarized in Group D.
- Trichothecenes play an important role as a virulence factor in the plant pathogenesis of fungi.
- the toxic effect of the trichothecenes which varies depending on the structure of the trichothecenes, is essentially due to the inhibition of translation caused by binding to ribosomal subunits (Cundliffe et al., Inhibition of initiation, elongation and termination of eukaryotic protein synthesis by trichothecene fungal toxins ; Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (1977), Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 491-499).
- DON deoxynivalenol
- TDI tolerable daily intake
- Contamination of important agricultural products such as wheat, barley or maize with mycotoxins such as the trichothecenes is a worldwide problem. Their distribution in these agricultural products has negative effects on their health, not only when humans eat these foods directly, but also when they are fed to farm animals in agriculture.
- Trichothecic intoxications are associated with nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, ataxia, leukocystosis and subsequent severe leukopenia, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, destruction of nerve cells of the central nervous system, hemorrhage of the heart muscle, lesions of lymph nodes, testes and thymus and tissue.
- DON as a protein biosynthesis inhibitor suppresses the active defense of the plant and on the other hand in The more toxin-resistant plants the natural defense against the fungus is more efficient.
- the Steel et al. ("Sequence and developmental regulation of the gene that encodes the Dictyostelium discoideum L3 ribosomal protein", Gene 162 (1995), (123-128)) relates to genomic and recombinant plasmids which are responsible for the RPL3 protein of Coding Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd).
- the sequences of these plasmids have a high degree of homology to genes of RPL3 proteins from low and high eukaryotes.
- the aim of the present invention is to determine the cause of the resistance on the basis of molecular-biological investigations and, on the basis of this determination, to provide further mutations of the ribosomal protein L3 which lead to resistance, so that trichothecene-resistant cells, in particular plant cells, and trichothecene cells resistant plants can be obtained. Furthermore, DNA molecules coding for the mutated protein are to be made available.
- the inventive RPL3 of the type mentioned at the outset is characterized in that its amino acid sequence has a mutation at the serine 2 site, so that the organism in which the mutated RPL3 is expressed has an increased trichothecic resistance.
- This mutation site in the amino acid sequence for the production of trichothecene-resistant organisms can be found, for example, by mutating a well-established laboratory organism, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then selecting it in nutrient medium containing trichothecene and sequencing the resistant strains. Any mutation at the serine 2 site is conceivable as long as the RPL3 remains functional.
- a mutation at the serine 2 site of the amino acid sequence can be performed on RPL3 proteins of any organism, e.g. in mammals, plants, fungi and microorganisms. These terms are to be understood in the broadest sense, so that all organisms or cells that have an RPL3 are affected.
- Trichothecene resistance is understood to mean resistance to one, several or all trichothecene types, in particular to type B and DON, cells which contain the mutated RPL3 gene being able to grow at certain trichothecene concentrations which are inhibitory for wild types. These mutated cells preferably have a 50% higher resistance, particularly preferably a 200% higher resistance, to trichothecenes compared to the respective wild types.
- An advantageous RPL3 has an amino acid with an aliphatic side chain at the serine 2 site.
- the RPL3 preferably comprises an amino acid sequence which has a proline instead of the serine 2. If the serine was exchanged for a proline, the cells with this recombinant RPL3 are particularly resistant to trichothecene.
- Another aspect of this invention relates to an RPL3 whose amino acid sequence has a mutation at the proline 9 site, so that the organism in which the mutated RPL3 is expressed has an increased resistance to trichothecene.
- proline can be replaced by any amino acid as long as the protein remains active.
- An RPL3 is particularly preferred, the amino acid sequence of which instead of the proline has another amino acid with an aliphatic side chain. It is particularly advantageous if the amino acid sequence has a leucine instead of the proline. This mutation results in a recombinant organism that is resistant to trichothecenes.
- RPL3 is an RPL3, with the exception of RPL3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CLPl, whose amino acid sequence has a mutation at the tryptophan 255 site, so that the organism in which the mutated RPL3 is expressed has increased trichothecene resistance.
- a mutation at this point, whereby the tryptophan can be replaced by any other amino acid provides organisms which are more resistant to trichothecenes by more than 50%, in particular more than 200%, compared to the wild type.
- the amino acid sequence is numbered in accordance with the numbering of the amino acids of the Seq. ID No. 1 (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Some organisms have a sequence shifted by insertion or deletion of some amino acids. In these sequences, the respective amino acid exchanged relates to the speaking same amino acid, but one or more amino acids higher or lower in the sequence.
- the corresponding tryptophan is located at position 252 (see Adams et al., "Sequence identification of 2, 375 human brain genes", Nature 355 (6361), 632-634 (1992)), or at position 257 (see the sequence of Drosophila melanogaster, accession number 016797, from Chan et al.), or also 258 (see Nishi et al., "The primary structure of two proteins ins form the large ribosomal subunit of rice "; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1216 (1), 110-112 (1993)), to name just a few examples.
- the tryptophan 255 of Seq. ID.Nr. 1 corresponding tryptophan replaced.
- the amino acid sequence has a cysteine or methionine instead of the tryptophan.
- the tryptophan By replacing the tryptophan with an amino acid with a sulfur-containing side chain, particularly resistant cells are obtained. It is particularly favorable if the amino acid sequence has a cysteine instead of the tryptophan. This represents a particularly optimal exchange for trichothecene-resistant cells.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to an RPL3, the amino acid sequence of which at the site of tryptophan 255 has an amino acid with a basic side chain, so that the organism in which the mutated RPL3 is expressed has increased trichothecene resistance. If the tryptophan 255 is replaced by an amino acid with a basic side chain, particularly resistant cells are also produced, which at the same time have sufficient viability. Again, if the amino acid sequence is shifted, the corresponding tryptophan is exchanged.
- the amino acid sequence has an arginine instead of the tryptophan.
- the arginine is particularly resistant.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to an RPL3 whose amino acid sequence has a mutation at the site of histidine 256, so that the particular organism in which the mutated RPL3 is expressed has increased trichothecene resistance.
- the histidine 256 can be replaced by any possible amino acid as long as the function of the RPL3 is guaranteed. Again, if the sequence is shifted, the corresponding histidine is exchanged.
- the amino acid sequence preferably has an amino acid with an aromatic side chain instead of the histidine.
- An amino acid with an aromatic side chain has a particularly high resistance requirement at this point, it being particularly favorable if the amino acid sequence has a tyrosine instead of the histidine.
- the amino acid sequence of the RPL3 has a mutation as described above at two sites. Any conceivable combination can be possible, e.g. a mutation at the serine 2 site and another mutation at the proline 9 site or additionally a mutation at the tryptophan 255 site and / or a mutation at the histidine site 256. Mutants with at least two of the mutations described above can be even better Have resistance properties than the individual mutants, since they can be more resistant by at least one concentration level.
- Optimal resistance of an organism is obtained if the amino acid sequence of the RPL3 has a mutation in the C-terminal region and one in the N-terminal region.
- different combinations are possible, for example a mutation at the serine 2 site in combination with a mutation at the tryptophan 255 site or a mutation at the proline 9 site in combination with a mutation at the histidine 256 site or vice versa.
- the double mutant P9L / W255R shows increased trichothecene resistance
- any further mutations can be provided within the scope of this invention as long as they do not significantly reduce the activity of the RPL3, that is to say the viability of the mutated organism is not endangered.
- other substitution, deletion and / or insertion mutations can be provided which are readily available to the person skilled in the art in this area and can be checked for their viability and resistance properties, above all using the methods described here.
- an additional sequence is appended to the C-terminus of the amino acid sequence.
- This additional sequence can e.g. introduced by means of PCR, whereby the sequence can be used for various functions, e.g. as an epitope for antigen-antibody reactions or a sequence that serves to detect the protein.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to a DNA molecule which codes for one of the RPL3 proteins described above.
- it can also contain any other mutations, as long as it codes for an active, functional RPL3 with trichothecene resistance.
- DNA molecule that comprises a partial sequence of the above-described DNA molecule, including the mutated region in each case.
- This can include, for example, a sequence in the C region as well as a sequence in the N region of the RPL3, it is only important that it comprises at least one of the mutations described above which lead to trichothecene resistance and at least a length of 15-25 bp, in particular of over 25 bp.
- this also includes the respective complementary sequences.
- two partial sequences can be made available which are used as primers for a PCR reaction. This enables the specific mutated sequences to be amplified and thus, for example, detected.
- a DNA molecule which is covalently associated with a detectable labeling substance is particularly preferred. These molecular markers are particularly useful for the detection of naturally present in overall 'netic resources or induced by classical mutation process variants a RPL3- gene one (useful) plant corresponding to one of the identified in yeast resistance-mediating mutations and lead to increased trichothecene resistance.
- the DNA molecule binds to the homologous sequence and the labeling substance is subsequently detected.
- This labeling substance can be, for example, a fluorescent, luminescent, radioactive substance and a non-isotropic label. This provides reagents which are useful for the detection, selection and quantification of homologous sequences in liquid samples but also in solid tissue samples, for example from plants, by means of hybridization processes or PCR processes.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to a biologically functional vector which comprises a DNA molecule described above.
- An independent, reproducible vector is required for transformation in host cells, a suitable vector being able to be used depending on the host cell, transformation mechanism, task and size of the DNA molecule.
- These vectors are well known to any person skilled in the art, so that all possible types of vectors are not listed in this application.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for producing trichothecene-tolerant recombinant cells, at least one DNA molecule according to the invention or a vector as described above being introduced into the cell and the mutated RPL3 being expressed.
- the cell expresses recombinant RPL3 and thus has an increased resistance to trichothecene.
- the DNA molecule or the vector can be introduced into the cell in various ways, for example by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, by means of the biolistic method (particle gun), by electronics. troporation, or different methods of direct DNA transfer in protoplasts. These methods are also well known to any person skilled in the art, so that a detailed explanation of these methods can be dispensed with here.
- the selection of a successful introduction of the DNA molecule into a cell can be carried out directly with a nutrient medium containing trichothecene (selection marker). Media can be used that contain a wide variety of compounds of the trichothecene class in the appropriate concentration range.
- Another selection can e.g. by selection for a conventional transformation marker (e.g. antibiotic or herbicide resistance and subsequent screening for trichothecene resistance) or by coding the DNA molecule integrated in the cell for another protein that is visible or can be made. A successful transformed cell is thus visible (screening marker).
- a conventional transformation marker e.g. antibiotic or herbicide resistance and subsequent screening for trichothecene resistance
- Another protein e.g. the ß-glucuronidase, luciferase or green fluorescent protein from jellyfish.
- a method for producing trichothecene-tolerant recombinant plants or plant cells is made available, at least one DNA molecule according to the invention or a vector described above being introduced into the plant or plant cells and the mutated RPL3 being expressed.
- Any plant transformation technology a number of which have already been described and successfully used, is possible.
- One possibility is direct DNA transfers, for example by means of chemical treatment, electroporation and in particular particle bombardment (method in which heavy metal particles carrying DNA material are shot directly at plant tissue with high acceleration). It is also possible to introduce the DNA into seeds under vacuum or to facilitate the penetration of DNA into specific plant tissue, possibly partially digested plant tissue, using microscopic needles or fibers.
- Viral vectors can also be used to introduce the mutated RPL3 according to the invention into plants or cells.
- the Ti plasmid with the Agrobacterium system can be used to transform the plant. Agrobacteria cause root neck galls in plants.
- T-DNA recombinant DNA section
- the T-DNA and thus also the inserted DNA molecule is stably incorporated into the chromosomal DNA of the cell, so that the genes of the T-DNA are expressed in the plant.
- Plants have a special property; namely, they are able to develop from a (transformed) cell or from a protoblast into a complete plant that can be grown.
- Different plant tissues can be transformed, e.g. an immature embryo, a callus from seeds, a meristem, etc.
- plant is understood to mean any type of plant, in particular those which play a role in agriculture, e.g. Corn, wheat, barley, rice, soybeans, beans, cotton, tomatoes, tobacco.
- a vector comprising a DNA encoding a mutated, recombinant RPL3 described above is transformed into a plant or plant cell, a plant with increased trichothecene resistance is thereby produced.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to cells which comprise a DNA molecule or a mutation described above in the genome, so that they express an RPL3 mutated according to the invention and thereby have a trichot-hecene tolerance.
- the extent of the trichothecene tolerance depends on the respective mutation in the DNA molecule.
- Certain mutations in the RPL3 gene can also make cells available that have trichothecene hypersensitivity. By providing different cell cultures with different hypersensitivity or tolerance properties, the type and amount of trichothecene contamination in substances can be detected, for example.
- the cells preferably have a type B trichothecene tolerance and particularly preferably a deoxynivalenol (DON) tolerance. These cells can be used in particular in agriculture or for quality control in the manufacture of agricultural products.
- DON deoxynivalenol
- the cells have an increased trichothecene resistance of over 50%, preferably over 200%, compared to the respective wild type. This ensures toxin control even at higher toxin concentrations.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to a plant or plant cells which comprises or comprise in the genome a DNA molecule or mutation of the type described above, so that they express or express an RPL3 mutated according to the invention and thereby have a trichothecene tolerance or have.
- These toxin-resistant plants are efficient in the natural defense against the fungus. In this way, plants are grown which are less susceptible to fungal contamination, so that the yield losses, e.g. for cereals, and the impairment of the crop can be greatly reduced.
- the plant or plant cells preferably have a type B trichothecene tolerance, particularly preferably a DON tolerance.
- the type B trichothecenes are particularly responsible for the contamination of agricultural products, DON being a representative of the type B trichothecenes of particular importance.
- the plant or plant cells has or have an increased trichothecene resistance of more than 50%, preferably more than 200%, compared to the respective wild type.
- the tolerance property of the plant or plant cells depends on the species the mutation, with some mutations causing a lower tolerance and others a higher tolerance.
- the type of tolerance also depends on the mutation. Depending on the use of the plant or plant cells, a particular mutation may be particularly preferred.
- the method for producing a DNA molecule of the type mentioned at the outset is characterized in that a wild-type RPL3 gene is point-mutated, after which the mutated gene is introduced into a test organism which then expresses mutated RPL3, the test organism subsequently comprising on a nutrient medium Trichothecen is cultivated and selected, after which mutated DNA molecules are isolated from the selected clones and purified and, if necessary, sequenced.
- the wild-type RPL3 gene is mutated, either by random mutation methods or by targeted mutation, with individual bases being exchanged.
- a single base can be exchanged, but two to three or more bases are also possible. It is only important that at least one amino acid, which is different from the wild-type gene, is formed by the base exchange.
- the gene is introduced into a test organism using the methods already described above, which are known to the person skilled in the art, it being possible for the test organism to be, for example, yeast or bacteria.
- the test organism which expresses the mutated RPL3 is cultivated on a nutrient medium comprising trichothecene of any type and in various concentrations.
- test organisms that successfully take up the mutated RPL3 gene and express a functional RPL3 can comprehensively grow trichothecene on the nutrient medium if the mutation inserted into the RPL3 gene leads to trichothecene tolerance.
- test organisms are obtained that can grow more or less well in this nutrient medium, including trichothecene.
- Individual clones of the trichothecene-tolerant test organisms are selected and, if necessary, can be multiplied individually so that a sufficient amount of DNA can be isolated and purified. The respective DNA molecule can then be sequenced to check the mutation, using any known sequencing method.
- the test organism into which the mutated DNA molecule is introduced has a hypersensitivity to trichothecenes.
- the hypersensitivity of the test organism can be ensured, for example, by impairing detoxification enzymes, for example by deleting the corresponding gene. This enables the selection of the test organism to be carried out on a nutrient medium with a lower concentration of trichothecene. This reduces the consumption of trichotheces, which is cheaper, and also ensures better working conditions in the laboratory.
- the test organism into which the mutated DNA molecule is introduced preferably has a disruption in the genomic RPL3. This is a simple and efficient method of obtaining a test organism that is hypersensitive to trichothecene without influencing any other properties of the test organism.
- the mutated DNA molecule has at least one selection marker.
- This can e.g. introduce antibiotic resistance in the test organism so that in addition to trichothecene, the nutrient medium contains the specific antibiotic.
- Another possibility is e.g. represents a DNA molecule which codes for a protein which leads to the coloration or decolorization of the clone in a particular nutrient medium, see. e.g. the ADE2 marker. This additional selection of successfully introduced DNA ensures that these clones are clearly identified.
- a particularly advantageous method is characterized in that the mutation is carried out using hydroxylamine (see L. Fishbein, WG Flamm and HL Falk (1970): Chemical Mutagens, Academic Press, NY; RS Sikorski and JD Boeke (1991): In vitro mutagenesis and plasmid shuffling: from cloned gene to mutant yeast, Methods in Enzymology 194, 302-318).
- the hydroxylamine is added in a certain concentration, which leads to random mutations in DNA molecules.
- DNA molecules are obtained which have mutations in a wide variety of locations. The more DNA molecules with different Mutations are obtained, the higher the probability that mutations that lead to trichothecene tolerance are obtained when the mutated RPL3 gene is expressed in the organism.
- E. coli mutation strain e.g. XLI-Red
- A. Greener, M. Callahan and B. Jerpseth An efficient random mutagenesis technique using an E. coli mutator strain.
- This E. coli strain has an extremely high spontaneous mutation rate for DNA molecules that are introduced into this strain.
- These mutations are also based on the random principle, so that a number of DNA molecules with various mutations are obtained.
- the nutrient medium for selecting the transformed host organisms particularly preferably comprises at least 100 ppm DON, preferably at least 200 ppm DON.
- the nutrient medium for selecting the transformed host organisms particularly preferably comprises at least 100 ppm DON, preferably at least 200 ppm DON.
- concentrations of 200 ppm DON successfully transformed test organisms can be selected, since the concentration is sufficient to prevent non-transformed test organisms from growing in this nutrient medium and, on the other hand, is not too high, so that successfully transformed test organisms with the desired mutations can grow in the DNA molecule.
- these are preferably introduced into host cells, which are cultivated and selected on nutrient medium comprising trichothecene, after which mutated DNA molecules are in turn isolated and purified if necessary.
- host cells can be other than the test organisms mentioned above, with the aim of producing certain trichothecene-tolerant cells, which can then be used for further purposes.
- DNA molecules can in turn be isolated and purified from these host cells and subsequently sequenced.
- these host cells can again be the same Cells like the test organisms mentioned above, for example to carry out further experiments.
- the wild-type RPL3 gene is point mutated at the serine 2 and / or proline 9 and / or histidine 256 site. In this way, DNA molecules are obtained which lead to a particularly high resistance to trichothecene in the organism in which it is expressed.
- the mutated DNA molecules are particularly preferably transformed in plants or plant cells.
- This can e.g. the DNA molecules isolated from the above-mentioned test organism, but preferably the DNA molecules isolated from the above-mentioned host cells, since the resistance to trichothecene was confirmed by the repeated transformation into the host cells.
- the transformation in plants or plant cells has already been described above, and in turn a wide variety of plants or plant cells can be transformed. This should make it possible to produce plants with improved properties for agriculture (increased resistance to trichothecenes, thereby increased resistance to trichothecene-producing fungi, and thus lower trichothecene residues in the crop).
- a further aspect of the present invention relates to cells, with the exception of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CLPL comprising a W255C mutation, which have been transformed with a mutated DNA molecule as described above, express mutant RPL3 and have a trichothecene tolerance.
- the invention also relates to plants or plant cells which have been transformed with a mutated DNA molecule as described above, express mutated RPL3 and have a trichothecene tolerance.
- the trichothecene tolerance of these transformed cells, plants or plant cells can relate to any possible trichothecene type, but preferably type A and type B. Also that The extent of trichothecene tolerance varies depending on the mutation in the DNA molecule.
- FIG. 6 shows a list of partial sequences of RPL3 genes from different organisms, the site comprising the W255 and H256 being shown,
- the plasmid pZGA121 (see FIG. 5), which is used as the E. coli yeast shuttle vector and which can complement an RPL3 mutation, comprises an EcoRI site into which the wild-type yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) RPL3 gene was cloned. 6 shows partial sequences of RPL3 proteins from different organisms, it being clear that the sequence is conserved. The gene in the plasmid acts under its own promoter and can complement the function of an RPL3-disrupted yeast.
- the plasmid pZGA121 additionally contains a yeast gene (ADE2), which serves as an indicator of the efficiency of the mutagenesis: If an intact ADE2 gene is introduced into an ade2 yeast strain, the resulting colony is white, is the mutant ADE2 * - However, the gene is defective, and the colony, like the ade2 mutant, turns red due to the accumulation of a pigmented precursor from adenine biosynthesis. Furthermore, the plasmid pZGA121 is conditionally unstable in yeast (on galactose medium), since a GAL1 promoter is placed next to the centromere and interferes with its function. The TRPl gene serves as a selection marker for the yeast transformation. In addition, as an antibiotic resistance, the plasmid contains the gene for the ⁇ -lactamase to be used in E. coli transformants can be cultivated on nutrient baths containing antibiotics.
- ADE2 yeast gene
- the plasmid was transformed into the E. coli strain XLI-Red.
- This E. coli strain has a spontaneous mutation frequency that is approximately 5000 times higher than that of the wild-type strain.
- the DNA that is transformed and amplified into this strain is continuously reproduced incorrectly and thus receives mutations in their sequence, with a mutation probability that is approximately the same for all bases.
- 400 ⁇ l XLI-Red are mixed with 2 ⁇ g DNA and placed on ice for 30 minutes.
- the plasmids are obtained from each pool (3.1.1.) And transformed into competent (CaCl 2 ) bacteria (E. coli) in order to obtain all clones in mutation-stable bacteria: The transformation was carried out as in 1).
- solution I 50 mM glucose; 2 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0); 10 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) (shake for 10 min).
- solution II 0.2 N NaOH; Mix 1% SDS
- the mutagenized plasmid DNA molecules described above were used for the retransformation into the yeast stand YZGA315.
- This yeast strain is derived from YPH252 and has the following properties:
- YZGA315 MAT ⁇ ; ura3 leu2 his3 trpl ade2 lys2 rpl3:: LYS2; pdr5:: hisG; pZGA196 [URA3 -GAL1 -RPL3J
- the transformed yeast strain YZGA315 has the following essential properties: the chromosomal wild-type RPL3 gene is disrupted (rpl3:: LYS2). Since RPL3 is an essential gene, the strain contains another modified RPL3 copy on plasmid pZGA196. The RPL3 gene on this plasmid is under the control of a GAL1 promoter. This promoter is inactive on glucose medium and consequently the strain YZGA315 cannot grow on media with glucose as the C source, but only on galactose media.
- the strain also contains an inactivated PDR5 gene (pdr5:: hisG), which makes it hypersensitive to trichothecenes (PDR5 codes for an ABC transporter protein that is localized in the plasma membrane and toxin that has penetrated into the cell with ATP expenditure away) .
- PDR5 codes for an ABC transporter protein that is localized in the plasma membrane and toxin that has penetrated into the cell with ATP expenditure away
- yeasts are washed with a lithium-containing solution and mixed with polyethylene, they are able to take up foreign DNA.
- DNA transformation is promoted by the presence of single-stranded carrier DNA (herring sperm DNA).
- the yeast strain to be transformed is grown in a suitable medium (50 ml) at 30 ° C overnight. Depending on the growth of the yeast, the incubation period may need to be extended to 48 hours or more.
- yeast suspension is centrifuged for 5 s and resuspended in 200 ⁇ l 1 x TE buffer (pH 7.5).
- SC-Trp / ⁇ Ade plates (simplified): 1.43 g / 1 YNB (Yeast Nitrogen Base, Cat.No. 25685-033, GIBCO) 5.00 g / 1 NH 4 S0 4 , 10 ml / 1 stock solution (100 ⁇ concentrated) of the components (amino acids): Thr, Leu, His, Ile, Arg, Lys, adenine, uracil, no Trp; with a final concentration of 20 mg / 1, except Leu (60 mg / 1). Autoclave 2% agar and 2% glucose separately from the other ingredients and mix thoroughly before pouring.
- YNB Yeast Nitrogen Base, Cat.No. 25685-033, GIBCO
- Transformants which can grow on SC-TRP medium (with glucose as the C source) and which consequently have taken up a plasmid with a functional RPL3 gene are selected.
- the trans Formants are then transferred to medium containing trichothecene and toxin-resistant mutants are selected.
- yeast transformants were washed off the plates with liquid YPD (4 ml) and the pools were mixed thoroughly. Approx. 50 ⁇ l of this mixture were applied to YPD plates with 200 ppm DON (deoxynivalenol) and incubated at 30 ° C.
- the plasmid can either be lost again (unstable on galactose medium), or first transferred from the yeast to E. coli and the test by transforming the Yeast strain YZGA315.
- the mutation responsible for resistance can be identified by subcloning and DNA sequencing.
- the resistance behavior of the yeast was confirmed by isolation of the plasmids from the selected yeast transformants, renewed transformation into fresh yeast cells and selection on YPD (+ DON200ppm) plates.
- YPD 1% yeast extract (Cat.No. 70161, FLUKA) 2% peptone (from meat; 1.07224 MERCK) 2% dextrose (glucose; Cat.No. 49159, FLUKA)
- the plasmids were obtained from the resistant yeast colonies with the nucleospin purification kit and purified. Sequencing was carried out according to the principle of the chain termination method using the ABI310 system from Perkin Elmer. In this system, the dideoxy NTPs responsible for chain termination are fluorescence-labeled and can therefore be distinguished from one another.
- the reaction is carried out in one batch.
- the samples are separated on a separation column in the device and each fragment is registered individually.
- the batch is precipitated in a 1.5 ml Eppendorf with 50 ⁇ l 95% ethanol and 2 ⁇ l 3 M sodium acetate (pH 4.6) and placed on ice (-20 ° C.) for at least 10 minutes.
- the batch can also be precipitated at -20 ° C. overnight or longer in order to obtain any higher yields of DNA.
- DNA sequencing kit no. 403044 (contains TRR mix); PERKIN ELMER
- the plasmids were obtained and purified using the nucleospin purification kit.
- the primers already listed in Table 2 were available for sequencing the RPL3 gene of the plasmids.
- the plasmids with double mutation were transformed into the yeast strain YZGA315 and separated.
- TTC trichothecin
- the yeasts were applied to a YPD plate with 200 ppm DON.
- a YPD plate (0.4% acetone, 0.4% ethanol) was used as a zero control. This amount of ethanol and acetone corresponded to the amount of the two components which was contained in the highest concentration level (10 ppm) as a solvent for the toxin.
- the double mutants generally seemed to grow worse than the single mutants.
- the double mutants pARM8A49B, pARM34A49B and pARM34A14B were all more resistant than the single mutants by one concentration level (growth up to 0.9 ppm to 1 ppm).
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- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
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Abstract
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AU57957/00A AU5795700A (en) | 1999-07-19 | 2000-07-12 | Mutated ribosomal protein l3 |
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ATA1249/99 | 1999-07-19 | ||
AT0124999A AT408442B (de) | 1999-07-19 | 1999-07-19 | Mutiertes ribosomales protein l3 |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6855872B2 (en) | 1997-08-12 | 2005-02-15 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Agriculture And Agri-Food | Tolerance of trichothecene mycotoxins in plants through the modification of the ribosomal protein L3 gene |
EP2100962A1 (de) | 2008-03-12 | 2009-09-16 | Biogemma | Pflanzen mit verbesserter Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Pathogene |
WO2023196886A1 (en) * | 2022-04-07 | 2023-10-12 | Pairwise Plants Services, Inc. | Methods and compositions for improving resistance to fusarium head blight |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999009173A1 (en) * | 1997-08-12 | 1999-02-25 | Her Majesty In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Agriculture And Agri-Food Canada | Tolerance of trichothecene mycotoxins in plants and animals through the modification of the ribosomal protein l3 gene |
WO2000039291A1 (en) * | 1998-12-31 | 2000-07-06 | Rutgers, The State University | Virus-resistant transgenic plants expressing l3 |
-
1999
- 1999-07-19 AT AT0124999A patent/AT408442B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2000
- 2000-07-12 AU AU57957/00A patent/AU5795700A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-07-12 WO PCT/AT2000/000194 patent/WO2001005976A1/de active Application Filing
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999009173A1 (en) * | 1997-08-12 | 1999-02-25 | Her Majesty In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Agriculture And Agri-Food Canada | Tolerance of trichothecene mycotoxins in plants and animals through the modification of the ribosomal protein l3 gene |
WO2000039291A1 (en) * | 1998-12-31 | 2000-07-06 | Rutgers, The State University | Virus-resistant transgenic plants expressing l3 |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
KIM ET AL: "RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN GENE EXPRESSION AND TRICHOTHECENE RESISTANCE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA", DISSABS, vol. 52, no. 2B, 1991, pages 657, XP002083007 * |
PELTZ STUART W ET AL: "Ribosomal protein L3 mutants alter translational fidelity and promote rapid loss of the yeast killer virus.", MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 1, January 1999 (1999-01-01), pages 384 - 391, XP000952649, ISSN: 0270-7306 * |
SCHINDLER ET AL: "Trichodermin resistance-mutation affecting eukaryotic ribosomes", NATURE,GB,MACMILLAN JOURNALS LTD. LONDON, vol. 248, 5 April 1974 (1974-04-05), pages 535 - 536, XP002083004, ISSN: 0028-0836 * |
SCHULTZ L D ET AL: "NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF THE TCML GENE (RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN L3) OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE", JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY,US,WASHINGTON, DC, vol. 155, no. 1, 1 July 1983 (1983-07-01), pages 8 - 14, XP000617038, ISSN: 0021-9193 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6855872B2 (en) | 1997-08-12 | 2005-02-15 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Agriculture And Agri-Food | Tolerance of trichothecene mycotoxins in plants through the modification of the ribosomal protein L3 gene |
EP2100962A1 (de) | 2008-03-12 | 2009-09-16 | Biogemma | Pflanzen mit verbesserter Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Pathogene |
WO2023196886A1 (en) * | 2022-04-07 | 2023-10-12 | Pairwise Plants Services, Inc. | Methods and compositions for improving resistance to fusarium head blight |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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ATA124999A (de) | 2001-04-15 |
AU5795700A (en) | 2001-02-05 |
AT408442B (de) | 2001-11-26 |
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