Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
  • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
  • A63B59/00—Bats, rackets, or the like, not covered by groups A63B49/00 - A63B57/00
  • A63B59/40—Rackets or the like with flat striking surfaces for hitting a ball in the air, e.g. for table tennis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
  • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
  • C07H19/10—Pyrimidine radicals with the saccharide radical esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/16—Purine radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/16—Purine radicals
  • C07H19/20—Purine radicals with the saccharide radical esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
  • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
  • A63B2102/00—Application of clubs, bats, rackets or the like to the sporting activity ; particular sports involving the use of balls and clubs, bats, rackets, or the like
  • A63B2102/02—Tennis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
  • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
  • A63B2102/00—Application of clubs, bats, rackets or the like to the sporting activity ; particular sports involving the use of balls and clubs, bats, rackets, or the like
  • A63B2102/16—Table tennis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
  • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
  • C12N2310/32—Chemical structure of the sugar
  • C12N2310/323—Chemical structure of the sugar modified ring structure
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a nucleotide monomer represented by the formula 1 in which a five- membered ribose is substituted with a six-membered azarsuger, antisense oligomers represented by the formula 2, and process for preparation thereof.
• the antisense oligomers of the present invention are useful for developing antisense drugs since they have high binding affinity to mRNA, good membrane permeability and improved resistance to nuclease.
• B is a natural nucleobase or a modified nucleobase with or without protecting group
• R 1 is hydrogen; ⁇ - or ⁇ -hydroxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ -lower molecular alkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -methoxy, or ⁇ - or ⁇ - ethoxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ -methoxyethoxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ -halogen such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -fluoro; ⁇ - or ⁇ -ammoalkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ - aminomethoxy or ⁇ - or ⁇ -ammoethoxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ - dimethylammo-oxyalkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -dimethylammo oxyethyloxy; or ⁇ - or ⁇ -O-acyl,
• R 2 is hydrogen; araalkyl such as benzyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, dimethylbenzyl, diphenylmethyl or halodiphenylmethyl; nitrobenzyl; haloaraalkyl such as fluorobenzyl; cyanobenzyl; alcoxybenzyl such as methoxybenzyl or ethoxybenzyl; lower molecular alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or tertbutyl; aryl with or without substituent of phenyl or halophenyl; heterophenyl; heteroaryl; naphtaryl; or fluorenyl (Fmoc) ,
• X is hydrogen or hydroxyl protecting group
• Y is hydrogen, phosphate, activated phosphate, activated phosphite or solid support.
• n 0 to 30
• B is a natural nucleobase or a modified nucleobase with or without protecting group
• R 1 is hydrogen; ⁇ - or ⁇ -hydroxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ -lower molecular alkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -methoxy, or ⁇ - or ⁇ - ethoxy; - or ⁇ -methoxyethoxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ -halogen such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -fluoro; ⁇ - or ⁇ -aminoalkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ - aminomethoxy or ⁇ - or ⁇ -aminoethoxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ - dimethyla ino-oxyalkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -dimethylamino oxyethyloxy; or ⁇ - or ⁇ -O-acyl,
• R 2 is hydrogen; araalkyl such as benzyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, dimethylbenzyl, diphenylmethyl or halodiphenylmethyl; nitrobenzyl; haloaraalkyl such as fluorobenzyl; cyanobenzyl; alcoxybenzyl such as methoxybenzyl or ethoxybenzyl; lower molecular alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or tertbutyl; aryl with or without substituent of phenyl or halophenyl; heterophenyl; heteroaryl; naphtaryl; or fluorenyl (Fmoc),
• R 3 is oxygen or sulfur
• X is hydrogen or hydroxyl protecting group, conjugate group or oligonuclotide
• Y is hydrogen, phosphate, activated phosphate, activated phosphite, solid support, conjugate group or oligonucleotide .
• Proteins comprise more than 20 amino acids and have a very complex and diverse tertiary structure, thus it is very difficult to develop a drug which selectively acts on them.
• There has been much progress in the development of protein inhibitors as the tertiary structures of various proteins are elucidated by computer simulation and X-ray analysis. However, there has not yet been successful development of effective protein inhibitors.
• nucleic acid comprises 4 different nucleotides of adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and thymidine or uridine, and has a property of complementary binding to each other (Uhlmann et al . , "Antisense Oligonucleotides: A New Therapeutic Principles” Chem . Rev . , 1990, 90, 543- 584 ; Cohen et al., "The New Genetic Medicine” Scientific American, 1994, 271, 76-82) .
• In vivo protein synthesis accomplishes through expression of the gene which encodes the amino acid sequence. Particulary, one strand of DNA with double- helix structure is transcribed into mRNA and the mRNA is translated to form a protein.
• the drugs aiming at the nucleic acids have been developed and they contain an oligonucleotide with complementary sequence to the mRNA.
• the oligonucleotide can bind to the complementary nucleotide of mRNA, inhibit its translation to the protein, and block or reduce the formation of disease- causing proteins. Because the oligonucleotide sequence is reverse (antisense) to the genetic information sequence (sense), the drug is named as antisense drug and the technique antisense technique.
• the 1st generation antisense drugs are oligomers with phosphate linkage replaced by other groups such as phosphorothioate, methylphosphate, etc.
• the phosphorthioate is an oligomer whose oxygen of the phosphate group is replaced by sulfur, and it has lower binding affinity to mRNA than the natural type of DNA.
• the phosphrothioate oligomers show strong pharmacological activity in vivo or in vi tro .
• Some of the 1st generation antisense drugs are being clinically tested as anti-viral or anti-cancer agents and some others are commercially available as anti-viral agents (Bennett et al . , "Antisense oligonucleotides: is the glass half full or half empty" Biochem . Pharmacol . 1998, 55, 9-19) .
• the 2nd generation antisense drugs are oligomers with modified sugar in the oligonucleotides. They include oligomers containing ribose with methoxy, methoxyethoxy (Martin et al., Helv. Chim . Acta , 1995, 186, 584) or am oalkoxy (Griffey et al., J. Med. Chem . 1996, 3_9, 5100-5109) group at 2' position, oligomers containing hexose (Herdewijn et al., In Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research; ACS Symposium Series 580; Sanghvi, Y. S., Cook, P.
• 4-Th ⁇ o RNA a novel class of sugar- modified B-RNA.
• ACS Symposium Series 580 Sanghvi, Y. S., Cook, P. D., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994; pp 68-79) and their derivatives.
• mRNA and DNA having the complementary sequence to each other exist in duplex (double strand) form at an ambient temperature (or body temperature) . However, they are separated into single strands as the temperature increases, the extent of which is measured following the change in UV absorbance. As the temperature increases, the UV absorbance increases representing sigmoidal curve due to the increase in the amount of single strands whose UV absorbance is higher than that of the duplex. Tm (melting temperature) is defined as the temperature at which 2nd derivative of the the sigmoidal type curve is zero. High Tm value of the oligomer to mRNA represents high binding afiinity to RNA, and is regarded as a very important factor for the antisense molecules.
• the oligomers comprising a replaced base with methoxy or fluoro group at 2' position have high Tm values because electronegative groups introduced at 2' position increase the binding affinity of the oligomers to RNA (Kawasaki et al., J. Med . Chem . , 1993, 36, 831-841).
• oligomers with alcoxy group such as methoxy at 2' position have improved resistance to nuclease when compared with the natural type of DNA.
• the chimeric oligomer consisted of the modified nucleotides with phosphothioate backbone and the 2'- methoxy substituent shows lower toxicity than that of the 1st generation antisense oligomers (Lesnik et al . , Biochemis try, 1993, 32, 7832 ; Milligan et al . , J. Med. Chem . 1993, 3_6, 1923), and its clinical testing was started in 1997 (Agrawal et al . , Curr . Opin . Chem . Biol . , 1998, 2, 519) .
• the oligonucleotide has a potential as diagnostic reagent for genetic deficiencies, primer for PCR, etc. (Englisch et al . , Ang. Chem . Int . Ed. 1991, 30, 613-629) . It may also be useful for the investigation of the secondary structure of protein and the relationship between protein structure and its activity (Verma et al., "Modified Oligonucleotides", Ann . Rev. Biochem . , 1998, _67_, 99-14),
• the oligomer of the present invention contains six-membered azarsugar as a basic sugar unit substituting the five-membered ribose and shows high binding affinity and good stability.
• the present invention provides a nucleotide monomer with six-membered azarsugar replacing a five- membered ribose represented by the formula 1 and process of preparation thereof. ⁇ FORMULAR 1>
• B is a natural nucleobase or a modified nucleobase with or without protecting group
• R 1 is hydrogen; ⁇ - or ⁇ -hydroxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ -lower molecular alkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -methoxy, or ⁇ - or ⁇ - ethoxy; - or ⁇ -methoxyethoxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ -halogen such as - or ⁇ -fluoro; a- or ⁇ -aminoalkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ - aminomethoxy or ⁇ - or ⁇ -aminoethoxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ - dimethylamino-oxyalkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -dimethylamino oxyethyloxy; or - or ⁇ -O-acyl,
• R 2 is hydrogen; araalkyl such as benzyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, dimethylbenzyl, diphenylmethyl or halodiphenylmethyl; nitrobenzyl; haloaraalkyl such as fluorobenzyl ; cyanobenzyl; alcoxybenzyl such as methoxybenzyl or ethoxybenzyl; lower molecular alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or tertbutyl; aryl with or without substituent of phenyl or halophenyl; heterophenyl; heteroaryl; naphtaryl; or fluorenyl (Fmoc),
• X is hydrogen or hydroxyl protecting group
• Y is hydrogen, phosphate, activated phosphate, activated phosphite or solid support.
• R 1 is preferably ⁇ -methoxy, or ⁇ - ethoxy and R 2 is preferably diphenylmethyl .
• the present invention provides an antisense oligomer represented by the formula 2 which contains the above-mentioned nucleotide monomer partially or as a whole, and process of preparation thereof .
• n 0 to 30
• B is a natural nucleobase or a modified nucleobase with or without protecting group
• R 1 is hydrogen; ⁇ - or ⁇ -hydroxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ -lower molecular alkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -methoxy, or ⁇ - or ⁇ - ethoxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ -methoxyethoxy; ⁇ - or ⁇ -halogen such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -fluoro; ⁇ - or ⁇ -aminoalkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ - aminomethoxy or ⁇ - or ⁇ -aminoethoxy; - or ⁇ - dimethylamino-oxyalkoxy such as ⁇ - or ⁇ -dimethylamino oxyethyloxy; or ⁇ - or ⁇ -0-acyl,
• R 2 is hydrogen; araalkyl such as benzyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, dimethylbenzyl, diphenylmethyl or halodiphenylmethyl; nitrobenzyl; haloaraalkyl such as fluorobenzyl ; cyanobenzyl; alcoxybenzyl such as methoxybenzyl or ethoxybenzyl; lower molecular alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or tertbutyl; aryl with or without substituent of phenyl or halophenyl; heterophenyl; heteroaryl; naphtaryl; or fluorenyl (Fmoc), (4) R 3 is oxygen or sulfur,
• X is hydrogen or hydroxyl protecting group, conjugate group or oligonuclotide
• Y is hydrogen, phosphate, activated phosphate, activated phosphite, solid support, conjugate group or oligonucleotide .
• R 1 is ⁇ -methoxy, ⁇ - ethoxy and R 2 is diphenylmethyl.
• n is 1 to 30 including both upper and lower nucleotides, and is preferably 6 to 21. Properties of the oligomer do not depend on the distribution of abovementioned nucleotide monomer in the molecule. However, for the increased binding affinity, it is desirable to have nucleotides at least 3 bases apart rather than in sequence.
• compositions for effective inhibition of the protein synthesis which comprises the nucleotide monomer, the antisense oligomer or the chimeric oligomer as an active ingredient.
• the present invention also provides the pharmaceutical compositions containing the nucleotide monomer, the antisense oligomer or chimeric oligomer as an active ingredient which is effective for the treatment of hepatitis, cancer or immune diseases by infection of virus or bacteria.
• the lower molecular alkyl is defined as an alkly group containing 1-4 carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, etc.
• the lower molecular alkoxy is an alkoxy group containing 1-4 carbon atoms, includes epoxy, propoxy, butoxy, isopropoxy, etc, and is preferably methoxy or ethoxy .
• O-acyl is O-acetyl, O-ethylcarbonyl, 0- propylcarbonyl, etc
• aryl is an aromatic hydrocarbon with or without substituents including phenyl, paranitrophenyl and parabromophenyl
• araalkyl is alkyl having an aryl group which contains benzyl, ethylphenyl and diphenylmethyl, and is preferably diphenylmethyl.
• Heteroaryl is the five-membered or the six- membered ring having one or more of a heteroatom such as sulfur or nitrogen, examples of which are 4-pyr ⁇ dyl and 3-th ⁇ ophen.
• Heteroalkyl is alkyl having the five- membered or the six-membered ring having one more of a heteroatom such as sulfur and nitrogen, an example of which includes 4-py ⁇ dylmethyl .
• the hydroxyl protecting group is one generally known to protect hydroxyl group which includes a 4,4'- dimethoxytrityl group, a lower molecular alkanol, a t ⁇ methylsilyl ether (TMS ether) , tetra-butyldimethyl silyl ether (TBDMS ether), and is preferably a 4,4'- dimethyltrityl group.
• the nucleobase is any natural or modified nucleobases and is preferably a natural nucleobase such as adenme, cytos e, guanme, thymme and uracil or a modified nucleobase with the protecting group, which includes N-benzoiladenme, N-benzoilcytosme and N- lsobutyrylguan e .
• a natural nucleobase such as adenme, cytos e, guanme, thymme and uracil or a modified nucleobase with the protecting group, which includes N-benzoiladenme, N-benzoilcytosme and N- lsobutyrylguan e .
• the modified nucleobase 5-(l- propynyl) uracil, 5 ( 1-propynyl) cytosme, mos e, 5- methylicytos e and 2 , 6-d ⁇ ammopurme are used commonly.
• the oligonucleotide is the natural oligonucleotide of 1-30 sugar units or its phosphorothioate derivatives.
• the solid support may be selected from a controlled pore glass (CPG, in Oligonucleotide synthesis, a practical approach, M. J. Gai t ed. , Oxford:IRS press, 1984), an oxalyl controlled pore glass (Alul et al., Nucleic Acids Res . 1991, 19, 1527), a TentaGel support (Wright et al . , Tetrahedron Let t . 1993, 34, 3373) composed of ammopolyethyleneglycol derivatives, and a Poros which is a copolymer of polystyrene/divmylbenzene . It is preferably a CPG.
• the conjugate group is a group which is bound to the primary or the secondary hydroxyl group via a covalent bond, and promotes absorption of the oligomer. It is includes cholesterol, polylysme, phospholipids, biotin, polyethylene glycol, phenanthrol e, phenaz e, phenanth ⁇ dm, anthraqumone, acridine, fluorescem, rhodamme, couma ⁇ ne and dyes.
• the present invention provides a process of preparation for the nucleotide monomer with the six- membered azarsugar.
• the nucleotide monomer of the present invention can be prepared by a process represented by the reaction schemes 1-5.
• the reaction scheme 1 is a process for preparation of the oligomer which comprises the steps of preparing the basic six-membered azarsugar and binding the adenine nucleobase to a sugar.
• the reaction scheme 2 is a process for condensation of the other nucleobase, thymine, cytosine and guanine.
• the reaction scheme 3 is a process for binding the various groups to nitrogen of the azarsugar.
• the reaction scheme 4 is a process for removing the hydroxyl group at C-4 of the azarsugar via reduction .
• the reaction scheme 5 is a process for changing the synthetic pathway to produce hydroxyl group with opposite stereochemistry.
• reaction scheme 1-5 it is possible to synthesis the monomer represented by the formula 1 which contains all compounds in Examples.
• R 1 is the same as defined in the formula
• the reaction scheme 1 is the process for the preparation of the six-membered azarsugar.
• a deoxynojirimycin derivative (the compound 4 of the reaction scheme 1) with azarsugar as a basic backbone is synthesized by the known methods using commercially available glucose derivative (Baxter et al . , J. Org. Chem . , 1994, 59, 3175-3185).
• a ketone compound 2 is prepared by oxidation of glucose, compound 1 with a protecting group using dibutyltinoxide (Bu 2 SnO) and bromine (Br 2 ) , and the protecting group of the compound 2 is removed with acidic resins to obtain compound 3.
• Diphenylmethylamine was added to protect for the compound 3, and ring-shaped six-membered azarsugar 4 was obtained.
• Compound 5 is obtained by protecting both the primary hydroxyl group at 6' position and the secondary hydroxyl group at 5' position of sugar with ⁇ , p-dimethoxystyrene .
• the compound 5 Since the styrene protecting group has a chiral center, the compound 5 is obtained as mixture of 2 diastereomers . However, there is no need to separate the diastereomers because they become one compound in the following deprotection step of styrene protecting group to get compound 12.
• Compound 7 is obtained by alkylating the compound 6 with alkylhalide and NaH, and compound 8 is prepared by removing the TBS protecting group at 3' position with the reaction of tertbutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) .
• Compound 9 is obtained by methane sulfonylation of the hydroxyl group of compound 8, and compound 10, a nucleoside, is prepared by condensation with adenine using sodium hydride and 18-crown-6.
• Compound 11 a nucleoside, is prepared by monobenzoylation of the amine group of adenine, and compound 12 is prepared by removing the protecting group at 5' and 6' hydroxyl groups with 80% acetic acid.
• Compound 13 is obtained by treating the nucleoside 12 with 4 , 4 ' -dimethoxytrityl chloride, and a phosphoramidite compound 14 is prepared by treating with 2-cyanoetyldiisopropylchlorophosphoramidite
• R 1 is the same as defined the formula 1.
• the reaction scheme 2 represents the synthetic pathways for the condensation of azarsugar with other nucleobases (cytosine, thymine, and guanine) except adenine.
• the process in the scheme 1 may be used, but their reaction yields are low and there is possibility of forming isomers. It is desirable to use Mitsunobu method according to the reaction scheme 2 for the condensation of cytosine, thymine and guanine monomer.
• Compound 19 is synthesized by removing the carbonyl protecting group of guanosine derivative 18 using DBU (1,8- diazabicycle [5.4.0] undec-7-ene) .
• Compounds 15, 17 and 19 are used to form monomers which may be utilized for the synthesis of oligomers either as in the reaction scheme 1 or as in the reaction scheme 3 shown in the following .
• the reaction scheme 3 represents the process for introducing various R 2 groups at the nitrogen of six- membered sugar ring of the nucleoside derivatives, which are obtained in the reaction scheme 1 or 2.
• Compound 21 is formed when compound 20 is treated with trifluoroacetic acid (CF 3 COOH) .
• Compound 22 is synthesized by alkylation of the azarsugar with alkylhalide in the presence of potassium carbonate, or triethylamine or dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP) .
• Compound 23 is synthesized by the same steps as in the reaction scheme 1.
• the reaction scheme 4 is a process for removing the hydroxyl group at C-4 of azarsugar by reduction.
• Compound 24 is prepared by the reaction of azarsugar compound 6 with thiocarbondiimidazole, and compound 25 is synthesized by reduction with tributyltin hydride (nBu 3 SnH) .
• a compound 26 and 27 are synthesized as in the steps of the reaction scheme 1, 2 or 3.
• the reaction scheme 5 is the process for altering the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group at position 4 of azarsugar.
• Compound 27 is obtained from compound 6 according to the oxidation reaction of Swern.
• Compound 28, having the hydroxyl group with opposite orientation to that of compound 6, is obtained by the reduction reaction of compound 27 with L-select ⁇ de .
• Compound 29 is obtained by alkylation of compound 28, and a phosphoramidite compound 30 is obtained by the reaction cited in the previous schemes .
• the present invention provides the process for preparing antisense oligomers, a part or whole of which is composed of nucleotide monomers with six-membered azarsugar instead of ribose, a natural five-membered sugar .
• the oligomer of the present invention is prepared by solid phase or liquid phase method, solid phase method being preferable.
• solid phase method is preferable.
• the details of the oligonucleotide synthesis with the solid phase method are described in "Oligonucleotide Synthesis, A Practical Approach", Gait (ed.), IRL Press, Washington D. C. (1984), Caruthers and et al., U.S. Pat. No.4, 458, 066 and 4,500,707.
• the standard phosphoramidite process is performed using DNA synthesizer (For example, ABI 392) .
• concentration of the monomer with formula 1 and its reaction time with solid resins are the same as those of common phosphoramidite process of DNA synthesizer.
• the condensation reaction time of the monomer is needed to be extended to 600 from 60 sec in the original reaction.
• the solid support and the protecting group need to be removed, which may be done simultaneously or m two separation steps.
• the solid support and the protecting group are removed by the treatment with ammonium hydroxide at ambient temperature (2 hours) and at 55°C (17 hours), respectively.
• the protecting group for 5' -hydroxyl group of the oligomer is a dimethoxyt ⁇ methyl group, which can be eliminated in the final step of DNA synthesis by using the program built-in the DNA synthesizer or by treating with 80% acetic acid, dichloroacetic acid or trichloroacetic acid. If has hydroxyl group at 2' -position, the oligomer is prepared in the DNA synthesizer using isobutyl group for the monomer preparation, which is removed by ammonia in the late stage of the general DNA synthesis process. For the nitrogen of azarsugar of the monomer, fluorenyl group (F-moc) is used for protection and the elimination is carried out by usual method.
• F-moc fluorenyl group
• the present inventors make the process simple by attaching the nucleobases to 3' -carbon position of the six- membered azarsugar (piperidine) . If the base is introduced at the aminal position, the reaction product would be ⁇ - and ⁇ -mixture, requiring separation. Using the process of the invention, the present inventors are able to produce the desired nucleotide with the base only at the carbon position, not at the aminal position. In addition, for the introduction of various group at the nitrogen position, the present inventors make use of azarsugar which can be easily modified without the trouble of using strong basic reagents.
• the oligomers with various group introduced at nitrogen position usually have a high Tm to RNA, indicating high affinity to mRNA, and may prove to be effective antisense drugs.
• the membrane permeability is improved when the present inventors use six-membered azarsugar, substituting ribose, to which hydrophobic group is attached.
• the oligomer composed of carbocyclic nucleotides is known to be resistant to nuclease activities.
• the antisense oligomer of the present invention with phosphate groups is replaced by phosphorothioate partially or as a whole, and has both increased binding affinity and the increased stability to nuclease.
• the nucleotide and the antisense oligomer of the present invention can be also prepared in the form of chimeric oligomer which contains phosphodiester or phosphothioate oligonucleotide in the middle of the molecule .
• the present invention provides the nucleotide monomer having the six-membered azarsugar replaced by the natural five-membered ribose and the novel oligomer composed of the nucleotide monomer partially or as a whole.
• the modified nucleotide can bind more strongly to the target RNA than the natural type of DNA, and it also has higher resistance to the degrading enzyme nuclease. It has improved cell membrane permeability when the lipophilic group is introduced at the nitrogen position of azarsugar .
• the oligomer of the present invention can be used for any application requiring antisense oligonucloetide, and it has good characteristics as antisense drugs because of its high binding affinity to mRNA.
• the antisense treatment drugs can be developed by designing to act selectively on the important part (4-30 bases) such as an initiator codon (Akhtar et al, Na ture Genetics, 1993, _, 215) .
• the site of drug action on the mRNA can be determined by several methods (Mishra et al, C. R . Acad. Sci . Ill, 1994, 317, 977 ; Milner et al, Na t . Biotechnol . , 1997, 15, 537). However, it often shows a good antisense effect when the initiation codon or the transcriptional start site is selected as the attacking site (Bacon et al, Oncogene Res . , 1991, 6 , 13) .
• sequence of the target mRNA for the antisense oligomer is not known, it can be determined by the analysis of the protein sequence using the genetic code. If the protein sequence is not known, the protein can be used purified and its sequence determined by the known methods .
• mRNA or DNA responsible for the protein synthesis may be isolated and identified using the known methods, and the sequences thereof can be used for developing the antisense drugs.
• the antisense oligomer compatible with the mRNA sequence is preferably composed of 4-30 units of the monomer, and more preferably 7-22 units.
• the oligomer of the present invention can bind to DNA or RNA of various cells including normal cells, cancer cells, tumor cells, protoplasmic cells, amorphous cells and virus.
• the binding sequences are bacterial sequences, viral sequences, cancer cell sequences and chromosomal sequences.
• the binding of the oligomer of the present invention to DNA or RNA can inhibit protein synthesis, or can promote the specific protein synthesis by inhibiting the expression of the inhibitor protein.
• the oligomer of the present invention can be used for cure of an infectious disease induced by virus or bacteria, cancer, immune diseases and coronary restenosis.
• the viral diseases include AIDS, hepatitis B and C, Herpes virus and cytomegalovirus .
• Cancer contains oncogenes such as c- myc and c-erbB-2 involved the target sequence to DNA or RNA, tumor suppress genes, protein genes-involving genes (protein kinase A, protein kinase C, c-rat kinase, bcl-2, bcr, abl, etc), and the autoimmune diseases contain rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, crohn disease, polyneuritis, the 1st type of diabetes mellitus and lupus .
• oncogenes such as c- myc and c-erbB-2 involved the target sequence to DNA or RNA, tumor suppress genes, protein genes-involving genes (protein kinase A, protein kinase C, c-rat kinase, bcl-2, bcr, abl, etc), and the autoimmune diseases contain rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, crohn disease, polyneuritis, the 1
• the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions containing the nucleotide monomer of the formula 1 and the antisense oligomer of the formula 2 as an active ingredient.
• nucleotide monomer, the antisense oligomer or the chimeric oligomer of the present invention can be administered orally or parenterally, and be used in general form of pharmaceutical formulation.
• the compounds of the present can be prepared for oral or parenterally administration by mixing with generally-used fillers, extenders, binders, wetting agents, disintegrating agents, diluents such as surfactant, or excipients.
• the present invention also includes pharmaceutical formulations in dosage units.
• the formulations are present in the form of individual parts, for example tablets, coated tablets, capsules, pills, suppositories and ampules, the active compound content of which corresponds to a fraction or a multiple of an individual dose.
• the dosage units can contain, for example, 1, 2, 3 or 4 individual doses or 1/2, 1/3 or 1/4 of an individual dose.
• An individual dose preferably contains the amount of active compound which is administered in one application and which usually corresponds to a whole, one half, one third or a quarter of a daily dose.
• Preferred pharmaceutical formulations which may be mentioned are tablets, coated tablets, capsules, pills, granules, suppositories, solutions, suspensions and emulsions, pastes, ointments, gels, creams, lotions, dusting powders and sprays.
• Solid formulations for oral administration are tablets, pill, dusting powders and capsules
• liquid formulation for oral administrations are suspensions, solutions, emulsions and syrups
• the abovementioned formulations can contain various excipients such as wetting agents, sweeteners, aromatics and preservatives in addition to generally-used simple diluents such as water and liquid paraffin.
• Tablets, coated tablets, capsules, pills and granules can contain the active compound or compounds in addition to the customary excipients, such as (a) fillers and extenders, for example starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol and silicic acid, (b)binders, for example carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatine and polyvinylpyrrolidone, (c) humectants, for example glycerol, (d) disintegrating agents, for example agar- agar, calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate, (e) solution retarders, for example paraffin, and ( f) absorption accelerators, for example quaternary ammonium compounds, (g) wetting agents, for example cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, (h) adsorbents, for example kaolin and bentonite, and (1) lubricants, for example talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, and solid polyethylene glycol
• the tablets, coated tablets, capsules, pills and granules can be provided with the customary coatings and shells, optionally containing opacify g agents, and can also be of a composition such that they release the active compound or compounds only or preferentially in a certain part of the intestinal tract, if appropriate in a delayed manner, examples of embedding compositions which can be used being polymeric substances and waxes. If appropriate, the active compound or compounds can also be present in microencapsulated form with one or more of the abovementioned excipients .
• Formulations for parenteral administration are sterilized aqueous solutions, water-insoluble excipients, suspensions, emulsions, and suppositories.
• Suppositories can contain, in addition to the active compound or compounds, the customary water- soluble or water-insoluble excipients, for example polyethylene glycols, fats, for example cacao fat, and higher esters (for example C14-alcohol with Cl6-fatty acid) or mixtures of these substances.
• Ointments, pastes, creams and gels can contain, m addition to the active compound or comounds, the customary excipients, for example animal and vegetable fats, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, siiicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures of these substances .
• the customary excipients for example animal and vegetable fats, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, siiicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures of these substances .
• Dusting powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the active compound or compounds, the customary excipients, for example lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicate and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
• Sprays can additionally contain the customary propellants, for example chlorofluorohydrocarbons .
• Solutions and emulsions can contain, in addition to the active compound or compounds, the customary excipients, such as solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, for example water, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylcarbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3- butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils, in particular cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil and sesame oil, glycerol, glycerol formal, tetrahydrofurfuyl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, or mixtures of these substances.
• solvents such as solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers
• solvents such as solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers
• solvents such as solvents, solubilizing agents and emuls
• solutions and emulsions are also be in a sterile form which is isotonic with blood.
• Suspensions can contain, in addition to the active compound or compounds, the customary excipients, such as liquid diluents, for example water, ethyl alcohol and propylene glycol, and suspending agents, for example ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, macrocrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances.
• liquid diluents for example water, ethyl alcohol and propylene glycol
• suspending agents for example ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, macrocrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances.
• the formulation forms mentioned can also contain coloring agents, preservatives and additives which improve the smell and taste, for example peppermint oil and eucalyptus oil, and sweeteners, for example saccharin.
• the abovementioned pharmaceutical formulations can also contain other pharmaceutically active compounds in addition to the compounds according to the present invention .
• the abovementioned pharmaceutical formulations are prepared in the customary manner by known methods, for example by mixing the active compound or compounds with the excipient or excipients.
• the effective dose of the nucleotide monomer, the antisense oligomer, or the chimeric oligomer of the present invention for use of protein synthesis inhibitors or blockers and for treatment agents of hepatitic diseases caused by virus or bacteria, cancer or immune diseases is 0.1-50 mg/kg, and is preferably 0.2-2 mg/kg.
• the oligomer of the present invention is useful for studying of proteins because it can bind to proteins as well as nucleic acids in cell. That time, the proteins contain receptors, enzymes, ligands and so on .
• the oligomer of the present invention can be used for PCR as the primer.
• the oligomer of the present invention also can be used for diagnosis test using the nucleic acid hybridization as a probe ⁇ Nucleic Acids Res . , 1995, 23, 217) .
• the oligomer of the present invention can be useful for the various purposes regardless of the absence or the presence of the protecting group, and can be used after the purification step.
• the purification process is performed by thin layer chromatography, reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) , ion exchange chromatography or electrophoresis .
• Example 1 Preparation of 6-N-bezoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxyme hy1-4-methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• Step 2 Preparation of 5-keto-D-glucose Dowex 50WX 8-200 resin (69.83 g) was added to the title compound of the step 1 (13.65 g, 62.55 mmol) which was dissolved in distilled water (200 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 36 hours. The resin in the reaction mixture was removed by filtration and the residual solution was freeze-dried to give the desired compound (10.3 g, 92 %) .
• the title compound (8.24 g, 46.26 mmol) prepared from the step 2 was dissolved, and the reaction mixture was added to a solution of aminodiphenylmethane (6.76 g, 36.89 mmol) and acetic acid (2.22 g, 36.97 mmol) in methanol (300 mL) .
• Sodium hydride (NaCNBH 3 , 5.82 g, 92.62 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture, stirred at -78°C for 2 hours, and warmed to ambient temperature.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 days, concentrated under reduced pressure. Saturated sodium bicarbonate (Na 2 C0 3 ) solution was added. The solution was extracted with methylene chloride.
• reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min at ambient temperature and tert- butyldimethylsilylchloride (TBDMSiCl, 5.68 g, 37.73 mmol) was added. After stirring for 12 hrs at ambient temperature, reaction solution was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Methylene chloride and sodium bicarbonate solution were added and shaked. The organic layer was separated, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure. The reaction mixture was purified by column chromatography (10 % ethylacetate/hexane) to give the desired compound (12 g, 73 %) .
• TDMSiCl tert- butyldimethylsilylchloride
• Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1 M solution dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, 25 mL, 25 mmol) was added to the title compound of step 6 in tetrahydrofuran. After stirring at ambient temperature for 2.5 hrs, the reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (10 - 40 % ethylacetate/hexane) to give the desired compound (3.44 g, 86 %) .
• Adenine (0.82 g, 6.07 mmol), sodium hydride (304 mg, 7.6 mmol) and 18-crown-6 (319 mg, 1.21 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous N, N-dimethylformamide (75 mL) and stirred at 80 ° C for 1 hour.
• the title compound of the step 8 diastereomer B (1.67 g, 3.02 mmol) (diastereomer A or A and B mixture) dissolved in anhydrous N, N-dimethlyformamide (25 mL) was added to the reaction mixture, heated at 100 ° C and stirred for 16 hours.
• the title compound of the step 9 (1.65 g, 2.78 mmol) was dissolved in pyridine (100 mL) and cooled at 0 ° C. After droping benzoyl chloride (1.17 g, 8.34 mmol) to the reaction mixture for 30 min, it was stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled at 0 ° C, added with water (2.7 mL) and stirred for 5 min. After adding ammonia water (5.56 mL) to the reaction mixture at ambient temperature, it was stirred for 15 min, added with water (500 mL) and extracted with methylene chloride (-200 mL) . The organic layer was dried and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (10 % methanol/methlenechloride) to give the desired compound
• the title compound of the step 10 (1.22 g, 1.75 mmol) was dissolved in 80 % acetic acid (10 g) and stirred at 45 - 50 ° C for 3 hours. After adding methylene chloride (100 ml) and the saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL) to the reaction mixture. The organic layer was separated, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (5 % methanol/methylene chloride) to give the desired compound (543 mg, 55 %) .
• Step 12 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydry1-5-hydroxy-6-dimethyltrityloxymethy1-4-metho -xypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine 4, '-Dimethoxytrityl chloride (0.752 g, 2.22 mmol) was added to the title compound of the step 11
• Step 13 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-m thoxypipe ridine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• Step 12 After evaporating the title compound of the step 12 (654 mg, 0.754 mmol) with anhydrous toluene three times using vacuum pump, it was dissolved in methylene chloride (7 mL) under nitrogen, and N,N- diisopropylethlyamine (356 ⁇ & ) was added to the reaction micture.
• This compound was prepared from the diastereomer A (diastereomer B or A and B mixture) of the Example 1 (step 5) as a starting material via the procedure described in the Example 1 using iodoethane (Etl) .
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 7 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 8 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 3 via the procedure described in the step 9 of the Example 1.
• Step 5 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-4-ethoxy-5 , 6-O- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene] piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 4 via the procedure described in the step 10 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 11 via the procedure described in the step 5 of the Example 1.
• Step 7 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R,5R, 6R) -1N- benzhydry1-5-hydroxy-6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4-ethoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ denine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 12 via the procedure described in the step 6 of the Example 1.
• Step 8 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4-ethoxypiperi -dine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• the diastereomer B (diastereomer A or A and B mixture) (200 mg, 0.61 mmol) obtained from the step 5 of the Example 1 was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) , and sodium hydride (72 mg, 1.8 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. After heating the reaction mixture at 60 ° C, 2-bromoethylmethylether (171 ⁇ L, 1.8 mmol) was added to the reaction solution, and it was stirred at 60 ° C for 1 day. After adding water, the reaction mixture was extracted with ethylacetate, dried by sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel 60 column chromatography eluted with 5 - 10% ethylacetate/hexane solvent to give the desired compound (215 mg, 56 %) .
• Step 2 Preparation of (3S , 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-benahydryl-3- hydroxyl-4-methoxyethoxy-5 , 6-O- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene] piperidine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 7 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 8 of the Example 1.
• Step 4 Preparation of ⁇ (3R,4R,5R, 6R) -N-banzhydryl-4- methoxyethoxy-5 , 6-0- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene] piperi dine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 3 via the procedure described in the step 9 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 4 via the procedure described in the step 10 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 5 via the procedure described in the step 11 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 6 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 8 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4-methoxyethoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 7 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Step 2 Preparation of (3S ,5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl-3- tertbutyldimethylsilyloxy-5 , 6-0- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl -idene] piperidine
• Tributyltin hydride (2.22g 7.62 mmol) and 2,2'- azobis (isobutyronitryl) (0.82 g, 4.97 mmol) was added to the title compound of the step 1 (2.62g 3.82 mmol) which was dissolved in toluene (30 mL) and stirred for 2 hours.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography (10% - 20% EtOAc/Hexane) to give the desired compound (2.0 g, 47 %) .
• Step 3 Preparation of (3S , 5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl-3- hydroxy-5 , 6-0- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene] piperidine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 7 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared via the procedure described in the step 8 of the Example.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 5 via the procedure described in the step 10 of the Example 1.
• Step 7 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 5R, 6R) -1N- benzhydry1-5-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethylpiperidine-3-y1 ⁇ adenine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 6 via the procedure described in the step 11 of the Example 1.
• ⁇ n NMR (CDCI 3 ) 2.07 (m, IH) , 2.54 (m, 2H) , 2.68
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 7 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 9 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R,5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxymethylpiperidine-3- yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 8 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Example 5 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R,4S , 5R, 6R) - N-benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4-methoxypipe ridine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• Step 2 Preparation of (3S , 4S, 5R, 6R) -N-banzhydryl-3- tertbutyldimethylsilyloxy-4-hydroxy-5 , 6-0- [ (4-methoxy phenyl) ethylidene] piperidine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 6 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 3 via the procedure described in the step 7 of the Example 1.
• Step 5 Preparation of (3S, 4S,5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl-3- methanesulfoxy-4-methoxy-5 , 6-O- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethyli dene] piperidine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 4 via the procedure described in the step 8 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 5 via the procedure described in the step 9 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 6 via the procedure described in the step 10 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 7 via the procedure described in the step 11 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 8 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 10 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4- methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 9 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Example 6 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3S, 4S , 5R, 6R) - N-benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4- ethoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 in Example 5 via the procedure described in the step 6 of the Example 1 using iodoethane (Etl) .
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 7 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 8 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 3 via the procedure described in the step 9 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 4 via the procedure described in the step 10 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 5 via the procedure described in the step 11 of the Example 1.
• Step 7 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -1N- benzhydryl-5-hydroxy-6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4- ethoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 6 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 8 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4- ethoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 7 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Step 2 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- methy1-6-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-4-methoxypiperidine-3- yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 4 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- methyl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino)phosphin oxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxypiperidine-3- yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 3 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Example 8 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-propyl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• the title compound prepared from the step 1 of Example 7 (240 mg, 0.6 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of anhydrous acetonitrile, to this resulting solution were added 4- dimethylaminopyridine (small amount), triethylamine (0.83 mL, 6 mmol) and n-propyliodide (300 ⁇ L, 3 mmol) . This reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 4 hours, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure.
• Step 2 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- propyl-5-hydroxy-6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4-methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 3 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- propyl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from using title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Step 2 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzy1-5-hydroxy-6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 3 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R,5R, 6R) -N- benzyl-5- [ (cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino)phos- phinoxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxypiperidine -3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Step 2 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- (4-cyanobenzyl) -5-hydroxy-6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4- methoxypiperidine-3-y1 ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 3 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- (4- cyanobenzyl) -5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4-methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound prepared from the step 1 of the Example and 4- fluorobenzylbromide via the procedure described in the step 1 of the Example 10.
• Step 2 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R,4R, 5R, 6R) -N- (4-fluorobenzyl) -5-hydroxy-6-dimethyItrityloxymethyl-4- methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 3 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R,4R, 5R, 6R) -N- (4-fluorobenzyl) -5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropyl amino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Example 12 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R,5R, 6R) - N- (4-methoxybenzyl) -5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropyl amino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4-methoxy piperidine-3-y1 ⁇ adenine
• Step 2 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- (4-methoxybenzyl) -5-hydroxy-6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1 -4-methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 3 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- (4-methoxybenzyl) -5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropyl amino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Step 1 Preparation of 4-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-4-methoxy-5 , 6-0- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene] piperidine-3-yl ⁇ cytosine
• the title compound prepared from the step 7 of Example 1 600 mg, 1.26 mmol
• was dissolved in 30 mL of anhydrous dioxane to this resulting solution were added the mixture of N 3 -benzoylcytosine (600 mg, 1.26 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (1.5 g, 5.76 mmol) .
• Step 2 Preparation of 4-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- ( 4 -me thoxybenzy 1 - 6 -hydr oxyme thy 1 -5 -hydroxy- 4 - methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ cytosine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 11 of the Example 1.
• Step 3 4-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R,4R,5R,6R) -N- (4-methoxybenzyl) -5-hydroxy-6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ cytosine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 4 4-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- (4-methoxybenzyl- 5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6- dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ cytosine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 3 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Step 1 Preparation of 2-N-isobutyryl—6-0- [2- (p- nitrophenyl) ethyl] - ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl-4- methoxy-5 , 6-O- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene] piperidine- 3-yl ⁇ guanine
• Step 2 Preparation of 2-N-isobutyryl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) - N-benzhydryl-4-methoxy-5 , 6-0- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene]piperidine-3-yl ⁇ guanine
• the title compound of the step 1 was dissolved in 12 mL of anhydrous pyridine, and to this solution was added 1, 8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-N (DBU, 203 mL, 1.35 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluted with 5-10% methanol/methylene chloride to give 375 mg of the desired compound (83% yield) .
• DBU 8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-N
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 11 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 3 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 5 Preparation of 2-N-isobutyryl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N -benzhydry1-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4-methoxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ guanine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 4 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Example 15 Preparation of ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl -5-[ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) hosphinoxy] -6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4-methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ thymine
• Step 1 Preparation of ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl-4- methoxy-5 , 6-0- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene] piperidine- 3-yl ⁇ thymine
• reaction mixture was concentration under reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in 90 mL of methanol, and saturated with ammonia gas for 30 min. The saturated residue was concentrated under reduced pressure with adding toluene, and purified by silica gel column chromatography eluted with 30-50% ethylacetate/hexane in order to give 2.45 g of the desired compound (95% yield) .
• Step 2 Preparation of ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl-6- hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-4-methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ thymine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 11 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 4 Preparation of ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6- dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ thymine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 3 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Step 1 Preparation of 3-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-4-methoxy-5 , 6-O- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene] piperidine-3-yl ⁇ thymine
• Step 2 Preparation of 3-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-4-methoxy-5 , 6-O- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene] piperidine-3-yl ⁇ thymine
• Example 1 (1.4 g, 2.94 mmol) was dissolved in 65 mL of anhydrous dioxane, to this solution were added N 3 - benzoylthymine (1.7 g, 13.1 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (2.1 g, 8 mmol), and this resulting solution was stirred. To this reaction mixture was added diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD, 1.34 mL, 1.8 mmol) dissolved in 10 mL of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluted with 30% ethylacetate/hexane in order to give 1.9 g of the desired compound (94% yield) .
• DEAD diethyl azodicarboxylate
• Step 2 Preparation of 3-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R,4R,5R, 6R) -6- hydroxymethy1-5-hydroxy-4- methoxypiperidine-3-y1 ⁇ thymine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 1 of the Example 7.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 2 of the Example 7.
• Step 5 Preparation of ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-methyl-5- hydroxy-6-dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxypiperidine- 3-y1 ⁇ thymine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 4 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 6 Preparation of ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-methyl-5- [ (2- cyanoethoxy) (N ,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6- dimethyltrityloxymethy1-4-methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ thymine
• This compound was prepared, from the title compound of the step 5 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Example 17 Preparation of ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-fluorenyl- 5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6- dimethyltrityloxymethyl-4-methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ thymine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound prepared from the step 1 of the Example 15 via the procedure described in the step 1 of Example 7.
• X H NMR (DMSO) ⁇ 1.80 (s, 3H, Me) , 3.16 (m, IH) , 3.28 (m, 2H) 3.33 (s, 3H, OMe) , 3.53 - 3.66 (m, 4H) , 3.78 (m, IH) , 5.47 (s, IH) , 7.74 (s, IH, vinyl H) .
• Step 2 Preparation of ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-fluorenyl-5- hydroxy-6-dimethyltrityloxymethylhydroxymethyl-4- methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ thymine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 4 Preparation of ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-fluorenyl-5- [(2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6- dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4-methoxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ thymine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 3 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• Step 1 Preparation of (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl-3- - butyldimethylsilyloxy-4-isobutyryloxy-5 , 6-O- [ (4-methoxy phenyl) ethylidene] piperidine
• diastereomer B prepared from the step of Example 1 (or diastereomer A or mixture of A and B) , was dissolved in 100 mL of anhydrous pyridine, to this resulting mixture were added triethylamine (2.2 mL, 20.74 mmol) and isobutyric anhydride (5.8 mL, 26.62 mmol), and this reaction mixture was stirred at 60 ° C for 1 day.
• reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature, to the cooled reaction mixture was added 7 mL of methanol, and stirred for 30 min.
• the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue diluted with ethylacetate, and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution.
• the organic layer was separated, dried with sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the residue was purified by column chromatography eluted with hexane/ethylacetate (10:1) to give 2.45 mg of the desired compound (55% yield) .
• Step 2 Preparation of (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl-3- hydroxyl-4-isobutyryloxy-5, 6-O- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene]piperidine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 1 via the procedure described in the step 7 of the Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 2 via the procedure described in the step 8 of the Example 1.
• Step 4 Preparation of ⁇ (3R,4R, 5R, 6R) -N-benzhydryl-4- isobutyryloxy-5 , 6-O- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene] piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 3 via the procedure described in the step 9 of the Example 1.
• Step 5 Preparation of 6-N-benzo ⁇ l- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-4-isobutyryloxy-5 , 6-0- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene]piperidine-3- ⁇ l ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 4 via the procedure described in the step 10 of the Example 1.
• Step 6 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -1N- benzhydry1-5-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethy1-4-isobutyryloxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 5 via the procedure described in the step 11 of the Example 1.
• Step 7 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R, 4R, 5R, 6R) -1N- benzhydry1-5-hydroxy-6-dimethyItrityloxymethy1-4- isobutyryloxypiperidine-3-yl ⁇ adenine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 6 via the procedure described in the step 12 of the Example 1.
• Step 8 Preparation of 6-N-benzoyl- ⁇ (3R,4R, 5R, 6R) -N- benzhydryl-5- [ (2-cyanoethoxy) (N,N-diisopropylamino) phosphinoxy] -6-dimethyltrit ⁇ loxymethyl-4-isobutyryloxy piperidine-3-yl ⁇ denine
• This compound was prepared from the title compound of the step 7 via the procedure described in the step 13 of the Example 1.
• TEAA TEAA
• RP-HPLC reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography
• the desired fraction was freeze-dried, the residual TEAA was removed through adding twice 1 mL of distilled water, and freeze-dried.
• the residual solid was thoroughly dissolved by vortexing in 0.3 mL of 80% acetic acid, and dimethoxytrityl group was removed by incubating at room temperature for 20 min.
• 0.3 mL of Ethanol was added to the above solution to remove acetic acid, and freeze- dried.
• oligomers having azasugar were considered as the same value as that of natural nucleotides. All oligomers were characterized by enzyme digestion followed by HPLC (Hewlett Packard, ODS hypersil, C-18; 20 mM K 2 HP0 4 , pH 5.6 (A), MeOH (B), 100% A to 40% B, 20 mm) and laser desorption mass spectrometry .
• HPLC Hewlett Packard, ODS hypersil, C-18; 20 mM K 2 HP0 4 , pH 5.6 (A), MeOH (B), 100% A to 40% B, 20 mm
• UV absorbance versus temperature profiles was measured on a Beckmann DU 650 spectrophotometer with Beckmann high performance temperature controller. Nitrogen gas was passed over the cell at less than room temperature to avoid the condensation of moisture. The temperature of the cell holder was increased from 5 ° C to 90 ° C in 1 ° C increments at a heating rate of l ° C/m ⁇ n. 2.5 ⁇ M of antisense oligomer and RNA, and buffer (100 mM NaCl, 10 mM sodium phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 7) were employed. Melting temperature (Tm) was determined by first derivative of absorbance versus temperature curve.
• Reverse melting temperature was also measured (90 ° C to 5 ° C, heating rate of l ° C/min), and found to give reverse Tm within + 1 ° C of forward Tm.
• Tm of DNA-RNA was compared with Tm of RNA complementary with azasugar-containing antisense oligomer. High Tm indicated strong binding affinity.
• the oligomers of the present invention can be used as antisense oligomers with great binding affinity for RNA.
• Example 21 Stability of oligomers against nuclease
• Example 22 Acute toxicity test with rat via perental route
• SPF Specific pathogen-free SD-rats which were six weeks old, were tested for acute toxicity.
• Suspensions of the compounds of the Example 1 - 19 in 0.5% methyl cellulose were orally administered once at a dose of 1 g/kg/15ml to the rats, which were grouped in twos. After the administration, the animals were observed as to their death, clinical symptoms and weight change, and serological and serobiochemically tested.
• An autopsy was made over the rats with the naked eye to observe whether their abdominal and thoracic organs were damaged. Neither sudden death nor noticeable clinical symptoms were detected from all of the animals administered with the compounds of interest. In addition, no toxic signs were observed in weight change, serologic test, serobiochemical test, and corpse examination.
• the compounds tested caused no toxic changes rats over the rats to the dose of 500 mg/kg and thus, found to be safe compounds with a lethal dose (LD 50 ) of at least 500 mg/kg when being administered via an oral route.
• LD 50 lethal dose
• the present invention relates to antisense monomers and oligomers which can inhibit transcription for the production of disease-inducing proteins.
• the antisense monomers and oligomers of the present invention have higher binding affinity for RNA, the target of general antisense drugs, than that for DNA. In addition, they have increased nuclease resistance and improved permeability of cell membrane.
• the monomers and oligomers of the present invention can be used for antisense therapy inhibiting the expression of genes inducing diseases, hybridization of gene cloning and reagents for diagnosis. They also provide useful tools for the investigation of proteins .

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