Classifications

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  • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
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  • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/17—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/189—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type used for the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/196—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type used for the adaptive coding being specially adapted for the computation of encoding parameters, e.g. by averaging previously computed encoding parameters
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  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
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  • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
  • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
  • H04N19/507—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction using conditional replenishment
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
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• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
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  • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
  • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
  • H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
  • H04N19/513—Processing of motion vectors
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  • H04N19/52—Processing of motion vectors by encoding by predictive encoding
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
  • H04N19/61—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding in combination with predictive coding
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/80—Details of filtering operations specially adapted for video compression, e.g. for pixel interpolation

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the compression of motion video data, and more
• Compression is the means by which digital motion video
• the first type of video compression focuses on the reduction of spatial redundancy.
• Spatial redundancy refers to taking advantage of the correlation among neighboring pixels in order to derive a more efficient representation of the important information in an image frame.
• These methods are more appropriately termed still image compression routines, as they do not attempt to address the issue of temporal, or frame to frame, redundancy, as explained in section 2.2. They work reasonably well on individual video image frames.
• a critical element in video compression is reducing
• One of the first commonly used methods of image compression was the DCT, or
• DCT operates by representing each digital image frame as a series of cosine waves or frequencies. Afterwards, the coefficients of the cosine series are quantized. The higher frequency coefficients are quantized more harshly than those of the lower
• the wavelet transformation compression scheme was devised. This system is similar to the DCT. The only substantial difference is that the image frame is represented as a series of wavelets, or windowed oscillations, instead of as a series of cosine waves.
• the goal of fractal compression is to take an image and determine the single
• a fractal is an object that is self-similar at different scales, or resolutions, i.e. no matter what resolution you look at, the object remains the same. Theoretically, fantastic compression ratios could occur as simple equations describe complex images.
• Fractal compression is not a viable method of general compression. The high
• Block Based Motion Estimation Block Matching is the process by which a block ' of the image is subdivided into uniform size blocks and each block is tracked from one frame to another and represented by a motion vector instead of having the block re-coded and placed into the bitstream for a second time. Examples of compression routines that use block matching include MPEG, and all its variants.
• MPEG operates by performing a still image compression on the first frame and transmitting it. It then divides the same frame into 16 pixel by 16 pixel square blocks and attempts to find each block within the next frame. For each block that still exists in the subsequent frame, MPEG needs only transmit the motion vector, or movement, of the
• residue frame which is coded using JPEG and sent to the receiver to complete the image frame.
• the encoder divides the second image frame into blocks and the routine
• a keyframe is an image frame which is
• block method is inherently crude, as the blocks do not have any relationship with real objects in the image.
• a given block may comprise a part of an object, a whole object, or even multiple dissimilar objects with unrelated motion.
• neighboring objects will have similar motion.
• blocks do not correspond to real objects, block based systems cannot use this information to further reduce the bitstream
• This invention represents a novel approach to the problem of video compression.
• the goal of video compression is to represent accurately a sequence
• the smart decoder also makes the same predictions about the subsequent images in the related sequence of images as the encoder.
• the encoder can simply send the difference between the prediction and the actual values, thus also reducing the bitstream,
• Compression of digital motion video is the process by which superfluous or redundant information, both spatial and temporal, contained within a sequence of related video frames (frames) is removed.
• Video compression allows the sequence of frames to
• This invention is novel in that it. uses a smart decoder to take much of the
• absent from the bitstream is the information regarding the structural information inherent within the image frame, such as geometry, color, and brightness, which, in a complex frame is a significant amount of video information. Further, absent from the bitstream is information regarding any decision made by the encoder such as segment ordering, segment association and disassociation, etc.
• Fig. 1 is an overview drawing of the encoder for use with a compatible decoder as will be described later with respect to Fig. 2.
• the encoder works as follows:
• the encoder obtains a reference image frame
• the encoder encodes the image frame from step 1;
• step 3 The encoded image from step 2 is reconstructed by the encoder, in the same manner as the decoder will;
• the encoder segments the reconstructed image from step 4; Alternatively, the encoder segments the original reference image frame from step 1;
• step 4 The segments determined in step 4 are ordered by the encoder, in the same manner as the decoder will;
• the encoder obtains a new image frame
• step 6 is determined by motion matching
• the encoder encodes the kinetic information
• the encoder attempts to fill each of the background residues from step 9 and 10.
• the encoder determines the difference between the predicted fill and the actual fill for each of the background residue areas.
• the encoder determines the local residue areas in the second image frame, from the segment motion information
• the encoder orders the local residues from step 13, in the same manner as the, decoder will;
• the encoder encodes the local residues from step 13.
• the encoder determines any special instructions associated with the segment information
• the encoder transmits the following information, and reconstructs the second frame, and continues at step 6:
• Fig 2 is an overview drawing of the decoder system with a compatible encoder as described in Fig 1.. The decoder system works as follows:
• the decoder receives a first encoded image frame from step 3 of the encoder description
• step 2 The encoded image frame from step 1 is reconstructed by the decoder in the same manner as the encoder;
• the reconstructed image frame from step 2 is segmented by the decoder.
• the reconstructed image frame is not segmented by the decoder
• the decoder receives a flag from the encoder stating whether the second frame from step 19 and 20 of the encoder description is a keyframe, i.e. not represented in relation to any other frame. If so, then the decoder returns to step 1.
• the decoder receives motion information regarding the segments determined
• step 3 from the encoder
• the decoder begins to reconstruct a subsequent image frame using the
• the decoder determines where areas, previously hidden, are now revealed, also known as the background residue
• the decoder attempts to fill the background residue locations from step 6;
• the decoder receives additional background residue information plus flags denoting the coding method for the additional background residue information from step 8 from the encoder;
• the decoder decodes the additional background residue information
• the computed background residue information and the added background residue information is added to the second image frame.
• the decoder determines the location of the local segment, residues.
• the decoder receives coded local segment residue information plus flags denoting the coding method for each local segment residue location;
• the decoder decodes the local segment residue information
• the decoded local segment residue information is added to the second frame.
• the encoder receives the special instructions, if any, for each segments
• Fig 3 is an overview drawing of the encoder/smart decoder system.
• the encoder obtains, encodes and transmits the reference frame
• decoder 3. Identical segments in the reference frame ai'e determined by both encoder and decoder;
• the encoder obtains a new image frame
• the encoder determines the motion of segments from step 3 by means of motion matching frame from step 5;
• the encoder encodes motion information
• the encoder determines previously, hidden areas, also known as background residue, which is now exposed in the second frame.
• the encoder attempts to mathematical predict the image at the background residue regions.
• the encoder determines if the mathematical prediction was good based upon the difference between the guess and the prediction. The encoder computes additional background residue if necessary.
• the encoder determines structural information for the local segment residues
• the encoder Based on the structural information from step 12, regarding the local residues, the encoder encodes the local segment residues. 14. The encoder determines if based upon the kinetic information of the segments, if the second frame should be coded in reference to the first frame. If not, it is coded as a keyframe and the routine begins at step 1.
• the decoder receives the segment kinetic information from the encoder in step 7.
• the decoder determines and orders the same background residue at the encoder did in step 8.
• the decoder determines and orders the same local segment residues as determines in step 11 and 12.
• the decoder receives the local segment residues information from the encoder and flags denoting the coding scheme.
• the encoder receives the special information, if any, regarding each segment.
• the encoder receives the reference frame, in this case, a picture of an automobile moving left to right with a mountain in the background.
• the reference frame generally refers to the frame which any other frame is described in relation to.
• Fig. 5 is the part of the flow diagram illustrating the procedure by which the encoder initially processes the reference frame.
• Step 110 begins the process, specifically, the encoder receives the picture described in Fig.4.
• the encoder encodes Fig 4, into a video format, and transmits it to the receptor at step 130.
• the encoder reconstructs the encoded frame at step 140.
• Segmentation is the process by which a digital image is subdivided into its component parts, i.e. segments, where each segment represents an area bounded by a radical or sharp change in values within the image.
• segmentation can be done in a plurality of ways.
• One such way is the watershed method where each pixel is connected to every other pixel in the image frame.
• the watershed method segments the image by disconnecting pixels based upon a variety of algorithms. The remaining connected pixels belong to the same segment.
• the encoder segments the reconstructed reference frame to determine the inherent structural features of the image.
• the encoder segments the original image frame for the same purpose.
• the encoder determines that the segments of Fig. 2 are the car, the wheels, the windows, the street, the sun, and the background.
• the encoder orders the segments based upon a predetermined criteria and marks them Segments 1 through 8, respectively, as seen in Fig 7. Segmentation permits the encoder to perform efficient motion matching, motion prediction, and efficient residue coding as explained further in this description. 4.
• the encoder encodes the kinetic or motion information regarding the movement of each segment.
• the kinetic information is determined through a process known as motion matching.
• Motion matching is the procedure of matching similar regions, often segments, from the first frame to the second frame. At each pixel within a digital image frame, an image is represented by numerical value. Matching occurs when a region in the first frame has identical or near identical pixel values with a region in the second frame.
• a segment is matched with a segment in another frame when the absolute value of the difference in pixel values between the segments is below a predetermined threshold. While the absolute value of the pixel difference is often used to because it is simple and accounts for negative numbers any number of function would suffice.
• frame 1 we have a soccer ball, with black and white squares.
• frame 2 we have a soccer ball, with black and white squares.
• the kinetic info ⁇ nation transmitted to the decoder can be reduced if related segments can be considered as single groups so that the encoder only needs to transmit one main representative motion vector to the decoder along with motion vector offsets to represent the individual motion of each segment within the group. Grouping is possible if there is previous kinetic information about the segments or if there is multi-scale information about the segments. Multi-scaling will be explained in section 4.2 of the encoder discussion.
• the encoder determines if the first frame is a keyframe, i.e. not described in relation to other frames. If the first frame is a keyframe,
• step 320 will execute the motion grouping routine, described here as section 4.1.
• step 310 goes to step 330, where
• step 340 executes the Multi-scaling routine in section 4.2, otherwise at step 350, the
• the encoder cannot group the segments and then, at step 350, encoder determines that it cannot group any segments together.
• Motion vector grouping begins at step 510 in Fig 10, where the previous motion vector of each segment is
• the motion vector for the group is determined by combining the
• motion vector difference i.e. the difference between the segment's motion vector and the
• the encoder orders the groups. However, before the motion
• step 555 described here in section 4.1.1.
• the encoder considers a segment.
• the encoder considers a segment.
• the encoder determines if there is previous motion information for the segment so that its
• step 640 The motion vector offset is initially predicted at step 650 as a function of the
• the encoder makes the final calculation for the motion vector offset.
• motion vector calculation could be the difference between the initial motion vector and
• the encoder determines if there are any more segments, if so, then at
• step 680 the encoder considers the next segment and continues at step 620. Otherwise
• Multi-scaling grouping is an alternative to grouping segments by previous motion.
• multi-scaling in may used in conjunction with motion grouping.
• the stitching on a football may
• the encoder considers the coarsest image scale (i.e. lowest resolution) for the frame
• step 420 determines which segments have remained visible.
• step 430 invisible segments which are wholly contained within a given visible segment
• step 450 the encoder considers the next segment and continues at
• step 430 Otherwise the Multi-scaling grouping process ceases.
• the residue is the portion of the image left over after the structural information has been moved. Residue falls under two classifications; new
• the encoder determines where the previously obstructed image regions occur.
• the encoder orders the region using a predetermined ordering system. Using the information surrounding the regions, the encoder makes a mathematical guess as to the structure of the regions. Yet, the encoder also knows precisely what images were
• Step 740 the encoder considers a region
• the encoder will encode the
• the encoder stores a flag
• step 750 the encoder determines if there are ' any more newly unobstructed regions. If so the next region is considered and the routine continues at step 730, else it ceases at step 799.
• the local residue is the portion of the image in the neighborhood of a segment, left over after the segments have .been moved, i.e. the car and mountain appear smaller in the subsequent frame.
• the structure of the residue will depend on how different the new segments are from the previous segments. It may be a well-defined region, or set of regions, or it may be patchy. Different types of coding methods are ideal for different types of local residue. Since the decoder knows the segment motion, it knows where most of the local residues will be located.
• the encoder determines the locations of the local residues and orders the regions where the local residues occurs using a pre-determined ordering scheme at section 820.
• the encoder considers the first local residue, and makes a decision as the most efficient method of coding it and encodes it at step 840.
• the encoder stores a flag denoting the coding mechanism as well as the coded residue at step 810.
• step 850 If there are more local residue locations, step 860 will consider the next local
• step 880 the keyframe routine at Fig 15a, step 880.
• step 880 the encoder determines if the second frame should be coded as a keyframe. If yes, then step 885, the encoder discards the kinetic information, the background residue, and the local segment residues and continues at step
• routine transmits the kinetic information, the background residue,
• the encoder transmits embedded commands and instructions regarding each segment into the bitstream as necessary. Examples of these commands include, but are not limited to, getting static web pages, obtaining another video bitstream, waiting for text, etc.
• the encoder can embed these commands at any point within the bitstream subsequent to the decoder ordering the segments.
• Fig 14a is an example of one point where the commands are be embedded within the data stream.
• the encoder At step 1610, the encoder considers the first segment. At step 1620, it transmits a special instruction. At step 1630, the encoder determines if there are any special instructions for the segment. If yes, then at step 1640, the instructions are
• step 1650 the encoder determines if there are any more segments. If there are no special instructions associated with the segment, the encoder proceeds directly to step 1650. If there are more segments, at step 1660, the encoder considers the next segments are continues to step 1620, otherwise the routine ends at step 1699.
• the decoder receives the encoded reference frame of a picture of an automobile moving left to right with a mountain in the background ( See Fig. 4).
• the reference frame generally refers to the frame which other, subsequent frames are described in relation to.
• Fig. 16 illustrates the flow diagram of the above process.
• Step 910 begins the process where the decoder receives an encoded image frame.
• the decoder reconstructs the encoded image frame.
• the decoder receives a keyframe flag. This flag denotes whether the second frame is a keyframe or can it be reconstructed from the kinetic and residue information. If the second frame is a keyframe, then the decoder returns to step 910,
• segmentation is the process by which a digital image is subdivided into its components parts, i.e. segments, where each segment represents ah area bounded by a radical or sharp change in values within the image.
• the decoder segments the reconstructed reference frame to determine the inherent structural features of the image.
• the decoder' determines that the segments in Fig. 4 are the car, the wheels, the doors, the windows, the street, the mountain and the background.
• the decoder will order the
• the decoder receives a keyframe flag from the encoder. This flag tells the encoder if the first frame is a keyframe.
• the decoder receives the kinetic information regarding the movement of each segment.
• the kinetic information tells the decoder the position of the segment in the new frame relative to its position in the previous frame.
• the kinetic information is reduced if the segments with related motion can be grouped together and represented by one motion vector.
• the kinetic information received by the decoder depends oh several factors: to wit; 1) the reference frame is a key frame, and 2) if not, is multi-scaling information available.
• the decoder determines if the reference frame is
• a keyframe i.e. a frame not defined in relation to any other frame. If so, then there is no
• the decoder determines if there is multi-scale information available. If the first frame is
• step 1 150 the motion vectors are
• step 11 10 if the decoder determines that the first frame is not the
• section 4.2 it may use the multi-scale grouping described in step 4.1
• Multi-scale grouping only occurs when the first frame is a keyframe and there is
• the decoder considers the coarsest image scale
• step 1220 determine which segments have remained visible.
• step 1240 If there are more
• step 1260 the decoder considers the next segment and continues at
• the encoder determines if there are any more segments, if so, then
• the encoder considers the next segment and continues at step 1320.
• the residue is the portion of the image left over after the structural information
• Residue falls under two classifications; background and local residues.
• the decoder considers the background residue regions and orders the regions at step 1420.
• it makes a mathematical prediction on the structure of the first background residue location.
• the decoder receives a flag denoting how good the prediction was and if correction is needed.
• Step 1450 makes a decision, if the prediction is sufficient, the routine continues at step 1470, otherwise at step 1460, receives the encoded region and the flag denoting the coding scheme and reconstructs as necessary. If there are more background residue locations, at step 1470, the decoder, at step 1480, considers the next region and continues at step 1430. Otherwise the decoder goes to step 1490 where reconstruction continues and the process ceases.
• the local segment residue is the portion of the image, in the neighborhood of the segment, left over after the segment has been moved, i.e. the car and the mountain appear smaller in the subsequent frame. Also, as explain before, the structure of the local residue may be varied. The decoder knows that most of the local residues will appear around the segments.
• the decoder considers the first segment.
• the decoder receives a flag denoting the coding method and receives the encoded local residue for that segment.
• Step 1530 determines if there are any more segments and if not end at 1590 where reconstruction concludes. Otherwise at step 1540 the decoder considers the next segment and continues at step 1520. The routine ends at step 1599. 6. Special instructions
• the decoder is capable of receiving and executing commands embedded within the bitstream and associated with the various segments.
• the encoder and decoder are synchronized and are working with the same reference frame, the encoder is not required to transmit the structural information associated with the commands.
• the embedded commands are held in abeyance until a user-driven event, i.e. a mouseclick, occurs.
• Fig 24 is an example of one potential way to embed the commands.
• the decoder considers the first segment, at step 1720 it received a special instruction flag.
• the decoder determines, at step 1730, if there are special instructions or commands associated with the segment. If so, the decoder receives the commands at step 1740.
• the decoder determine if there are any more segments. If there were no special instructions or commands, the decoder goes to step 1750 directly.
• the decoder at step 1760, considers the next segment and continues at step 1720, otherwise the routine ends at step 1799.
• the decoder determines if the user-driven event has occurred. If it has, the decoder determines which segment the user-driven event refers to at step 1820. At step 1830, the associated command is executed. The decoder proceeds to step 1840. If the user-driven event has not occurred, the routine proceeds directly to step 1840. At step 1840, if the termination command has been sent, the routine exits at step 1899, otherwise the routine continues at step 1810. 6.
• the second frame is reconstructed into a video format based upon the kinetic motion of the segments, and local segment residues and the background residues.

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