WO2000041994A1 - 4-arylamino, 4-aryloxy, et 4-arylthio diarylamines et leurs derives comme inhibiteurs selectifs de mek - Google Patents

4-arylamino, 4-aryloxy, et 4-arylthio diarylamines et leurs derives comme inhibiteurs selectifs de mek Download PDF

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WO2000041994A1
WO2000041994A1 PCT/US1999/030418 US9930418W WO0041994A1 WO 2000041994 A1 WO2000041994 A1 WO 2000041994A1 US 9930418 W US9930418 W US 9930418W WO 0041994 A1 WO0041994 A1 WO 0041994A1
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alkyl
compound
cycloalkyl
phenyl
alkenyl
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PCT/US1999/030418
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Stephen Douglas Barrett
Haile Tecle
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Warner-Lambert Company
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Priority to CA002348236A priority Critical patent/CA2348236A1/fr
Application filed by Warner-Lambert Company filed Critical Warner-Lambert Company
Priority to JP2000593563A priority patent/JP2002534491A/ja
Priority to BR9916798-0A priority patent/BR9916798A/pt
Priority to AU24829/00A priority patent/AU2482900A/en
Priority to US09/889,084 priority patent/US6506798B1/en
Priority to EP99968152A priority patent/EP1144362A1/fr
Publication of WO2000041994A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000041994A1/fr

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    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07C229/52—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C229/54—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton with amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C229/56—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton with amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring with amino and carboxyl groups bound in ortho-position
    • C07C229/58—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton with amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring with amino and carboxyl groups bound in ortho-position having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the amino groups further bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring, e.g. N-phenyl-anthranilic acids
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    • C07C311/30—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/37—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having the sulfur atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C311/38—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having the sulfur atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups and amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered rings of the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C311/39—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having the sulfur atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups and amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered rings of the same carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to an acyclic carbon atom

Definitions

  • This invention relates to 4-arylamino, 4-aryloxy, and 4-arylthio diarylamines and derivatives thereof.
  • BACKGROUND MEK enzymes are dual specificity kinases involved in, for example, immunomodulation, inflammation, and proliferative diseases such as cancer and restenosis.
  • Proliferative diseases are caused by a defect in the intracellular signaling system, or the signal transduction mechanism of certain proteins. Defects include a change either in the intrinsic activity or in the cellular concentration of one or more signaling proteins in the signaling cascade .
  • the cell may produce a growth factor that binds to its own receptors, resulting in an autocrine loop, which continually stimulates proliferation. Mutations or overexpression of intracellular signaling proteins can lead to spurious mitogenic signals within the cell.
  • Ras a G-protein that is activated when bound to GTP, and inactivated when bound to GDP.
  • This signal is an absolute prerequisite for proliferation in most cell types. Defects in this signaling system, especially in the deactivation of the Ras-GTP complex, are common in cancers, and lead to the signaling cascade below Ras being chronically activated. Activated Ras leads in turn to the activation of a cascade of serine/threonine kinases.
  • MAP kinase by mitogens appears to be essential for proliferation; constitutive activation of this kinase is sufficient to induce cellular transformation.
  • Blockade of downstream Ras signaling for example by use of a dominant negative Raf-
  • Ras can completely inhibit mitogenesis, whether induced from cell surface receptors or from oncogenic Ras mutants.
  • Ras is not itself a protein kinase, it participates in the activation of Raf and other kinases, most likely through a phosphorylation mechanism.
  • Raf and other kinases phosphorylate MEK on two closely adjacent serine residues, S ⁇ l ⁇ and S222 j n the case of MEK-1 , which are the prerequisite for activation of MEK as a kinase.
  • MEK in turn phosphorylates MAP kinase on both a tyrosine, Y185 an ⁇ j a threonine residue, T 1 83 ) separated by a single amino acid.
  • MAP kinase This double phosphorylation activates MAP kinase at least 100-fold. Activated MAP kinase can then catalyze the phosphorylation of a large number of proteins, including several transcription factors and other kinases. Many of these MAP kinase phosphorylations are mitogenically activating for the target protein, such as a kinase, a transcription factor, or another cellular protein. In addition to Raf-1 and MEKK, other kinases activate MEK, and MEK itself appears to be a signal integrating kinase. Current understanding is that MEK is highly specific for the phosphorylation of MAP kinase.
  • MEK does not phosphorylate peptides based on the MAP kinase phosphorylation sequence, or even phosphorylate denatured MAP kinase.
  • MEK also appears to associate strongly with MAP kinase prior to phosphorylating it, suggesting that phosphorylation of MAP kinase by MEK may require a prior strong interaction between the two proteins.
  • W is OR1, NR2ORL NR A R B , NR 2 NR A RB, or NR 2 (CH 2 ) 2 ⁇ NR A RB- I is H, C LB alkyl, C 3-8 alkenyl, C 3-8 alkynyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, phenyl, (phenyl)C 1 - alkyl, (phenyl)C 3-4 alkenyl, (phenyl)C 3-4 alkynyl, (C 3 - ⁇ cycloalkyl)- C 1- 4 alkyl, (C 3 - 8 cycloalkyl)C 3 -4 alkenyl, (C 3-8 cycloalkyl)C 3-4 alkynyl, C 3 - 8 heterocyclic radical, (C 3 - 8 heterocyclic radical)C 1.4 alkyl, (C 3-8 heterocyclic radical)C 3 - 4 alkenyl, (C 3 -8 heterocyclic
  • R A is H, C 1- 6 alkyl, C 3-8 alkenyl, C 3 . 8 alkynyl, C 3 - 8 cycloalkyl, phenyl, (C 3 - 8 cycloalkyl)C 1-4 alkyl, (C 3 . 8 cycloalkyl)C 3- 4 alkenyl, (C 3 ⁇ cycloalkyl)C 3 - 4 alkynyl, C 3 . 8 heterocyclic radical, (C 3 . 8 heterocyclic radical)C 1 - 4 alkyl, (aminosulfonyl)phenyl, [(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]C 1-4 alkyl, (aminosulfonyl)C 1 .
  • R B is H, C ⁇ . 8 alkyl, C 3-8 alkenyl, C 3 . 8 alkynyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, or C e- ⁇ aryl.
  • R 3 is halo, N0 2 , S0 2 NR, (CH 2 ) 2 -4NR E R F , S0 2 NR, R ⁇ or (CO)T.
  • T is C LS alkyl, C 3 - 8 cycloalkyl, (NR E R F )C 1-4 alkyl, OR F) NR
  • R 4 is H or F;
  • R 5 is H, methyl, halo, or N0 2 ;
  • R 6 is H, methyl, halo, or N0 2 .
  • Ar is phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl.
  • Each of R and R 8 is independently selected from H, halo, C ⁇ alkyl, SO 2 NRj (CH 2 ) 2 -4NR G RH, (CO)(CH 2 ) 2 ⁇ NR G R H , (CO)NRJ(CH 2 ) 2 ⁇ NR G RH, (CO)0(CH 2 ) 2 ⁇ NR G RH, S0 2 NR G RH, and (CO)NR G R H .
  • Ar is a pyridyl
  • each of R and R 8 is H.
  • Each of R c , RD, RE, R F , R G , and RH is independently selected from H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 3 -4 alkenyl, C 3 - 4 alkynyl, C 3 -6 cycloalkyl, and phenyl.
  • Each of NR C RD, NR E R F , and NR G R H can also be independently morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or piperadinyl.
  • Each of Ri and Rj is independently H, methyl, or ethyl.
  • R « is C 1-4 alkyl, C 3 . 4 alkenyl, C 3 .
  • each hydrocarbon radical or heterocyclic radical above is optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from halo, C 1 - 4 alkyl, C 3 - 6 cycloalkyl, C 1 - 4 alkenyl, C 1-4 alkynyl, phenyl, hydroxyl, amino, (amino)sulfonyl, and N0 , wherein each substituent alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or phenyl is in turn optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from halo, C 1-2 alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, and NO 2 .
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or C 1 . 7 ester thereof.
  • the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition including (a) a diarylamine (e.g., of formula I) and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention further relates to a method for treating proliferative diseases, such as cancer, restenosis, psoriasis, autoimmune disease, and atherosclerosis.
  • Other aspects of the invention include methods for treating MEK-related cancer, tumors of the breast, lung, colorectal, pancreas, prostate, brain, kidney, or ovary, and other solid or hematopoietic cancers.
  • Further aspects of the invention include methods for treating or reducing the symptoms of xenograft (organ, cell(s), limb, skin, or bone marrow transplant) rejection, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cystic fibrosis, hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly, complications of diabetes (including diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy), stroke, heart failure, septic shock, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Compounds of the invention are also useful as antiviral agents for treating viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis (B) virus (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
  • the methods include administering to a patient in need of such treatment, or suffering from such a disease or condition, a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the invention also features methods of combination therapy, such as a method for treating cancer, wherein the method further includes providing radiation therapy or chemotherapy, for example, with mitotic inhibitors such as a taxane or a vinca alkaloid.
  • mitotic inhibitors include paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, and vinflunine.
  • Other therapeutic combinations include a MEK inhibitor of the invention and an anticancer agent such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluoro-2-4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (5FU), flutamide, and gemcitabine.
  • the chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be administered before, concurrently, or after the administration of a disclosed compound according to the needs of the patient.
  • the invention also features synthetic intermediates and methods disclosed herein.
  • the invention features diarylamine compounds of formula (I), pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of using such compounds and compositions.
  • the compounds are MEK inhibitors.
  • MEK inhibition assays include the cascade assay for inhibitors of MAP kinase pathway described at column 6, line 36 to column 7, line 4 of U.S. Patent Number 5,525,625 and the in vitro MEK assay at column 7, lines 4-27 of the same patent, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference (see also Examples 2-5 below).
  • Alkyl groups include aliphatic (i.e., the subset of hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbon radical structures containing hydrogen and carbon atoms, but not containing heteroatoms in the skeleton, or unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds) with a free valence. Alkyl groups are understood to include straight chain and branched structures.
  • Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, n- butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, 2,3-dimethylpropyl, hexyl, 2,3-dimethyl hexyl, 1 ,1-dimethylpentyl, heptyl, and octyl.
  • Cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclooctyl.
  • Alkyl groups can be substituted with 1, 2, 3 or more substituents which are independently selected from halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo), hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, heterocyclic radical, and (heterocyclic radical)oxy.
  • substituents which are independently selected from halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo), hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, heterocyclic radical, and (heterocyclic radical)oxy.
  • Specific examples include fluoromethyl, hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxyethyl, (2- or 3-furanyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, benzyloxyethyl, (3-pyridinyl)methyl, (2- or 3-furanyl)methyl, (2- thienyl)ethyl, hydroxypropyl, aminocyclohexyl, 2-dimethylaminobutyl, methoxymethyl, ⁇ -py rid inylethyl , diethylaminoethyl, and cyclobutylmethyl.
  • Alkenyl groups are analogous to alkyl groups, but have at least one double bond (two adjacent sp 2 carbon atoms). Depending on the placement of a double bond and substituents, if any, the geometry of the double bond may be Mais (E), data (Z), cis, or trans. Similarly, alkynyl groups have at least one triple bond (two adjacent sp carbon atoms). Unsaturated alkenyl or alkynyl groups may have one or more double or triple bonds, respectively, or a mixture thereof; like alkyl groups, they may be straight chain or branched, and they may be substituted as described above and as exemplified throughout the disclosure.
  • alkenyls, alkynyls, and substituted forms include cis-2-butenyl, trans- 2-butenyl, 3-butynyl, 3-phenyl-2-propynyl, 3-(2'-fluorophenyl)-2-propynyl, 3- methyl(5-phenyl)-4-pentynyl, 2-hydroxy-2-propynyl, 2-methyl-2- propynyl, 2-propenyl, 4-hydroxy-3-butynyl, 3-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-propynyl, and 2- methyl-2-propenyl.
  • alkenyls can be C 2 - 4 or C 2 - ⁇ , and are preferably C 3- or C 3 ⁇ .
  • substituted hydrocarbon radicals include hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl, hydroxycycloalkyl, hydroxyaryl, and corresponding forms for the prefixes amino-, halo- (e.g., fluoro-, chloro-, or bromo-), nitro-, alkyl-, phenyl-, cycloalkyl- and so on, or combinations of substituents.
  • halo- e.g., fluoro-, chloro-, or bromo-
  • substituted alkyls include hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, nitroalkyl, haloalkyl, alkylalkyl (branched alkyls, such as methylpentyl), (cycloalkyl)alkyl, phenylalkyl, alkoxy, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, arylalkyloxyalkyl, (heterocyclic radical)alkyl, and (heterocyclic radical)oxyalkyl.
  • Ri thus includes hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl, hydroxycycloalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aminoalkyl, aminoalkenyl, aminoalkynyl, aminocycloalkyl, aminoaryl, alkylalkenyl, (alkylaryl)alkyl, (haloaryl)alkyl, (hydroxyaryl)alkynyl,.and so forth.
  • R A includes hydroxyalkyl and aminoaryl
  • R B includes hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, and hydroxyalkyl(heterocyclic radical)alkyl.
  • Heterocyclic radicals which include but are not limited to heteroaryls, include: furyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, 1,3,4- triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolyl, and their nonaromatic counterparts.
  • heterocyclic radicals include piperidyl, quinolyl, isothiazolyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydrobenzothiofuranyl, and octahydrobenzofuranyl.
  • Selective MEK 1 or MEK 2 inhibitors are those compounds which inhibit the MEK 1 or MEK 2 enzymes, respectively, without substantially inhibiting other enzymes such as MKK3, PKC, Cdk2A, phosphorylase kinase, EGF, and PDGF receptor kinases, and C-src.
  • a selective MEK 1 or MEK 2 inhibitor has an IC 50 for MEK 1 or MEK 2 that is at least one-fiftieth (1/50) that of its IC 50 for one of the above-named other enzymes.
  • a selective inhibitor has an IC 50 that is at least 1/100, more preferably 1/500, and even more preferably 1/1000, 1/5000, or less than that of its IC 5 o or one or more of the above-named enzymes.
  • Embodiments of the invention includes compounds of formula (I) wherein: (a) R 3 is N0 2 ; (b) R is fluoro; (c) each of R 3 and R 4 is independently selected from H and fluoro; (d) R 5 is methyl, fluoro, or chloro; (e) R 6 is methyl, chloro, fluoro, nitro, or hydrogen; (f) R 6 is H; (g) R 6 is fluoro; (h) R ⁇ is methyl or ethyl; (i) R, is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, benzyl, phenyl, phenethyl, allyl, C 3- 5 alkenyl, C 3 - 6 cycloalkyl, (C 3 - 5 cycloalkyl)C ⁇ - 2 alkyl
  • R 5 is nitro; or R 6 is methyl, halo, or nitro; or R 3 is S0 2 NR
  • Ar is phenyl (e.g., formula (I)), and in other embodiments, Ar is 2- pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl.
  • Ri, R 2 , R A , R B , Rc, and R D is an alkenyl or alkynyl group, the double or triple bond, respectively, is not adjacent the point of attachment.
  • R 2 is preferably prop-2-ynyl, or but-2 or 3-enyl, and less preferably prop-1-ynyl or but- 1-enyl.
  • Some embodiments include the formula 2,4-bis-(2-chloro-4-iodo- phenylamino)-3-fluoro-5-nitro-benzoic acid, the compounds in the following list, and 2-methyl (instead of 2-chloro) analogs thereof.
  • W can also be any of the values described herein for formula (I) or (II) in the section describing preferred values for W.
  • the compound numbers provided in the scheme correspond to the numbers provided in the above list; these compounds are illustrative, not limitative, of the invention.
  • the disclosed compounds can be synthesized according to the following two Schemes, or variants thereof (see also Example 1).
  • the reaction of the aniline and the benzoic acid derivative generally is accomplished by mixing the benzoic acid with an equimolar quantity or excess of the aniline in an unreactive organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, or toluene, in the presence of a base such as lithium diisopropylamide, lithium hexamethyldisilazide, n-butyl lithium, sodium hydride, or sodium amide.
  • the reaction generally is carried out at a temperature of about -78 °C to about 25 °C, and normally is complete within 2 hours to about
  • the product can be isolated by removing the solvent, for example by evaporation under reduced pressure, and further purified, if desired, by standard methods such as chromatography, crystallization, or distillation.
  • the 2-phenylamino benzoic acid derivative is next reacted with an equimolar quantity or excess of a nucleophile such as an aniline, a phenol, or a thiophenol by mixing in an unreactive organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, or toluene, in the presence of a base such as lithium diisopropylamide, lithium hexamethyldisilazide, n-butyl lithium, sodium hydride, or sodium amide.
  • the reaction generally is carried out at a temperature of about - 78 °C to boiling, and normally is complete within 2 hours to about 4 days.
  • the product can be isolated by removing the solvent, for example by evaporation under reduced pressure, and further purified, if desired, by standard methods such as chromatography, crystallization, or distillation.
  • step 3 the 4-arylheteroatom-2-phenylamino benzoic acid derivative next is reacted with a nucleophile such as ammonia, an amine, an alcohol, hydrazine, a hydrazine derivative, or a hydroxylamine derivative in the presence of a peptide coupling reagent.
  • a nucleophile such as ammonia, an amine, an alcohol, hydrazine, a hydrazine derivative, or a hydroxylamine derivative in the presence of a peptide coupling reagent.
  • Amines that can be employed include monomethylamine and aniline.
  • Alcohols that can be employed include cyclobutylmethanol and phenol.
  • Hydrazine derivatives that can be employed include N,N-dimethylhydrazine and 1-aminopiperidine.
  • Hydroxylamine derivatives that can be employed include methoxylamine, N-ethyl-isopropoxy amine, and tetrahydrooxazine.
  • Typical coupling reagents include 2-ethoxy-1- ethoxycarbonyl-1 ,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ), 1 ,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), bromo-tris-(pyrrolidino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBrOP) and (benzotriazolyioxy) tripyrrolidino phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP).
  • EEDQ 2-ethoxy-1- ethoxycarbonyl-1 ,2-dihydroquinoline
  • DCC 1 ,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • PyBrOP bromo-tris-(pyrrolidino)-phosphonium hexafluor
  • the 4-arylheteroatom-2-phenylamino benzoic acid derivative and the nucleophile normally are mixed in approximately equimolar quantities in an unreactive solvent such as dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, or xylene, and an equimolar quantity of the coupling reagent is added.
  • a base such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine can be added to act as an acid scavenger if desired.
  • the coupling reaction generally is complete after about 10 minutes to 2 hours, and the product is readily isolated by removing the reaction solvent, for instance by evaporation under reduced pressure, and purifying the product by standard methods such as chromatography or crystallizations from solvents such as acetone diethyl ether or ethanol.
  • an alternative method for making the compounds of the invention involves first coupling the benzoic acid derivative with the arylheteroatom nucleophile, and then reacting this 4-arylheteroatom benzoic acid derivative with an aniline.
  • the final step involves the coupling of the 4-arylheteroatom-2-phenylamino benzoic acid derivative with the ammonia, amine, alcohol, hydrazine, hydrazine derivative, or hydroxylamine derivative with a peptide coupling reagent.
  • the general reaction conditions for all of the steps in Scheme 2 are similar to those described above for synthetic Scheme 1.
  • compositions are useful as both prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for diseases or conditions as provided in the Summary section, as well as diseases or conditions modulated by the MEK cascade.
  • Examples include stroke, heart failure, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, organ transplant rejection, and a variety of tumors such as ovarian, lung, pancreatic, and colon.
  • capsules or other formulations (such as liquids and film-coated tablets) of 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, or 400 mg can be administered according to the disclosed methods.
  • Dosage unit forms include tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, aqueous and nonaqueous oral solutions and suspensions, and parenteral solutions packaged in containers adapted for subdivision into individual doses.
  • Dosage unit forms can also be adapted for various methods of administration, including controlled release formulations, such as subcutaneous implants.
  • Administration methods include oral, rectal, parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous), intracisternal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, intravesical, local (drops, powders, ointments, gels, or cream), and by inhalation
  • Parenteral formulations include pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersion, suspensions, emulsions, and sterile powders for the preparation thereof.
  • carriers include water, ethanol, polyols
  • Carriers for solid dosage forms include (a) fillers or extenders, (b) binders, (c) humectants,
  • disintegrating agents disintegrating agents, (e) solution retarders, (f) absorption acccelerators, (g) adsorbants, (h) lubricants, (i) buffering agents, and (j) propellants.
  • Compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents; antimicrobial agents such as parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, and sorbic acid; isotonic agents such as a sugar or sodium chloride; absorption-prolonging agents such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin; and absorption-enhancing agents.
  • adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents
  • antimicrobial agents such as parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, and sorbic acid
  • isotonic agents such as a sugar or sodium chloride
  • absorption-prolonging agents such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin
  • absorption-enhancing agents such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • the invention provides the disclosed compounds and closely related, pharmaceutically acceptable forms of the disclosed compounds, such as salts, esters, amides, hydrates or solvated forms thereof; masked or protected forms; and racemic mixtures, or enantiomerically or optically pure forms.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and amides include carboxylate salts (e.g., C ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or non-aromatic heterocyclic), amino acid addition salts, esters, and amides which are within a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, pharmacologically effective, and suitable for contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response.
  • carboxylate salts e.g., C ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or non-aromatic heterocyclic
  • amino acid addition salts esters, and amides which are within a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, pharmacologically effective, and suitable for contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response.
  • Representative salts include hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactiobionate, and laurylsulfonate.
  • alkali metal and alkali earth cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, as well as non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations such as tetramethyl ammonium, methylamine, trimethylamine, and ethylamine.
  • alkali metal and alkali earth cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
  • non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations such as tetramethyl ammonium, methylamine, trimethylamine, and ethylamine.
  • amine cations such as tetramethyl ammonium, methylamine, trimethylamine, and ethylamine.
  • Representative pharmaceutically acceptable amides of the invention include those derived from ammonia, primary C i- ⁇ alkyl amines and secondary di (C i- ⁇ alkyl) amines.
  • Secondary amines include 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaromatic ring moieties containing at least one nitrogen atom and optionally between 1 and 2 additional heteroatoms.
  • Preferred amides are derived from ammonia, C 1-3 alkyl primary amines, and di (C ⁇ . 2 alkyl)amines.
  • Representative pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the invention include C 1 - 7 alkyl, C 5 -7 cycloalkyl, phenyl, and phenyl(C ⁇ - 6 )alkyl esters.
  • Preferred esters include methyl esters.
  • the invention also includes disclosed compounds having one or more functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl, amino, or carboxyl) masked by a protecting group. Some of these masked or protected compounds are pharmaceutically acceptable; others will be useful as intermediates. Synthetic intermediates and processes disclosed herein, and minor modifications thereof, are also within the scope of the invention.
  • one or more functional groups e.g., hydroxyl, amino, or carboxyl
  • HYDROXYL PROTECTING GROUPS Hydroxyl protecting groups include: ethers, esters, and protection for 1,2- and
  • the ether protecting groups include: methyl, substituted methyl ethers, substituted ethyl ethers, substituted benzyl ethers, silyl ethers and conversion of silyl ethers to other functional groups.
  • Substituted Methyl Ethers include: methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, t- utylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl) methoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, p- ethoxybenzyloxymethyl, (4-methoxyphenoxy) methyl, guaiacolmethyl, t- butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl, siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, 2,2,2- trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloro- ethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 3-bromotetrahydro-pyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1- methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothio- pyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrotetrahydrothio-
  • Substituted ethyl ethers include: 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2,chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1 -methyl- 1 -methoxyethyl, 1 -methyl-1 -benzyloxyethyl, 1 -methyl-1 -benzyloxy-2- fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilyethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, f-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, and benzyl.
  • Substituted Benzyl Ethers include: p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2- and 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl ⁇ /-oxido, diphenylmethyl, p, p'-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, ⁇ - naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p- methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri-(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4'- bromophenacyloxy)phenyldiphenylmethyl, 4,4',4"-tris(4,5-dich
  • Silyl Ethers Silyl ethers include: trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylthexylsilyl, f-butyldimethylsilyl, f-butyldiphenylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, and f-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl.
  • Esters protecting groups include: esters, carbonates, assisted cleavage, miscellaneous esters, and sulfonates.
  • protective esters include: formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, p-P- phenylacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate (levulinate), 4,4- (ethylenedithio) pentanoate, pivaloate, adamantoate,crotonate,4- methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate).
  • Carbonates include: methyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl, ethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl) ethyl, 2-(phenylsulfonyl) ethyl, 2-(triphenylphosphonio) ethyl, isobutyl, vinyl, allyl, p-nitrophenyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy-1-naphthyl, and methyl dithiocarbonate.
  • assisted Cleavage protecting groups include: 2-iodobenzoate, 4- azido-butyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(dibromomethyl) benzoate, 2- formylbenzene-sulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy) ethyl carbonate, 4-(methylthio- methoxymethyl) benzoate, and 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl) benzoate.
  • miscellaneous esters include: 2,6-dichloro-4- methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-(1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenoxyacetate, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl) phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (£)-2-methyl-2-butenoate (tigloate), o-(methoxycarbonyl) benzoate, p-P-benzoate, ⁇ -naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl N,N,N ' N '- tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, /V-phenylcarbamate, borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, and 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate.
  • Sulfonates Protective sulfates includes: sulfate, methanesulfonate(mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate.
  • the protection for 1,2 and 1,3-diols group includes: cyclic acetals and ketals, cyclic ortho esters, and silyl derivatives. Cyclic Acetals and Ketals
  • Cyclic acetals and ketals include: methylene, ethylidene, 1-f-butylethylidene, 1-phenylethylidene, (4-methoxyphenyl) ethylidene, 2,2,2-trichloroethylidene, acetonide (isopropylidene), cyclopentylidene, cyclohexylidene, cycloheptylidene, benzylidene, p-methoxybenzylidene, 2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene, 3,4- dimethoxybenzylidene, and 2-nitrobenzylidene.
  • Cyclic ortho esters include: methoxymethylene, ethoxymethylene, dimethoxy- methylene, 1-methoxyethylidene, 1-ethoxyethylidine, 1,2-dimethoxyethylidene, ⁇ -methoxybenzylidene, 1-( ⁇ /,/V-dimethylamino)ethylidene derivative, -(N,N- dimethylamino) benzylidene derivative, and 2-oxacyclopentylidene.
  • Ester protecting groups include: esters, substituted methyl esters, 2-substituted ethyl esters, substituted benzyl esters, silyl esters, activated esters, miscellaneous derivatives, and stannyl esters.
  • Substituted methyl esters include: 9-fluorenylmethyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy-methyl, benzyloxymethyl, phenacyl, p-bromophenacyl, ⁇ - methylphenacyl, p-methoxyphenacyl, carboxamidomethyl, and N- phthalimidomethyl.
  • 2-Substituted ethyl esters include: 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-haloethyl,
  • Substituted benzyl esters include: triphenylmethyl, diphenylmethyl, bis(o-nitrophenyl)methyl, 9-anthrylmethyl, 2-(9,10-dioxo)anthrylmethyl, 5-dibenzo- suberyl, 1 -pyrenylmethyl,2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromylmethyl, 2,4,6- trimethylbenzyl, p-bromobenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 2,6-dimethoxybenzyl, 4-(methylsulfinyl)benzyl, 4-sulfobenzyl, piperonyl, and 4-P- benzyl.
  • Silyl esters include: trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, f-butyldimethylsilyl, /- propyldimethylsilyl, phenyldimethylsilyl, and di- f-butylmethylsilyl.
  • Miscellaneous Derivatives Miscellaneous derivatives includes: oxazoles, 2-alkyl-1 ,3-oxazolines, 4-alkyl-5- oxo-1 ,3-oxazolidines, 5-alkyl-4-oxo-1,3-dioxolanes, ortho esters, phenyl group, and pentaaminocobalt(lll) complex.
  • Stannyl Esters examples include: triethylstannyl and tri-n-butylstannyl.
  • Amides include: N,N -dimethyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, 5,6-dihydrophen- anthridinyl, o-nitroanilides, ⁇ -7-nitroindolyl, ⁇ /-8-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl, and p-P-benzenesulfonamides.
  • Hydrazides include: ⁇ /-phenyl, N,N '-diisopropyl and other dialkyl hydrazides.
  • CARBAMATES Carbamates include: carbamates, substituted ethyl, assisted cleavage, photolytic cleavage, urea-type derivatives, and miscellaneous carbamates. Carbamates
  • Carbamates include: methyl and ethyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl, 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenyl- methyl, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluorenylmethyl, 2,7-di-f-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo- 10,10, 10, 10-tetrahydro- thioxanthyl)]methyl, and 4-methoxyphenacyl.
  • Substituted Ethyl protective groups include: 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2- trimethylsilylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2- haloethyl, 1 ,1dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1- methyl-1 -(4-biphenylyl)ethyl, 1-(3,5-di-f-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl, 2-(2'-and 4'- pyridyl)ethyl, 2-(/V,/V-icyclohexylcarboxamido)- ethyl, f-butyl, 1-adamantyl, vinyl, allyl, 1-isopropylallyl, connamyl,
  • Assisted Cleavage Protection via assisted cleavage includes: 2-methylthioethyl, 2- methylsulfonylethyl, 2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl, [2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methyl, 4- methylthiophenyl, 2,4-dimethyl-thiophenyl, 2-phosphonioethyl, 2- triphenylphosphonioisopropyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2cyanoethyl, m-chloro-p- acyloxybenzyl, p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl, 5-benzisoxazolyl-methyl, and 2- (trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl.
  • Photolytic Cleavage uses groups such as: -nitrophenyl, 3,5- dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl, and phenyl(o- nitrophenyl)methyl.
  • Urea-Type Derivatives examples include: phenothiazinyl-(10)-carbonyl derivative ,/V '-p-toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl, and N '-phenylaminothiocarbonyl. Miscellaneous Carbamates
  • miscellaneous carbamates include: f-amyl, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropylmethyl, p-decyloxy-benzyl, diisopropylmethyl, 2,2- dimethoxycarbonylvinyl, o-(/V, ⁇ /-dimethyl-carboxamido)-benzyl, 1 ,1-dimethyl- 3( ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propynyl, di(2-pyridyl)methyl, 2- furanylmethyl, 2-iodoethyl, isobornyl, isobutyl, isonicotinyl, p(p - methoxyphenylazo)benzyl, 1-methylcyclobutyl, 1-methylcyclohexy
  • Amides Amides includes: ⁇ /-formyl, ⁇ /-acetyl, /V-chloroacetyl, ⁇ /-trichloroacetyl,
  • Assisted Cleavage Assisted cleavage groups include: /V-o-nitrophenylacetyl, N-o- nitrophenoxyacetyl, ⁇ /-acetoacetyl, (/V-dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino)acetyl, ⁇ -3- (p-hydroxphenyl) propionyl, ⁇ /-3-(o-nitrophenyl)propionyl, ⁇ /-2-methyl-2-(o- nitrophenoxy)propionyl, ⁇ /-2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propionyl, ⁇ /-4- chlorobutyryl, ⁇ /-3-methyl-3-nitrobutyryl, ⁇ /-o-nitrocinnamoyl, ⁇ /-acetylmethionine derivative, /V-o-nitrobenzoyl, ⁇ -o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzoyl, and 4,5-diphenyl-3- oxazol
  • Cyclic imide derivatives include: ⁇ /-phthalimide, ⁇ -dithiasuccinoyl, ⁇ -2,3-diphenyl-maleoyl, ⁇ /-2,5-dimethylpyrrolyl, ⁇ /-1 , 1 ,4,4-tetramethyldisilyiazacyclopentane adduct, 5-substituted
  • Protective groups for - NH include: /V-alkyl and ⁇ -aryl amines, imine derivatives, enamine derivatives, and ⁇ /-hetero atom derivatives (such as ⁇ /-metal, N-N, N-P, N-Si, and N-S), ⁇ /-sulfenyl, and ⁇ /-sulfonyl.
  • ⁇ /-alkyl and ⁇ /-aryl amines include: ⁇ /-methyl, /V-allyl, ⁇ /-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxyl]- methyl, ⁇ /-3-acetoxypropyl, /V-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyrrolin-3-yl), quaternary ammonium salts, ⁇ /-benzyl, ⁇ /-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, ⁇ /-5-dibenzosuberyl, ⁇ /-triphenylmethyl, ⁇ /-(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl,
  • Imine derivatives include: ⁇ /-1,1-dimethylthiomethylene, ⁇ /-benzylidene, ⁇ /-p-methoxybenzylidene, ⁇ -diphenylmethylene, /V-[(2-pyridyI)mesityl]methylene,
  • Enamine Derivative An example of an enamine derivative is ⁇ /-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl).
  • ⁇ /-metal derivatives include: ⁇ /-borane derivatives, ⁇ /-diphenylborinic acid derivative, /V-[phenyl(pentacarbonylchromium- or -tungsten)]carbenyl, and
  • N-N derivatives include: ⁇ /-nitro, /V-nitroso, and ⁇ /-oxide.
  • N-P derivatives include:
  • /V-sulfenyl derivatives examples include: /V-benzenesulfenyl,
  • ⁇ /-sulfonyl derivatives include: ⁇ /-p-toluenesulfonyl, ⁇ /-benzenesulfonyl, /V-2,3,6-trimethyl- 4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, /V-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonyl, N- 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl, ⁇ /-pentamethylbenzenesulfonyl, N- 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzene- sulfonyl, /V-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, ⁇ /-2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonyl, ⁇ /-2,6-dimethoxy- 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl, N- 2,2,5,7, 8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl, AV-methan
  • Disclosed compounds which are masked or protected may be prodrugs, compounds metabolized or otherwise transformed in vivo to yield a disclosed compound, e.g., transiently during metabolism.
  • This transformation may be a hydrolysis or oxidation which results from contact with a bodily fluid such as blood, or the action of acids, or liver, gastrointestinal, or other enzymes.
  • Step b Preparation of 2.4-bis-(2-chloro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-3-fluoro-5- nitrobenzoic acid
  • the APK IC 5 o for 2,4-bis-(2-chloro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-3-fluoro-5- nitrobenzoic acid is 29.6 nM.
  • Incorporation of 32 P into myelin basic protein is assayed in the presence of a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein containing p44MAP kinase (GST-MAPK) and a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein containing p45MEK (GST-MEK).
  • the assay solution contains 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC1 2 , 1 mM MnC1 2 , 1 mM EGTA, 50, ⁇ M [ ⁇ - 32 P]ATP, 10 ⁇ g GST-MEK, 0.5 ⁇ g GST-MAPK and 40 ⁇ g MBP in a final volume of 100 ⁇ L.
  • Reactions are stopped after 20 minutes by addition of trichloroacetic acid and filtered through a GF/C filter mat. 32 P retained on the filter mat is determined using a 120S Betaplate. Compounds are assessed at 10 ⁇ M for ability to inhibit incorporation of 32 P.
  • MAPK inhibitors Compounds that show activity in both protocols are scored as MAPK inhibitors, while compounds showing activity in only the first protocol are scored as MEK inhibitors.
  • Inhibitory activity can be confirmed in direct assays.
  • MAP kinase 1 ⁇ g GST-MAPK is incubated with 40 ⁇ g MBP for 15 minutes at 30°C in a final volume of 50 ⁇ L containing 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 10 ⁇ M MgC1 2 , 2 ⁇ M EGTA, and 10 ⁇ M [ ⁇ - 32 P]ATP.
  • the reaction is stopped by addition of Laemmli SDS sample buffer and phosphorylated MBP resolved by electrophoresis on a 10% polyacrylamide gel. Radioactivity incorporated into MBP is determined by both autoradiography, and scintillation counting of excised bands.
  • GST-MEKi For evaluation of direct MEK activity, 10 ⁇ g GST-MEKi is incubated with 5 ⁇ g of a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein containing p44MAP kinase with a lysine to alanine mutation at position 71 (GST-MAPK-KA). This mutation eliminates kinase activity of MAPK, so only kinase activity attributed to the added MEK remains. Incubations are 15 minutes at 30°C in a final volume of 50 ⁇ L containing 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 10 ⁇ M MgC1 2 , 2 , ⁇ M EGTA, and 10 ⁇ M [ ⁇ - 32 P]ATP.
  • the reaction is stopped by addition of Laemrnli SDS sample buffer.
  • Phosphorylated GST-MAPK-KA is resolved by electrophoresis on a 10% polyacrylamide gel. Radioactivity incorporated into GST-MAPK-KA is determined by autoradiography, and subsequent scintillation counting of excised bands.
  • an artificially activated MEK containing serine to glutamate mutations at positions 218 and 222 (GST-MEK-2E) is used. When these two sites are phosphorylated, MEK activity is increased. Phosphorylation of these sites can be mimicked by mutation of the serine residues to glutamate.
  • 5 ⁇ g GST-MEK-2E is incubated with 5 ⁇ g GST-MAPK-KA for 15 minutes at 30°C in the same reaction buffer as described above. Reactions are terminated and analyzed as above.
  • Cells are plated into multi-well plates at 10 to 20,000 cells/mL. Forty-eight hours after seeding, test compounds are added to the cell growth medium and incubation is continued for 2 additional days. Cells are then removed from the wells by incubation with trypsin and enumerated with a Coulter counter.
  • EXAMPLE 7 Growth in soft-agar Cells are seeded into 35-mm dishes at 5 to 10,000 cells/dish using growth medium containing 0.3% agar. After chilling to solidify the agar, cells are transferred to a 37°C incubator. After 7 to 10 days' growth, visible colonies are manually enumerated with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
  • Type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice is an experimental model of arthritis that has a number of pathologic, immunologic, and genetic features in common with rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the disease is induced by immunization of DBA/1 mice with 100 ⁇ g type II collagen, which is a major component of joint cartilage, delivered intradermally in Freund's complete adjuvant.
  • the disease susceptibility is regulated by the class II MHC gene locus, which is analogous to the association of rheumatoid arthritis with HLA-DR4.
  • a progressive and inflammatory arthritis develops in the majority of mice immunized, characterized by paw width increases of up to 100%.
  • a test compound is administered to mice in a range of amounts, such as 20, 60, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight/day. The duration of the test can be several weeks to a few months, such as 40, 60, or 80 days.
  • a clinical scoring index is used to assess disease progression from erythema and edema (stage 1), joint distortion (stage 2), to joint ankylosis (stage 3). The disease is variable in that it can affect one or all paws in an animal, resulting in a total possible score of 12 for each mouse. Histopathology of an arthritic joint reveals synovitis, pannus formation, and cartilage and bone erosions. All mouse strains that are susceptible to CIA are high antibody responders to type II collagen, and there is a marked cellular response to Oil.
  • Rats receive 6 ⁇ g sonicated SCW [in 10 ⁇ l Dulbecco's PBS (DPBS)] by an intraarticular injection into the right tibiotalar joint on day 0. On day 21 , the DTH is initiated with 100 ⁇ g of SCW (250 ⁇ l) administered i.v.
  • SCW 250 ⁇ l
  • SCW twice daily (10 ml/kg volume) beginning 1 hr prior to reactivation with SCW.
  • Compounds are administered in amounts between 10 and 500 mg/kg body weight/day, such as 20, 30, 60, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day. Edema measurements are obtained by determining the baseline volumes of the sensitized hindpaw before reactivation on day 21, and comparing them with volumes at subsequent time points such as day 22, 23, 24, and 25. Paw volume is determined by mercury plethysmography.
  • Each animal is anesthetized and an incision is made at the base of the recipient ear, cutting only the dorsal epidermis and dermis.
  • the incision is spread open and down to the cartilage parallel to the head, and sufficiently wide to accommodate the appropriate tunneling for a rat or insertion tool for a mouse.
  • a neonatal mouse or rat pup less than 60 hours old is anesthetized and cervically dislocated.
  • the heart is removed from the chest, rinsed with saline, bisected longitudinally with a scalpel, and rinsed with sterile saline.
  • the donor heart fragment is placed into the preformed tunnel with the insertion tool and air or residual fluid is gently expressed from the tunnel with light pressure.
  • Implants are examined at 10-20-fold magnification with a stereoscopic dissecting microscope without anesthesia. Recipients whose grafts are not visibly beating may be anesthetized and evaluated for the presence of electrical activity using Grass E-2 platinum subdermal pin microelectodes placed either in the pinna or directly into the graft and a tachograph. Implants can be examined 1-4 times a day for 10, 20, 30 or more days. The ability of a test compound to ameliorate symptoms of transplant rejection can be compared with a control compound such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, or orally-administered lefluonomide.
  • a control compound such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, or orally-administered lefluonomide.
  • mice Female C57BL/6 mice are obtained from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). All animals are given food and water ad libitum. Mice are sensitized with a single i.p. injection of OVA (grade V, Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO) adsorbed to alum, (10 ⁇ g OVA + 9 mg alum in 200 ⁇ l saline) or vehicle control, (9 mg alum in 200 ⁇ l saline) on day 0. On day 14, the mice are challenged with a 12-minute inhalation of an aerosol consisting of 1.5% OVA (weight/volume) in saline produced by a nebulizer (small particle generator, model SPAG-2; ICN Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA).
  • OVA grade V
  • vehicle control 9 mg alum in 200 ⁇ l saline
  • mice are dosed with oral vehicle (0.5% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose / 0.25% TWEEN- 80), or a test compound at 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg in oral vehicle, 200 ⁇ l per mouse p.o. Dosing is performed once per day starting on day 7 or day, and extending through day 16.
  • mice are anesthetized with an i.p. injection of anesthetic (Ketamine/Acepromazine/Xylazine), and the tracheae is exposed and cannulated.
  • anesthetic Ketamine/Acepromazine/Xylazine
  • the lungs and upper airways are lavaged twice with 0.5 ml of cold PBS.
  • a portion (200 ⁇ l) of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is enumerated using a Coulter counter Model ZB1 (Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, FL).
  • the remaining BAL fluid is then centrifuged at 300 x g for five minutes, and the cells are resuspended in 1 ml of HBSS (Gibco BRL) containing 0.5% fetal calf serum (HyClone) and 10 mM HEPES (Gibco BRL).
  • the cell suspension is centrifuged in a cytospin (Shandon Southern Instruments, Sewickley, PA) and stained by Diff Quick (American Scientific Products, McGraw Park, IL) to differentiate BAL leukocytes into neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte or lymphocyte subsets.
  • the number of eosinophils in the BAL fluid is determined by multiplying the percentage of eosinophils by the total cell count.

Abstract

L'invention concerne les composés représentés par la formule (II). Ar, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 et W, qui sont des inhibiteurs sélectifs de MEK, ont la signification donnée dans le descriptif.
PCT/US1999/030418 1997-07-01 1999-12-21 4-arylamino, 4-aryloxy, et 4-arylthio diarylamines et leurs derives comme inhibiteurs selectifs de mek WO2000041994A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002348236A CA2348236A1 (fr) 1999-01-13 1999-12-19 4-arylamino, 4-aryloxy, et 4-arylthio diarylamines et leurs derives comme inhibiteurs selectifs de mek
JP2000593563A JP2002534491A (ja) 1999-01-13 1999-12-21 選択的ｍｅｋ阻害剤としての４−アリールアミノ、４−アリールオキシ、及び４−アリールチオジアリールアミン及びそれらの誘導体
BR9916798-0A BR9916798A (pt) 1999-01-13 1999-12-21 4-arilamino, 4-arilóxi e 4-ariltio diarilaminas e seus derivados como inibidores seletivos de mek
AU24829/00A AU2482900A (en) 1999-01-13 1999-12-21 4-arylamino, 4-aryloxy, and 4-arylthio diarylamines and derivatives thereof as selective mek inhibitors
US09/889,084 US6506798B1 (en) 1997-07-01 1999-12-21 4-Arylamino, 4-aryloxy, and 4-arylthio diarylamines and derivatives thereof as selective MEK inhibitors
EP99968152A EP1144362A1 (fr) 1999-01-13 1999-12-21 4-arylamino, 4-aryloxy, et 4-arylthio diarylamines et leurs derives comme inhibiteurs selectifs de mek

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US11567099P 1999-01-13 1999-01-13
US60/115,670 1999-01-13
US12242199P 1999-03-02 1999-03-02
US60/122,421 1999-03-02

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EP1144362A1 (fr) 2001-10-17

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