WO2000003293A1 - Procede et dispositif de conversion de frequence optique et source lumineuse contenant ledit dispositif - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif de conversion de frequence optique et source lumineuse contenant ledit dispositif Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000003293A1
WO2000003293A1 PCT/CH1999/000311 CH9900311W WO0003293A1 WO 2000003293 A1 WO2000003293 A1 WO 2000003293A1 CH 9900311 W CH9900311 W CH 9900311W WO 0003293 A1 WO0003293 A1 WO 0003293A1
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Prior art keywords
medium
light
optically
nonlinear medium
optically nonlinear
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PCT/CH1999/000311
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Daniel Fluck
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Rainbow Photonics Ag
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Priority to EP99926232A priority Critical patent/EP1097403A1/fr
Publication of WO2000003293A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000003293A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/37—Non-linear optics for second-harmonic generation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for optical frequency conversion and a light source according to the preambles of the independent claims.
  • Nonlinear-optical processes enable the generation of laser light at optical frequencies, which cannot or only with difficulty can be generated by a direct laser process.
  • a laser is used as the primary light source for such a frequency conversion process, the light beam of which propagates through a nonlinear-optical material.
  • the nonlinear-optical interaction between the laser beam and the material means that part of the primary light is converted into light of higher or lower frequency.
  • frequency doubling second harmonic generation, SHG
  • SHG sum frequency generation
  • DFG difference frequency generation
  • OPA optical parametric amplification
  • the class of ferroelectric oxides has received particular attention, e.g. B. Potassium niobate (KNb ⁇ 3), lithium niobate (LiNb ⁇ 3), lithium tantalate (LiTa ⁇ 3), barium titanate (BaTi ⁇ 3) and KTP (KTiOP ⁇ 4).
  • KNb ⁇ 3 Potassium niobate
  • LiNb ⁇ 3 lithium niobate
  • LiTa ⁇ 3 lithium tantalate
  • BaTi ⁇ 3 barium titanate
  • KTP KTP
  • crystals of these materials have large nonlinear optical susceptibilities, a material property that is a necessary prerequisite for efficient frequency conversion.
  • Potassium niobate in particular has proven to be an excellent material for nonlinear optical applications due to its properties.
  • Another class of materials that have interesting nonlinear optical properties are crystals based on borar compounds such as e.g. ß-BaB2 ⁇ 4 (BBO), L1B3O5 (LBO), CSB3O5 (CBO) and CsLiBöOio (CLBO).
  • BBO ß-BaB2 ⁇ 4
  • LBO L1B3O5
  • CBO CSB3O5
  • CsLiBöOio CsLiBöOio
  • the conversion efficiency in a nonlinear-optical process increases with the interaction length and with the intensity of the beam of the primary light source, provided that the primary beam and the generated radiation are optimally in phase ("internal phase adjustment").
  • the beam of the primary light source according to that described by Boyd et al. in the publication "Parametric interaction of focused Gaussian Hght beams" (J. of Appl. Phys. 39 (8), 3597 (1968)) can be optimally focused in the nonlinear optical material.
  • the efficiency of frequency conversion increases in proportion to the length. Accordingly, the maximum achievable efficiency per unit length is a constant dependent on the nonlinear optical material used and can no longer be increased in the single pass device through the nonlinear optical material. To further increase efficiency, special devices must be used.
  • this device with the lens and crystal series has the disadvantage that a large number of nonlinear optical crystals and achromatic lenses are required, all of which have to be positioned and temperature-stabilized and have to be provided with an anti-reflective coating.
  • Kozlovsky et al. have shown in the publication "Blue Hght generation by resonator-enhanced frequency doubling of an extended-cavity diode laser" (Appl. Phys. Lett. 65 (5), 525 (1994)) that a device in which the nonlinear optical crystal is placed in an external optical resonator, the Possibility to achieve very high degrees of conversion.
  • Zimmermann et al. have shown in the publication “All solid state laser source for tunable blue and ultraviolet radiation” (Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 (18), 2318 (1995)) that laser diodes can be efficiently frequency-doubled in an external optical resonator.
  • these external optical resonators have disadvantages which prevent their use in many practical applications.
  • the frequency spectrum of the primary light source must be very narrow-band and must be coupled to the resonator in order to guarantee stable and efficient frequency doubling. You therefore need various piezoelectric elements in order to keep both the resonator length and the phase of the light reflected back into the laser diode as optical feedback constant within a fraction of a wavelength (typically 50 to 100 nm), an active electronic locking circuit ), and typically an optical isolator.
  • the object of the invention is then to demonstrate the use of this device for efficient frequency conversion of semiconductor diode lasers, solid-state lasers, waveguide lasers and fiber lasers.
  • the basic idea of the invention is that by suitable positioning of deflecting means such as, for example, mirroring, the beam of the primary light source after a first pass through the nonlinear optical material is deflected together with the secondary beams of other wavelengths generated in the first pass, and possibly refocused in such a way that the Rays make another pass through the nonlinear optical material.
  • deflecting means such as, for example, mirroring
  • This deflection and traversing of a nonlinear optical material can be continued in an analog manner, thus creating a scalable, multi-pass device.
  • NxN 4, 9 , 16, etc.
  • the reason that the efficiency in this case increases quadratically with the total length of action in the crystal is due to the fact that the amplitudes of the light components generated in each individual pass are constructively added to a total field with correct phase adjustment and the optical power is scaled proportionally to the square of the field amplitude.
  • the frequency conversion efficiency that can be achieved in a double-pass arrangement is thus four times higher than the efficiency of the single-pass arrangement through the same nonlinear optical crystal and is the same as when two single crystals of the same length are used in a lens array arrangement.
  • primary light of a first spectral composition is coupled into at least one optically nonlinear medium, so that it is optically nonlinear Medium propagates, with a part of the primary light is converted into secondary light of a second spectral composition.
  • both the primary light and the secondary light are deflected in such a way that they in turn spread over the other in the optically nonlinear medium.
  • the inventive device for optical frequency conversion includes at least one optically non-linear medium and optical deflection means, which are arranged with respect to the optically non-linear medium in such a way that light propagating in the optically non-linear medium can be deflected essentially completely into the optically non-linear medium by the deflection means.
  • the light emitted by the primary light source is preferably coupled directly or through an optical system into the device with two or more passes through the frequency converter.
  • both end faces of the frequency converter are preferably provided with an anti-reflective coating.
  • the medium which is located between the crystal and the mirror is the only dispersive medium in the beam path from the end of the first pass to the start of the second pass.
  • a gas e.g.
  • the second end face of the frequency converter can also be provided with a reflective coating, so that the light focused by the primary light source in the first pass into the frequency converter is reflected together with the light generated by the frequency conversion directly on the second end face of the frequency converter and the frequency converter in another Crossed direction again in a second pass.
  • the beam deflection is preferably carried out in such a way that the beams have a different direction from the previous pass in the subsequent passage through the nonlinear optical material. This is to prevent the primary beam or a fraction of it from getting back into the primary light source and interfering with its emission properties, in particular the power and the frequency spectrum.
  • the primary beam In the case of the optical resonator, the primary beam must be guided in a closed path, so that an uncontrolled interference of the Primary light source can be prevented.
  • the beam deflection for multiple passes should also take place at an angle close to 180 °, because otherwise the ideally Gaussian-shaped beams are imprinted with an undesirable astigmatism after the deflection at concave mirrors, which makes optimal focusing in a subsequent pass impossible.
  • nonlinear optical crystals are highly birefringent, which is why it is advantageous to use these crystals in a so-called non-critical orientation, i.e. H. with beam propagation along the main axes ("no walk-off ', ie without the primary beam and the generated beams diverging) for frequency conversion.
  • This condition can be approximately met at deflection angles close to 180 °.
  • deflection angles between 160 ° and an angle of less than 180 °, preferably between 170 ° and 179 °, but smaller or larger deflection angles, which, however, have the disadvantages mentioned above, can also be used ..
  • the directions of successive beam paths are chosen so that they are at least With three or more passes, the deflection is preferably carried out in such a way that the rays on the different passages come to lie in one plane.
  • This plane can correspond to a plane spanned by two main axes of the crystal.
  • Mirrors with a metallic or dielectric coating are suitable as deflection mirrors, which reflect the primary beam as well as the generated beams of other wavelengths as completely as possible.
  • the radii of curvature and positions of the deflecting mirrors are chosen such that the constrictions of the primary beam and the generated beams come to lie within the nonlinear optical material or on one of the two end faces of the material.
  • the device according to the invention has significant advantages over an optical resonator, which will be shown below. Only special frequencies can exist in an optical resonator, the so-called longitudinal (resonator) modes, which have a fixed frequency range that is dependent on the excessive power in the resonator.
  • the frequency spectrum of this source must necessarily be narrower than this frequency range, ie the primary light source must be specially matched to the resonator.
  • the frequency spectrum of the primary light source must be narrower than 300 MHz.
  • the optical length of the resonator must be precisely controlled to better than 50 nm and the frequency of the primary light source must be kept stable to better than 300 MHz, which can only be achieved with special and complex measures.
  • the device according to the invention with multiple passage does not use a closed path for the primary beam, ie there is no phase condition, which is determined by the length of the resonator, which must be complied with and thereby imposes the above-mentioned restrictive requirements on the frequency spectrum of the primary light source.
  • the only condition that must be met for efficient frequency conversion in the multiple pass is the phase adaptation between the primary light and the generated light along the entire beam path.
  • the acceptance range for efficient frequency doubling in the known nonlinear optical crystals is approximately 10 GHz for a crystal length of 1 cm, ie the requirement for the width and the stability of the frequency spectrum of the primary light source is compared to one or two orders of magnitude weaker in the multi-pass device with optical resonators.
  • This greater tolerance is of particular importance in the direct frequency conversion of laser diodes, which typically have a frequency range of a few GHz.
  • the use of the device according to the invention also makes it possible to directly modulate the generated beams of other wavelengths by means of amplitude modulation of the primary light source, the modulation frequencies that can be achieved being several orders of magnitude higher than when using electronically stabilized resonators, which typically allow modulation frequencies of a few 100 kHz.
  • the direct modulation of laser diodes as a primary light source is extremely attractive because these diodes allow modulation frequencies of up to a few GHz directly via current modulation.
  • the device according to the invention also enables the remaining primary beam to be spatially superimposed together with the generated beams of a different wavelength and to be emitted in the same direction.
  • a light source with two or three wavelengths in the output beam can be used, for example, for precise trigonometric leveling systems and for precise interferometric distance measurement.
  • the device according to the invention can be used in optical frequency converters and for optical parametric amplification.
  • the device according to the invention is used in combination with a diode laser or a solid-state laser for optical frequency multiplication, sum or difference frequency generation and optical-parameteric amplification.
  • a diode laser or a solid-state laser for optical frequency multiplication, sum or difference frequency generation and optical-parameteric amplification.
  • a KNb ⁇ 3 crystal in the device according to the invention with an AlGaAs or InGaAs diode laser, light in the spectral range between 430 and 670 nm can be generated efficiently.
  • Other possible primary light sources in addition to semiconductor diode lasers are solid-state lasers, previously Nd and Cr doped grenades, such as. B.
  • YAG (Y3AI5O12), GGG (Gd 3 Ga 5 Oi2), YSAG (Y3SC2AI3O12), GSAG (Gd 3 Sc2Al3 ⁇ i2), GSGG (Gd 3 Sc2Ga3 ⁇ i2), as well as YVO4, LiSAF, LiCAF and Ti: Al2 ⁇ 3.
  • a diode laser e.g. AlGalnP
  • ultraviolet laser radiation in the wavelength range between 180 and 430 nm can be generated by frequency doubling.
  • frequency-doubled solid-state lasers, waveguide lasers and fiber lasers are also suitable.
  • primary light sources are borate crystals for higher-order nonlinear-optical processes, e.g. third or fourth harmonic generation, which use, for example, the solid-state lasers mentioned as the primary light source.
  • third or fourth harmonic generation which use, for example, the solid-state lasers mentioned as the primary light source.
  • two or more light beams, which originate from two different primary light sources, can be used to efficiently generate sum or difference frequency generation using the device according to the invention
  • the device according to the invention for optical parametric amplification can be used
  • the light source according to the invention contains at least one primary light source and at least one optical frequency converter into which light emitted by the at least one primary light source can be coupled in.
  • the at least one frequency converter is a device for frequency conversion according to the invention.
  • Semiconductor diode lasers for example AlGaAs or InGaAs diode lasers
  • Solid-state lasers eg Nd YAG, Nd YVO4, Cr LiCAF or Cr LiSAF
  • the light sources which are based on optical frequency multiplication (eg frequency doubling) or optical parametric amplification preferably contain a primary light source and a frequency converter in the device according to the invention
  • Device Light sources which are based on optical sum or difference frequency generation preferably contain two primary light sources and a frequency converter in the device according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows a device for frequency conversion in a resonator with a nonlinear optical material according to the prior art
  • Fig. 5 shows the inventive device for frequency conversion in a nonlinear optical material with triple beam passage
  • Fig. 6 shows the inventive device for frequency conversion in a nonlinear optical material with four times the beam passage.
  • FIG. 1 The prior art for frequency conversion in a single pass through a nonlinear optical material is shown schematically in FIG. 1.
  • a light beam 2 from a primary light source 1 is focused by an optical system 3, whereby a focused beam 4 is created.
  • the focused beam 4 penetrates into a nonlinear optical material 5.
  • Frequency conversion becomes part of the Power of the focused primary beam 4 is converted to beams of other optical frequencies or wavelengths.
  • the newly generated beams are collimated as diverging beams 6 with an optical system 7, preferably one or more lenses, to form an output beam 8
  • FIG. 2 The prior art for frequency conversion in a single pass through a series of nonlinear optical crystals is shown in FIG. 2.
  • a beam 2 from a primary light source 1 is coupled into an arrangement of nonlinear optical crystals 5, 12, and lenses 3, 10, (further nonlinear optical crystals and lenses could follow analogously).
  • Frequency conversion converts part of the power of the focused primary beam 4 converted to beams of other frequencies.
  • phase plates 11, ... are introduced into the beam path.
  • the generated beams 6, ..., 13 run spatially superimposed on the primary beam 4 and in the same direction as this and are collimated at the end with an optical system 14 to an output beam 15
  • FIG. 3 The prior art for frequency conversion in a resonator containing a nonlinear optical material is shown in FIG. 3.
  • a beam 2 from a primary light source 1 is coupled with an optical system 3 into a resonator consisting of at least two mirrors 24, 25.
  • the primary light source 1 is connected with the aid of an optical isolator 22 from unwanted light 23, which is emitted from the resonator, protected If an attenuated optical feedback 20 is used to couple the primary light source 1 to the resonator, then the phase between the feedback light 20 and the Light of the primary beam 2 can be adapted.
  • the resonator contains a nonlinear optical material 5 for frequency conversion.
  • the resonator is characterized in that the coupled primary beam 4 is deflected by the mirrors 24, 25 in such a way that it travels a closed path with the help of a piezoelectric element 26, the phase position of the primary light is adapted to handling in the resonator.
  • Rays 6 generated by frequency conversion in the nonlinear optical material 5 are collimated with an optical system 27 to form an output beam 28.
  • FIGS. 4 to 6 show a first embodiment.
  • a beam 2 from a primary light source 1 is focused with a first optical system 3, preferably one or more lenses, whereby a focused beam 32 is created.
  • the primary light source 1 is preferably a coherent light source, for example a semiconductor diode laser, a solid-state laser, a waveguide laser or fiber laser with an emission wavelength between 260 nm and 2 ⁇ m.
  • the focused beam 32 penetrates a nonlinear optical material 5.
  • the nonlinear optical material 5 can, for example, be a KNb ⁇ 3 , LiNbO 3 , KTiOP ⁇ 4 (KTP), BaB2 ⁇ 4 (BBO), L1B3O5 (LBO), CSB3O5 (CBO), or CsLiBöOio (CLBO) crystal.
  • Frequency conversion converts part of the power of the injected primary beam 32 to beams of other optical frequencies or wavelengths.
  • the newly generated beams are deflected and focused together with the rest of the primary beam using a second optical system 35, preferably a concave mirror.
  • the device according to the invention differs from the resonator arrangement of FIG. 3 in that the reflected primary beam 33 does not make a further passage through the nonlinear optical material 5 at the same time as the direction of the incident beam 32, but at a small angle 34 and at the same time passes through the first pass generated rays of others Frequencies run in the direction of the deflected primary beam 33.
  • Typical values for the angle 34 are greater than 0 ° and less than 20 ° and are preferably between 1 ° and 10 °, the deflection angle, ie the angle complementary to the angle 34, is therefore typically between 160 ° and an angle smaller than 180 ° or between 170 ° and 179 °.
  • a significant difference between the inventive device and the arrangement with a number of crystals and lenses (FIG. 2) is that only a single nonlinear optical crystal 5 is used and that the Device according to the invention results in a much more compact arrangement
  • phase adaptation takes place within the non-linear Optical material (internal phase adjustment) is a necessary prerequisite for efficient frequency conversion to occur when the primary beam passes through the nonlinear optical material 5, so that the frequency-converted light in a first pass 32 and a second pass 33 becomes maximum power at the end of the double pass added, the phase between these light components 32, 33 must be set correctly.
  • This phase adjustment outside the highly linear optical material 5 (external phase adjustment) must be in the medium 37, which is between the nonlinear optical material 5 and the optisc hen system 35 is introduced into the beam path of the primary light and the frequency-converted light, this medium 37 is preferably shielded from environmental influences and kept at a constant temperature.
  • a closed temperature-controllable container 38 for example an oven, is particularly suitable for this purpose B glass, air, nitrogen or another transparent material.
  • Frequency conversion converts part of the power of the injected primary beam to beams of other frequencies.
  • the newly generated beams are deflected and focused together with the rest of the primary beam using a second optical system 40, preferably a concave mirror.
  • the beams are again deflected with a third optical system 41, preferably a concave mirror, and focused into the nonlinear optical material 5 to form a third passage 44.
  • a temperature-adjustable container 38 filled with a transparent medium 37 can in turn be used for external phase adjustment.
  • a beam 2 from a primary light source 1 with a first optical system 3 is focused on an end face 50 of a nonlinear optical material 5.
  • the end face 50 is provided with a reflective coating, so that the remaining primary beam, together with the beams frequency-converted in the first passage 52 through the nonlinear optical material 5, makes a second passage 53 through the nonlinear optical material 5, without thereby closing the nonlinear optical material 5 leave.
  • the reflective coating can, for example, at least one metal layer, at least one dielectric layer or a sequence of such Layers.
  • the combination of direct deflection of the rays on one end face 50 of the nonlinear optical material 5 and deflection by an optical system 51 on the opposite side of the material results, for example, in a device with four passages 52, 53, 54, 55 through the nonlinear optical material 5.
  • the frequency-converted beams and the rest of the primary steel are collimated with an optical system 56 into an exit beam 57.
  • a temperature-adjustable container 38 filled with a transparent medium 37 can in turn be used for external phase adjustment.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de conversion de fréquence optique, dans lequel le faisceau (2) d'une source de lumière primaire (1), après un premier passage (32) à travers un milieu optique non linéaire (5), est dévié puis de nouveau focalisé par un système optique approprié (35), de sorte que ledit faisceau de la source de lumière primaire effectue, avec les faisceaux générés lors du premier passage, présentant d'autres longueurs d'ondes, au moins un autre passage (33) à travers le milieu optique non linéaire (5), ce qui permet d'accroître considérablement l'efficacité de la conversion de fréquence. Ce dispositif peut être utilisé dans des convertisseurs de fréquences optiques et pour l'amplification optique paramétrique. Il peut être utilisé en particulier avec un oxyde ferroélectrique, par ex. KNbO3 ou un borate, par exemple LBO, en combinaison avec au moins une diode laser, par ex. AlGaAs ou InGaAs, ou un laser à solide, par ex. Nd:Y3Al5O12 ou Nd:YVO4, pour multiplier des fréquences optiques, produire des fréquences sommes ou des fréquences différences et effectuer des amplifications optiques paramétriques.
PCT/CH1999/000311 1998-07-10 1999-07-08 Procede et dispositif de conversion de frequence optique et source lumineuse contenant ledit dispositif WO2000003293A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

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EP99926232A EP1097403A1 (fr) 1998-07-10 1999-07-08 Procede et dispositif de conversion de frequence optique et source lumineuse contenant ledit dispositif

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CH147798 1998-07-10
CH1477/98 1998-07-10

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10018874A1 (de) * 2000-04-14 2001-10-25 Lpkf Laser & Electronics Ag Vorrichtung zur Frequenzkonvertierung eines Lasers
GB2561579A (en) * 2017-04-19 2018-10-24 Coherent Scotland Ltd Frequency-conversion crystal for femtosecond-laser pulses

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GB1359128A (en) * 1972-06-28 1974-07-10 Licentia Gmbh Laser resonator arrangements
US5483374A (en) * 1992-03-24 1996-01-09 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Wavelength conversion device using an external unstable cavity

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1359128A (en) * 1972-06-28 1974-07-10 Licentia Gmbh Laser resonator arrangements
US5483374A (en) * 1992-03-24 1996-01-09 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Wavelength conversion device using an external unstable cavity

Non-Patent Citations (3)

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GERSTENBERGER D C ET AL: "Efficient second-harmonic conversion of CW single-frequency Nd:YAG laser light by frequency locking to a monolithic ring frequency doubler", OPTICS LETTERS, 1 JULY 1991, USA, vol. 16, no. 13, pages 992 - 994, XP000216243, ISSN: 0146-9592 *
TANAKA S ET AL: "Efficient second-harmonic generation of a TEA-CO/sub 2/ laser with Z-fold pumping in AgGaSe/sub 2/ bulk crystal", CLEO 95. SUMMARIES OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS (IEEE CAT. NO. 95CH35800), CLEO 95. CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS. (PAPERS IN SUMMARY FORM ONLY RECEIVED), BALTIMORE, MA, USA, 22-26 MAY 1995, 1995, Washington, DC, USA, Opt. Soc. America, USA, pages 100, XP002114767, ISBN: 0-7803-2659-8 *
VOLOSOV V D: "Multicrystal and multipass nonlinear-optics frequency converters", SIXTH ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON LASER OPTICS, LENINGRAD, USSR, MARCH 1990, vol. 54, no. 12, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya, 1990, USSR, pages 2338 - 2350, XP002114768, ISSN: 0367-6765 *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10018874A1 (de) * 2000-04-14 2001-10-25 Lpkf Laser & Electronics Ag Vorrichtung zur Frequenzkonvertierung eines Lasers
US6529532B2 (en) 2000-04-14 2003-03-04 Lpkf Laser & Electronics Ag Apparatus for frequency conversion of a laser
DE10018874C2 (de) * 2000-04-14 2003-10-02 Lpkf Laser & Electronics Ag Vorrichtung zur Frequenzkonversion des Lichts eines Lasers
GB2561579A (en) * 2017-04-19 2018-10-24 Coherent Scotland Ltd Frequency-conversion crystal for femtosecond-laser pulses
US10444597B2 (en) 2017-04-19 2019-10-15 Coherent Scotland Limited Frequency-conversion crystal for femtosecond-laser pulses
GB2561579B (en) * 2017-04-19 2020-02-26 Coherent Scotland Ltd Frequency-conversion crystal for femtosecond-laser pulses

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