WO2000002992A1

WO2000002992A1 - A solvent composition having reduced environmental effects

Info

Publication number: WO2000002992A1
Application number: PCT/US1999/015557
Authority: WO
Inventors: Richard Pearl
Original assignee: Pentagonal Holdings, Inc.
Priority date: 1998-07-10
Filing date: 1999-07-09
Publication date: 2000-01-20
Also published as: AU5094199A

Abstract

This invention relates to a solvent composition for the removal of lipophilic soils and adhesives having reduced environmental effects and health hazards. More particularly, this invention relates to a solvent composition for the removal of tars, inks, waxes, resins, soils, paints, resinous tree sap, adhesives, graffiti, and gummy residues from a surface or object wherein the solvent composition penetrates, softens, solubilizes, and removes the lipophilic soil or adhesive residue without harming the surface or object. The solvent composition of the present invention is comprised of liquid aliphatic saturated alkanes and naturally derived solvents or synthetic solvents that duplicate their chemical structures.

Description

A SOLVENT COMPOSITION HAVING REDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Background of the Invention

This invention relates to a solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives having reduced environmental effects and health hazards. More particularly, this invention relates to a solvent composition for the removal of tars, inks, waxes, resins, soils, paints, resinous tree sap, adhesives, graffiti, and gummy residues from a surface or object wherein the solvent composition penetrates, softens, solubilizes, and removes the Hpophilic soil or adhesive residue without harming the surface or object. The solvent composition of the present invention is comprised of liquid aliphatic saturated alkanes and naturally derived solvents or synthetic solvents

that duplicate their chemical structures. The removal of tars, inks, waxes, resins, soils, paints, resinous tree sap, adhesives, graffiti, and gummy residues from a surface or object has long been recognized as an aggravating and frustrating problem. The removal of such Hpophilic soils and adhesives is difficult to accomplish without damaging the surface or object. To remove the Hpophilic soil or adhesive by mechanical means such as by scraping with a knife or spatula involves a considerable risk of scratching and/or marring of the surface and is rarely completely successful. The use of abrasive compounds tends to dull or scratch the finish.

Various solvents have been proposed for removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives. Home remedies include lighter fluid, nail polish remover, rubbing alcohol, paint thinner, acetone, toluene, and gasoline. Conventional solvent compositions contain powerful solvents, including lower ketones, lower alcohols, aromatic compounds, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and fluorinated hydrocarbons, which can have drastic and subtle effects on the environment. Such compositions can have serious health consequences on the user, such as eye and skin irritation, toxicity, and inhalation and carcinogenic effects.

Known solvents and mixtures of solvents which are sufficiently effective to remove the Hpophilic soils and adhesives by dissolving them are so strong that such solvents can damage a surface or object. Another problem with the use of strong or active solvents is that they must be left in contact with the Hpophilic soil or adhesive for a substantial period of time in order to suitably soften or dissolve the soil or adhesive. Such solvents may be fast evaporating and may volatilize before they can penetrate into the soil and therefore, their effects are short-lived and their use is troublesome. This requires the user to act quickly, or to repeat the process resulting in the use of large amounts of solvent, the majority of which evaporates into the air.

Petroleum solvents have been used to dissolve a complex range of solids and viscous liquids. Petroleum distillates used for cleaning products are usually blends of various compounds that have similar boiling ranges. Typically, the higher the olefinic, naphthenic, and aromatic content, the better the solvency of the solvent. Usually the olefinic content is related to the refining and cracking processes associated with the production of fuels, such as gasoline. Associated with the naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons are the heterocyclic compounds containing one or more atoms of nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which are quite odoriferous and hazardous to the health of the user. All of these groups of compounds have serious health effects on the user. Conversely, the lower the olefinic, naphthenic, and aromatic content, the lower the odor and amount of health problems associated with the solvent. Saturated hydrocarbons, such as branched-chain isoparaffins and normal paraffins, generally have low odors similar to paraffin wax and few significant adverse health effects.

When released into the environment, petroleum products are not very biodegradable and eventually become volatile. Most petroleum products meet their chemical fate in the atmosphere by photoreacting and oxidizing to carbon dioxide as part of the global carbon cycle, resulting in stress on the environment in the form of ozone production in the troposphere. Ozone in the troposphere is a health hazard and a precursor of urban smog. In contrast, normal paraffins, by the nature of their straight chain, are readily biodegradable, should they enter the water environment. Molecules of normal paraffins that volatize into the atmosphere are very slow to react photochemically, and their by-products of decomposition produce much less stress on the atmosphere. In addition, normal paraffins are obtainable from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable oil and animal fats, thus allowing for sustainable development and saving the world's petroleum reserves for other strategic uses. Commercial sources are presently being developed.

It is desirable to have a solvent composition for the removal of UpophiHc soils and adhesives from a surface or object which effectively penetrates and dissolves such soil or adhesive for easy removal without damaging the surface or object and having reduced environmental effects and health hazards.

The subject invention overcomes the above limitations and others, and teaches a solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives which effectively penetrates, dissolves, and removes such soils and adhesives without damaging the surface or object and has reduced environmental effects and health hazards, wherein said composition comprises liquid aliphatic saturated alkanes and naturally derived solvents. Summary of the Invention

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives having reduced environmental effects and health hazards.

Further, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives from a variety of surfaces or objects which does not damage the surface or object.

Still further in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives which effectively removes such soils and adhesives.

Still further in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives, the composition comprising liquid saturated alkanes and naturally derived solvents. In addition, the solvent composition optionally contains other additives such as colorants, antioxidants, fragrances, and skin emollients.

An advantage of the present invention is that the solvent composition has reduced environmental effects. The products prepared by this invention are more biodegradable when released into water, and place less stress on our atmosphere when volatilized into the air, compared to conventional products. The components of such compositions are obtainable from renewable natural resources.

Another advantage of the present invention is that the solvent composition, compared to traditional products, has reduced mammalian health hazards. Another advantage of the present invention is that the solvent composition removes Hpophilic soils and adhesives from a surface or object without damaging the surface or object. Still another advantage of the present invention is that the solvent composition effectively and easily removes Hpophilic soils and adhesives from a surface or object.

These and other advantages and benefits of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading and understanding of the following detailed description.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The subject invention will be described with certain parts, and arrangement of parts, in the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a triangular graph illustrating the three major components of the solvent composition of the present invention and the varying amounts of the components which are in the solvent composition;

FIG. 2 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in the solvent composition of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid natural afiphatic saturated alkane fraction present in another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a triangular graph illustrating one preferred embodiment of the solvent composition of the present invention; and, FIG. 9 is a triangular graph illustrating another preferred embodiment of the solvent composition of the present invention.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments

This invention is directed to a solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives from a surface or object. The composition of the present invention is comprised of a liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, a liquid higher aKphatic saturated alkane fraction, and a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. It is understood that the solvent composition of the present invention is suitably comprised of at least two of a first liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, a second liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, a first liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, a second liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, and a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. The solvent composition of the present invention removes

Hpophilic soils and adhesives by effectively penetrating, dissolving, and removing such soils and adhesives from the surface or object.

The liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having five carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having six carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having seven carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having eight carbon atoms, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the liquid aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of

normal pentane, normal hexane, normal heptane, normal octane and combinations thereof. In one preferred embodiment, the liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having five carbon atoms. In a more preferred embodiment, the liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal pentane, cyclopentane, and combinations thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having eight carbon atoms. In a more preferred embodiment, the liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of normal octane. The solvent compositions which are comprised of normal pentane or normal octane have lower odor, lower potential for ozone formation, are less irritating to the eyes and skin, and are more biodegradable.

In another embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of a second liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having eight carbon atoms. In a more preferred embodiment, the second liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of normal octane.

Suitable commercially available sources of liquid lower aliphatic saturated branched-chain and ring-structured alkanes are manufactured and sold under the trademarks Exxsol Cyclopentane, Exxsol Isopentane and Isopar C by Exxon Chemical Company and Soltrol 10 by Phillips Chemical Company. Suitable commercially available sources of lower normal alkanes are manufactured and sold under the trademarks n-Pentane, n-Hexane, n-Heptane and n-Octane by Phillips Chemical Company. The liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having nine carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having ten carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having eleven carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having twelve carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having thirteen carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having fourteen carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having fifteen carbon atoms, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal nonane, normal decane, normal undecane, normal dodecane, normal tridecane, normal tetradecane, normal pentadecane, and combinations thereof. More preferably, the liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal decane, normal undecane, and combinations thereof. The solvent compositions which are comprised of normal higher aliphatic saturated alkanes have lower odor, lower potential for ozone formation, are less

irritating to the eyes and skin, and are more biodegradable.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the solvent composition is comprised of a second liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having nine carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having ten carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having eleven carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having twelve carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having thirteen carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having fourteen carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having fifteen carbon atoms, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal nonane, normal decane, normal undecane, normal dodecane, normal tridecane, normal tetradecane, normal pentadecane, and combinations thereof. More preferably, the liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal decane, normal undecane, and combinations thereof. A solvent composition comprised of a first liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a second liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is slow to evaporate, slow to penetrate soils, is very non-aggressive and non-flammable. Such a composition is useful as a veterinarian product for the rehabilitation of oil-contaminated animals.

Suitable commercially available sources of liquid higher aliphatic saturated branched-chain

and ring-structured alkanes are manufactured and sold under the trademarks Isopar E, Isopar G, Isopar H, Isopar K, Isopar L, Isopar M, and Isopar V by Exxon Chemical Company, and Odorless Mineral Spirits by Shell Oil Company and Soltrol 100, Soltrol 130, Soltrol 170, and Soltrol 220 by

Phillips Chemical Company. Suitable commercially available sources of liquid higher aliphatic saturated normal alkanes are manufactured and sold under the trademarks n-Decane by Phillips Chemical Company and Norpar 12 Solvent, Norpar 13 Solvent, and Norpar 15 Solvent by Exxon Chemical Company. The liquid naturally derived solvent fraction is comprised of natural solvents or synthetic solvents that duplicate their chemical structures. In general, naturally derived solvents are terpenes, terpineols, esters and other essential oils extracted from plants or animals or their by-products. The group consists of terpenes of the general formula C₁₀H₁₆, terpineols of the general formula C_I0H_lgO, common esters, and essential oils. The liquid natural solvent fraction is comprised of natural solvents selected from the group consisting of terpenes, terpineols, terpene derivatives, esters of vegetable oils, essential oils, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the liquid natural solvent fraction is comprised of natural solvents selected from the group consisting of terpenes, esters of vegetable oils, essential oils and combinations thereof. More preferably, the liquid natural solvent fraction is

comprised of d-limonene.

The solvent composition of the present invention is suitably further comprised of additives such as colorants, antioxidants, fragrances, and skin emollients. Examples of suitable colorants, include, but are not limited to, perinone or monoazo type dyes. Suitable antioxidants include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). Examples of suitable fragrances include, but are not limited to, orange oil or sandalwood. Examples of suitable skin emollients include, but are not limited to, glycerine or lanolin. The additives are present in the solvent composition in any suitable amount. Preferably, the solvent composition is comprised of less than about 2% by weight of additives.

The amount of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, and liquid naturally derived solvent fraction present in the solvent composition varies depending on the application for which the solvent composition is to be used as shown in FIGS. 1-9. FIGS. 1-9 illustrate that the solvent composition according to the present invention is suitably comprised of varying amounts of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, and liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. FIGS. 1-9 are triangular graphs which illustrate that the amounts of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, the liquid higher aliphatic fraction, and the liquid natural fraction present in the solvent composition varies depending on the application for which the solvent composition is to be used. Point A corresponds to a solvent composition comprising 100% liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. Point B corresponds to a solvent composition comprised of 100% liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. Point C corresponds to a solvent composition comprised of 100% liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. Points D through Q depicted in FIGS. 1-9 correspond to certain formulations of the solvent composition according to the present invention as described in the Examples. It is understood that the solvent composition of the present invention is suitably comprised of at least two of a first liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, a second liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, a first liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, a second liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, and a liquid naturally derived

solvent fraction.

In solvent compositions comprising a liquid lower aliphatic saturated alk.ane fraction, such solvent compositions are comprised of up to about 95% by weight liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. Depending on the application for which the solvent composition is to be used, the amount of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in the solvent composition varies. The lower the percentage of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in the solvent composition, the slower the evaporation rate and the slower the rate of penetration of the solvent composition. As the percentage of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in the solvent composition increases, the evaporation rate and the rate of penetration of the solvent composition increases.

In one embodiment wherein the solvent composition is comprised of a liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and is useful in removing adhesive residues, the solvent composition is comprised of at least about 80% by weight of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction as shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction in the solvent composition for the removal of adhesive residues. In a more preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of about 90% by weight of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. In a more preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of at least 80% by weight liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, up to about 20% by weight liquid higher alkane fraction, and up to about 20% by weight liquid naturally derived solvent fraction as shown in FIG. 8. FIG. 8 is a triangular graph illustrating a preferred embodiment of the solvent composition for removal of adhesive residues.

In another embodiment wherein the solvent composition is comprised a liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and is useful in removing Hpophilic soils, the solvent composition is comprised of up to about 50% by weight of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction as shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction in the solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils. In a more preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of up to about 50% by weight liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, at least about 40% by weight liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, and up to about 50% by weight liquid naturally derived solvent fraction as shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 9 is a triangular graph illustrating a preferred embodiment of the solvent

composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils.

In solvent compositions comprising a liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, such solvent compositions are comprised of up to about 95% by weight liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. Depending on the application for which the solvent composition is to be used, the amount of liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in the solvent composition varies. The lower the percentage of liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in the solvent composition, the faster the evaporation rate and the faster the rate of penetration of the solvent composition. As the percentage of liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in the solvent composition increases, the evaporation rate and rate of penetration of the solvent

composition decreases.

In one embodiment wherein the solvent composition is comprised a liquid higher aliphatic

saturated alkane fraction and is useful in removing adhesive residues, the solvent composition is comprised of up to about 20% by weight of liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction as shown in FIG. 4. FIG 4 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction present in the solvent composition for the removal of adhesive residues. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of about 10% by weight of liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. In a more preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of at least 80% by weight liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, up to about

20% by weight liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, and up to about 20% by weight liquid naturally derived solvent fraction as shown in FIG. 8.

In another embodiment wherein the solvent composition is comprised a liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and is useful for removing Hpophilic soils, the solvent composition is comprised of at least about 40% by weight of liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction as shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid higher aHphatic saturated alkane fraction present in the solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of about 90% by weight of liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. In a more preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of up to about 50% by weight liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, at least about 40% by weight liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, and up to about 50% by weight liquid naturally derived solvent fraction as shown in FIG. 9. In solvent compositions comprising a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction, such solvent compositions are comprised of up to about 50% by weight liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. Depending on the application for which the solvent composition is to be used, the amount of liquid naturally derived solvent fraction present in the solvent composition varies. The lower the percentage of liquid naturally derived solvent fraction present in the solvent composition, the safer the solvent composition is for cleaning delicate surfaces or objects. As the percentage of liquid naturally derived solvent fraction present in the solvent composition increases, the more aggressive the solvent composition is at removing Hpophilic soils and adhesives.

In one embodiment wherein the solvent composition is comprised a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction and is useful for removing adhesive residues, the solvent composition is comprised of up to about 20% by weight of liquid naturally derived solvent fraction as shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid naturally derived solvent fraction present in the solvent composition for the removal of adhesive residues. In a more preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of at least 80% by weight liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, up to about 20% by weight liquid higher alkane fraction, and up to about

20% by weight liquid naturally derived solvent fraction as shown in FIG. 8.

In another embodiment wherein the solvent composition is comprised a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction and is useful in removing Hpophilic soils, the solvent composition is comprised of up to about 50% by weight of liquid naturally derived solvent fraction as shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 is a triangular graph illustrating the preferred amount of liquid naturally derived solvent fraction present in the solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils. In a more preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of about 10% by weight of liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. In a more preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of up to about 50% by weight liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, at least about 40% by weight liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, and up to about 50% by weight liquid naturally derived solvent fraction as shown in FIG. 9. As discussed above, it is understood that the solvent composition of the present invention is suitably comprised of at least two of a first liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, a second liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, a first liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, a second liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, and a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction, depending on the application for which the solvent composition is to be used. In one embodiment of the present invention, the solvent composition is comprised of a liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. Preferably, the solvent composition is comprised predominantly of a liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. Such solvent compositions are suitably used for removing adhesive residues, gummy residues, paints, inks, and waxy residues. In a still more preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of about 90% by weight liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, about 9% by weight liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction, and about 1% by weight liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. Such compositions are especially useful for removing adhesive and gummy residues.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the solvent composition is comprised of a Uquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a liquid natural solvent fraction. Preferably, the solvent composition is comprised predominantly of a liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. Such solvent compositions are suitably used for removing adhesive residues, gummy residues, tars, and resinous tree sap.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the solvent composition is comprised of a liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. Preferably, the solvent composition is comprised predominantly of a liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. Such solvent compositions are used for removing adhesive residues, gummy residues, paints, tars, and soils.

In a more preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of about 90% by weight liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and about 10% by weight liquid naturally derived solvent fraction. Such solvent compositions are especially useful for removing Hpophilic soils.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the solvent composition is comprised of a first liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a second liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and is useful for removing adhesive residues. Preferably, the solvent composition is comprised predominantly of a first liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a second liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. Such solvent compositions are useful for removing oils and adhesive residues. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent composition is comprised of from about 30% to about 90% by weight first liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and from about 10% to about 70% by weight second liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction. . In another embodiment of the present invention, the solvent composition is comprised of a first liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a second liquid higher aliphatic alkane fraction and is useful as a veterinarian product for the rehabilitation of oil-contaminated animals. Preferably, the solvent composition is comprised predominately of a first liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and a second liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction.

The present invention is further exemplified in the following examples. It is understood that the examples are only illustrative of preferred embodiments according to the present invention wherein the claims set forth the scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1

A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as D, was prepared having the following formulation:

90% by weight isopentane 10% by weight mixed isomers of octane

The solvent composition was prepared by adding the isopentane and the mixed isomers of octane together and mixing. A few drops of the solvent composition was applied to an olive oil stain on a silk necktie to remove the stain. The solvent composition solubilized the olive oil stain in a few seconds and the stain was blotted away removing the stain. The color and texture of the silk necktie was not affected by the solvent composition.

EXAMPLE 2

A solvent composition according to the present invention and iUustrated in FIG. 1 as E, was prepared having the following formulation:

50% by weight isopentane 40% by weight mixed isomers of octane

10% by weight d-limonene The solvent composition was prepared by adding the isopentane, mixed isomers of octane, and d- limonene together and mixing. A small amount of the solvent composition was applied to smears of construction adhesive on wallpaper to remove the adhesive. The solvent composition allows for the release and removal of the construction adhesive from the wallpaper. The solvent composition did not change the coloring of the wallpaper or otherwise affect the water soluble paste which adheres the wallpaper to the wall.

EXAMPLE 3

A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as F, was

prepared having the following formulation: 33% by weight cyclopentane

67% by weight mixed isomers of octane

The solvent composition was prepared by adding the cyclopentane and mixed isomers of octane together and mixing. A few drops of the solvent composition was applied to a pressure sensitive adhesive label to remove the label from a manila file folder. The solvent composition softened the pressure sensitive adhesive and allowed the removal of the label from the file folder. The solvent composition did not affect the manila file folder or the label.

EXAMPLE 4

A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as G, was prepared having the following formulation:

90% by weight mixed isomers of octane 8.6% by weight mixed isomers of nonane and decane

1% by weight d-limonene 0.4% by weight amyl acetate

The solvent composition was prepared by adding the mixed isomers of octane, mixed isomers of nonane and decane, d-limonene, and amyl acetate together and mixing. A small amount of the solvent composition was applied to pressure sensitive adhesive stickers adhered to a clear Plexiglas®

(polymethyl methacrylate) surface to remove the stickers from the surface. The solvent composition solubilized the pressure sensitive adhesive and allowed the removal of the stickers from the Plexiglas® surface. The solvent composition did not affect the Plexiglas® and the surface remained perfectly clear. The composition was further tested according to the protocol of the Federal Hazardous

Substance Act, 16 CFR 1500.3(c)(2)(i), 1500.41, and 1500.42 for toxicity and skin and eye irritation. The Federal Hazardous Substance Act provides the guidelines for the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission to regulate the labeling of consumer products to inform and protect consumers from hazardous products. All tests were conducted by an independent test agency. The composition was evaluated for toxicity as set forth in 16 CFR 1500.3(c)(2)(i). To test for acute oral toxicity, ten Sprague-Dawley rats, 5 female and 5 male, each weighing between 200 and 300 grams, were administered an oral dose of the solvent composition at 5g/kg of the body weight. The animals were maintained on a commercial rat food diet and water was available ad libitum. Eighteen hours prior to dosing, all food was removed to fast the animals before initiation of the test. On the day of the test, the animals were identified and body weights recorded. The dosage to be administered was calculated based on the animals' body weight. The dosage was administered using a feeding needle and syringe. The animals were closely observed for gross toxicological effects immediately after aciministration of the sample and then daily for a fourteen day observation period. The test animals' body weights, a sensitive indicator of toxic insult, were recorded during the observation period. Necropsies of dead, moribund, and surviving animals were performed if required during the progression of the study.

The test solvent composition is rated according to the LD₅₀ (50% or more of the animals at a specified dose must survive for the test to be considered passing). The toxicity rating as set forth by U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is described below.

Toxicity Rating LD₅₀

Highly Toxic 50 mg/kg or less

Toxic Between 50 mg/kg and 5 g/kg

Labelling As Toxic Not Required Above 5 g/kg

The results for the test are tabulated in Table I.

All ten test animals appeared normal throughout the fourteen (14) days observation period. No abnormalities in the gross pathological observations were noted on day fourteen of the study. In conclusion, the test agency reported that the apparent Acute Oral LD₅₀ is greater than five (5) grams per kilogram of body weight indicating that the solvent composition is not considered to be toxic. The solvent composition is rated as non-toxic.

The solvent composition was evaluated for skin irritation as set forth in 16 CFR 1500.41. To test the composition for primary skin irritation, abraded and intact skin of six albino rabbits, clipped free of hair, were treated with the solvent composition. Two areas on the animals' backs were designated for positions of test patches. One area was abraded by making incisions through the stratum corneum, but not sufficiently deep to disturb the derma or to produce bleeding. The patches consisted of two layers of light gauze, cut in squares of 2.5 centimeters, were secured to the animals over the test areas by thin bands of adhesive tape. The material to be tested, in portions of 0.5 milliliters, was introduced beneath the patch. The entire trunks of the test animals were then wrapped in clear plastic trunk bands, which helped to hold the patches in position and retarded evaporation of volatile substances during 24 hour exposures. The composition under test was applied so that there were two applications (one intact and one abraded) to each of the six animals. The animals were immobilized in a special holder during the 24 hour exposure period. Upon removal of the patches, the areas were evaluated for reaction to the composition. Evaluations were made again after 72 hours, following application. Point scoring was by the following method:

A. Erythema and Eschar formation:

No erythema 0

Very slight erythema (barely perceptible) 1

Well defined erythema 2 Moderate to severe erythema 3

Severe erythema (beet redness) to slight eschar formation

(injuries in depth) 4

B. Edema formation:

No edema 0 Very slight edema (barely perceptible) 1

Slight edema (edges of area well defined by definite raising) ^" 2

Moderate edema (area raised approx. 1 mm.) 3 Severe edema (raised more than 1 mm. and extending beyond area of exposure) 4 The Primary Dermal Irritation Score equals the sum of the eight mean scores divided by 4.

According to the definition in The Code of Federal Regulations (16 CFR 1500.3 c), a material is considered a Primary Dermal Irritant if the Primary Irritation Score is 5.0 or greater. Further, in order to evaluate the degree of dermal irritancy more critically, the following descriptive rating as set forth by BioScreen® Testing Services, Inc., is as follows: a rating of 0.0 to 0.09 is a non-irritant; 0.10 to 0.50 is a minimal irritant; 0.51 to 1.50 is a slight irritant; 1.51 to 3.00 is a mild irritant; 3.01 to 5.00 is a moderate irritant; 5.01 to 6.50 is a severe irritant; and 6.51 to 8.0 is an extreme irritant.

The results of the above described test are tabulated in Table II.

The independent test agency reported that the Primary Dermal Irritation Score of the solvent composition was 0.0 and the solvent composition is not considered to be a Primary Dermal Irritant. The solvent composition is rated as a non-irritant.

The solvent composition was evaluated for eye irritation as set forth in 16 CFR 1500.42. Six albino rabbits were used, and 0.1 milliliters of the substance was placed in the right eye of the animal, with the left eye, untreated, serving as a control. Ocular reactions were read with the unaided eye, or with a slit lap, readings being made at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment. Only the right eye is evaluated and scored.

The cornea was scored on the basis of the density of the opacity and total area involved. The iris was scored on intensity or degree of inflammation, and the palpebral and remaining bulbar mucosae (conjunctivae) were scored on the extent of the redness, chemosis, and discharge. A total score is the sum of the scores for the cornea, iris and conjunctivae.

For the cornea, scoring is from 0 to 4 on degree of opacity (A): a score 0 is no opacity; a score of 1 is scattered in diffuse area, details of iris clearly visible; a score of 2 is easily discernible translucent areas, details of iris slightly obscured; a score of 3 is opalescent areas, no details of iris visible, size of pupil barely discernible; and a score of 4 is opaque, iris invisible. A second score (B) is given for the area of cornea involved in the opacity; one-quarter or less is scored as 1, less than half is 2, more than half is 3, and greater than three-quarters up to the full area is scored 4. Total cornea score is A times B multiplied by 5 for a maximum score of 80.

For the iris, a normal condition is scored 0, folds above normal, congestion and/or swelling while the iris is still reacting to light is scored 1 , and if there is no reaction to light, the score is 2. The total iris score is the reading, multiplied by 5 for a maximum score of 10.

For the conjunctivae, score (A) is for redness, score (B) is for chemosis and score (C) is for discharge. For redness (A): if vessels are normal, score 0; if they are definitely injected above normal, score 1; if they are diffuse, deeper crimson in color and vessels not easily discernable, score 2; for diffuse beefy red, score 3. For chemosis (B): no swelling is scored 0; .any swelling above normal (including nictitating membrane) is scored 1; obvious swelling with partial eversion of lids scores 2; swelling with lids up to half closed scores 3; swelling with lids half closed or open, to completely closed, scores 4. For discharge (C): no discharge scores 0; any discharge different from normal scores 1; discharge with moistening of lids and hairs just adjacent to the lids scores 2; and discharge with moistening of the lids and hairs and considerable areas around the eye is scored 3. The total conjunctivae score is obtained by adding (A), (B), and (C) and multiplying by 2 with a maximum score of 20. The total score is the sum of all scores obtained for the cornea, iris, and conjunctivae with a maximum score of 110. According to the definition in the Code of Federal Regulations (16 CFR 1500.3c), a material is considered an eye irritant if a positive test is obtained when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.42. An animal is considered as exhibiting a positive reaction if at any reading the test substance produces ulceration of the cornea, opacity, inflammation of the iris, obvious swelling, or diffuse crimson red conjunctivae. The test is considered positive if four or more of the animals in the test group exhibit a positive reaction. Further, in accordance with Kay and Colandra, Modifications of Kay, J.H. and Colandra, J.C, "Interpretation Eye Irritation Tests," Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists 13, 281-289 (1962), the sample is given an irritancy classification from non-irritating to extremely irritating based on the highest mean score of all six animals at any of the three observation times. The degree of irritation is as follows: non-irritating is 0 to 0.5, practically non-irritating/slight irritation is > 0.5 to 2.5, minimally irritating is > 2.5 to 15.0, mildly irritating is >15.0 to 25.0, moderately irritating is > 25.0 to 50.0, severely irritating is > 50.0 to 80.0, and extremely irritating is > 80.0 to 110.0. The results of the test, as described above, are tabulated in Table III.

R = Right Eye Summary of Mean Ocular Reactions

24 hours 0.0 48 hours 0.0 72 hours 0.0

In conclusion, the independent test agency reported that the highest mean score for any of the observation time periods was 0.0 and the solvent composition was rated as non-irritating and passes the eye irritation test. EXAMPLE 5

A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as H, was prepared having the following formulation:

50% by weight normal pentane 30% by weight normal octane

10% by weight dipentene 10% by weight d-limonene

The solvent composition was prepared by adding the normal pentane, normal octane, dipentene, and d-limonene together and mixing. A few milliliters of the solvent composition was applied to a resinous tree sap spot on a white cotton/polyester-blend shirt to remove the tree sap from the shirt.

The solvent composition solubilized the tree sap so it could be scraped and blotted from the shirt. There was no trace of the solvent composition or tree sap after laundering the shirt with detergent. The solvent composition did not affect the cotton/polyester fabric.

EXAMPLE 6 A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as I, was prepared having the following formulation:

80% by weight mixed isomers of octane 17% by weight normal dodecane 3% by weight cold pressed orange oil The solvent composition was prepared by adding the mixed isomers of octane, normal dodecane, and orange oil together and mixing. A small amount of the solvent composition was applied to chewing gum adhered to a vinyl sheeting floor covering to remove the chewing gum from the floor covering.

The solvent composition solubilized the chewing gum enough to allow the gum to be scraped and rolled and removed from the floor covering. The floor covering was washed with a weak sudsy ammonia solution and examined. The solvent composition did not affect the gloss or texture of the floor covering.

EXAMPLE 7 A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as J, was

prepared having the following formulation:

50% by weight normal octane

40% by weight d-limonene

10% by weight methyl esters of soybean oil The solvent composition was prepared by adding the normal octane, d-limonene, and soybean oil together and mixing. Successive, small amounts of the solvent composition was applied to a tar spot on a pair of cotton pants to remove the tar from the pants. The solvent composition softened the tar so that most of the tar could be scraped from the pants. The solvent composition solubilized the remainder of the tar so that the tar could be blotted off the pants. There was no trace of tar on the pants following laundering the pants with detergent. The solvent composition did not affect the texture or color of the pants and the pants were restored to their original condition.

The solvent composition is 100% biodegradable because each of its three components is considered readily biodegradable. While there is no acceptable test method for determining the biodegradability of a finished product, there are numerous references in the literature to confirm that each of the components are biodegradable. EXAMPLE 8

A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as K, was

prepared having the following formulation:

50% by weight normal octane 50% by weight normal decane

The solvent composition was prepared by adding the normal octane and normal decane together and mixing. A small amount of the solvent composition was applied to crayon marks on both latex and enamel painted walls to remove the crayon marks from the walls. The solvent composition solubilized the crayon so that the crayon could be wiped from the wall without affecting the gloss,

color, or hardness of the latex or enamel paints.

The solvent composition is 100% biodegradable because each of its components is considered readily biodegradable.

EXAMPLE 9

A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as L, was prepared having the following formulation:

20% by weight normal pentane 40.0% by weight normal decane 39.5% by weight α-pinene 0.5% by weight ethyl butyrate The solvent composition was prepared by adding the normal pentane, normal decane, α-pinene, and ethyl butyrate together and mixing. A small amount of the solvent composition was applied to a ballpoint pen ink stain on a laminated kitchen countertop to remove the ink from the countertop. The solvent composition solubilized the ink so that the ink could be wiped from the countertop. The solvent composition did not affect the countertop.

EXAMPLE 10

A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as M, was prepared having the following formulation:

80% by weight normal decane 18% by weight normal octane 2% by weight methyl acetate

The solvent composition was prepared by adding the normal decane, normal octane, and methyl acetate together and mixing. A few milliliters of the solvent composition was applied to candle wax adhered to a wool and a nylon carpet. The solvent composition loosened and solubilized the wax so that the wax could be scraped from each carpet. The solvent composition did not affect the texture or the color of either the wool or the nylon carpet.

John D. Dunlap, III, chairman of the California Air Resources Board (CARB), established the Reactivity Scientific Advisory Committee (RSAC) in April, 1996. The committee is composed of respected, independent scientists who make recommendations to CARB on the science related to hydrocarbon reactivity. With the RSAC's advice, CARB has contracted another highly qualified scientist, Dr. William Carter of the University of California at Riverside, to develop a method to rank organic compounds with a numerical value based on its ability to react in the Earth's atmosphere leading to tropospheric ozone, a health hazard and precursor of urban smog. Dr. Carter's method assigns Maximum Incremental Reactivity ("MIR") values to all common volatile organic compounds and solvents as a way of measuring a solvent's potential to create ozone when it meets its chemical fate in the atmosphere. The lower the MIR value of a fixed mass of solvent released into the atmosphere, the lower the stress on the environment. Such a method can be used to rank various solvents as to the amount of stress caused on the environment, and is currently being employed by CARB to control the impact of organic emissions from products such as gasoline and household consumer products.

The solvent composition will probably meet its chemical fate in the atmosphere. The solvent composition has an extremely low Maximum Incremental Reactivity ("MIR") value of 0.50. Such a low MIR value indicates reduced stress on the environment. Comparable formulations without the environmental advantage could have an MIR value of two to six times greater.

EXAMPLE 11

A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as N, was prepared having the following formulation: 40% by weight normal pentane

50% by weight normal tridecane 5% by weight acetone 5% by weight tertiary butyl acetate

The solvent composition was prepared by adding the normal pentane, normal tridecane, acetone, and tertiary butyl acetate together and mixing. A generous amount of the solvent composition was applied to spray paint graffiti on brick and glass surfaces to remove the paint. The solvent composition solubilized the paint so that the paint could be lifted from the surfaces. The solvent composition did not affect the surfaces.

The solvent composition is 100% biodegradable but only 50% volatile. Such a solvent composition will meet its chemical fate on the surface of the earth through biodegradability and in the earth's atmosphere through photoreactivity. The resulting stress on the environment may be much lower than comparable compositions without the environmental advantage as discussed in

Example 10.

The solvent composition has a calculated MIR value of 0.58, based on CARB's latest list of

MIR values. A comparable solvent-based composition, based on regular mineral spirits and aromatic compounds, may have an MIR value four times greater and a comparable water-based composition may have a similar MIR value but require two to three times as much product to be effective, thus producing more stress on the environment than the example composition.

EXAMPLE 12

A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as O, was prepared having the following formulation:

70% by weight normal decane 30% by weight β-pinene

The solvent composition was prepared by adding the normal decane and β-pinene together and mixing. A generous amount of the solvent composition was applied to various automobile surfaces, such as paint finishes, convertible tops, bumpers, windshields, and plastic lenses, to remove tar and traffic paint. The solvent composition softened and solubilized the tar and paint so that the substances could be scraped and blotted off the surfaces. The solvent composition did not affect the

surfaces.

EXAMPLE 13

A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as P, was

prepared having the following formulation:

45% by weight normal decane 45% by weight normal undecane 5% by weight d-limonene 5% by weight cold pressed orange oil

The solvent composition was prepared by adding the normal decane, normal undecane, d-limonene, and orange oil together and mixing. A small amount of the solvent composition was applied to various surfaces, such as marble, granite, vinyl sheeting flooring, varnished wood, and ceramic tile, to remove black rubber heel marks. The product was kept in contact with the various surfaces by soaking a cotton ball with the composition and allowing the cotton ball to rest on the heel mark for 10 minutes. In all tests, the solvent composition easily softened and solubilized the heel mark and allowed it to be wiped from the surface. The solvent composition did not affect any of the surfaces.

The solvent composition is 100% biodegradable and 100% volatile. The solvent composition has an MIR value of 0.74. Such a low MIR value indicates reduced stress on the environment.

The solvent composition was further tested according to the protocol of the Federal Hazardous Substance Act, 16 CFR 1500.3 (c)(2)(i), 1500.41 , and 1500.42 as outlined in Example 4.

The independent test agency reported that the test results for acute oral toxicity showed that all ten test animals appeared normal throughout the fourteen (14) days observation period. No abnormalities in the gross pathological observations were noted in day fourteen of the

study The test results are shown below in Table IV.

In conclusion, the independent test agency reported that the apparent Acute Oral LD₅₀

is greater than five (5) grams per kilogram of body weight indicating that the solvent composition is not considered to be toxic. The solvent composition is rated as non- toxic.

The test results for pnmary skin irritation are shown on Table V

The independent test agency reported that the Primary Dermal Irritation Score of the solvent

composition was 0.0 and the solvent composition is not considered to be a Primary Dermal Irritant. The solvent composition is rated as a non-irritant.

The test results for eye irritation are shown in Table VI.

R = Right Eye Summarv of Mean Ocular Reactions

24 hours 0.0 48 hours 0.0 72 hours 0.0 The independent test agency reported that the highest mean score for any of the observation periods was 0.0 and the solvent composition was rated as a non-irritant and passes the eye irritation

test.

EXAMPLE 14 A solvent composition according to the present invention and illustrated in FIG. 1 as Q, was prepared having the following formulation:

95% by weight normal decane 3% by weight normal pentadecane 2% by weight lanolin The solvent composition was prepared by adding the normal decane, normal pentadecane and lanolin together and mixing. A small amount of the solvent composition was applied to animal fur contaminated and matted with bunker oil. The solvent composition solubilized the oil so it could be wiped from the fur. The fur was then washed with soap and water and air dried. The fur was restored to its original fluffy insulating condition. The solvent composition according to the present invention as illustrated in the examples effectively and efficiently removes Hpophilic soils and adhesives from a surface or an object. The solvent composition does not damage or otherwise affect the surface or object. In addition, the solvent composition has reduced environmental effects as demonstrated by the biodegradability and low MIR values, and has reduced health hazards as demonstrated by the non-toxic and non-irritant test results. While various embodiments of a solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and

adhesives has been disclosed, it should be understood that modifications and adaptations thereof will occur to persons skilled in the art. Other features and aspects of this invention will be appreciated by those skilled in the art upon reading and comprehending this disclosure. Such features, aspects, and expected variations and modifications of the reported results and examples are clearly within the scope of the invention where the invention is limited solely by the scope of the following claims.

Claims

Having thus described the invention, it is claimed:

1. A solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives having reduced environmental effects and health hazards, said composition comprising: up to about 95% by weight of a liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes, said alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having five carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having six carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having seven carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having eight carbon atoms, and combinations thereof; and up to about 95% by weight of a liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes, said alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having nine carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having ten carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having eleven carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having twelve carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having thirteen carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having fourteen carbon atoms, and saturated alkanes having fifteen carbon atoms, and combinations thereof.

2. The solvent composition according to claim 1 wherein said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having five carbon atoms.

3. The solvent composition according to claim 2 wherein said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal pentane, cyclopentane, and combinations thereof.

4. The solvent composition according to claim 1 wherein said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having eight carbon atoms.

5. The solvent composition according to claim 4 wherein said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of normal octane.

6. The solvent composition according to claim 1 wherein said liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal nonane, normal decane, normal undecane, normal dodecane, normal tridecane, normal tetradecane, normal pentadecane, and combinations thereof.

7. The solvent composition according to claim 6 wherein said liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal decane, normal undecane, and combinations thereof.

8. The solvent composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is comprised of at least about 80% by weight of said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction.

9. The solvent composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is comprised of up to about 20% by weight of said liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction.

10. The solvent composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is comprised of about 90% by weight of said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and from about 9% by weight of said liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction.

11. The solvent composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is comprised of up to about 50% by weight of said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction.

12. The solvent composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is comprised of at least about 40% by weight of said liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction.

13. The solvent composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is further comprised of about 50% by weight a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction comprised of naturally derived solvents selected from the group consisting of terpenes, terpineols, terpene derivatives, esters of vegetable oils, essential oils, and combinations thereof.

14. The solvent composition according to claim 13 wherein said liquid naturally derived solvent fraction is comprised of naturally derived solvents selected from the group consisting of terpenes, esters of vegetable oils, essential oils, and combinations thereof.

15. A solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives having reduced environmental effects and health hazards, said composition comprising: up to about 95% by weight of a liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction

comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes, said alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having five carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having six carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having seven carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having eight carbon atoms, and combinations thereof;

and up to about 50% by weight of a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction comprised of naturally derived solvents selected from the group consisting of terpenes, terpineols, terpene derivatives, esters of soybean oils, essential oils, and combinations thereof.

16. The solvent composition according to claim 15 wherein said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having five carbon atoms.

17. The solvent composition according to claim 16 wherein said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal pentane, cyclopentane, and combinations thereof.

18. The solvent composition according to claim 15 wherein said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having eight carbon atoms.

19. The solvent composition according to claim 18 wherein said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of normal octane.

20. The solvent composition according to claim 15 wherein said liquid naturally derived solvent fraction is comprised of naturally derived solvents selected from the group consisting of terpenes, esters of vegetable oils, essential oils, and combinations thereof.

21. The solvent composition according to claim 15 wherein said composition is comprised of at least about 80% by weight of said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction.

22. The solvent composition according to claim 15 wherein said composition is comprised of up to about 20% by weight of said liquid naturally derived solvent fraction.

23. The solvent composition according to claim 15 wherein said composition is comprised of up to about 50% by weight of said liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction.

24. The solvent composition according to claim 15 wherein said composition is comprised of up to about 50% by weight of said liquid naturally derived solvent fraction.

25. The solvent composition according to claim 15 wherein said composition is further comprised of up to about 95% by weight of a liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal nonane, normal decane, normal undecane, normal dodecane, normal tridecane, normal tetradecane, normal

pentadecane, and combinations thereof.

26. A solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives having reduced environmental effects and health hazards, said composition comprising: up to about 95% by weight of a liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes, said alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having nine carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having ten carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having eleven carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having twelve carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having thirteen carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having fourteen carbon atoms, and saturated alkanes having fifteen carbon atoms, and combinations thereof; and up to about 50% by weight a liquid naturally derived solvent fraction comprised of naturally derived solvents selected from the group consisting of terpenes, terpineols, terpene derivatives, esters of soybean oils, essential oils, and combinations thereof.

27. The solvent composition according to claim 26 wherein said liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal nonane, normal decane, normal undecane, normal dodecane, normal tridecane, normal tetradecane, normal pentadecane, and combinations thereof.

28. The solvent composition according to claim 27 wherein said liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction is comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes selected from the group consisting of normal decane, normal undecane, and combinations thereof.

29. The solvent composition according to claim 26 wherein said liquid naturally derived solvent fraction is comprised of naturally derived solvents selected from the group consisting of terpenes, esters of vegetable oils, essential oils, and combinations thereof.

30. The solvent composition according to claim 26 wherein said composition is comprised of up to about 20% by weight of said liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction.

31. The solvent composition according to claim 26 wherein said composition is comprised of up to about 20% by weight of said liquid naturally derived solvent fraction.

32. The solvent composition according to claim 26 wherein said composition is comprised of at least about 40% by weight of said liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction.

33. The solvent composition according to claim 26 wherein said composition is comprised of up to about 50% by weight of said liquid naturally derived solvent fraction.

34. The solvent composition according to claim 26 wherein said composition is comprised of about 90% by weight of said liquid higher aliphatic saturated alkane fraction and about 10% by weight of said liquid naturally derived solvent fraction.

35. The solvent composition according to claim 26 wherein said composition is further comprised of up to about 95% by weight a liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes, said alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having five carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having six carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having seven carbon atoms, saturated alkanes having eight carbon atoms, and combinations thereof.

36. A solvent composition for the removal of Hpophilic soils and adhesives having reduced environmental effects and health hazards, said composition comprising: from about 30% to about 90% by weight of a first liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes, said alkanes selected from the group consisting saturated alkanes having five carbon atoms; and from about 10% to about 70% by weight of a second liquid lower aliphatic saturated alkane fraction comprised of aliphatic saturated alkanes, said alkanes selected from the group consisting of saturated alkanes having eight carbon atoms.