Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
  • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
  • A61K31/7068—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid
  • A61K31/7072—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid having two oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. uridine, uridylic acid, thymidine, zidovudine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
  • C07H19/10—Pyrimidine radicals with the saccharide radical esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/16—Purine radicals
  • C07H19/20—Purine radicals with the saccharide radical esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to aryl phosphate nucleoside derivatives, particularly aryl phosphate derivatives of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (hereinafter "d4T"), that exhibit potent activity against the human immune deficiency virus (HIV), e.g. as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase.
• d4T aryl phosphate nucleoside derivatives
• HAV human immune deficiency virus
• ddN 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside
• ddN 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside
• McGuigan et al. have prepared aryl methoxyalaninyl phosphate derivatives of AZT (McGuigan et al., 1993 J. Med. Chem. 36:1048; McGuigan et al, 1992 Antiviral Res. 17:311) and d4T (McGuigan et al., 1996 J.Med.Chem.39 1748; McGuigan et al., 1996 Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett. 6:1183).
• a substitution at the aryl moiety in the aryl phosphate derivatives of nucleosides with an electron- withdrawing moiety such as a para-bromo substitution, enhances the ability of the nucleoside derivatives of d4T to undergo hydrolysis due to the electron-withdrawing property of the substituent.
• the substituted phenyl phosphate nucleoside derivatives demonstrate potent and specific antiviral activity.
• the present invention is directed to aryl phosphate nucleoside derivatives, particularly aryl phosphate derivatives of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (hereinafter "d4T"), that exhibit potent activity against HIV, e.g. as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase.
• Aryl phosphate derivatives of d4T for example, derivatives having an electron-withdrawing substitution such as a para-bromo substitution on the aryl group, were unexpectedly found to show markedly increased potency as anti-HIV agents without undesirable levels of cytotoxic activity.
• these derivatives are potent inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase.
• the phosphorus of the aryl phosphate group is further substituted with an amino acid residue that may be esterified or substituted, such as a methoxy alaninyl group.
• the para-bromo substituted phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate derivative of d4T as an active anti-HIV agent potently inhibits HIV replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) as well as TK-deficient CEM T-cells without any detectable cytotoxicity.
• this novel d4T derivative, d4T-5'- ( ⁇ ra-bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) had potent antiviral activity against RTMDR-1, an AZT- and NNI-resistant strain of HIV-1, and moderate activity against HIV-2.
• the lead compounds d4T-5'-(p ⁇ r ⁇ -bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) and AZT-5'-( ⁇ r ⁇ -bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) provide a basis for the design of effective HIV treatment strategies capable of inhibiting HIV replication, particularly in TK-deficient cells.
• Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art-proposed metabolic pathway for aryl phosphate derivatives of d4T.
• Figs.2A and 2B are diagrams showing the electron-withdrawing hypothesis for the enhanced hydrolysis of a substituted phenyl ring.
• Figure 2D is an elution profile showing the sensitivity of the tested compounds to enzymatic hydrolysis by porcine liver esterase.
• Figure 3 is an elution profile showing the intracellular hydrolysis of compounds 2-4 in TK-deficient CEM cells. A metabolite peak corresponding to 680 pmols of A-d4T-MP was detected only in aliquots from CEM cell lysates incubated with compound 4.
• Figures 4A-4F show the chemical structures of compound 6c ( Figure 4A) and compound 7c ( Figure 4B); the anti-HIV activity against HTLVIIIB in PBMNC and TK-deficient CEM T-cells for compound 6c( Figure 4C) and for compound 7c( Figure 4D); and the antiviral activity against HIV-1 (HTLVIIIB), HIV-2 and RTMDR-1 for compound 6c( Figure 4E) and compound 7c ( Figure 4F). Antiviral activity was expressed as % inhibition of HIV replication as measured by RT activity in infected cells.
• Figures 5 A and 5B are schematic diagrams showing resonance effect
• nucleosides particularly derivatives of d4T and AZT, having potent antiviral activities.
• a nucleoside derivative suitable for use in compositions and methods of the invention is of the formula:
• R 6 is purine or pyrimidine, preferably pyrimidine; and R 7 , R 8 , Rg, R 10 , R n , and R, 2 are independently hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, azido, -NO 2 , -NR 13 R 14 , or -
• R !3 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, or cycloalkyl;
• R 3 is hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, or cycloalkyl
• R 4 is a side chain of an amino acid; or R 3 and R 4 may be taken together to form the side chain of pro line or hydroxyproline
• R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl.
• aryl includes aromatic hydrocarbyl, such as, for example, phenyl, including fused aromatic rings, such as, for example, naphthyl.
• groups may be unsubstituted or substituted on the aromatic ring by an electron-withdrawing group, such as, for example, halo (bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo), NO 2 , or acyl.
• aryl substituted with an electron-withdrawing group is bromophenyl, more preferably 4-bromophenyl.
• acyl includes substituents of the formula R 17 C(O)-, in which R 17 is hydrogen, alkyl, or cycloalkyl.
• alkyl includes a straight or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl (1-methylethyl), butyl, tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl), and the like.
• Such groups may be unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy, halo, azido, -NO 2 , -NR 13 R 14 , or -N(OR 15 )R 16 , in which R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are as defined above.
• cycloalkyl includes a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon ring having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, such as, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. Such groups may be unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy, halo, azido, -NO 2 , -NR 13 R 14 , or -N(OR 15 )R 16 , in which R 13 , R 14 , R, 5 , and R 16 are as defined above.
• purine includes adenine and guanine.
• pyrimidine includes uracil, thymine, and cytosine.
• pyrimidine is thymine.
• side chain of an amino acid is the variable group of an amino acid and includes, for example, the side chain of glycine, alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, hydroxylysine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, and the like.
• the side chain of an amino acid is the side chain of alanine or tryptophan.
• compounds substituted with an electron- withdrawing group such as an ortho-or para-substituted halogen or NO 2 as shown in figures 5A and 5B, provide for more efficient hydrolysis to active inhibitory compounds.
• an electron- withdrawing group such as an ortho-or para-substituted halogen or NO 2 as shown in figures 5A and 5B.
• Preferred is halogen substitution, and most preferred is para-bromo substitution.
• d4T derivatives are described.
• the d4T derivatives have aryl-phosphate substitution, with the aryl group having an electron-withdrawing substitution, such as an ortho or ⁇ ra-substitution with a halogen (Br, Cl, F, I) or with NO 2 substitution.
• R 18 is an amino acid residue that may be esterified or substituted, for example - NHCH(CH 3 )COOCH 3 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
• d4T derivatives can be prepared as follows.
• d4T can be prepared from thymidine by the procedures discussed in Mansuri, et al., 1989, J. Med. Chem. 32, 461, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Appropriately substituted aryl phosphorochloridate can be prepared by the procedures discussed in McGuigan, et al., Antiviral Res., 1992, 17:311, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the phosphorochloridate is added to a solution of d4T in anhydrous THF containing N- methylimidazole to form the desired product.
• the d4T derivatives are administered to patients in the form of suitable compositions containing the d4T or AZT derivative as an active agent along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or diluent. Sustained release dosage forms may be used if desired.
• the compositions are administered to a patient in need of the antiviral activity in a suitable antiviral amount, for example, sufficient to inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase and/or inhibit replication of HIV in host cells.
• the dose is administered according to a suitable dosage regimen.
• d4T 1 was prepared from thymidine following the procedure of Mansuri et al., 1989 J. Med.Chem. 32, 461. Appropriately substituted phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphorochloridates were also prepared according to the method reported by McGuigan et al., 1992 Antiviral Res., 17, 311. Compounds 2-4 were synthesized as outlined below in Scheme 1. d4T (1)
• FIGs 2A and 2B show a schematic representation of the electronic effects of the para substituent in the phenyl ring of metabolite precursor B (see Figure 1).
• Compounds 2-4 were dissolved in methanol and then treated with 0.002 N NaOH. The concentrations were kept constant and the generation of the hydrolysis product A-d4T-MP was monitored using HPLC.
• a Lichrospher column (C18) was used for the HPLC runs. The column was eluted under isocratic conditions using the solvent mixture 70:30 water/ acetonitrile, and the elution profile is shown in Figure 2C. Hydrolysis of compounds was tested in a porcine liver esterase system. The data are shown in Figure 2C.
• CEM cells were incubated with compounds 2-4 (100 ⁇ M) for 3 hours and subsequently examined the formation of the partially hydrolyzed phosphate diester metabolite, alaninyl d4T monophosphate by HPLC. Notably, the amount of this metabolite in CEM cells treated with compound 4 was substantially greater than in CEM cells treated with compound 2 or 3 (680 pmol/10 6 cells vs ⁇ 50 pmol/10 6 cells; Figure 3). CEM cells were cultured in a medium composed of RPMI, 10% fetal bovine serum, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin.
• the HPLC system consisted of a Hewlett Packard (HP) 1100 series equipped with a quarternary pump, an auto sampler, an electronic degasser, a diodearray detector, and a computer with a chemstation software program for data analysis.
• HP Hewlett Packard
• the samples were eluted on a 250x4.6 mm Sulpelco LC-DB C18 column.
• a solvent gradient was utilized to resolve the metabolite from the parent compound, which consisted of a mixture of methanol and 10 mM ammonium phosphate (pH 3.7).
• the gradient ran at a flow rate of 1 mL/minute from 5 to 35% methanol for the first 10 minutes, kept at 35%o methanol for 5 minutes, and finished with a linear gradient from 35 to 100% methanol in the next 20 minutes.
• the detection wavelength was set at 270 nm.
• a metabolite peak with a retention time of 8.7 minutes corresponding to 680 pmols of A-d4T-MP was detected only in aliquots from CEM cell lysates incubated with compound 4.
• compound 4 was postulated to be a more potent anti-HIV agent than the other compounds.
• Compounds 2-4 as well as the parent compound d4T (1) were tested for their ability to inhibit HIV replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and TK-deficient CEM T-cells using previously described procedures (Zarling et al., 1990 Nature 347:92; Erice et al., 1993 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:835; Uckun et al., 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:383). Percent inhibition of viral replication was calculated by comparing the p24 and RT activity values from the test substance- treated infected cells with those from untreated infected cells.
• Table 1 provide evidence that the d4T-aryl phosphate derivatives were not more potent than the parent compound d4T when tested in HIV- 1 -infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
• the ability of d4T to inhibit HIV-1 replication was substantially reduced in TK-deficient CEM cells.
• the IC 50 value for inhibition of p24 production by d4T was 18 nM in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, it was 556 nM in TK-deficient CEM cells.
• the IC 50 value for inhibition of RT activity increased from 40 nM to 2355 nM (Table 1).
• P-AZT and AZT have similar activities with the IC 50 values of 1.5 and 2.0 nM, respectively.
• the activity of Compound 4 (0.02 nM) is 100-fold more effective than AZT (2.0 nM).
• 3dt 5 was prepared from d4T 1 which was prepared from thymidine using the literature procedure (Mansuri et al., 1989 J.Med.Chem. 32:461-466). Hydrogenation of 1 was carried out in ethanol in the presence of H 2 and catalytic amount of 5% Pd/C to afford 3dT 5 in 85% yield.
• 3dT as well as its derivatives were less active than d4T in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as TK-deficient CEM T-cells (Table 3).
• the IC 50 [RT] values for compounds 6-11 were higher than the IC 50 [RT] value of 3dT (1.2-3.1 versus 0.7, Table 3), suggesting that these prodrugs are sufficiently stable and TK-independent steps in their metabolism, perhaps their enzymatic hydrolysis, may be rate-limiting for generation of active species.
• aryl phospate derivatives of d4T were reported to be more potent than d4T suggesting that the TK-dependent generation of d4T monophospate is rate-limiting in its metabolic activation (McGuigan et al., 1996a).
• the aryl phosphate derivatives of 3dT were more active than the parent compound 3dT in inhibiting HIV-1 replication in TK-deficient cells, albeit with still high micromolar IC 50 [RT] values (Table 3).
• T-cells All data are in ⁇ M and represent concentrations required to inhibit viral replication, as measured by assays of RT activity, by 50% (IC 50 [RT]) 9 or the 50% cytotoxic concentration, as measured by MTA(IC 50 [MTA]) (Mansuri et al., 1989 J Med.Chem. 32:461).
• compounds 7-10 may serve as relatively poor substrates for the putative carboxyesterase responsible for their hydrolysis according to metabolic pathway proposed for aryl methoxyalaninyl phosphate derivatives of nucleoside analogs (Mclntee et al., 1997 J.Med.Chem. 40:3323-3331).
• d4T 1 was prepared from thymidine using the literature procedure (Mansuri et al., 1989, Supra). Hydrogenation of 1 in ethanol in the presence of H 2 and catalytic amount of 5% Pd/C afforded 3dT 3 in 85% yield (Scheme 1).
• AZT 2 was prepared from thymidine using the literature methods (Chu et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,841,039).
• the ddN phosphorylation agents possessing different substituents in their phenoxy moieties 5a, 5b and 5c were prepared from the commercially available phenols in two-step procedures (Scheme 2) (McGuigan et al., 1992, Swpra),where Compounds 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 7a and 7b were previously reported.
• Compounds 4c and 5c are novel and their synthetic procedures as well as charaterization data are reported below.
• the organic phase was dried by MgSO 4 and the solvent was removed in vacuo.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using a solvent mixture of methanol and chloroform for elution to give the desired pure compounds in good yields.
• Anti-HIV activities were evaluated in AZT-sensitive HIV-1 (strain: HTLVIIIB)-, AZT- and NNI-resistant HIV- 1 (strain: RTMDR-1)- (kindly provided by Dr. Brendan Larder, NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, DIV. AIDS, NIAID, NIH; cat.
• HIV-2(Strain: CBL-20)-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMNC
• HTLVIIIB- infected TK-deficient CEM T-cells by determining the concentration of compound needed to inhibit viral replication by 50%, based on reverse transcriptase activity assays (IC 50 [RT]). Percent viral inhibition was calculated by comparing the RT activity values from the test substance-treated infected cells with RT values from untreated infected cells (i.e., virus controls).
• CC 50 [MTA] 50% cytotoxic concentrations of the compounds (CC 50 [MTA]) were measured by microculture tetrazolium assay (MTA), using 2,3- bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)-carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) (Zarling et al., 1990; Erice et al., 1993, Uckun et al., 1998, Supra).
• MTA microculture tetrazolium assay
• XTT 2,3- bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)-carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide
• d4T-5'-(p / , «-bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) and AZT-5'-f ⁇ > r ⁇ -bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) as potent anti-HIV agents.
• the d4T-phenyl phosphate derivatives were not more potent than the parent compound d4T when tested in HIV-1 -infected PBMNC.
• the ability of d4T to inhibit HIV-1 replication was substantially reduced in TK-deficient CEM cells.
• IC 50 value for inhibition of the RT activity by d4T was 40 nM in PBMNC, it was 2400 nM in TK-deficient CEM cells (Table 4 & Figures 4A-4F). While all three phenyl phosphate derivatives were more potent than d4T in TK- deficient CEM cells, compound 6c (d4T-5'-[p -bromo phenylmethoxyalaninyl phosphate]) with a para-bromo substituent in the phenyl moiety was 60-fold more potent in inhibiting the RT activity (IC 50 values: 60 nM vs 2400 nM) than d4T (Table 4 ). None of the compounds exhibited any detectable cytotoxicity to PBMNC or
• the unsubstituted and para substituted phenyl phosphate derivatives of AZT were not more potent than the parent compound AZT when tested in HIV-1 infected TK-deficient CEM T-cells.
• the para-bromo substituted phenyl phosphate derivative of AZT, AZT-5'-(/? ⁇ r ⁇ -bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) 7c was 5 times more effective than AZT in inhibiting HIV replication of TK-deficient CEM cells (IC 50 [RT] values: 0.04 ⁇ M vs 0.2 ⁇ M). None of the compounds exhibited any detectable cytotoxicity to PBMNC or CEM cells at concentrations as high as 10,000 nM, as determined by MTA.
• the IC 50 [RT] values for compounds 8a-c were higher than the IC 50 [RT] value of 3dT (1.2-3.1 versus 0.7, Table 4), suggesting that these prodrugs are sufficiently stable and TK-independent steps in their metabolism, perhaps their enzymatic hydrolysis, may be rate-limiting for generation of active species.
• the lead compounds 6c and 7c were tested in side-by-side comparison with AZT 2 for their ability to inhibit HIV replication in RTMDR-1, an AZT- and NNI- resistant strain of HIV-1, and HIV-2 in PBMNC (Table 5).
• the novel d4T derivative 6c, d4T-5'-(p ⁇ ra-bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) had potent antiviral activity against RTMDR-1 and moderate activity against HIV-2.
• the corresponding para-bromo substituted phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate derivative of AZT 7c and the parent AZT 2 were not as effective against the AZT resistant RTMDR-1 or against HIV-2.
• Compounds 6a, 6b and 6c are all more potent than the parent d4T 1 in TK- deficient CEM cells, while these d4T-phenyl phosphate derivatives (6a, 6b and 6c) are not more potent than the parent d4T 1 in HIV-1 infected PBMNC (Table 4). Comparing all the phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate derivatized d4T, d4T-5'-[p- bromo phenylmethoxyalaninyl phosphate] 6c is the most potent anti-HIV agent in TK-deficient CEM cells.
• d4T-5'-[p-bromo-phenylmethoxyalaninyl phosphate] 6c and AZT-5'-[p-bromo-phenylmethoxyalaninyl phosphate] 7c were identified as active anti-HIV agents which potently inhibit HIV replication in TK-deficient CEM T-cells without any detectable cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the novel d4T derivative 6c had potent antiviral activity against RTMDR-1, an AZT- and NNI-resistant strain of HIV-1, and moderate activity against HIV-2.

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