Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
  • A61L2/0005—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts
  • A61L2/0082—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts using chemical substances
  • A61L2/0088—Liquid substances
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
  • A61P7/08—Plasma substitutes; Perfusion solutions; Dialytics or haemodialytics; Drugs for electrolytic or acid-base disorders, e.g. hypovolemic shock

Definitions

• This application relates to methods of treating biological materials, such as blood products, with a nucleophilic compound to quench reactive electrophilic compounds in the material.
• viruses such as hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCN), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may escape detection in blood products during testing due to low levels of virus or viral antibodies.
• HBV hepatitis B
• HCN hepatitis C
• HCV human immunodeficiency virus
• U.S. Patent No. 5,055,485 describes the inactivation of viruses in cell and protein containing compositions using aryl diol epoxides. Other compounds generate electrophiles in situ.
• LoGrippo et al. evaluated the use of nitrogen mustard, CH 3 -N(CH CH 2 C1) 2 , for viral inactivation.
• LoGrippo et al. Proceedings of the Sixth Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, Bibliotheca Haematologica
• pathogen inactivating compounds that inactivate by electrophilic reactions or intermediates to the blood product or other biological sample would inactivate pathogens without causing any undesirable modifications to the sample.
• the pathogen inactivating compounds react with pathogens by an electrophilic process, and do not require photoactivation. Therefore reactive oxygen or free radical species are not produced, and oxidative damage is not a concern.
• Other undesirable side reactions may occur. For example, electrophilic reactions with different biological materials, including proteins may occur. These side reactions can potentially compromise use of the biological sample for its intended purpose.
• DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Methods are provided for quenching compounds comprising reactive groups in materials.
• a variety of compounds may be quenched in materials, such as biological materials, using the methods disclosed herein.
• Compounds that may be quenched include compounds that comprise a functional group that is, or which is capable of forming, and has formed, in situ, a reactive group such as an electrophilic group.
• the functional group may be a mustard group that is capable of forming in situ a reactive group such as an electrophilic aziridine, aziridinium, thiirane or thiiraniium ion.
• the functional group may be an epoxide.
• methods are provided for quenching side reactions of pathogen inactivating compounds used to inactivate pathogens in biological materials.
• methods are provided for quenching undesired side reactions of a pathogen inactivating compound that includes a functional group which is, or which is capable of forming, an electrophilic group.
• a biological material is treated with the pathogen inactivating compound and a quencher comprising a nucleophilic functional group that is capable of covalently reacting with the electrophilic group.
• the electrophilic group on the pathogen inactivating compound is in one preferred embodiment a cationic group.
• Biological materials can be treated with the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher, for example, in vitro or ex vivo.
• the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher are administered to a material in an effective amount for the pathogen inactivating compound to inactivate pathogens in the material while also permitting the quencher to quench undesired side reactions of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• a quencher may be introduced into a multiphase system, such as a two phase system.
• the quencher may be administered to a two phase system wherein a membrane separates the first and second phases.
• one phase is bounded by the membrane.
• the membrane may define the exterior membrane of a pathogenic organism, the first phase may be the phase in which the pathogenic organism is contained, and the second phase may be the interior of the pathogenic organism.
• the membrane may be, for example the lipid coat of a virus, the first phase may be a fluid in which the virus is disposed, such as blood, and the second phase may be the interior of the virus comprising viral nucleic acids.
• the membrane may be a cell membrane, and the membrane bounded phase may be the interior of a pathogenic unicellular organism, such as a bacterium.
• a pathogen inactivating compound is introduced into the two phase system that preferably is kinetically or thermodynamically capable of traversing the membrane, while the quencher substantially is not kinetically or thermodynamically capable of traversing the membrane, relative to the pathogen inactivating compound.
• a method for quenching undesired side reactions of a pathogen inactivating compound in a two phase biological material comprising a first liquid phase having a pathogen comprising a membrane therein, and a second phase bounded by the membrane of the pathogen.
• the second phase thus is the contents contained within the pathogen membrane.
• the biological material is treated with a pathogen inactivating compound comprising a functional group which is capable of forming an electrophilic group.
• the biological material Prior to, contemporaneously, or after treatment with the pathogen inactivating compound, the biological material is treated with a quencher comprising a nucleophilic group that is capable of covalently reacting with the electrophilic group.
• the quencher is added prior to or contemporaneously with the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the pathogen inactivating compound is kinetically or thermodynamically capable of traversing the membrane, prior to formation of the electrophilic group.
• the rate of membrane penetration by the pathogen inactivating compound is substantially reduced after formation of the electrophilic group, relative to the pathogen inactivating compound prior to formation of the electrophilic group.
• the pathogen inactivating compound is substantially not kinetically or thermodynamically capable of traversing the membrane after formation of the electrophilic group, relative to the pathogen inactivating compound prior to formation of the electrophilic group.
• the quencher preferably is substantially not kinetically or thermodynamically capable of traversing the membrane, relative to the pathogen inactivating compound prior to the formation of the electrophilic group.
• the quencher is permitted to react with the electrophilic group of the pathogen inactivating compound, and the reaction of the quencher with the electrophilic group of the pathogen inactivating compound preferably occurs substantially in the first phase.
• the pathogen inactivating compound comprising the electrophilic group reacts with a nucleic acid of the pathogen in the second membrane bounded phase, thereby inactivating the pathogen.
• the methods permit pathogen inactivation by reaction of the pathogen inactivating compound with pathogen nucleic acids within the pathogen membrane, while permitting quenching of reactive pathogen inactivating compounds, as well as reactive species formed therefrom, in the phase in which the pathogen is disposed.
• the quencher is administered to the first phase and substantially is not capable of traversing the exterior membrane of the pathogen, and thus is substantially not present in the second phase, i.e., the interior of the pathogen.
• the pathogen inactivating compound is administered, for example, to the first phase, and is capable of traversing the membrane of the pathogen, prior to formation of the electrophilic group. Upon formation of the electrophilic group in situ, the pathogen inactivating compound substantially is no longer capable of traversing the membrane.
• quenching selectively occurs in the first phase, while in the second phase, i.e., the interior of the pathogen, the pathogen inactivating compound reacts with nucleic acids of the pathogen without quenching.
• quenching of reactive groups on the pathogen inactivating compound and degradation products thereof occurs selectively in the first phase in which the pathogen is suspended.
• the quenching in the first phase thus reduces unwanted side reactions of the reactive group on the pathogen inactivating compound, such as covalent modification of proteins or cell surfaces in blood.
• the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher are administered in an effective amount to inactivate pathogens in the material while quenching undesired side reactions of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher thus has a protective effect in reducing unwanted side reactions in materials such as blood, while permitting pathogen inactivation to occur.
• the methods may be used to treat biological materials comprising pathogens, such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and lipid coated viruses.
• the methods may be used to treat pathogens comprising membranes, such as lipid coated viruses, and bacteria that include a membrane in the form of a cell membrane.
• Exemplary quenchers for treating biological materials, such as blood products, having therein a pathogen comprising a membrane include glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, cysteine, mercaptoethanesulfonate salts, or dimercaprol.
• the pathogen inactivating compound may include a nucleic acid binding ligand and a functional group which is, or which is capable of forming, an electrophilic group, wherein the electrophilic group is capable of reacting with a nucleic acid to form a covalent bond with a nucleic acid.
• the pathogen inactivating compound also may further include a frangible linker, linking the nucleic acid binding ligand and the functional group.
• the functional group may be a mustard group which is capable of reacting in situ to form the electrophilic group, such as an aziridinium ion.
• exemplary pathogen inactivating compounds include quinacrine mustard, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-N'-(6- chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl)-l,3-propanediamine dihydrochloride, and 5-[N,N-bis(2- chloroethyl)amino]methyl-8-methoxypsoralen.
• Other pathogen inactivating compounds include compounds comprising an aziridine covalently linked to a polyamine moiety, as described in Budowsky et al., Vaccine Research, 5:29-39 (1996).
• Quenchers which may be used may include nucleophilic functional groups such as thiols, thioacids, dithoic acids, phosphates, thiophosphates and amines.
• exemplary quenchers include glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, cysteine, thiosulfate, mercaptoethanesulfonate salts, and dimercaprol.
• the quencher is glutathione.
• the quencher may be added to the material prior to, simultaneously with, or after the addition of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added prior to or contemporaneously with the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added within about 30 minutes, for example, within about 15-20 minutes, or within about 10 minutes of addition of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• Biological materials which may be treated include blood products, such as whole blood, red blood cells, blood plasma, or fractions thereof, and platelets. The methods may be used to produce treated blood products that are suitable for introduction into an individual.
• the treated material may be transfused into an individual in need thereof.
• concentration of the pathogen inactivating compound and/or quencher in the material may be reduced after the treatment, and before transfusion, for example, by filtration or adsorption.
• biological materials such as blood products, that contain, or are suspected to contain, a pathogen may be treated.
• a method for quenching undesired side reactions of a pathogen inactivating compound in a material comprising red blood cells, wherein the method includes treating a material comprising red blood cells with a pathogen inactivating compound comprising a functional group which is, or which is capable of forming, an electrophilic group, and treating the material with a quencher comprising a nucleophilic group that is capable of covalently reacting with the electrophilic group.
• the pathogen inactivating compound in one embodiment comprises a nucleic acid binding ligand and a mustard group that is capable of reacting in situ to form an electrophilic group, such as an aziridinium ion.
• the material may comprise packed red blood cells.
• the material may comprise, for example, a blood product with a hematocrit of about 30-85%.
• a material comprising red blood cells may be treated with a pathogen inactivating compound and a quencher, and then the treated material may be transfused into an individual in need thereof.
• the concentration of the pathogen inactivating compound may be, for example, about 0.1 ⁇ M to 5 mM.
• a concentration of pathogen inactivating compound may be provided which is sufficient to inactivate, for example, at least about 3 to 6 logs of a pathogen in the material being treated.
• the nucleophilic group is preferably a thiol group.
• the quencher in a preferred embodiment is glutathione.
• the concentration of glutathione can be, for example, on the order of about 0.5 to 30 mM.
• the material can be incubated with the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher, for example, for at least about
• the quencher reduces the inactivation of a pathogen by the pathogen inactivating compound by no greater than about 3 logs in comparison to a control pathogen inactivation conducted in the absence of the quencher.
• the quencher reduces the inactivation of a viral pathogen by the pathogen inactivating compound by no greater than about 1 log in comparison to a control pathogen inactivation conducted in the absence of the quencher.
• red blood cell function is not substantially altered after the treatment.
• a method comprising treating a red blood cell containing material with an effective amount of the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher to inactivate at least 2 logs of a pathogen, and wherein red blood cell function is not substantially altered by the treatment.
• a method is provided wherein the method comprises treating the material with an effective amount of the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher to inactivate at least 2 logs of a pathogen, and wherein hemolysis of the red blood cells is less than 3% after 28 days of storage.
• Figure 1 is a graph showing murine red blood cell survival after treatment with glutathione and a pathogen inactivating compound.
• Methods are provided for quenching reactive chemical species, such as compounds comprising electrophilic groups, in materials.
• methods are provided for quenching pathogen inactivating compounds in materials, including biological materials, such as blood products.
• methods are provided for inhibiting the modification of biological materials, such as red blood cells, that are treated with pathogen inactivating compounds.
• the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher are administered in an effective amount to inactivate pathogens in the material while quenching undesired side reactions of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher thus has a protective effect in reducing unwanted side reactions in materials such as a blood product, while permitting pathogen inactivation to occur.
• Pathogen is defined as any nucleic acid containing agent capable of causing disease in a human, other mammals, or vertebrates.
• the pathogenic agent may be unicellular or multicellular. Examples of pathogens are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, yeasts, molds, and mycoplasmas which cause disease in humans, other mammals, or vertebrates.
• the genetic material of the pathogen may be DNA or RNA, and the genetic material may be present as single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid. Table I lists examples of viruses, and is not intended to limit the invention in any manner.
• In vivo use of a material or compound is defined as introduction of the material or compound into a living human, mammal, or vertebrate.
• in vitro use of a material or compound is defined as a use of the material or compound outside a living human, mammal, or vertebrate, where the material or compound is not intended for reintroduction into a living human, mammal, or vertebrate.
• An example of an in vitro use would be the analysis of components of a blood sample using laboratory equipment.
• Ex vivo use of a compound is defined as using a compound for treatment of a biological material outside a living human, mammal, or vertebrate, where that treated biological material is intended for use inside a living human, mammal, or vertebrate.
• removal of blood from a human, and introduction of a compound into that blood to inactivate pathogens is defined as an ex vivo use of that compound if the blood is intended for reintroduction into that human or another human.
• Reintroduction of the human blood into that human or another human would be in vivo use of the blood, as opposed to the ex vivo use of the compound. If the compound is still present in the blood when it is reintroduced into the human, then the compound, in addition to its ex vivo use, is also introduced in vivo.
• Machines which may be treated include any materials, including biological materials. Such materials include chemicals, solutions, including salt or buffered solutions, and solvents. Any materials that will come into contact with, or be introduced into, a living human, mammal, or vertebrate, where such contact carries a risk of transmitting disease or pathogens may be treated as disclosed herein.
• Bio material is defined as a material originating from a biological organism of any type.
• biological materials include, but are not limited to, blood, blood products such as plasma, fractionated plasma, platelet preparations, red blood cells and packed red blood cells, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, urine, sweat, feces, semen, milk, tissue samples, homogenized tissue samples, and any other substance having its origin in a biological organism.
• Bio materials also include synthetic material incorporating a substance having its origin in a biological organism, such as a vaccine preparation including a pathogen or portion thereof (the pathogen, in this case, being the substance having its origin in a biological organism) or a recombinant protein, a sample prepared for analysis which is a mixture of blood and analytical reagents, cell culture medium, cell cultures, viral cultures, and other cultures derived from a living organism.
• a vaccine preparation including a pathogen or portion thereof (the pathogen, in this case, being the substance having its origin in a biological organism) or a recombinant protein
• a sample prepared for analysis which is a mixture of blood and analytical reagents, cell culture medium, cell cultures, viral cultures, and other cultures derived from a living organism.
• Inactivation of pathogens is defined as rendering pathogens in a material incapable of reproducing. Inactivation is expressed as the negative logarithm of the fraction of remaining pathogens capable of reproducing. Thus, if a compound at a certain concentration renders 90% of the pathogens in a material incapable of reproduction, 10% or one-tenth (0.1) of the pathogens remain capable of reproduction. The negative logarithm of 0.1 is 1, and that concentration of that compound is said to have inactivated the pathogens present by 1 log. Alternatively, the compound is said to have 1 log kill at that concentration.
• a variety of compounds may be quenched in materials, such as biological materials, using the methods disclosed herein.
• Compounds that may be quenched include compounds that comprise a functional group which is, or which is capable of forming and has formed, e.g., in situ, a reactive group, such as an electrophilic group.
• the functional group may be a mustard group that is capable of forming in situ a reactive group, such as an electrophilic aziridine, aziridinium, thiirane or thiiraniium ion.
• the functional group may be an epoxide.
• the quencher comprises a nucleophilic group and acts to trap electrophilic reactive groups on the compound by covalent reaction of the nucleophilic group on the quencher with the reactive electrophilic group.
• the quencher may be used to trap reactive species including the compound comprising an electrophilic group as well as reactive species formed therefrom.
• pathogens which would be desirable to inactivate include microorganisms such as prokaryotic, eukaryotic and viral microorganisms containing nucleic acids, as well as nucleic acid genomes or fragments thereof from such microorganisms.
• viruses which can be inactivated include lipid coated viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Moloney sarcoma virus, Sindbis virus, human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2), human T-cell lymphotorophic virus-I (HTLV-I), hepatitis-B virus, hepatitis C and herpes group viruses, as well as non-enveloped viruses including parvovirus.
• VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
• Moloney sarcoma virus Sindbis virus
• HIV-1 human immunodeficiency viruses
• HTLV-I human T-cell lymphotorophic virus-I
• hepatitis-B virus hepatitis C
• herpes group viruses as well as non-enveloped viruses including parvovirus.
• pathogen inactivating compounds which form reactive electrophilic groups and may be used to inactivate pathogens are described in PCT WO 96/14737, PCT WO 96/39818 and in U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/043,696, filed April 15,
• nitrogen mustard CH 3 -N(CH 2 CH 2 C1) 2 may inactivate certain pathogens.
• CH 3 -N(CH 2 CH 2 C1) 2 may inactivate certain pathogens.
• LoGrippo et al. Proceedings of the Sixth Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, Bibliotheca Haematologica (Hollander, ed.), 1958, pp. 225-230.
• the term “anchor” refers to a moiety which is capable of binding non-covalently to a nucleic acid biopolymer, such as DNA or RNA.
• the “anchor” is also referred to as a "nucleic acid binding ligand”.
• effector refers to a moiety which is capable of reacting with a nucleic acid to form a covalent bond with the nucleic acid.
• the effector is a functional group which is, or which is capable of forming an electrophilic group, wherein the electrophilic group is capable of forming a covalent bond with a nucleic acid.
• PCT WO 96/14737, PCT WO 96/39818, and U.S. Patent No. 5,559,250 the disclosures of which are incorporated herein, describe pathogen inactivating compounds which include an effector which is a mustard group, and a nucleic acid binding ligand.
• Pathogen inactivating compounds which include an aziridine covalently attached to a polyamine anchor also may be used, as described in Budowsky et al, Vaccine Research 5:29-39 (1996); and PCT WO 97/07674, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• An exemplary compound is quinacrine mustard, the structure of which is shown below.
• the pathogen inactivating compounds also may be provided in a form wherein the anchor is covalently bonded to a frangible linker, which is covalently bonded to the effector.
• frangible linker refers to a moiety which covalently links the anchor and effector, and which is capable of degrading under certain conditions so that the anchor and effector are no longer linked covalently.
• the anchor-frangible linker-effector arrangement enables the compounds to bind specifically to nucleic acid, due to the anchor's binding ability. This brings the effector into proximity for reaction with the nucleic acid.
• Pathogen inactivating compounds including an anchor-frangible linker- effector arrangement are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/043,696, filed April 15, 1997 and in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/003,115, filed January 6,
• the effector can be, for example, a mustard group, mustard group equivalent, or epoxide.
• PIC pathogen inactivating compounds
• PIC-1 includes a frangible linker, with an ester functionality
• PIC-2 includes a frangible linker, with an amide functionality
• a wide variety of groups are possible for use as the anchors, linkers, and effectors.
• anchor groups include, but are not limited to, intercalators, minor groove binders, major groove binders, molecules which bind by electrostatic interactions, including polyamines, and molecules which bind by sequence specific interactions.
• acridines and acridine derivatives, e.g. proflavine, acriflavine, diacridines, acridones, benzacridines, quinacrines
• actinomycins anthracyclinones, rhodomycins, daunomycin
• thioxanthenones and thioxanthenone derivatives, e.g.
• miracil D anthramycin, mitomycins, echinomycin (quinomycin A), triostins, ellipticine (and dimers, trimers and analogs thereof), norphilin A, fluorenes (and derivatives, e.g.
• flourenones fluorenodiamines
• phenazines phenanthridines, phenothiazines (e.g., chlorpromazine), phenoxazines, benzothiazoles, xanthenes and thioxanthenes, anthraquinones, anthrapyrazoles, benzothiopyranoindoles, 3,4-benzopyrene, 1 -pyrenyloxirane, benzanthracenes, benzodipyrones, quinolines (e.g., chloroquine, quinine, phenylquinoline carboxamides), furocoumarins (e.g., psoralens and isopsoralens), ethidium, propidium, coralyne, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxirane derivatives; distamycin, netropsin, other lexitropsins, Hoechst 33258 and other Hoechst dyes, DAPI
• frangible linkers include, but are not limited to, moieties that include functional groups such as ester (where the carbonyl carbon of the ester is between the anchor and the sp 3 oxygen of the ester; this arrangement is also called “forward ester”), “reverse ester” (where the sp oxygen of the ester is between the anchor and the carbonyl carbon of the ester), thioester (where the carbonyl carbon of the thioester is between the anchor and the sulfur of the thioester, also called “forward thioester”), reverse thioester (where the sulfur of the thioester is between the anchor and the carbonyl carbon of the thioester, also called “reverse thioester”), forward and reverse thionoester, forward and reverse dithioic acid, sulfate, forward and reverse sulfonates, phosphate, and forward and reverse phosphonate groups.
• ester where the carbonyl carbon of the ester is between the anchor and
• the frangible linker also may include an amide, where the carbonyl carbon of the amide is between the anchor and the nitrogen of the amide (also called a "forward amide”), or where the nitrogen of the amide is between the anchor and the carbonyl carbon of the amide (also called a "reverse amide”).
• the forward orientation is that orientation of the functional groups wherein, after hydrolysis of the functional group, the resulting acidic function is covalently linked to the anchor moiety and the resulting alcohol, thiol or amine function is covalently linked to the effector moiety.
• the reverse orientation is that orientation of the functional groups wherein, after hydrolysis of the functional group, the resulting acidic function is covalently linked to the effector moiety and the resulting alcohol or thiol function is covalently linked to the anchor moiety.
• the frangible linker such as an amide moiety, also may be capable of degrading under conditions of enzymatic degradation, by endogenous enzymes in the biological material being treated, or by enzymes added to the material.
• effectors include, but are not limited to, mustard groups, mustard group equivalents, epoxides, aldehydes, formaldehyde synthons, and other alkylating and cross-linking agents.
• Mustard groups are defined as including mono or bis haloethylamine groups, and mono haloethylsulfide groups.
• Mustard group equivalents are defined by groups that react by a mechanism similar to the mustards, such as mono or bis mesylethylamine groups, mono mesylethylsulfide groups, mono or bis tosylethylamine groups, and mono tosylethylsulfide groups.
• Formaldehyde synthons are defined as any compound that breaks down to formaldehyde in aqueous solution, including hydroxymethylamines such as hydroxymethylglycine. Examples of formaldehyde synthons are given in U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,269 and in International Patent Application WO
• the concentration of the pathogen inactivating compound may be selected based on factors such as types of pathogens, the nature of the biological material treated, and the inactivating compound used. Quenching Compounds
• quenchers methods for the treatment of biological materials with quenching compounds, also referred to herein as "quenchers", to reduce unwanted side reactions of reactive electrophilic species in the material.
• methods are provided for quenching undesired side reactions of pathogen inactivating compounds that inactivate pathogens in biological materials, wherein the pathogen inactivating compounds either contain or are capable of forming electrophilic groups which damage the nucleic acid of pathogens.
• the quencher reduces unwanted reactions of the pathogen inactivating compound and of reaction products produced by the pathogen inactivating compound.
• quenchers that include nucleophilic groups capable of reacting with the electrophilic groups on the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher comprising a nucleophilic group acts to trap reactive electrophilic groups on the compound by covalent reaction of the nucleophilic group on the quencher with the reactive electrophilic group.
• Reactive species that may be trapped by the quencher include the compound comprising an electrophilic group as well as species comprising a reactive electrophilic group formed therefrom.
• a variety of side reactions can be reduced.
• modification of red blood cells may be reduced.
• the binding of proteins, such as IgG, and/or the binding of the pathogen inactivating compound to red blood cells may be reduced.
• a biological material such as a blood product, is treated with a pathogen inactivating compound comprising a functional group which is, or which is capable of forming, an electrophilic group and the quencher.
• the pathogen inactivating compound includes a nucleic acid binding ligand and an effector that is a functional group which is, or which is capable of forming, a reactive electrophilic group.
• the electrophilic group may be, for example, an oxirane, thiirane, thiiranium, or aziridinium ion or aziridine.
• the effector may be a mustard group which is capable of forming the electrophilic group.
• the mustard group can, for example, be capable of forming an electrophilic aziridine, or an electrophilic aziridinium or thiiranium ion, in situ.
• the biological material is treated with a quencher comprising a nucleophilic functional group that is capable of covalently reacting with the electrophilic group on the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added to the material prior to, simultaneously with, or after the addition of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added prior to or simultaneously with addition of the pathogen inactivating compound. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the quencher is added simultaneously with the pathogen inactivating compound. In another preferred embodiment, the quencher is added within about 30 minutes, for example, within about 15-20 minutes, or optionally, within about 10 minutes before or after addition of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the material may be treated, for example, in vitro or ex vivo.
• quenchers which reduce unwanted side reactions of the pathogen inactivating compounds without interfering with the ability of the pathogen inactivating compound to inactivate pathogens, and without substantially changing the properties of the biological material. Examples of quenchers are compounds including nucleophilic groups, or other groups that react with electrophilic groups.
• quenching compounds also may be used.
• exemplary nucleophilic groups include thiol, thioacid, dithioic acid, fhiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, amine, phosphate, and thiophosphate groups.
• the quencher may be, or contain, a nitrogen heterocycle such as pyridine.
• the quencher can be a phosphate containing compound such as glucose-6-phosphate.
• the quencher also can be a thiol containing compound, including, but not limited to, glutathione, cysteine, N- acetylcysteine, mercaptoethanol, dimercaprol, mercaptan, mercaptoethanesulfonic acid and salts thereof, e.g., MESNA, homocysteine, aminoethane thiol, dimethylaminoethane thiol, dithiothreitol, and other thiol containing compounds.
• the quenchers also can be in the form of a salt, such as sodium or hydrochloride salt.
• thiol containing compounds include methyl thioglycolate, thiolactic acid, thiophenol, 2-mercaptopyridine, 3-mercapto-2-butanol, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, thiosalicylic acid and thioctic acid.
• exemplary aromatic thiol compounds include 2- mercaptobenzimidazolesulfonic acid, 2-mercapto-nicotinic acid, napthalenethiol, quinoline thiol, 4-nitro-thiophenol, and thiophenol.
• quenchers include mtrobenzylpyridine and inorganic nucleophiles such as selenide salts or organoselenides such as selenocysteine, thiosulfate, sulfite, sulfide, thiophosphate, pyrophosphate, hydrosulfide, and dithionite.
• the quencher also can be a peptide compound containing a nucleophilic group.
• the quencher may be a cysteine containing compound, for example, a dipeptide, such as GlyCys, or a tripeptide, such as glutathione.
• macromolecular complexes which include the nucleophilic group or a compound containing the nucleophilic group.
• the nucleophilic group such as a thiol group, or compound including the nucleophilic group
• a solid support such as a chromatography material
• the solid support may be, for example an agarose, polystyrene or other chromatography material.
• glutathione, or other compounds containing a nucleophilic group such as a sulfur group may be attached to epoxy activated agarose.
• glutathione-agarose is commercially available from Sigma (St.
• any of a range of activated chromatography resins or other materials can be derivatized to include one, two, or more nucleophilic groups.
• activated matrices that can be derivatized include cyanogen bromide, epoxy, nitrophenyl and N-hydroxysuccinimidyl chloroformate, thio pyridyl, polyacrylhydrazido, and oxirane acrylic activated matrices.
• exemplary chromatography materials including immobilized nucleophilic groups such as thiols, which are commercially available include Duolite GT-73 polystyrene thiol containing resin and Duolite C-467 which includes amino phosphonic group (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA).
• the reaction of the quencher can be catalyzed by reaction of an enzyme, such as glutathione transferase.
• glutathione transferase can also influence the reactivity of the quencher with the pathogen inactivating compound comprising an electrophilic group.
• glutathione transferase may be compartmentalized in a membrane system, to allow quenching to occur and be enhanced in the area where the glutathione transferase is present.
• the quencher also may be generated by in situ, for example, by reaction of an enzyme, or through a chemical rearrangement from a precursor molecule.
• An example of a compound that generates a quencher in situ by enzymatic catalysis is amifostene (Ethyol®, U.S. Bioscience, West Conshohocken, PA). Preferred Properties of Quenchers for the Treatment of Blood Products
• methods are provided for quenching undesired side reactions of a pathogen inactivating compound in a biological material comprising red blood cells.
• the material may be a blood product with a hematocrit of about 30-85%.
• the pathogen inactivating compound preferably includes a functional group which is, or which is capable of forming, an electrophilic group.
• the quencher is added to the blood product prior to, simultaneously with, or after the addition of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added prior to or contemporaneously with the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added within about 30 minutes, or within about 15-20 minutes, or optionally, within about 10 minutes of addition of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• blood products which may be treated include whole blood, platelets, red blood cells and plasma.
• Preferred quenchers are compounds which reduce the unwanted side reactions of the reactive compounds, without significantly affecting pathogen inactivation, or the blood product.
• quenchers may be added to a blood product treated with a pathogen inactivating compound, wherein the pathogen inactivating compound includes i) a nucleic acid binding ligand, capable of non-covalently binding to a nucleic acid; and ii) a group which is, or which is capable of forming an electrophilic group, such as a cationic electrophilic group.
• the pathogen inactivating compound includes i) a nucleic acid binding ligand, capable of non-covalently binding to a nucleic acid; and ii) a group which is, or which is capable of forming an electrophilic group, such as a cationic electrophilic group.
• quenchers which can reduce unwanted side reactions of the compounds without significantly affecting pathogen inactivation or the properties of the particular blood product being treated.
• One preferred quencher is glutathione.
• the pathogen inactivating compound in a preferred embodiment includes a nucleic acid binding ligand and a mustard group that is capable of reacting in situ to form the electrophilic group, wherein the electrophilic group is an aziridinium ion.
• a nucleic acid binding ligand and a mustard group that is capable of reacting in situ to form the electrophilic group, wherein the electrophilic group is an aziridinium ion.
• exemplary compounds include quinacrine mustard. These compounds are believed to inactivate pathogens by binding to and alkylating their nucleic acid material. In the inactivation reaction, the mustard group on the compound forms a reactive aziridinium ion.
• nucleic acids of pathogens are believed to react with the compounds by nucleophilic attack of the nucleic acid on the electrophilic aziridinium intermediate formed by the compound. While not being limited to any theory, it is believed that quenchers such as glutathione react with these pathogen inactivating compounds in a similar manner, by nucleophilic attack of the quencher on the electrophilic aziridinium intermediate, to produce a reaction product or products that are no longer capable of reacting with nucleic acids.
• quenchers such as glutathione react with these pathogen inactivating compounds in a similar manner, by nucleophilic attack of the quencher on the electrophilic aziridinium intermediate, to produce a reaction product or products that are no longer capable of reacting with nucleic acids.
• the mustard group can be in either the protonated form B, or in the deprotonated form A, as shown in Scheme I.
• the intramolecular formation of the aziridinium intermediates C and E is facile.
• Quenchers including nucleophilic groups are used which are capable of reacting with the aziridinium intermediates C and E, to form the final product F, wherein the nucleophilic groups have replaced the chlorine atoms of the mustard group.
• reaction rates are still dependent upon the properties of the reacting nucleophile.
• the quencher nucleophiles can compete with other endogenous nucleophiles present, for example when present at a higher concentration than the other endogenous nucleophiles, or when they are more reactive.
• the preferred nucleophilic group is a thiol group.
• Other nucleophilic groups include phosphates and amino groups.
• the quencher preferably maintains the blood product function and minimizes side effects of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• a preferred quencher for the treatment of blood products, particularly blood products containing red blood cells, is glutathione. Glutathione is particularly useful for use in the treatment of red blood cell containing materials in combination with pathogen inactivation agents which form aziridinium intermediates, such as pathogen inactivating compounds containing mustard groups. The thiol group of glutathione reacts faster with the aziridinium intermediate than with the parent mustard compound.
• the quencher preferably substantially does not penetrate external pathogen membranes, such as cell membranes and viral lipid coats.
• the quencher preferably does not penetrate the lipid membranes of viruses, bacteria and other target pathogens to such a degree that it significantly decreases the damage caused by the pathogen inactivating compound, to the nucleic acid of the pathogen. Additionally, the quencher preferably reacts with the electrophilic group formed from the pathogen inactivating compound, in preference to reacting with the compound itself. While not being limited to any theory, it is believed that, the pathogen inactivating compound can freely cross pathogen membranes, such as viral lipid coats and bacterial membranes, but after the cationic electrophilic group, such as an aziridinium ion, is formed, the compound cannot cross pathogen membranes to any significant extent.
• electrophilic cations which form outside the target pathogen substantially cannot crosslink nucleic acid; the quencher can, however, react with them.
• the quencher is inefficient in traversing the pathogen membrane, and nucleic acid crosslinking proceeds without substantially significant interference from the added quencher.
• the quencher react with the pathogen inactivating compound to quench unwanted side reactions without interfering with pathogen inactivation by the pathogen inactivating compound. This may occur, for example, by the use of a quencher which substantially does not traverse pathogen membranes, and therefore quenches side reactions outside the pathogen membranes. In another embodiment, the quencher may react kinetically so slowly with the pathogen inactivating compound, or reactive intermediates formed therefrom, that it substantially does not interfere with pathogen inactivation.
• quenchers may be administered to multiphase systems, such as two phase systems comprising a membrane that separates the first and second phases.
• one phase is bounded by a membrane.
• the membrane may be a natural or artificial semi-permeable barrier composed of natural or synthetic molecules or mixtures thereof.
• the membrane bounded phase may be the interior of a pathogenic organism, and the other phase may be the phase in which the pathogenic organism is contained.
• the pathogen may be suspended in a fluid phase, such as a liquid phase including blood.
• the membrane bounded phase e.g., may be the interior of a viral lipid coat comprising viral nucleic acids.
• the membrane may be a cell membrane, and the membrane bounded phase may be the interior of a pathogenic unicellular organism, such as a bacteria.
• a pathogenic unicellular organism such as a bacteria.
• At least a portion of the pathogen inactivating compound preferably is kinetically or thermodynamically capable of traversing the membrane, while the quencher is substantially kinetically or thermodynamically not capable of traversing the membrane, relative to the pathogen inactivating compound.
• liposomes include liposomes, as described, for example, in Lasic, D., Liposomes in Gene Delivery, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997, Chapter 6.
• the liposomes may be formed as vesicular particles using self-assembled amphiphilic molecules, such as lecithins, sphingomyelins, and phosphatidylethanolamines.
• Liposomes also may be formed using negatively charged lipids such as phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylglycerols and phosphatidylinositols.
• Cationic liposomes also may be prepared using cationic detergents that are commercially available, or using polycationic groups linked to cholesterol, as described in Gao and Huang, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 179:280-285 (1991); Nucleic Acids Res., 2 ⁇ : 2867-2872 (1993); and
• Membranes also include artificial viral envelopes, as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,753,258, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein. Membranes further include the membranes of non-pathogenic cells such as leucocytes.
• a method for quenching undesired side reactions of a pathogen inactivating compound in a two phase biological material comprising a first phase comprising a liquid having a pathogen comprising a membrane therein, and a second phase bounded by the membrane of the pathogen.
• the biological material is treated with a pathogen inactivating compound comprising a functional group which is capable of forming an electrophilic group.
• the biological material Prior to, contemporaneously, or after treatment with the pathogen inactivating compound, the biological material is treated with a quencher comprising a nucleophilic group that is capable of covalently reacting with the electrophilic group.
• the quencher is added prior to or contemporaneously with the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added within about 30 minutes, or within about 15-20 minutes, or optionally within about 10 minutes before or after addition of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the pathogen inactivating compound substantially kinetically traverses the membrane, prior to formation of the electrophilic group, relative to the quencher.
• the pathogen inactivating compound also preferably substantially kinetically does not traverse the membrane after formation of the electrophilic group, relative to the pathogen inactivating compound prior to the formation of the electrophilic group.
• the quencher is permitted to react with the electrophilic group of the pathogen inactivating compound, and the reaction of the quencher with the electrophilic group of the pathogen inactivating compound occurs substantially in the first phase.
• the pathogen inactivating compound comprising the electrophilic group reacts with a nucleic acid of the pathogen in the second phase, within the pathogen membrane, thereby to inactivate the pathogen.
• the membrane may comprise, for example, a lipid.
• the pathogen may be, for example, a virus comprising a lipid coat defining the membrane, wherein the second phase is defined by the interior of the lipid coat.
• the pathogen also may be a bacteria comprising a cell membrane comprising a lipid defining the membrane of the two phase system, wherein the second phase is defined by the interior of the cell membrane.
• the quencher is administered to the first phase and substantially is not capable of traversing the membrane of the pathogen.
• the pathogen inactivating compound is administered, for example, to the first phase.
• the pathogen inactivating compound is capable of traversing the membrane to the second phase, prior to formation of the electrophilic group.
• the pathogen inactivating compound substantially is no longer capable of traversing the membrane.
• quenching selectively occurs in the first phase, while in the second phase, i.e. , the interior of the pathogen, the pathogen inactivating compound reacts with nucleic acids of the pathogen without quenching.
• quenching of reactive groups on the pathogen inactivating compound and degradation products thereof occurs selectively in the first phase in which the pathogen is suspended.
• the quenching in the first phase thus reduces unwanted side reactions of the reactive group on the pathogen inactivating compound in the first phase, such as covalent modification of proteins in blood.
• the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher are administered in an effective amount to inactivate pathogens in the material while quenching undesired side reactions of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher thus has a protective effect in reducing unwanted side reactions in materials such as a blood product, while permitting pathogen inactivation to occur.
• Glutathione has many properties that make it particularly useful as a quencher. It is normally present in all cell types. It is not believed substantially to be passively able to pass through the membranes, such as cell membranes or lipid coats, of bacteria and lipid- enveloped viruses. At pH 7, glutathione is charged and in the absence of active transport does not penetrate lipid bilayers to any significant extent. This is consistent with viral inactivation of VSV and other enveloped viruses being substantially uneffected by glutathione. Inactivation of lipid enveloped viruses such as HIV and VSV is not effected by the presence of glutathione or N-acetylcysteine, two thiol quenching agents.
• Glutathione has little effect on viral inactivation, and while it has some effect on inactivation of Staphylococcus epidermis and Yersinia enterocolitica, this can be managed by minimizing the dose of added quencher. For example, the presence of about 2-4 mM glutathione reduces inactivation by 0.3 mM PIC-1 of Yersinia enterocolitica by about 1 to 2 log kill. Glutathione is also compatible with in vitro storage of red blood cells. Preferred are quenchers which substantially do not damage red blood cell function or modify red blood cells after treatment, and also substantially do not reduce pathogen inactivation by the pathogen inactivating compound.
• red blood cell function may be measured by methods known in the art for testing red blood cell function.
• the levels of indicators such as intracellular ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate), intracellular 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerol) or extracellular potassium may be measured, and compared to an untreated control.
• hemolysis, pH, hematocrit, hemoglobin, osmotic fragility, glucose consumption and lactate production may be measured.
• Extracellular potassium levels may be measured using a Ciba Corning Model 614 K + /Na + Analyzer (Ciba Corning Diagnostics Corp., Medford, MA).
• the pH can be measured using a Ciba Corning Model 238 Blood Gas Analyzer (Ciba Corning Diagnostics Corp., Medford, MA).
• the level of extracellular potassium is not greater than 3 times, more preferably no more than 2 times the amount exhibited in the untreated control after 1 day.
• quenchers that inhibit undesired modification of red blood cells during pathogen inactivation, such as lysis or other damage.
• hemolysis of the treated red blood cells is less than 3% after 28 day storage, more preferably less than 2% after 42 day storage, and most preferably less than or equal to about 1% after 42 day storage at 4°C.
• quenchers that can reduce protein binding, such as IgG binding, to red blood cells and that can be used under conditions that do not substantially inhibit pathogen inactivation in comparison to a control conducted in the absence of a quencher.
• quenchers which inhibit the binding of pathogen inactivating compounds to red blood cell surfaces.
• An exemplary quencher is glutathione. Glutathione advantageously reduces potential modification of red blood cells by pathogen inactivating compounds. Binding of species such as IgG, albumin, and IgM to red blood cells also may be measured using methods available in the art.
• IgG binding to red blood cells in the presence of a quencher, can be reduced in comparison to IgG binding in the absence of quencher.
• IgG binding to red blood cells in the presence of a quencher such as glutathione
• the pathogen inactivating compound preferably is less than about 75%, or preferably less than about 50%) of the IgG binding in the absence of quencher.
• Binding of molecules to red blood cells can be detected using antibodies, for example to acridine and IgG.
• Antibodies for use in assays can be obtained commercially, or can be made using methods available in the art, for example as described in Harlow and Lane, "Antibodies, a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,” 1988, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein.
• anti -IgG is commercially available from Caltag, Burlingame, CA; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO and Lampire Biological Laboratory, Pipersvelle, PA.
• a biological material containing red blood cells is treated with a pathogen inactivating compound including an effector such as a mustard group and a nucleic acid binding group, such as an acridine group
• binding of the pathogen inactivating compound, or fragments thereof to red blood cells can be reduced.
• binding of acridine derived from a pathogen inactivating compound, wherein the nucleic acid binding ligand is acridine to red blood cells can be reduced in the presence of a quencher such as glutathione.
• acridine binding to red blood cells treated with a pathogen inactivating compound including an acridine group in the presence of the quencher is less than about 75%, or preferably less than about 50%, or, in another preferred embodiment, less than about 5% of acridine binding in the absence of the quencher.
• quenchers are provided which decrease the concentration of reactive electrophilic alkylating species after pathogen inactivation, for example by at least about 5%, or about 20%, or optionally about 50%, or more, within about 1 to 48 hours, for example about 24 hours.
• the presence of the reactive electrophilic species may be determined using methods available in the art, such as chromatographic methods including LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy).
• quenchers that reduce the inactivation of a pathogen by the pathogen inactivating compound by no greater than about 1 log, or no greater than about 2 logs, or optionally no greater than about 3 logs, or in another embodiment no greater than 4 logs, in comparison to a control pathogen inactivation conducted in the absence of the quencher.
• the quencher reduces inactivation of a viral pathogen by the pathogen inactivating compound by no greater than about 1 log, or no greater than about 2 logs, or optionally no greater than about 3 logs, in comparison to a control pathogen inactivation conducted in the absence of the quencher.
• the concentration of the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher may be adjusted to obtain the desired log kill, and to minimize the reduction of inactivation which may occur due to the presence of the quencher.
• a method comprising treating a red blood cell containing material with an effective amount of the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher to inactivate at least 2 logs of a pathogen, and wherein red blood cell function is not substantially altered by the treatment.
• a method is provided wherein the method comprises treating the material with an effective amount of the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher to inactivate at least 2 logs of a pathogen, and wherein hemolysis of the red blood cells is less than 3% after 28 days of storage after treatment.
• Red blood cells treated with glutathione do not show a significant difference in red blood cell function compared to untreated controls.
• Glutathione itself does not contribute to any significant extent to red blood cell lysis or other damage as measured by in vivo or in vitro functional assays.
• Glutathione may reduce red blood cell lysis in the presence of pathogen inactivating compounds.
• Red blood cells may be treated with glutathione in vitro or ex vivo.
• Some compounds such as thiosulfate, MESNA and N-acetylcysteine are either less active or may modify red blood cells at concentrations effective for quenching. Conditions for Pathogen Inactivation and Quenching
• Conditions for treating biological materials with a pathogen inactivating compound and a quencher to reduce unwanted side reactions may be selected based on the selected material, the quencher and the inactivating compound.
• a variety of biological materials may be treated with a pathogen inactivating compound and a quencher, for example in vitro or ex vivo. Conditions are selected to produce pathogen inactivation while not substantially altering the biological material.
• blood products are inactivated with a pathogen inactivating compound including a nucleic acid binding ligand and an effector such as a mustard group, wherein the mustard group is capable of forming a reactive electrophilic group in situ.
• a pathogen inactivating compound including a nucleic acid binding ligand and an effector such as a mustard group, wherein the mustard group is capable of forming a reactive electrophilic group in situ.
• the blood product is treated with a quencher to prevent unwanted side reactions of the pathogen inactivating compound without significantly affecting the properties of the blood product.
• the quencher may be added to the blood product before, after, or contemporaneously with the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added prior to or contemporaneously with the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added within about 30 minutes, or within about 15 to 20 minutes or optionally within about 10 minutes, before or after addition of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• Red blood cell containing materials may be treated, for example, in vitro or ex vivo.
• concentration of the pathogen inactivating compound and the quenching agent in the blood product being treated may be adjusted as needed to produce the desired reduction of unwanted side reactions, while still protecting the property of the material, such as red blood cell function, and also achieving the desired log kill of pathogens.
• the concentration of the quencher may be, in one non-limiting example, about 0.1 mM to about 30 mM, or about 0.5 mM to 30 mM.
• a non-limiting example of conditions suitable for treatment of red blood cells is about 0.1 mM to about 30 mM glutathione, e.g., about 0.5 mM to 20 mM, or about 2 mM to 4 mM glutathione, or in one embodiment, about 1 mM to 3 mM.
• the molar ratio of quenche ⁇ pathogen inactivating compound in one non-limiting embodiment, may range from about 100:1 to 1 :1, for example about 50:1, or, for example, about 10:1.
• a non-limiting exemplary ratio of glutathione:pathogen inactivating compound which may be used for the treatment of red blood cells may be from about 100:1 to 1 :1, for example about 50:1 to 1 :1, or in another embodiment, about 10:1 to about 2:1. In one preferred embodiment, the molar ratio of glutathione:pathogen inactivating compound is about 10:1.
• the molar concentration of glutathione is preferably about 5 to 20 times, e.g., about 10 times the molar concentration of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the ratio of quencher to pathogen inactivating compound will vary depending upon the pathogen inactivating compound and quencher selected.
• Typical concentrations of pathogen inactivating compound including a nucleic acid binding ligand and an effector such as a mustard group are on the order of about 0.1 ⁇ M to 5 mM, for example about 50 to 500 ⁇ M.
• a concentration of pathogen inactivating compound may be used which is sufficient to inactivate at least about one log, for example, at least about 3 to 6 logs, or optionally at least about 5 or 6 logs of pathogen in the sample.
• preferred pathogen inactivating compounds are those that produce at least 1 log kill at a concentration of no greater than about 500 ⁇ M, more preferably at least 3 logs kill at no greater than 500 ⁇ M concentration.
• the pathogen inactivating compound may have at least 1 log kill, and preferably at least 6 logs kill at a concentration of about 0.1 ⁇ M to about 3 mM.
• a concentration of about 0.15 mM quinacrine mustard and about 3 mM glutathione may be used to inactivate greater than 2 logs of VSV and HIV in a red blood cell containing composition, while preserving red blood cell function.
• a method comprising treating a red blood cell containing material with an effective amount of the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher to inactivate at least 2 logs of a pathogen, and wherein red blood cell function is not substantially altered by the treatment.
• a method is provided wherein the method comprises treating the material with an effective amount of the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher to inactivate at least 2 logs of a pathogen, and wherein hemolysis of the red blood cells is less than 3% after 28 days of storage.
• Incubation of blood products with the pathogen inactivating compound and the quencher can be conducted for example, for at least about 0.5 to 48 hours or more, for example, at least about 1 to 48 hours, or at least about 1 to 24 hours, or, for example, at least about 8 to 20 hours. In another embodiment, the incubation continues until further processing or use of the material.
• the quencher may be added to the material, such as a blood product, prior to, contemporaneously with, or after the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added prior to or contemporaneously with the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the quencher is added within about 30 minutes, or within about 15 to 20 minutes before or after addition of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• quenchers such as glutathione
• glutathione may oxidize or otherwise degrade or react over time.
• the quencher may oxidize to form disulfide dimers. It is preferred to add the quencher to the material at a time and concentration such that the quencher can quench the pathogen inactivating compound before it has substantially degraded or otherwise reacted in situ.
• the quencher is glutathione
• the glutathione is preferably added less than about
• the glutathione is added contemporaneously with the pathogen inactivating compound. In another embodiment, the glutathione is added within 30 minutes, or about 15 to 20 minutes, or optionally about 10 minutes after addition of the pathogen inactivating compound.
• the addition of glutathione close to time of addition of the pathogen inactivating compound is advantageous to minimize possible reduction of glutathione concentration, for example, by oxidation or peptidolysis, which may occur, for example in some biological materials, such as plasma.
• red blood cells For red blood cells, the incubation is typically conducted at a temperature of about 2°C to 37°C, preferably about 18°C to 25°C.
• the quencher is glutathione
• red blood cells may be incubated with the pathogen inactivating compound and glutathione for about 12 hours at a temperature of about 22°C.
• the temperature is preferably about 20 to 24°C.
• the temperature may be about 0 to 60°C, typically about 0-24°C.
• a variety of biological materials may be treated with a pathogen inactivating compound and a quenching compound.
• Biological materials which can be treated with the quenching compounds include blood products such as whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets and fresh or frozen plasma. Blood products further encompass plasma protein portion, antihemophilic factor (Factor VIII), Factor IX and Factor IX complex, fibrinogens, Factor XIII, prothrombin and thrombin, immunoglobulins (such as IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE and IgM and fragments thereof), albumin, interferon, and lymphokines.
• synthetic blood products include vaccines, recombinant DNA produced proteins and oligopeptide ligands.
• clinical samples such as urine, sweat, sputum, feces, spinal fluid. Further encompassed are synthetic blood or blood product storage media.
• concentration of the pathogen inactivating compound and/or the quencher in a biological material can be reduced after the treatment, for example by adsorption in a batch or flow removal process.
• Methods and devices which may be used are described in PCT US96/09846; U.S. Pat. Appl. Serial No. 08/779,830, filed January 6, 1997; and in the co-filed application, U.S. Pat. Appl. Serial No. 09/003,113, filed January 6, 1998, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
• Erythrosol was obtained from Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, IL, or was made by combining sodium citrate dihydrate (7.82 g); sodium acid phosphate dihydrate (0.73 g); sodium phosphate dihydrate (3.03 g); adenine (0.22 g); mannitol (7.74 g); and glucose (9 g) in 1 liter of distilled water.
• VSV Vesicular stomatitis virus
• Example 1 Reaction of Phosphate Ion with Pathogen Inactivating Compounds.
• Quinacrine mustard which lacks a frangible linker group, also reacted with phosphate ions.
• thiol containing compound glutathione with pathogen inactivating compounds was studied. Reactivity was found to increase at higher pH values, at higher temperatures and for higher concentrations of thiol.
• 1 mM quinacrine mustard was incubated in 25 mM HEPES (N-[2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-[2- ethanesulfonic acid], Sigma, St. Louis, MO), at pH 7 with 4 mM glutathione (GSH). Additionally, 100 ⁇ M PIC-1 was incubated in 25 mM HEPES at pH 7 with 4 mM GSH at room temperature.
• the reaction of the thiols with the pathogen inactivating compounds was also followed by monitoring the disappearance of the thiol groups, measured through the Ellman reaction, which was conducted as described in Aldrichimica Acta, 4:33 (1971), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein.
• the Ellman reaction demonstrated the reaction of a compound containing two 2-chloroethyl groups (quinacrine mustard) with thiols in a 1 :1.9 stoichiometry and a time course which is consistent with the decomposition of quinacrine mustard.
• thiols were found to react with PIC-1, including N-acetyl cysteine, cysteine, homocysteine, the dipeptide GlyCys, aminoethane thiol, dimethylaminoethane thiol, dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptonicotinic acid, 2-mercaptobenzimidazolesulfonic acid and quinoline thiol.
• the thiols are available commercially from Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis MO) or (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). In all cases the formation of intermediate species was observed through HPLC analysis of the reaction mixtures and consumption of the sulfhydryl group was observed through the Ellman reaction. Quinacrine mustard also was found to react with the nucleophiles, thiosulfate, hydrosulfide (HS ⁇ ), and dithiocarbamate.
• Example 3 Study of Red Blood Cell Membrane Penetration of Glutathione The ability of glutathione to penetrate red blood cell membranes was studied, as a model membrane system for the envelopes of viruses, since both would be devoid of any active transport systems for this peptide.
• the partitioning of the GSH inside and out of red cells was evaluated by determination of the amounts of thiol groups in the inside and the outside of the cells after addition of exogenous glutathione. Table 2 shows the total amount of glutathione
• Example 4 Inactivation of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus with Quinacrine Mustard.
• VSV Vesicular stomatitis virus
• PRBCs packed red blood cells
• QM quinacrine mustard
• the quenchers were aminoethanethiol (AET), thiosulfate, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). After a 4 hour room temperature inactivation, the viable virus was assayed in a viral plaque assay (Markus et al., Virology, 57:321-338 (1974)).
• AET aminoethanethiol
• NAC N-acetylcysteine
• Table 3 shows the results of inactivation of VSV by 150 ⁇ M QM in the presence of the various quenchers added after 15 minutes of incubation. In the absence of quencher, QM inactivated 3.5 logs of VSV. AET and thiosulfate decreased inactivation in a dose dependent manner. Neither glutathione nor NAC appeared to decrease VSV inactivation. Table 3
• Example 5 Inactivation of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus with Quinacrine Mustard Added Simultaneously with Various Quenchers.
• VSV Vesicular stomatitis virus
• PRBC packed red blood cells
• QM quinacrine mustard
• the quenchers were aminoethanethiol (AET), thiosulfate, glutathione, N- acetylcysteine (NAC), cysteine and mercaptoethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (MESNA), obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO).
• AET aminoethanethiol
• NAC N- acetylcysteine
• MESNA mercaptoethanesulfonic acid sodium salt
• the viable virus was assayed in a CPE assay (Baxt et al, Virology, 72:383- 392 (1976)) by evaluating the cytopathic effect (CPE) of the virus on baby hamster kidney
• Table 4 illustrates the results of experiments where inactivation of VSV by 150 ⁇ M QM was conducted with simultaneous addition of AET, thiosulfate, glutathione or NAC.
• VSV was killed to below the limit of detection, > 4.0 logs inactivated.
• certain quenchers may have had an effect of viral inactivation which was masked by this limit.
• AET and thiosulfate again showed significant inhibition of viral inactivation, with AET being the more potent inhibitor.
• Glutathione and NAC showed no evidence of effecting viral kill at concentrations of up to 10 mM, with some evidence of inhibition at 30 mM.
• Table 5 illustrates the results of another set of experiments where inactivation of VSV by 150 ⁇ M QM was conducted with simultaneous addition of glutathione, cysteine or MESNA. Inactivation by QM alone was 3.0 logs, and this level was not affected by glutathione even at 30 mM. Cysteine showed a dose-dependent decrease in viral inactivation, and MESNA gave mixed results with 2.3 logs kill at 30 mM quencher. Table 5
• Example 6 Inactivation of HIV using a Pathogen Inactivator and a Quencher.
• PRBCs were prepared at a hematocrit of approximately 60% in Adsol additive solution.
• a stock of cell-free HIV-III B (Popovic et al, Science, 224:497 (1984), approximately 8 logs/mL) was added to a titer of approximately 7 logs per mL.
• glutathione was added to varying final concentration followed by addition of 50 ⁇ M PIC-1. Samples were incubated for 12 hours at room temperature. Red cells were then pelleted and residual virus in the supernatant fraction was detected using a micro-plaque assay (Hanson et al,. J. Clin. Microbio., 28:2030 (1990)). Control samples were incubated with glutathione only to determine its effect on HIV viability.
• Example 7 Treatment of Bacterially Contaminated RBCs with an Inactivator and a Quencher. The effects of the quenchers glutathione and cysteine on the inactivation of
• Yersinia enterocolitica in a red blood cell sample was examined.
• PRBCs were prepared in Adsol and spiked with Yersinia (California Department of Health Services, Microbial Disease Laboratory, Berkeley, CA), a common gram negative bacterial contaminant of blood.
• Samples were prepared with 150 ⁇ M PIC-1 and quencher as shown in Table 7.
• PIC-1 was added approximately 5 minutes after the quenchers. After a 4 hour incubation at room temperature, the titer of the bacteria was determined by plating dilutions on nutrient agar and culturing overnight at 37°C.
• Table 7 shows the effects of GSH and cysteine on inactivation of Yersinia with
• Example 8 Use of Glutathione as a Quencher in the Inactivation of Staphylococcus epidermidis.
• Table 8 illustrates inactivation of Staphylococcus epidermidis with 75 ⁇ M PIC-1 and varying amounts of GSH. The results presented in Table 8 are consistent with the observation that glutathione inhibits bacterial inactivation to some degree. S. epidermidis apparently was less sensitive to glutathione quenching than Yersinia.
• the quenchers diminish bacterial kill only modestly and 3 logs or greater of bacteria can be inactivated.
• Example 9 Study of the Effects of Quenchers on Reducing Undesired Side Reactions of Pathogen Inactivating Compounds in Materials Comprising Red Blood Cells.
• PRBCs were prepared at a hematocrit of 60% in Adsol. Prior to treatment with
• PIC-1 either glutathione or cysteine was added to concentrations between 0.5 and 16 mM, and the samples were mixed. PIC-1 was added to 1 mM, and the samples were incubated for 20 hours at room temperature. After incubation, twenty microliters of each sample were washed three times with 1 mL of blood bank saline and resuspended in a final volume of 0.4 mL.
• Anti-acridine antibodies were prepared as described in Harlow and Lane, "Antibodies, a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,” 1988, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein. Goat anti-mouse IgG and anti-human albumin antibodies were obtained from Caltag, Burlingame, CA. For the analysis, 50 ⁇ L aliquots of diluted, washed red cells were aliquoted into four tubes and incubated with anti-human IgG, anti-human albumin, or anti-acridine antibodies for 30 min at 37°C. After incubation, samples were washed once with 1.0 mL of blood bank saline.
• the anti-human antibodies were covalently labeled with fluorescein and samples were analyzed directly using a flow cytometer. To detect the anti-acridine antibody, the samples were washed a second time and then incubated with a fluorescein- labeled goat anti-mouse IgG for 30 min at 37°C. Samples were washed as before prior to analysis. For analysis, samples were diluted 1 :1 into Haemaline 2 (Biochem Immunosystems, AUentown, PA) solution and analyzed in a FACScan (Becton-Dickinson, San Jose, CA) with the scattering settings optimized for red cell discrimination. Twenty thousand fluorescence events were collected per sample.
• Table 9 illustrates the results showing the effect of glutathione and cysteine on IgG, albumin and acridine binding to red cells.
• Treatment with PIC-1 alone caused a clear increase in IgG, albumin and acridine signals (samples 1 and 2).
• Incubation with either 16 mM glutathione or cysteine did not alter the fluorescence compared to the untreated sample (samples 3 and 10, respectively).
• Treatment with PIC-1 in the presence of either quencher caused a dose-dependent decrease in the level of IgG, albumin and acridine binding. Both IgG and albumin binding appeared to be at background levels in the presence of >2 mM quencher (samples 6 and 13).
• Example 10 Study of the Effects of Glutathione on Properties of PIC-1 Treated, Stored PRBCs.
• PRBCs were prepared using Adsol as the additive solution.
• units of whole blood received from the Sacramento Blood Bank are centrifuged at 3800 rpm for 5 minutes and the plasma is expressed into another container.
• the % hematocrit is measured by filling a capillary tube with the blood sample and spinning for 5 minutes. The volume taken up by the red cells is compared to a calibration curve. 94 mL of Adsol is added. Final hematocrit ranged from 50 to 53 percent depending on the treatment.
• Extracellular potassium levels were measured using a Ciba Corning Model 614 K + /Na + Analyzer (Ciba Corning Diagnostics Corp., Medford, MA). Hemolysis was measured as described in Hogman et al, Transfusion 1X2 -29 (1991). Intracellular glutathione was measured as described in Beutler, "Red Cell Metabolism,” Grune and
• Example 11 Study of Recovery and Survival of Mouse RBCs treated with GSH.
• Donor mice BALB/c males were injected with 0.1 mg NHS (N- hydroxysuccinimide) Biotin (Pierce, Rockford, IL) on Days 1 and 2. At one hour after the second injection the labeling efficiency was checked by reacting a small volume of biotin labeled whole blood from each mouse with a Streptavidin, R-phycoerythrin conjugate (Molecular Probes, Eugene OR) and then determining the percentage of fluorescent cells on the FACScan (Becton-Dickinson, San Jose, CA). All mice having > 90%) labeled RBCs were used as donor mice.
• NHS N- hydroxysuccinimide
• Biotin Biotin
• the washed RBCs then were transfused into the recipient mice (BALB/c females.) Each mouse received 800 x 10 6 biotin labeled RBCs. Each mouse was weighed at the time of transfusion, and the true percentage of labeled RBC/mouse was calculated based on the weight of the mouse, its RBC count as determined by a CBC, and the percentage of labeled RBCs transfused determined as above.
• the PIC-2 treated RBC survival was substantially the same as control throughout the experiment.
• the average mean survival values are provided in Figure 1.
• the data suggest that treatment with PIC-2, either with or without glutathione, did not have a significant effect on RBC survival.
• glutathione is compatible with the in vivo circulation of red blood cells after treatment.

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