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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C211/00—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/08—Preparation by ring-closure
  • C07D213/09—Preparation by ring-closure involving the use of ammonia, amines, amine salts, or nitriles
  • C07D213/10—Preparation by ring-closure involving the use of ammonia, amines, amine salts, or nitriles from acetaldehyde or cyclic polymers thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/08—Preparation by ring-closure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/14—Preparation from compounds containing heterocyclic oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B61/00—Other general methods

Definitions

• Pyridine is an important intermediate in the manufacture of agricultural chemicals, e.g., herbicides and pesticides, and pharmaceuticals, and is also useful as a solvent in the polymer and textile industries.
• Important derivatives of pyridine include, for example, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (vitamins essential for human health), chlorpheniramine (an antihistamine), cetylpyridinium (a germicide and antiseptic), isoniazid (an important antitubercular drug), and Paraquat® (a herbicide).
• Pyridines having one methyl group attached to the ring structure are called methylpyridines or picolines, and include 2- or ⁇ -picoline, 3- or ⁇ -picoline, and 4- or ⁇ -picoline.
• Pyridine and picolines can be obtained as by-products of the coal tar industry or coke manufacture.
• pyridine is found in only small amounts in coal tar, and a preferred method of obtaining pyridine is by chemical synthesis.
• Chemical synthesis typically relies on a catalytic gaseous reaction (condensation) between ammonia (or amines) and carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes or ketones.
• these chemical synthesis methods have historically suffered from disadvantages of low yields and poor selectivity, and short operation cycle and catalyst lifetime.
• base synthesis is known and used in the field of pyridine chemistry to identify synthetic processes by which bases of pyridine and its alkylated derivatives are prepared by reacting aldehydes and/or ketones with ammonia in the gas phase using a heterogeneous catalyst.
• a heterogeneous catalyst for example, the reaction of acetaldehyde with ammonia in the presence of heterogenous catalysts at 350 to 550°C yields 2- and 4-methylpyridines ( ⁇ - and ⁇ -picolines).
• acetaldehyde and formaldehyde can be reacted with ammonia to yield pyridine and 3-methylpyridine.
• Such pyridine synthesis methods are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,675,410 to Feitler and U.S. Patent No. 4,220,783 to Chang et al.
• Reaction of acetaldehyde or certain other low molecular weight aldehydes and ammonia either in the absence or presence of methanol and/or formaldehyde to yield pyridine and alkyl derivatives thereof has been carried out in the presence of amorphous silica-alumina composites containing various promoters. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 2,807,618 and 3,946,020. The yields of desired products using the latter catalysts have been poor.
• Alkylpyridines have also been synthesized, as reported in Advances in Catalysis, 18:344 (1968), by passing gaseous acetaldehyde and ammonia over the crystalline aluminosilicates NaX and H-mordenite.
• 4,220,783 was pioneer in this discovery, teaching synthesis of pyridine and alkyipyridines by reacting ammonia and a carbonyl reactant which is an aldehyde containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms, a ketone containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms or mixtures of the aldehydes and/or ketones under effective conditions in the presence of a catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosiiicate zeolite having been ion exchanged with cadmium and having a silica to alumina ratio of at least 12, and a Constraint Index within the range of 1 to 12.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,675,410 Use of a ZSM-5 catalyst component in a fluidized or otherwise movable bed reactor is taught in U.S. Patent No. 4,675,410.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,886,179 teaches synthesis of pyridine by reaction of ammonia and a carbonyl compound, preferably with added hydrogen, over catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosiiicate zeolite which has been ion exchanged with a Group VUJ metal of the Periodic Table.
• the crystalline aluminosiiicate zeolite has a silica to alumina mole ratio of at least 15, preferably 30 to 200, a Constraint Index of from 4 to 12, e.g., ZSM-5, and the process provides a high and selective yield of pyridine.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,013,843 teaches addition of a third aldehyde or ketone to a binary mixture of aldehydes and/or ketones used in preparing mixtures of pyridine and alkyl-substituted pyridines in large scale continuous processes.
• propionaldehyde is added to a binary mixture of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde to produce beta-pyridine and pyridine.
• the catalyst for this process is a crystalline aluminosiiicate zeolite in the acidic form having a Constraint Index of from 1 to 12, e.g., ZSM-5.
• an object of the present invention is to provide an improved pyridine and picoline synthetic process in which high yields and high purities of desirable products can be achieved in a cost- and time-efficient manner. Accordingly the invention resides in a process for producing pyridine or picoline compounds, comprising:
• the process of the invention substantially reduces the net make of polyalkylpyridines or higher molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbon species and increases the yield of the desired pyridine and picoline products.
• the net amount of polyalkylpyridines and higher molecular weight aromatic species in the product fraction and the secondary product stream together comprise less than 5wt.%, and more preferably less than 2 wt.%, of the total product yield.
• the converting step (c) comprises recirculating the polyalkylpyridine fraction to the catalyst used for the reacting step (a), so that the contacting step (c) is effected under the same reaction conditions as the reacting step (a).
• the present invention provides a "base synthesis" route to the production of pyridine or alkylpyridine derivatives in which a carbonyl compound is initially reacted with ammonia in the gas phase using a heterogeneous, molecular sieve catalyst.
• the product of the base synthesis reaction is separated into a pyridine and/or picoline fraction, which is recovered, and a polyalkylpyridine fraction which is contacted with a molecular sieve catalyst to produce additional pyridine and/or picoline products.
• the carbonyl reactant used in the base synthesis reaction is a hydrocarbon compound containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms and at least one carbonyl moiety.
• the carbonyl reactant taking part in ihe catalytic reaction described herein may be formaldehyde, an aldehyde containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms, a ketone containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof.
• Representative reactant aldehydes include acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acrolein, butyraldehyde, and crotonaldehyde.
• Representative reactant ketones include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, and methyl propyl ketone.
• the carbonyl reactant can be present as a solution in water, e.g., formalin which is a solution of formaldehyde in water, with a small amount of methanol to aid solubility.
• the carbonyl reactant may comprise a mixture of two or more carbonyl compounds. If a mixture is used, each carbonyl component in the mixture is preferably present in a predetermined amount relative to the other carbonyl components.
• the at least one carbonyl reactant is a mixture of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
• the two components are preferably present in a formaldehyde/acetaldehyde mole ratio of from 0.2 to 1.0, more preferably from 0.4 to 0.8.
• mixtures of acetaldehyde and acrolein will typically have an acetaldehyde/acrolein mole ratio of from 0.7 to 1.25.
• carbonyl reactants can be similarly formulated to selectively control the product of the base synthesis.
• the carbonyl reactant comprises a mixture of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde and the primary product of the base synthesis reaction is pyridine and ⁇ -picoline.
• the mole ratio of ammonia to carbonyl reactant (NH 3 /CO) in the reaction mixture employed will generally be between 0.5 and 30, preferably between 0.5 and 10, and more preferably between 1 and 5.
• Hydrogen gas (H 2 ) may, if desired, be added to the reaction, e.g., at the rate of from 0 (no added hydrogen) to an H 2 /carbonyl reactant (H 2 /CO) mole ratio of 5.0, preferably from 0.1 to 1.0.
• the reaction conditions for performing the base synthesis reaction between the ammonia and the at least one carbonyl compound include: (a) a temperature of 285 to 600°C, preferably 340 to 550°C;
• GHSV gas hourly space velocity
• the recovered product is separated into its desired components by any feasible means, e.g., by fractionation, to recover a product containing pyridine and/or one or more picoline compounds.
• 3 -picoline is an important intermediate in the manufacture of 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, i.e., nicotinic acid, and other medicinal, agricultural, and chemical products.
• the process of the invention can be further modified to accommodate the synthesis of 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, by recovering the 3 -picoline product and contacting the recovered 3-picoline with an oxidative reagent such as KMnO .
• the process of the invention has the advantage that the make of polyalkylpyridines and/or other higher molecular weight aromatic species is substantially reduced as compared to conventional processes, while the yield of the desired pyridine or picoline products is increased. This is achieved by contacting the polyalkylpyridine by-products in a secondary reaction with a molecular sieve catalyst.
• polyalkylpyridine by-products is meant pyridine derivatives having two or more alkyl groups attached to the ring structure. Such compounds are exemplified by lutidine and collidine.
• these polyalkylpyridine by-products, as well as other higher molecular weight aromatic species are produced in amounts of up to 20 wt.% or more, which makes such processes highly inefficient.
• the process of the invention has been found to reduce the total make of polyalkylpyridines and higher molecular weight aromatic species to less than 5 wt.%, often less than 2 wt.%, and usually less than 1 wt.%.
• the secondary reaction converts the polyalkylpyridines or other higher molecular weight aromatic species in the polyalkylpyridine fraction to secondary product enriched for pyridine or picoline products.
• the catalyst and the conversion conditions used for the secondary reaction may be the same as or different from those used for the primary reaction, although the conversion conditions for the secondary reaction will generally be within the same approximate ranges as those specified abobe for the base synthesis reaction.
• the secondary reaction is effected in the same reactor, using the same catalyst as, the base synthesis reaction by recycling part or all of the polyalkylpyridine fraction back to the primary reactor.
• Catalyst System The base synthesis reaction and the polyalkylpyridine conversion reaction are performed over a molecular sieve catalyst.
• Preferred molecular sieve catalysts are those having an intermediate pore size characterized by a Constraint Index 1 to 12. Constraint Index and the method by which it is determined are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,016,218.
• suitable intermediate pore size molecular sieves include ZSM-5 (U.S. Patent No. 3,702,886 and Re. 29,948); ZSM-11 (U.S. Patent No. 3,709,979); ZSM-12 (U.S. Patent No. 3,832,449); ZSM-22 (U.S. Patent No. 4,556,447); ZSM-23 (U.S. Patent No. 4,076,842); ZSM-35 (U.S. Patent No. 4,016,245); ZSM-48 (U.S. Patent No. 4,397,827); ZSM-57 (U.S. Patent No. 4,046,685); and ZSM-58 (U.S. Patent No. 4,417,780).
• MCM-22 U.S. Patent No. 4,954,325
• MCM-36 U.S. Patent No. 5,250,277
• MCM-49 U.S. Patent No. 5,236,575
• MCM-56 U.S. Patent No. 5,362,697
• SAPO-5, SAPO-11, zeolite X, zeolite Y, and zeolite Beta are also examples of molecular sieve materials that can also be used according to the invention.
• Naturally occurring clays that can be composited with the molecular sieve include those of the montmorillonite and kaolin families, which families include the subbentonites and the kaolins commonly known as Dixie, McNamee, Georgia, and Florida clays, or others in which the main mineral constituent is halloysite, kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, or anauxite.
• Suitable clay materials include, by way of example, bentonite and kieselguhr. Such clays can be used in the raw state as originally mined or initially subjected to calcination, acid treatment, or chemical modification.
• the relative proportion of suitable crystalline molecular sieve to the total composition of catalyst and binder or support may be from 1 wt.% to 99 wt.%, preferably from 30 wt.% to 90 wt.%, and more preferably from 50 wt.% to 80 wt.%, of the composition.
• a hydrogenation-dehydrogenation functional metal can be incorporated into the catalyst of the invention.
• the amount of the functional metal is suitably from 0.001 wt.% to 10 wt.%, preferably from 0.05 wt.% to 5 wt.%, more preferably from 0.1 wt.% to 2 wt.%, based on the total weight of the modified catalyst.
• suitable hydrogenation-dehydrogenation metals include Group 8, 9, and 10 metals (i.e., Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Os, Ru, Ni, Co, and Fe), Group 7 metals (i.e., Mn, Tc, and Re), Group 6 metals (i.e., Cr, Mo, and W), Group 15 metals (i.e., Sb and Bi), Group 14 metals (i.e., Sn and Pb), Group 13 metals (i.e., Ga and In), Group 11 metals (i.e., Cu, Ag, and Au), and Group 12 metals (i.e., Zn, Cd, and Hg).
• Noble metals i.e., Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Os, Re, Ru, Mo, and W are preferred.
• EXAMPLE 1 A base synthesis reaction to produce pyridine and picoline products was performed using as the catalyst a 40% HZSM-5 zeolite spray-dried in a silica-alumina-clay matrix.
• 5-10 mL of 20/40 mesh catalyst was charged to a quartz reactor and heated to 440 to 454°C (825 to 850°F) under an N 2 purge.
• the feed was passed over the catalyst at 580 hr -1 GHSV (NH 3 ), and the effluent was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) using quinoline as an internal standard.
• GC gas chromatography
• Example 1 Example 2 (No Recycle) (With Recycle)
• Table 1 clearly illustrates that the process of the invention (Example 2) can substantially increase the process selectivity for pyridine and picolines as compared to the prior art single pass process (Example 1).
• Polyalkylpyridine by-product yield is substantially reduced, from 18.1% to less than 1%.
• the acetaldehyde conversions for each example are accomplished by increasing the catalyst charge to the reactor. Accordingly, the process of the invention achieves a substantial increase in efficiency on the basis of the total yield of pyridine and picoline products from a given amount of feed.

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• 1997
  • 1997-12-31 US US09/002,363 patent/US5969143A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1998
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