WO1998056186A1 - Dispositif pour moduler l'intensite d'un faisceau lumineux, procede permettant de produire ledit dispositif, procede pour moduler l'intensite d'un faisceau lumineux et utilisation dudit dispositif - Google Patents

Dispositif pour moduler l'intensite d'un faisceau lumineux, procede permettant de produire ledit dispositif, procede pour moduler l'intensite d'un faisceau lumineux et utilisation dudit dispositif Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998056186A1
WO1998056186A1 PCT/EP1998/000824 EP9800824W WO9856186A1 WO 1998056186 A1 WO1998056186 A1 WO 1998056186A1 EP 9800824 W EP9800824 W EP 9800824W WO 9856186 A1 WO9856186 A1 WO 9856186A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
modulator
modulators
bundle
intensity
ucht
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP1998/000824
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christhard Deter
Jörg WUNDERLICH
Original Assignee
Ldt Gmbh & Co. Laser-Display-Technologie Kg
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ldt Gmbh & Co. Laser-Display-Technologie Kg filed Critical Ldt Gmbh & Co. Laser-Display-Technologie Kg
Priority to JP11500137A priority Critical patent/JPH11514109A/ja
Priority to EP98909461A priority patent/EP0916228A1/fr
Priority to IL12741398A priority patent/IL127413A0/xx
Publication of WO1998056186A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998056186A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3129—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] scanning a light beam on the display screen
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
    • G02F1/0305—Constructional arrangements
    • G02F1/0322—Arrangements comprising two or more independently controlled crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/11—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on acousto-optical elements, e.g. using variable diffraction by sound or like mechanical waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B27/00—Planetaria; Globes
    • G09B27/02—Tellurions; Orreries
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B9/00—Simulators for teaching or training purposes
    • G09B9/02—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft
    • G09B9/08—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft for teaching control of aircraft, e.g. Link trainer
    • G09B9/30—Simulation of view from aircraft
    • G09B9/32—Simulation of view from aircraft by projected image
    • G09B9/326—Simulation of view from aircraft by projected image the image being transformed by optical means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for intensity modulation of a beam, which falls into the input of a modulator, which can be controlled with a control signal between two states, in which in the first state only a minimal part of the bundle and in the second state a maximum part of the bundle fail from an output of the modulator. Furthermore, the invention relates to a production method for a device for intensity modulating a UchtbQbels with a modulator, in the input of which the light beam is incident, wherein this modulator can be controlled with a control signal between two states, in which in the first state only a minimal portion of the light bundle and in the second state, a maximum proportion of the UchtbQ bundle fail from an output of the modulator.
  • the invention relates to a method for intensity modulating a UchtbQ bundle with a modulator, the input of which is introduced into the latter, the modulator being controlled with a control signal between two states, in which a minimal proportion of the Uchtbündi is present in the first state and one in the second state maximum portion of the UchtbQ bundle fail from an output of the modulator.
  • Intensity modulators for UchtbQndel are generally known. An overview is given, for example, in the book by Werner Hülsbusch, "The Laser in the Printing Industry", Vertag Werner Hülsbusch, Konstanz, 1990, pages 91 ff. Accordingly, electro-optical, acousto-optical, thermo-optical, magneto-optical, opto-optical or photothermal modulation can be used. There are also modulators Strip waveguides are known from DE 19503931 A1, in which modulation is achieved by changing the effective refractive index by means of injection or depletion of free charge carriers in semiconductor materials. The effectiveness of the modulation can in general be increased by a structure in the manner of Fabry-Perot interferometers.
  • electro-optical, acousto-optical, thermo-optical, magneto-optical, opto-optical and photothermal cut-off modulations are known in practice, it also being possible to use a variation of the effective refractive index by injection or depletion of free charge carriers in semiconductor materials.
  • controllable waveguide gain a controllable waveguide gain, a controllable polarization rotation, a waveguide mode conversion or electro absorption modulation can be used for the intensity modulation of Ucht bundles.
  • the intensity modulation is based on a polarization modulation by means of a controllable external electric field in connection with a downstream analyzer for the polarization, viewed in the right direction. Due to the Pockels effect, the plane of vibration of an incident linear polarized wave is rotated depending on the applied field strength.
  • the Pockels effect is particularly advantageous because of the electrical controllability with the aid of voltages, due to which a short switching time is also achieved.
  • the voltages required for such modulators are due to the ones to be achieved
  • a laser beam is scanned on a screen to generate a video image.
  • the necessary deflection is carried out analogously for image display in the Femse tube, however, no magnetic deflection coils or electrostatic deflection plates are used here as with an electron beam, but the laser beam used here is scanned by rapid mechanical changes in the angle of mirrors or by acousto-optical deflection.
  • all pixels of the video image are sequentially illuminated on a screen analogously to the known television picture.
  • the intensity of the Ucht bundle is controlled for each pixel in the Uch propagation direction before rasterization, for example with one of the modulators mentioned, according to the intensity required for displaying the video image.
  • Video projection devices especially for simulation purposes, such as in flight simulators and planetariums, are insufficient.
  • the intensity modulator must be able to dampen the intensity of the UchtbQbels at the planetarium so much, despite a laser source operating at high nominal power, that complete darkness prevails in the projection room. Until now this has only been achieved satisfactorily with mechanically working apertures, which are used for video images
  • Frequencies of a few megahertz and above are generally too slow.
  • Non-mechanical, field-controlled intensity modulators such as liquid crystal matrices, cannot be used either, because they leave the light blocking
  • the object of the invention is a method for modulating the intensity of a Ucht bundle, an apparatus for carrying out the method and a production method for the same
  • the device has two or more modulators in an arrangement in which a bundle of failures falling out of one of the modulators enters the input one at a time
  • Uch propagation direction arranged following modulator is introduced, wherein the Uchtb Bundle intensity-modulated by means of the device can be removed from the last of the modulators in the row thus formed, so that the extinction of the device is improved compared to that of each individual modulator in a manufacturing process for the
  • the device is arranged behind the modulator known from the prior art, at least one further modulator in which the one that falls out of the first modulator
  • Uchtbündel is introduced into the input of the further modulator, so that the absorbance of the device for the removed intensity-modulated Uchtbündels is improved compared to that of each individual modulator.
  • a method according to the invention for intensity modulation of a Ucht bundle can be carried out, in which two or more modulators for intensity modulation are arranged in series in the Ucht propagation direction, a Ucht bundle emerging from a modulator being introduced into the input of a further modulator arranged in the Ucht propagation direction and the Uchtb Bundle intensity-modulated by means of the device is taken from the last of these modulators in the row thus created, so that the absorbance of the device is improved compared to that of each individual modulator
  • Real intensity all modulators are set for the passage of the maximum real proportion and then the individual modulators in the control to reduce the Intensity can be darkened one after the other.
  • a device according to the invention can also be operated with a high extinction value if all modulators are moved from the state of maximum output power to a state of minimum output power by simultaneously changing the control signals.
  • Control Pockels cells also with sufficiently good extinction by means of significantly smaller control voltages for lower extinction of each individual cell, whereby, for example, Pockels cells connected in series are arranged in such a way that a maximum light component is coupled out when the control signal is zero and the light is turned on by increasing the control signal a minimum proportion is darkened. This darkening then takes place essentially with a power of the voltage given by the number of Pockels cells, so that much lower voltages are required to achieve a low extinction than in the case of a single Pockels cell. With a series connection of, for example, 17 Pockels cells and control with approximately half the voltage at half the intensity, an extinction value of over 1: 100,000 is achieved, i.e.
  • Control signal is set.
  • each modulator has a device which can be controlled by the control signal and which divides the Uchtbündel into two depending on the control signal
  • the device is a Pockels cell in accordance with a further preferred development of the invention.
  • each modulator has a signal-controllable device for diffraction of Ucht for the control signal-dependent division of the Ucht bundle into intensity components of two different diffraction orders and an aperture on
  • the stray light which may arise at each aperture or the bent lens is effectively blocked due to the prevention of vision, so that also thereby an especially good extinction value is advantageously achieved due to the reduction of stray light components.
  • the entire device can be implemented on a substrate as integrated optics with several modulators connected in series. Accordingly, one looks preferable
  • a further development of the invention provides that the device is designed in an integrated-optical manner by connecting a plurality of integrated-optical modulators in series on the same substrate.
  • control signals of all modulators are electrical voltages
  • all leads for the control signals for supplying a single control voltage to the device are shaded in parallel.
  • the control signals are usually electrical currents with which magnetic coils are applied.
  • Modulators are connected in series.
  • such devices are particularly suitable for a video projection system in which the modulated light beam is deflected in line and image fashion and is directed at a screen for displaying a video image, the control signal for the device being a video signal with the resting deflection is synchronized
  • this application is particularly advantageous when this video projection system is a planetarium, because then all the stars are on night black
  • FIG. 1 shows a video system in which the invention is advantageously used.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of the mode of operation of an acousto-optical modulator
  • FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a device according to the invention based on acousto-optical modulation
  • a laser projection device is shown as it can be used, for example, to display color video images in video devices, planetariums or flight simulators.
  • it is expedient and, in some applications, even required to create a very large contrast between light and dark, since, for example, all the stars in a planetarium are to be displayed on a night-black sky.
  • a device according to the invention is therefore particularly advantageous when used in a projection device according to FIG. 1
  • the projection device according to FIG. 1 is oriented towards a colored image representation.
  • three lasers 10, 20, 30, from which three Ucht bundles 12, 22, 32 emanate, are provided, the Ucht having a suitable wavelength for generating
  • the lasers 10, 20, 30 were statically operated gas lasers, the three bundles of beams 12, 22, 32 of which were subsequently modulated with suitable devices 14, 24, 34.
  • the intensity of the individual Uchtbündels 16, 26, 36 and thus the brightness and color of the pixels are controlled, that is, the aforementioned good extinction is to be realized here, as follows with reference to FIGS. 2 to Fig 6 is explained in detail.
  • the light bundles 16, 26, 36 are combined into a total light bundle 40 by means of a mirror system 38, which propagates through the further system as a total light bundle 40.
  • the total light bundle 40 was deflected line-by-image and image-wise onto a screen 43 by a deflection device consisting of a polygon mirror 41 and a swivel mirror 42 in order to sequentially illuminate individual pixels of the video image to be generated there.
  • This screen 43 can be flat for the display of normal video images, but in the case of planetariums and flight simulators it is preferable to make it curved.
  • the screen technology used in such laser projectors is known from television with picture tubes.
  • the technique used here differs from this in that a total light beam 40 instead of an electron beam for generating
  • Pixels of the video image used wind and the magnetic deflection usual in picture tubes is replaced by mechanical rasterization by means of polygon mirror 41 and swivel mirror 42.
  • the rasterization is, however, not limited to the mechanical aids shown. For example, it can also be carried out acousto-optically.
  • the intensity of the light bundles 16, 26, 36 and thus also the brightness or, in the case of the color video system, also the color tone of the individual rastered image points on the screen 43 are determined by modulating the light bundles 12, 22, 32 by means of the devices 14, 24, 34 according to the invention via a control device 44 controlled as a function of the video signal introduced on the input side and synchronization signals generated by the deflection device.
  • the desired low extinction between dark switching and light shade is achieved by a device 14 according to FIG. 2, the internal structure of which is shown in principle as an example for one of the devices 14, 24 or 34 shown in FIG. 1.
  • the Ucht bundle 12 is introduced into an input and the modulated Ucht bundle is removed as an Ucht bundle 16 from an output.
  • the modulation is carried out by a plurality of modulators 50 and 50 'which are arranged one behind the other in the direction of propagation, that is to say connected in series, of which two, the first and the last, are shown by way of example in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 2.
  • modulators 50 it is generally sufficient for modulators 50, only two modulators to be connected in series, ie then to insert the bundle 52 that fails from the modulator 50 directly into the input of a subsequent modulator 50 *.
  • the respective modulators 50 and 50 ' are acted upon by signals provided for this purpose by control inputs 54 and 54' in order to control the intensity of the real beam 16. If the first modulator 50 is in the dark state, the Ucht bundle 52 can nevertheless have a relatively high Ucht intensity, which is caused, for example, by material imperfections of the modulator 50 or scattered light in this modulator 50. The subsequent modulator 50 ', if it is switched to the dark state, further attenuates the intensity of the light beam 52, so that the light beam 16 can achieve a much better extinction by further reducing the light content of the light beam 52 than if only a single modulator 50 would be provided.
  • control signals of the individual modulators 50 and 50 'could be chosen quite differently, for example, the first modulator 50 can be switched dark at its input 54 when the control signal is zero, while the last modulator 50', for example, at its input 54 'at maximum signal strength in the dark state is.
  • the modulators shown in the example in FIG. 2 can be implemented integrated optically.
  • the device according to FIG. 2 can be produced in a particularly reproducible and cost-effective manner if all modulators 50, 50 'and any further ones are integrated on a single substrate.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show an example of a modulator 50 which contains a so-called Bragg cell.
  • This consists of a transparent material 60 suitable for the acousto-optical effect, in which acoustic waves are coupled in with the aid of, for example, a piezoelectric voltage-pressure converter 62.
  • the acoustic waves are destroyed on an opposite sound absorber 63.
  • These acoustic waves lead locally to changes in the refractive index in the material 60, which is why in the material 60 there is a diffraction of the real beam 12 incident at the Bragg angle ⁇ B.
  • a coating 64 with an anti-reflective coating is in each case on the surfaces for the entry and exit of material 60
  • the Ucht bundle 12 not only passes through the transparent material 60 as a beam of neutral order 53, but also a second beam 52 is deflected in a higher diffraction order.
  • the intensity of this beam 52 of the higher diffraction order essentially depends on of the modulation voltage of the piezoelectric transducer 62, while the angle of the deflection is determined by the frequency.
  • acousto-optical modulators according to FIG. 2 are connected in series.
  • Fig. 4 that is closer in Fig. 2 illustrated principle in the form of a device 14 based on acousto-optical modulation.
  • the device consists of material 60 which is suitable for acousto-optical modulators 50, 50 * and 50 ".
  • the emerging beam 16 in the uncontrolled state of the modulators 50, 50 'and 50 is much darker than in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 3 and the extinction ratio is significantly improved, which is partly due to the fact that the shown diaphragms 67, 67 ', 67 "are offset from each other and so the direct passage of Ucht is greatly reduced.
  • FIG. 5 An intensity modulation working on the basis of different polarization directions is shown in more detail in FIG. 5 on the basis of the principle of a Pockels cell.
  • Modulators based on a change in polarization have the advantage over acousto-optical modulators that almost the entire intensity of the incident beam is reproduced in the outgoing beam, in contrast to the acousto-optical principle, in which an intensity component in other diffraction arrangements must always be taken into account.
  • the light bundle 12 originating from the light source 10 is used to set a defined one
  • polarizer 71 This polarizer can be dispensed with, however, if the Ucht bundle 12 emerging from the laser 10 shown in FIG. 1 is itself polarized. Although this also applied to the example of FIG. 1, a Glan-Thompson prism was nevertheless used as the polarization filter 71 in the exemplary embodiment in order to achieve the best possible polarization of the optical bundle 13 when it falls into the end face 72 of an electro-optically active material 73.
  • Electrodes 74 and 75 are arranged in a known manner on the surface of the material 73.
  • a phase modulation of the incident Ucht bundle takes place in such a way that Ucht with different circular polarization states passes through the electro-optical material 73 at different speeds. Due to the different phase velocities of these partial light bundles with different polarization states, a real bundle 77 falls out of the end face 76, the polarization direction of which is changed when the voltage at the electrodes 75 and 76 differs from zero.
  • a further polarization filter 79 is arranged in the modulator 50 as a polarizer, which was also a Glan-Thompson prism in the exemplary embodiment.
  • This analyzer filters out only a single polarization direction, so that, depending on the voltage applied to the electrodes 74 and 75, the real bundle 16 emerging from the modulator 50 has different intensities.
  • the two polarization filters 71 and 79 are arranged to act in a direction perpendicular to one another, so that at zero voltage at the electrodes 74 and 75 only a minimum of real intensity is contained in the real bundle 16.
  • the polarizers 71 and 79 are optimally aligned with the electro-optically active material 73, however, it can be determined on the basis of imperfections in the material 73 and / or the polarizers 71 and 79 that the real bundle 16 still has a low real intensity. Comparatively high-quality systems are required to achieve absorbance values of 500. In particular, scattered light will also contribute to the light component in the Ucht bundle 13, a component that the greater the divergence of the incident Ucht bundle 12, the greater the wind.
  • FIG. 6 now shows an exemplary embodiment in which two such Pockels cells are connected in series according to the principle explained in more detail in FIG. 2.
  • the same reference numerals thus refer to the same elements as in FIG. 5.
  • the maximum intensity is achieved by applying the respective voltage for maximum transmission to each of the two modulators 50, 50 '.
  • Intermediate values can be set by varying one or both of the voltages applied to the polarization modulators.
  • measured values for the device implemented in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 are given in the attached tables I and II.
  • the respective output power of the Uchtbündels 16 is shown depending on the voltages between the electrodes 74 and 75 and between the electrodes 74 * and 75 '.
  • an extinction of 1: 1,380 of the modulator 50 can be read from Table I.
  • Table II shows an extinction of 1,380: 448,000, that is an extinction of 1: 325, for the second modulator 50 '.
  • the different extinctions of the modulators 50 and 50 ' are due, among other things, to the fact that, firstly, each modulator has specific properties, secondly, when there is a voltage variation on the first modulator 50 and on the second modulator
  • Another modulator can be added for further extinction improvement. This means that components of lower quality can also be used for a good extinction, which, with suitable optimization overall, greatly reduces the costs for a device for modulating real bundles, despite a possible additional modulator.
  • Table I

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif (14) servant à moduler l'intensité d'un faisceau lumineux (12) qui arrive dans l'entrée d'un modulateur (50), pilotable avec un signal de commande (54) entre deux états. Dans un premier état, une part minimale du faisceau lumineux (12) et dans un second état, une part maximale du faisceau lumineux (12) émergent d'une sortie du modulateur. Il est prévu que le dispositif (14) présente au moins deux modulateurs (50, 50', 50') disposés en une configuration où un faisceau lumineux sortant d'un des modulateurs (50, 50', 50') soit introduit dans l'entrée d'un modulateur (50', 50') suivant, disposé dans le sens de diffusion de la lumière. Le faisceau lumineux (16) modulé en intensité à l'aide dudit dispositif peut être extrait du dernier des modulateurs (50), dans la série ainsi formée, de manière à améliorer l'extinction du dispositif (14) par rapport à chaque modulateur (50) individuel.
PCT/EP1998/000824 1997-06-03 1998-02-13 Dispositif pour moduler l'intensite d'un faisceau lumineux, procede permettant de produire ledit dispositif, procede pour moduler l'intensite d'un faisceau lumineux et utilisation dudit dispositif WO1998056186A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP11500137A JPH11514109A (ja) 1997-06-03 1998-02-13 光束の強度変調のための装置及びその製造方法及び光束の強度変調のための方法及び該装置の使用法
EP98909461A EP0916228A1 (fr) 1997-06-03 1998-02-13 Dispositif pour moduler l'intensite d'un faisceau lumineux, procede permettant de produire ledit dispositif, procede pour moduler l'intensite d'un faisceau lumineux et utilisation dudit dispositif
IL12741398A IL127413A0 (en) 1997-06-03 1998-02-13 Apparatus for the intensity modulation of a light bundle a manufacturing process therefor a process for the intensity modulation of a light bundle and uses for the apparatus

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19723208A DE19723208A1 (de) 1997-06-03 1997-06-03 Vorrichtung zum Intensitätsmodulieren eines Lichtbündels, ein Herstellungsverfahren für diese, ein Verfahren zum Intensitätsmodulieren eines Lichtbündels sowie Verwendungen von der Vorrichtung
DE19723208.6 1997-06-03

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WO1998056186A1 true WO1998056186A1 (fr) 1998-12-10

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EP (1) EP0916228A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH11514109A (fr)
DE (1) DE19723208A1 (fr)
IL (1) IL127413A0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998056186A1 (fr)

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US8780024B2 (en) 2008-06-24 2014-07-15 Carl Zeiss Ag Projector and method for projecting an image
US8797242B2 (en) 2008-06-24 2014-08-05 Carl Zeiss Ag Projector and method for projecting an image
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JP5853332B2 (ja) * 2011-07-11 2016-02-09 株式会社ブイ・テクノロジー レーザ用アッテネータ及びレーザ発生装置
US11035789B2 (en) * 2019-04-03 2021-06-15 Picomole Inc. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy system and method of modulating a light beam therein

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DE19723208A1 (de) 1998-12-10
JPH11514109A (ja) 1999-11-30
IL127413A0 (en) 1999-10-28

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