WO1998039662A1 - Verfahren und einrichtung zur messung einer elektrischen spannung - Google Patents
Verfahren und einrichtung zur messung einer elektrischen spannung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998039662A1 WO1998039662A1 PCT/DE1998/000683 DE9800683W WO9839662A1 WO 1998039662 A1 WO1998039662 A1 WO 1998039662A1 DE 9800683 W DE9800683 W DE 9800683W WO 9839662 A1 WO9839662 A1 WO 9839662A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sensor
- optical
- voltage
- crystals
- signal
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
- G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
- G01R15/24—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices
- G01R15/241—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices using electro-optical modulators, e.g. electro-absorption
- G01R15/242—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices using electro-optical modulators, e.g. electro-absorption based on the Pockels effect, i.e. linear electro-optic effect
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for the optical measurement of an electrical voltage, preferably a high voltage.
- Optical measuring methods from various publications are already generally known, which carry out the measurement of electrical fields and electrical voltages via the Pockels effect on electro-optical crystals.
- the physical properties of an electro-optical medium change depending on the electric field strength in such a way that the polarization state changes due to the sensor medium propagating optical wave is influenced by a linear birefringence induced by the electric field.
- the measurement signal can be determined in connection with electronic evaluation means for the purpose of determining the electrical voltage, transversely or parallel to the direction of propagation of the optical wave.
- temperature dependencies of parameters of the optical components used - the optical signal path is divided into more than one partial beam.
- the partial beams are fed via separate optical elements to separate receivers and, after suitable processing with analog electronic means, the detected signals are optionally subjected to digital signal processing.
- polarized measuring light is passed through a Pockel ' s sensor device, which is under the influence of the alternating field or the alternating voltage, to a beam splitter which divides the optical wave into two different polarization planes.
- the method specified in the embodiment uses the transverse electro-optical effect (FIG. 1) to measure the electric field.
- the method is suitable for measuring voltages that drop transversely over the sensor crystal. Adjustment of the measuring range is possible by changing the crystal length, however the maximum voltage to be measured is limited by the electrical strength of the sensor crystal.
- DE-EB 3404608 describes a device for optically measuring the electric field strength, which, via a transmission element, feeds an optical wave to a sensor device for an electric field, which changes the degree of modulation of the optical wave as a function of the electric field strength. It is pointed out that the sensor crystals of the group 23 and 43m used have a slight dependence of the optical effect on the temperature, but there is no complete compensation of the temperature influence.
- DE-EB 2845625 describes an arrangement for electro-optical voltage measurement in which the longitudinal linear electro-optical effect on a piezoelectric fiber is exploited and the optical effects of the field strength distribution along the fiber are integrated by the spatial expansion of the crystal fiber. According to the current state of the art, such a crystal fiber is currently not commercially available, so that this method for voltage measurement has so far not been successful in large-scale production.
- a device for measuring voltages on high-voltage conductors for which it is stated that the electric field proportional to the voltage to be measured changes the polarization plane of polarized light, which is coupled into an optical waveguide.
- An arrangement is proposed in which the optical waveguide is meandered to increase the effect.
- a large temperature dependence of the measurement signal is to be expected, which is caused by the linear birefringence of the optical waveguide induced by bending.
- DE-EB 1591976 describes an electrical-optical voltage reducing device and its application for measuring voltages.
- the polarization of a light beam that traverses a number of electro-optical cells that are electrically connected in series is changed and read out by means of a Pockel ' s cell via a compensation circuit.
- the arrangement described represents an ohmic / capacitive divider whose voltage drops are optically read out over partial capacitances.
- the method has the disadvantage that temperature dependencies of the optical elements are not compensated for and that the proposed device has to be produced in a technologically complex and thus costly manner since, in addition to the costs for the optical structure, the costs for the voltage divider are incurred.
- the compensation circuit makes it necessary to supply a secondary electrical voltage.
- DE 4436181 A1 specifies a method and a device for measuring an electrical alternating variable with temperature compensation by fitting.
- a normalization circuit is proposed which form the quotient from the alternating to the direct signal component of the intensity signal of the optical wave detected by the receivers.
- a divider is used to perform this function. No measures are given to suppress the effects of tolerances of the components in the standardization level.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a method and a device for measuring an electrical alternating voltage with the aid of the electro-optical effect, in which the measurement under open-air conditions can also be carried out in a technologically simple manner in the high and extra-high voltage level.
- the method and the device should contain measures that reduce the effects of temperature changes on the optical and electrical parameters of the device.
- a modular, scalable structure is sought. This object is achieved by providing a method and a device is proposed for measuring an electrical alternating voltage, using at least one light source and at least one optical transmission path at least a sensor element and evaluating means, utilizing the Pockel's effect in use.
- the sensor element contains at least one active sensor part.
- the voltage applied to the sensor element drops in the number N SA (N SA greater than or equal to 1) of active sensor parts, so that the partial voltage (s) falling across the active sensor part (s) US A , I -U SA , NSA are measured and are available for further processing.
- a number N SE (N SE greater than or equal to 1) of sensor elements is used, so that the sum of the partial voltages U SE , I -.U SE , NSE dropping at them is available and is used to determine the total voltage to be measured.
- the partial voltages U S E, I..U SE , N S E each consist of a sum of partial voltages U S AI.U SA , N SA.
- the active sensor part contains at least one temperature-dependent optical element that has an optical activity.
- the temperature dependency of the optical activity is made available as a measure of the temperature prevailing at the temperature-dependent optical element for the evaluation of the measured values.
- the active sensor part is designed so that the sensor crystals contained therein one behind the other in the same crystallographic Orientation is shone through by a single light beam and the effects of the electro-optical effects in the individual crystals are added, and the total values are available and used as a basis for determining the voltage applied to the active sensor part.
- the active sensor part has a carrier which serves to hold and adjust the crystals used.
- the optical waves transmitted by the active sensor parts are detected and in each case converted as a signal I via a module contained in appropriate evaluation means into a signal l N , in that the signal I consists of an alternating component c as a characteristic quantity, which varies with the frequency of the voltage to be measured changes in time, the time constant of which is designated T A c and the change in the direct component I DC is described as a further characteristic variable of the signal I with the time constant T DC , the time constant Toc being significantly greater than T A c and the normalization by multiplication of the signal I with a factor K occurs in such a way that the DC component of l N assumes the predetermined value of a reference signal V r ⁇ f and the factor K used for processing is determined in a closed control loop. It is also possible to record the peak value and use it instead of the DC component.
- a suitable device for measuring the electrical voltage in which the electrical voltage is an alternating variable, has at least one light source, at least one optical transmission path, at least one active sensor part and evaluation means using the Pockel ' s effect.
- the active sensor part has at least two electro-optical sensor crystals penetrated by a polarized measuring light, to which a temperature-dependent optical element can be arranged.
- the crystals penetrated by a polarized measuring light and the temperature-dependent optical element preferably consist of the materials Bi 4 Ge 3 O 2 , Bi 4 Si 3 0 12 or Bi 12 GeO 20 , Bi 12 SiO 20 or from compounds of crystal group 43m or 23.
- the active sensor part consists of a plurality of successive directional sensor crystals which can be irradiated by means of a single light beam and are arranged in the same crystallographic orientation and are arranged for mutual orientation in the direction of radiation in or on a suitable carrier. These are preferably axially aligned.
- the sensor element contains a device that allows one or more active sensor parts to be arranged such that the voltage applied to the sensor element at the active sensor part (s) drops in partial voltages and the sum of the partial voltages is equal to the applied voltage.
- Sensor elements can be combined via holding and field control elements in such a way that the voltage applied to them drops in partial voltages at the individual sensor elements.
- the device contains as evaluation means at least one module, via which the standardization is carried out by multiplying the input signal by a factor, the factor being generated by a functional unit, the input variable of which represents the difference between a reference signal and the input signal to which a factor is applied.
- An integrator, a low-pass filter or a peak value rectifier can expediently be used as the functional unit.
- the device according to the invention has a modular structure, so that the device for voltage measurement in different voltage levels can be adapted without making fundamental design changes.
- This measure enables a voltage converter to be implemented cost-effectively by increasing the number of active sensor parts.
- Another advantage of the invention is that the discrete summation of the electric field strength to approximate the applied electric voltage is carried out by using a plurality of sensor crystals. This eliminates the need to use long crystal rods to which the voltage to be measured is applied. Due to the smaller crystal volumes, a cost reduction can be expected.
- a temperature-dependent optical element as a temperature sensor, there is the possibility of being able to compensate for temperature-dependent effects.
- control circuit for carrying out the standardization is proposed, which regulates component tolerances by using a feedback, in contrast to methods without feedback. Subsequent analog and digital circuits can advantageously be controlled by this control loop.
- Another advantage of the solution according to the invention is that a discrete voltage divider for controlling the voltage drop in the proposed optical converter is not necessary.
- the determination of the electrical voltage is carried out according to its definition.
- Fig. 1 Principle of a Pockels cell based on the transverse electro-optical effect
- Fig. 2 Principle of a Pockels cell based on the longitudinal electro-optical effect
- Fig. 3 Principle of an expanded Pockels cell for voltage measurement
- Fig. 4 Use of several sensor crystals for voltage measurement
- Fig. 5 Basic structure of the device for measuring a voltage
- Fig. 6 Basic modular structure of the device for adapting the
- Fig. 7 Basic structure of the evaluation means
- Fig. 8 Standard normalization of an optical signal using a divider
- Fig. 9 Standardization of the optical signal using a controlled multiplier.
- the measurement of the electric field can be carried out with a Pockels cell.
- 1 and 2 show the basic structure of a Pockels cell.
- An optical wave is emitted by a light source 31 and is guided to an optoelectric converter 32 via a polarizer 11, an electro-optical element 12, a delay element 13, an analyzer 14. If a crystal without natural linear double calculation is used as the electro-optical element 12, the operating point of the arrangement for granting maximum sensitivity and linearity should be determined by using a delay plate 13 with a delay of a quarter wavelength. If the transverse electro-optical effect is used (FIG. 1), the direction of light propagation and the modulating electric field are perpendicular to one another.
- the electro-optical crystal 12 is oriented so that the longitudinal electro-optical effect (FIG. 2, electric field and light propagation direction run parallel to one another) is oriented such that the coupled linearly polarized optical wave propagates along a main axis in the sensor crystal 12 and the polarization plane of the optical wave in the 45th ° angle to the other electro-optically marked axes of the crystal when field E is applied.
- the analyzer 14 converts the optical signal phase-modulated by the applied electrical field into an intensity-modulated signal.
- the evaluation of the field strength E from the intensity-modulated signal which is made available by the receiver 32, is possible via evaluation means.
- the principle of the expanded Pockels cell used in the invention is described in FIG. 3. In contrast to FIGS.
- the connection from the light source 31 to the sensor active part 21 represents the optical transmission path OS1, the connections from 21 to the electro-optical converters 32 and 33 are realized by the optical transmission paths OS2 and OS3.
- the optical wave is modulated at discrete points of the sensor crystals S by the locally prevailing field strength Ej.
- the one partial wave is fed to an analyzer 17 and a receiver 33 via a temperature-dependent optical element 16.
- the other partial wave hits an analyzer 14 and a receiver 32 directly. If the Pockels cell works according to the longitudinal electro-optical effect, the individual modulations on the sensor crystals add up if they are in the same crystallographic orientation. The sum of the individual modulations results in a total phase delay r of two orthogonal partial waves.
- the voltage to be determined drops on the measuring section of the active sensor part between points A and B.
- the associated assumed field strength curve (solid line) as a function of the measuring point is shown in FIG. 4.
- the integral of the field strength path products is used.
- Equation (1) represents the constant field strength at the sensor crystal SK, at level i with the width d.
- Equation (3) is obtained from (2) by extension
- the total phase delay r is proportional to the voltage U A , B - according to equations (4.2) and (5) -
- the determination of the electrical voltage can thus be traced back to a summation of discrete field strength-path products by calculating the path integral of the electrical field strength.
- the summation approaches the integral the more precisely the more sensor crystals are used.
- the costs for the crystals and the losses caused by surface reflections also increase. In practice, optimization with regard to costs and measuring accuracy is to be carried out.
- the second optical wave coupled out by the beam splitter passes through a temperature-dependent optical element that has an optical activity.
- FIG. 5 shows the schematic structure of the device for measuring a voltage, consisting of light sources and evaluation means 30 and of a sensor element 20, which consists of a number N SA of active sensor parts 21 -X and holding and field control elements 22.
- the optical transmission paths between sensor element 20 and evaluation device 30 are collectively referred to as OS.
- Optical waves are fed to the optical sensor element via the transmission link OS.
- At least two optical waves are returned from the sensor element 20 to the evaluation means 30 via the transmission path OS.
- the evaluation means generate a measure U 'for the sum of the voltages U SA.I -.U SA , N SA which are applied to the active sensor parts 21-1..21 -N SA .
- the voltage U ' is proportional to the total voltage U.
- the sensor elements 20-X are arranged in such a way that the partial voltages U. ', U 2 ',... U N SE 'of the sensor elements determined in the evaluation means 30-X result in a sum U' proportional to the total system voltage U 'of the sensor elements by forming a sum. surrender.
- the unit 35 can be part of the evaluation means 30 or a unit separated from 30.
- Bi 4 Ge 3 0 ⁇ 2 which belongs to class 43m of the cubic crystal system, should be considered as the sensor crystal.
- the crystal has no natural linear birefringence and no optical activity. Due to the lack of optical activity, a large number of sensor crystals of the same type can be arranged one behind the other in a structurally simple manner, so that the effects of the longitudinal Pockels effect in the form of induced linear birefringence in the case of the single crystals T- result in a total phase delay r of the orthogonal ones spreading Sum partial waves. If the polarizer 11 is oriented in FIG. 3 at an angle of 45 ° to the electro-optically marked axes of the sensor crystals, which all have the same orientation, and the analyzer 14 is arranged crossed over to the input polarizer, the intensity 32 can be detected at the receiver 32 according to
- T represents the phase delay due to the Pockels effect between the optical partial waves which are polarized along the 1st and 2nd electro-optically marked axes and the light propagation takes place in the direction of the 3rd electro-optically marked axis.
- ⁇ DC is the direct component of the intensity detected at the receiver. r can be derived from the Calculate the sum of the partial phase delays Tj at the individual sensor crystals, where N S ⁇ represents the number of sensor crystals used.
- n 0 refractive index, ⁇ o wavelength of the optical wave, r 4 ⁇ electro-optic constant
- the second partial beam in FIG. 3 is guided to a receiver 33 via a temperature-dependent optical element 16 and via an analyzer 17.
- a measure of the temperature can be determined by taking advantage of the temperature dependence of the natural optical activity.
- the polarization plane of a continuous optical wave is rotated by ⁇ when the temperature changes by ⁇ T.
- the normalized optical intensity l 2 can be detected with the direct component l 2 ⁇ D c according to
- I. I 2 . D c (l + sin (r) -sin (2- ⁇ )), (9) where the angle ⁇ is composed of rotation of the plane of polarization by the optical activity at reference temperature ⁇ 0 and the proportion ⁇ caused by temperature changes.
- the analyzer is oriented at an angle of 45 ° + ⁇ max to the angle ⁇ 0 . Due to the additional rotation by ⁇ max , the change by ⁇ within the interval [- A ⁇ max , + ⁇ max ] always leads to a modulation of the output signal l 2 without a change in sign.
- r is an alternating signal in the frequency range 20 Hz to 20 kHz, whereas ⁇ changes only “slowly” in the range of the thermal time constant of the measuring device in the frequency range less than 20 Hz.
- a determination of the temperature is possible via ⁇ , since ⁇ changes approximately linearly as a function of the temperature and an inverse function can be mathematically clearly determined in the interval under consideration. With this measure of the temperature change with respect to the reference temperature, a correction of the temperature characteristic of the signal is possible. If the arc sine of l 1N is formed, an output signal A is obtained which can be corrected with the factor K T for temperature compensation.
- the factor K ⁇ must be known from a calibration.
- the signal A is thus proportional to the total phase delay T of the sensor element and to the sum of the electrical field strengths prevailing at the measuring points.
- a prerequisite for the specified method is that in the transition from the definition equation of the electrical voltage (1) to the equation (2) only the electrical field strength component in the direction has an influence on the value of the integral from (1). If the direction of light propagation in the sensor crystal is chosen parallel to the direction of the integration path, and the measuring light propagates along an optical main axis in the Sensor crystal, so when using a cubic crystal only the electrical field component has an influence on the sum in equation (2), which is directed parallel to the direction of propagation of the measuring light. To show this, the indicatrix is used as a descriptive model of the refractive indices depending on the direction of light propagation. The mathematical formulation of the indicatrix results (see A. Yariv, P. Yeh, "Optical Waves in Crystals")
- the signal A from (15) is therefore proportional to the voltage U A , B , which drops across the sensor crystals which are located on the measuring path of the active sensor part 21.
- the evaluation means 30 are shown in FIG. 7. They contain a light source 31 and at least two electro-optical converters 32 and 33.
- the signals are preprocessed by assemblies 40, digitized by a multi-channel AD converter 51, processed in a computer 53 and made available as output variable A via a DA converter 52.
- the signal detected by the receivers 32 and 33 is normalized in the modules 40, so that the downstream AD converter is sufficiently controlled.
- an analog divider and an analog high and low pass or a subtractor are usually used as a replacement for a high or low pass, which directly implement the mathematical function, as is shown, for example, in FIG. 8.
- the standardization is usually used for optical sensors that transmit an intensity-modulated signal on an optical transmission link that is subject to a change in the optical attenuation over time. Furthermore, the influence of the steepness of the receiver can also be eliminated.
- the circuit usually used has the disadvantage that the divider is no longer sufficiently controlled when the attenuation on the optical transmission path between the light source and receiver increases, or on the other hand it can be overridden when the attenuation on the optical transmission path decreases. This means that the electronics can cause errors.
- This problem can be solved by using a multiplier which is integrated in a feedback loop, so that tolerances of the components can be corrected by the control loop. It is necessary to regulate the tolerances, since in practice there are no commercially available components that are sufficiently accurate.
- the input signal I to be standardized is fed to a multiplier MUL as the first factor
- the second factor for the multiplier is obtained by the functional unit INT from the output signal of the multiplier MUL and from a reference variable V re f.
- the functional unit can be a Represent integrator.
- the integrator generates a manipulated variable as a second factor for the multiplier, which regulates the DC component of the output variable to the value that is specified by V r ⁇ f .
- the AC component of signal I is scaled with the same factor that the control for the DC component determines.
- the functional unit INT can represent a peak value rectifier. In this case the input signal would be scaled by a factor so that the peak value of 1 N corresponds to the level V r ⁇ f.
- the multiplier can also be realized by another voltage-controlled coefficient element.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98916861A EP0965046A1 (de) | 1997-03-05 | 1998-03-05 | Verfahren und einrichtung zur messung einer elektrischen spannung |
JP53807498A JP4127413B2 (ja) | 1997-03-05 | 1998-03-05 | 電圧を測定するための方法と装置 |
US09/380,410 US7084616B1 (en) | 1997-03-05 | 1998-03-05 | Method and device for measuring an electrical voltage |
CA002289736A CA2289736C (en) | 1997-03-05 | 1998-03-05 | Method and device for measuring an electrical voltage |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19716477.3 | 1997-03-05 | ||
DE19716477A DE19716477B4 (de) | 1997-03-05 | 1997-03-05 | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Messung einer elektrischen Spannung |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998039662A1 true WO1998039662A1 (de) | 1998-09-11 |
Family
ID=7827065
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE1998/000683 WO1998039662A1 (de) | 1997-03-05 | 1998-03-05 | Verfahren und einrichtung zur messung einer elektrischen spannung |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7084616B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP0965046A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4127413B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2289736C (de) |
DE (1) | DE19716477B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1998039662A1 (de) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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GB2352291A (en) * | 1999-07-21 | 2001-01-24 | Ando Electric | Electro-optic probe comprising means for maintaining a constant temperature |
CN102124531A (zh) * | 2008-09-19 | 2011-07-13 | 赖茵豪森机械制造公司 | 手动驱动装置 |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19920428A1 (de) * | 1999-05-04 | 2000-11-30 | Siemens Ag | Vorrichtung zur Messung von elektrischen Feldstärken |
JP2001050985A (ja) * | 1999-05-31 | 2001-02-23 | Ando Electric Co Ltd | 電気光学プローブ |
EP1462811A1 (de) * | 2003-03-28 | 2004-09-29 | Abb Research Ltd. | Elektrooptischer Spannungssensor für hohe Spannungen |
EP1462810B1 (de) * | 2003-03-28 | 2015-09-09 | ABB Research Ltd. | Temperaturkompensierter elektrooptischer Spannungssensor |
EP1660896A4 (de) * | 2003-09-05 | 2012-02-29 | James N Blake | Zeitlich gemultiplextes optisches messsystem |
WO2008065196A2 (en) | 2006-11-30 | 2008-06-05 | North Sensor A/S | Faraday effect current sensor |
EP2463931B1 (de) | 2009-08-07 | 2016-07-13 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Verpackungsmaterial für elektrochemische zellen |
EP2479581A1 (de) | 2011-01-21 | 2012-07-25 | PowerSense A/S | Wechsel- oder Gleichstromübertragungssystem und Verfahren zum Messen einer Spannung |
CN103718050B (zh) * | 2011-05-27 | 2017-04-05 | Abb研究有限公司 | 光纤电压传感器 |
US8791831B2 (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2014-07-29 | Eaton Corporation | System including an indicator responsive to an electret for a power bus |
US9093867B2 (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2015-07-28 | Eaton Corporation | Power system including an electret for a power bus |
CN102944799B (zh) * | 2012-11-30 | 2015-04-22 | 东华理工大学 | 一种岩石或矿石标本的电性测量装置 |
EP3387452B1 (de) | 2015-12-11 | 2019-09-11 | Novartis AG | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung der anwesenheit einer elektrischen ladung auf der oberfläche einer linsenmulde |
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1997
- 1997-03-05 DE DE19716477A patent/DE19716477B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-03-05 JP JP53807498A patent/JP4127413B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-05 CA CA002289736A patent/CA2289736C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-05 EP EP98916861A patent/EP0965046A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-03-05 US US09/380,410 patent/US7084616B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-05 WO PCT/DE1998/000683 patent/WO1998039662A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
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Cited By (2)
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GB2352291A (en) * | 1999-07-21 | 2001-01-24 | Ando Electric | Electro-optic probe comprising means for maintaining a constant temperature |
CN102124531A (zh) * | 2008-09-19 | 2011-07-13 | 赖茵豪森机械制造公司 | 手动驱动装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE19716477A1 (de) | 1998-09-24 |
JP2001513893A (ja) | 2001-09-04 |
US7084616B1 (en) | 2006-08-01 |
CA2289736A1 (en) | 1998-09-11 |
CA2289736C (en) | 2009-09-15 |
EP0965046A1 (de) | 1999-12-22 |
DE19716477B4 (de) | 2011-11-10 |
JP4127413B2 (ja) | 2008-07-30 |
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