WO1997046237A1 - Anti-viral compounds - Google Patents

Abstract

The present application provides a series of benzimidazole compounds which inhibit the growth of picornaviruses, such as rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, polioviruses, coxsackieviruses of the A and B groups, echo virus and Mengo virus and flaviviruses such as hepatitis C and bovine diarrheal virus.

Description

ANTI-VIRAL COMPOUNDS The present invention is in the field of human medicine, particularly in the treatment of viral infections. More particularly, the present invention relates to the treatment of rhinoviral, enteroviral and flaviviral inventions .

The incidence of viral upper respiratory disease, the common cold, is immense. It has been estimated that nearly a billion cases annually appear in the United States alone. Rhmovirus, a member of the picornaviridae family, is the major cause of the common cold m humans. Because more than 110 strains of rhinoviruses have been identified, the development of a practical rhmovirus vaccine is not feasible, and chemotherapy appears to be the more desirable approach Another member of the picornavirus family is the enterovirus, which includes approximately eighty human pathogens. Many of these enteroviruses cause cold-like symptoms; others can cause more serious diseases such as polio, conjunctivitis, aseptic meningitis and myocarditis. Illness related to rhmovirus infection is evidenced by nasal discharge and obstruction. Furthermore, it has been implicated in otitis media, predisposes the development of bronchitis, exacerbates sinusitis, and has been implicated in the precipitation of asthmatic altoclis. Although it is considered by many to be a mere nuisance, its frequent occurrence in otherwise healthy individuals and the resulting economic importance in terms of employee absenteeism and physician visits have made it the subject of extensive investigation. The ability of chemical compounds to suppress the growth of viruses m vitro may be readily demonstrated using a virus plaque suppression test or a cytopathic effect test (CPE) . Cf Siminoff. Applied Microbiology, 9(1) , 66 (1961) . Although a number of chemical compounds that inhibit picomaviruses such as rhinoviruses have been identified, many are unacceptable due to 1) limited spectrum of activity, 2) undesirable side effects or 3) inability to prevent infection or illness m animals or humans. See Textbook of Human Virology, edited by Robert B. Belshe, chapter 16, "Rhinoviruses," Roland A. Levandowski, 391-405 (1985) . Thus, despite the recognized therapeutic potential associated with a rhmovirus inhibitor and the research efforts expended thus far, a viable therapeutic agent has not yet emerged. For example, antiviral benzimidazole compounds have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Ser. Nos. 4,008,243, 4,018,790, 4,118,573, 4,118,742, 4,174,454 and 4,492,708.

In general, the compounds disclosed in the above patents do not have a desirable pharmacological profile for use in treating rhmoviral infections Specifically, these compounds do not possess satisfactory oral bioavailability or a high enough inhibitory activity to compensate for their relatively low oral bioavailability to permit their widespread use. In addition, it s widely accepted the art that compounds used to treat rhmoviral infections should be very safe from a toxicological standpoint. Accordingly, it is a primary object of this invention to provide novel benzimidazole compounds which inhibit the growth of picomaviruses, such as rhinoviruses, enteroviruses such as polioviruses, coxsackieviruses of the A and B groups, or echo virus and which have a desirable pharmacological profile..

The present invention provides compounds of formula I

each R is independently hydrogen, halo, cyano, amino, halo ( Cι -Cs ) alkyl, di (C₁-C₄) alkylamino, azido, Ci-Cg alkyl, carbamoyl, carbamoyloxy, carbamoylamino, Ci-Ce alkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl, pyrrolidino, piperidino or morpholino;

R° is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C4 alkoxy;

R¹ is halo, cyano, hydroxy, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, methylthio, methylsulfinyl or methylsulfonyl;

R² is hydrogen, amino or -NHC (0) (C₁-C₆ alkyl) ; R³ is dimethylamino, C₁-C1₀ alkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, halo (C -Cζ ) alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, furyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino or a group of the formula:

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient therefor.

The present invention also provides a method for inhibiting a picornavirus comprising administering to a host in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein a, R, R°, R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined above. The present invention also provides a method for inhibiting a flavivirus comprising administering to a host in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein a, R, R°, R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined above. All temperatures stated herein are in degrees Celsius (°C) . All units of measurement employed herein are n weight units except for liquids which are in volume units. As used herein, the term "C₁-C10 alkyl" represents a straight or branched alkyl chain having from one to ten carbon atoms. Typical C₁-C₁₀ alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, neo-pentyl, hexyl, 2-methylhexyl, heptyl and the like. The term "C₁-C₁₀ alkyl" includes with its definition the terms "Ci-Ce alkyl" and ' C₁-C₄ alkyl. " "Halo" represents chloro, fluoro, bromo or lodo. "Halo (Ci-C_δ) alkyl " represents a straight or branched alkyl chain having from one to six carbon atoms with 1, 2 or 3 halogen atoms attached to it. Typical halo (Ci-Cβ) -alkyl groups include chloromethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 1- chloroisopropyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 3-bromobutyl, 3- chloroisobutyl, lodo-t-butyl, tnchloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2 , 2-chloro-ιodoethyl, 2 , 3-dιbromopropyl and the like. "C₁-C₄ alkylthio" represents a straight or branched alkyl chain having from one to four carbon atoms attached to a sulfur atom. Typical C₁-C₄ alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio and the like. "Ci-Cg alkoxy" represents a straight or branched alkyl chain having from one to six carbon atoms attached to an oxygen atom. Typical C₁-C6 alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy and the like. The term "C1-C₆ alkyl" includes withm its definition the term "C1-C₄ alkyl. "

"Di (C₁-C₄) alkylamino" represents two straight or branched alkyl chains having from one to four carbon atoms attached to a common ammo group. Typical di {C₁-C₄)alkyl¬ amino groups include dimethylammo, ethylmethylammo, methylpropyla ino, ethyllsopropylammo, butylmethylamino, sec-butylethylamino and the like. "C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl" represents a straight or branched alkyl chain having from one to four carbon atoms attached to a sulfinyl moiety. Typical C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl groups include methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, propyl-sulfinyl, isopropylsulfinyl, butylsulfinyl and the like.

"C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl" represents a straight or branched alkyl chain having from one to four carbon atoms attached to a sulfonyl moiety. Typical C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl groups include methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, propyl-sulfonyl, isopropylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl and the like.

"Substituted phenyl" represents a phenyl ring substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from the following: halo, cyano, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, amino or halo (C₁-C₄) alkyl. "Substituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl" represents a cycloalkyl ring substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from the following: halo, cyano, C1-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, amino or halo (C₁-C₄)alkyl .

The claimed compounds can occur m either the cis or trans conformation. For the purposes of the present application, cis refers to those compounds where the carboxamide moiety is cis to the benzimidazole ring and trans refers to those compounds where the carboxamide moiety is trans to the benzimidazole ring. Both isomers are included in the scope of the claimed compounds.

As mentioned above, the invention includes the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds defined by formula I. A compound of this invention can possess a sufficiently acidic, a sufficiently basic, or both functional groups, and accordingly react with any of a number of inorganic bases, and inorganic and organic acids, to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" as used herein, refers to salts of the compounds of the above formula which are substantially non-toxic to living organisms. Typical pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds of the present invention with a mineral or organic acid or an inorganic base. Such salts are known as acid addition and base addition salts. Acids commonly employed to form acid addition salts are inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic acid, ethansulfonic acid, oxalic acid, p- bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, and the like.

Examples of such pharmaceutically acceptable salts are the sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caproate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-1, 4-dioate, hexyne-1, 6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate, citrate, lactate, γ -hydroxybuty ate, glycollate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonate, napththalene-2- sulfonate, mandelate and the like. Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are those formed with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and those formed with organic acids such as maleic acid and methanesulfonic acid.

Base addition salts include those derived from inorganic bases, such as ammonium or alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, and the like. Such bases useful in preparing the salts of this invention thus include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, 7 -

calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and the like. The potassium and sodium salt forms are particularly preferred.

It should be recognized that the particular counterion forming a part of any salt of this invention is not of a critical nature, so long as the salt as a whole is pharmacologically acceptable and as long as the counterion does not contribute undesired qualities to the salt as a whole.

Preferred compounds of this invention are those compounds

where: a is 0, 1 or 2; each R is independently hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C1-C₄ alkoxy or di (C₁-C4)alkylamino;

R° is hydrogen;

R² is amino;

R³ is dimethylamino, Ci-Cg alkyl, halo(Ci-Cβ)alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, substituted C3-C7 cycloalkyl, thienyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrrolidino, piperidino or morpholino;

R⁴ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl;

R⁵ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Of these preferred compounds, more preferred are those compounds of formula I where: a is 0 or 1; each R is independently hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, dimethylamino; R³ is C₁-C4 alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl or substituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Of these compounds, the most preferred compounds are:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compounds of formula I may be prepared by reacting a suitably substituted acetamide with a base to provide the corresponding anion which is then reacted with a suitably substituted ketone of formula IA to provide a carbmol intermediate. The reactions are typically carried out in an organic solvent for one to twelve hours at a temperature of from about -90°C to room temperature using an excess of the base and acetamide reactant relative to the ketone reactant. The acetamide is preferably protected with a suitable protecting group prior to use in the reaction. Typical bases include sodium hydride, lithium dnsopropylamide (LDA) and n-butyllithium. A preferred base is n-butyllithium. Solvent choice is not critical so long as the solvent employed is inert to the ongoing reaction and the reactants are sufficiently solubilized to effect the desired reaction. A solvent that is suitable for use in this reaction is tetrahydrof ran although the acetamide reactant can also be used as a solvent . The carbinol intermediate is generally prepared in from about one to eighteen hours when the reaction is initiated at -78°C and allowed to slowly warm to room temperature. The reaction may be monitored by HPLC and quenched by the addition of an acid when it is substantially complete. Typical acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, formic acid and the like. A preferred acid is concentrated hydrochloric acid. The resultant carbinol intermediate is preferably dehydrated without prior isolation or purification.

In particular, the carbinol intermediate is reacted with an acid for thirty minutes to twelve hours at a temperature of from about room temperature to the reflux temperature of the mixture to provide the desired compound of formula I. Typical acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, formic acid, acetic acid and combinations of acids. A preferred acid combination is formic acid containing concentrated hydrochloric acid. The desired compound is generally prepared in from about thirty minutes to seven hours when the reaction is carried out at just below the reflux temperature of the mixture. The reaction is preferably monitored by HPLC, for example, to ensure that the reaction goes to completion. The compounds of formula I are preferably isolated and the resulting cis/trans isomers separated using procedures known in the art. For example, the cis and trans forms of the isolated compounds may be separated using column chromatography, for example reverse phase HPLC. The compounds may be eluted from the column using an appropriate ratio of acetonitrile and water or methanol and water. The cis form of the compound may be converted to a cis/trans mixture by exposure to hυ irradiation and recycled through the above-mentioned purification process.

The ketone intermediates of formula IA may be prepared according to procedures detailed in the art. For example, the ketone intermediates may be prepared according to the following Reaction Scheme I.

Reaction Scheme I

2. Reduction

where:

X is cyano or -COOR', where R' is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

X' is halo; a, R, R°, R¹, R² and R³ are defined above. Reaction Scheme I, above, is accomplished by carrying out reactions 1-4. Once a reaction is complete, the intermediate compound may be isolated, if desired, by procedures known in the art. For example, the compound may be crystallized and then collected by filtration, or the reaction solvent may be removed by extraction, evaporation or decantation. The intermediate compound may be further purified, if desired, by common techniques such as crystallization or chromatography over solid supports such as silica gel or alumina, before carrying out the next step of the reaction scheme.

Reaction 1.1 is accomplished by first exposing an appropriately substituted halo-nitroamlme and an appropriately substituted phenylacetonitrile or benzoate to a base m an organic solvent for one to twenty four hours at a temperature of from about -10°C to about 40°C to provide a ketone precursor. The reaction is typically carried out using equimolar proportions of the reactants m the presence of two equivalents of the base. Typical bases include sodium hydride, potassium t-butoxide, lithium dnsopropylamide (LDA) . A preferred base is potassium t- butoxide. Examples of solvents suitable for use this reaction include dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide and the like. Solvent choice is not critical so long as the solvent employed is inert to the ongoing reaction and the reactants are sufficiently solubilized to effect the desired reaction. The ketone precursor is generally prepared in from about one to fifteen hours when the reaction is initiated at 0°C and allowed to progress at room temperature. The ketone precursor is preferably oxidized in the same reaction mixture without prior isolation or purification.

In particular, the ketone precursor is reacted with an oxidizing agent for 30 minutes to 15 hours at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 30°C to provide the corresponding ketone compound. Typical oxidizing agents include hydrogen peroxide, oxygen and air. The oxygen and air are typically bubbled through the reaction mixture. A preferred oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide, preferably in a 30% solution. The ketone is generally prepared in from about thirty to five hours when the reaction is carried out between 0°C and room temperature. The reaction is preferably monitored by TLC, for example, to ensure that the reaction goes to completion. In reaction 1.2, the nitro substituent on the ketone is reduced according to procedures known in the art to provide the corresponding diaminobenzophenone compound. For example, the nitro substituent may be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation, for example by combining the ketone isolated from reaction 1.1 with hydrogen gas in ethanol or tetrahydrof ran and a catalyst. A preferred catalyst is palladium-on-carbon or Raney nickel. Solvent choice is not critical so long as the solvent employed is inert to the ongoing reaction and the nitro reactanc is sufficiently solubilized to effect the desired reaction. The hydrogen gas is typically used at a pressure of up to 60 psi, preferably at or about 30 psi. The reaction is generally substantially complete after about 1 to 24 hours when conducted at a temperature in the range of from about 0°C to about 40°C. The reaction is preferably conducted at a temperature in the range of from about 20°C to about 30°C for about 2 to 5 hours .

In reaction 1.3, the compound isolated from reaction 1.3 is cyclized via a nitrile intermediate by reacting the benzophenone compound with cyanogen bromide in an alcoholic solvent such as isopropanol. Typically, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 30°C. When the benzophenone is completely dissolved, the resultant solution is combined with cyanogen bromide. The cyanogen bromide is typically added in the form of a solution (3-7M for example in acetonitrile) . The reaction is generally complete after one to eighteen hours when the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature. However, in certain instances nitrile intermediate will precipitate out of the reaction mixture. In order to form the desired ketone, this precipitate is isolated and then refluxed in an alcoholic solvent such as isopropanol for one to four hours to provide the desired ketone compound of formula I .

The compounds of the formula:

where: X', R° and R³ are as defined above; are prepared by displacing the chloro or fluoro substituent on a compound of the formula

where Y is chloro or fluoro, with the proviso that Y cannot be chloro when X¹ is fluoro, with a primary amine of the formula NH₂R³, where R³ is as defined above, in an organic solvent. The reaction is optionally carried out in the presence of an acid scavenger such as potassium carbonate or a large excess of the primary amine. Typical solvents include tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide and the like. The reaction is generally complete in one to twenty hours when carried out at a temperature of from about 20°C to about 80°C. The resultant alkylated halo nitroaniline is then reacted as described in Reaction Scheme I, above.

The compounds of formula I where R² is -NHC(O) (C₁-C₆ alkyl) may be prepared by acylating the ketone intermediate or the corresponding compound of formula I, where R² is amino, according to procedures known in the art. For example, the amine compound may be acylated with a suitable acyl halide, isocyanate or chloro ormate, preferably in the presence of an acid scavenger such as a tertiary amine, preferably triethylamine. A preferred acylatmg agent is acetic anhydride. The reaction is typically carried out at a temperature of from about -20°C to about 25°C. Typical solvents for this reaction include ethers and chlorinated hydrocarbons, preferably diethylether, chloroform or methylene chloride. The amine reactant is generally employed in equimolar proportions relative to the acylatmg reactant, and preferably the presence of equimolar quantities of an acid scavenger such as a tertiary amine. A preferred acid scavenger for this reaction is N- methylmorpholme (NMM) .

The compounds employed as initial starting materials the synthesis of the compounds of this invention are known m the art, and, to the extent not commercially available are readily synthesized by standard procedures commonly employed m the art .

It will be understood by those the art that in performing the processes described above it may be desirable to introduce chemical protecting groups into the reactants in order to prevent secondary reactions from taking place. Any amine, alcohol, alkylamine or carboxy groups which may be present on the reactants may be protected using any standard ammo-, alcohol- or carboxy- protecting group which does not adversely affect the remainder of the molecule's ability to react m the manner desired. The various protective groups may then be removed simultaneously or successively using methods known in the art.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the invention are typically formed by reacting a compound of formula I with an equimolar or excess amount of acid or base. The reactants are generally combined in a mutual solvent such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, benzene and the like, for acid addition salts, or water, an alcohol or a chlorinated solvent such as methylene chloride for base addition salts. The salts normally precipitate out of solution withm about one hour to about ten days and can be isolated by filtration or other conventional methods.

The following Preparations and Examples further illustrate specific aspects of the present invention. It is to be understood, however, that these examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention m any respect and should not be so construed.

In the following Preparations and Examples, the terms melting point, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, electron impact mass spectra, field desorption mass spectra, fast atom bombardment mass spectra, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectra, elemental analysis, high performance liquid chromatography, and thin layer chromatography are abbreviated "m.p.", "NMR", "EIMS", "MS(FD) ", "MS(FAB) ", "IR", "UV" , "Analysis", "HPLC", and "TLC", respectively. The MS(FD) data is presented as the mass number unless otherwise indicated. In addition, the absorption maxima listed for the IR spectra are only those of interest and not all of the maxima observed.

In conjunction with the NMR spectra, the following abbreviations are used: "s" is singlet, "d" is doublet, "dd" is doublet of doublets, "t" is triplet, "q" is quartet, "m" is multiplet, "dm" is a doublet of multiplets and "br.s", "br.d", "br.t", and "br. " are broad smglet, doublet, triplet, and multiplet respectively. "J" indicates the coupling constant in Hertz (Hz) . Unless otherwise noted, NMR data refers to the free base of the subject compound. The NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker Corp. 250 MHz instrument or on a General Electric QE-300 300 MHz instrument. The chemical shifts are expressed in delta, δ values (parts per million downfield from tetramethyl- silane) . The MS(FD) spectra were taken on a Varion-MAT 731 Spectrometer using carbon dendπte emitters. EIMS spectra were obtained on a CEC 21-110 instrument from Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation. IR spectra were obtained on a Perkm-Elmer 281 instrument. UV spectra were obtained on a Cary 118 instrument. TLC was carried out on E. Merck silica gel plates. Melting points are uncorrected.

Example 1

A. 2-IsoDropylamιno-4-fluoro-nitrobenzene To a cold (0°C) mixture of 43.35 ml (400 mmol) of 2,4- difluoronitrobenzene and 55 g (approx. 400 mmol) of potassium carbonate in 400 ml of tetrahydro uran, was added approximately 34.4 ml of lsopropylam e (400 mmol) . The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and reacted for 60 hours and then filtered. The potassium carbonate was washed with ethyl acetate and the orgamcs were then concentrated m vacuo resulting in the crystallization of the desired compound which was then isolated by filtration and washed with a small volume of hexane Yield: 66.37 g, yellow crystals (84%)

B. 3-Isopropylammo-4-nιtro-2', 3'-dιfluorobenzophenone To a cold (0°C) mixture of 7.65 g (50 mmol) of 2,3- difluorophenylacetonitπle and 9.9 g (50 mmol) of the compound of Example IA in 80 ml of dimethylformamide, was added 11.22 g (100 mmol) of potassium t-butoxide. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and reacted for approximately 1 hour. When the reaction was substantially complete, as determined by TLC, the mixture was cooled to 0°C, followed by the addition of 15 ml of a 30% solution of hydrogen peroxide. The mixture was warmed to room temperature, stirred overnight and then poured into 1 liter of IN hydrochloric acid resulting m the formation of 16 g of an orange so2ιd which was used without further purification.

C. 3-Isopropylamιno-4-ammo-2', 3'-difluorobenzophenone The compound of Example IB was hydrogenated m 250 ml of tetrahydrofuran using 2.1 g of Raney nickel catalyst under 60 psi of hydrogen (gas) for six hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated vacuo to provide 14 g of a solid which was used without further purification.

To a cold (0°C) mixture of 14 g of Example 1C in 125 ml of isoproyl alcohol, was added one equivalent of cyanogen bromide (9.6 ml of a 5M solution m acetonitrile) . The resultant mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 days and then concentrated m vacuo to provide a residue. This residue was redissolved m ethyl acetate and then sonicated resulting in the formation of 13.0 g of crystals .

Analysis for Ci7Hιe 3θBrF₂ : Calcd: C, 51.53; H, 4.07; N, 10.61; Br, 20.17;

Found: C, 51.64; H, 4.17; N, 10.51; Br, 20.41. MS(FD) : 315 (M⁺) . ^λE NMR (300 MHz; d₆-DMSO) : δ 1.56 (d, 6H) ; 4.85 (septet,

IH) ; 7.41 (m, 2H) ; 7.33 (d, IH) ; 7.67 (d, IH) ; 7.74 (m, IH) ; 8.01 (s, IH) and 8.87 (s, 2H) .

IR(CHC1₃) : υ 3088, 2984, 1663, 1626, 1481, 1304 and

1276 cm^"1. UV/VIS (95% EtOH) : λ_max = 318 nm (E=11480) ; 223 nm

(E=24524!

The desired compound was obtained by adding IN sodium hydroxide to Example ID in ethyl acetate. The resulting - II

layers were separated and the organic phase was concentrated in vacuo.

Yield: 9.34 g (62%) .

Analysis for C₁₇H₁5N3OF₂:

Calcd: C, 64.76; H, 4.80; N, 13.33;

Found: C, 64.97; H, 4.78; N, 13.40. MS(FD) : 315 (M⁺) . ^λH NMR (300 MHz; d₆-DMSO) : δ 1.38 (d, 6H) ; 3.67 (septet,

IH) ; 7.01 (s, 2H) ; 7.18 (d, IH) ; 7.35 (m, 3H) ; 7.66 (s,

IH) and 7.77 (s, IH) . IR(CHCl3) : υ 3380, 2910, 1652, 1608, 1522, 1307, 1276 and

1264 cm-¹. UV/VIS (95% EtOH) : λ_max = 341 nm (E=21011) ; 220 5 nm

(E=26966) .

To a cold (-78°C) solution of 18.8 ml (76 mmol) of bis (trimethylsilyl)acetamide in 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran, was slowly added 30.4 ml of 2.5M n-butyllithium in hexane

(76 mmol) , followed by the addition of 3.0 g (9.5 mmol) of of Example IE. The reaction mixture was stirred for 8 hours at -78°C and then allowed to warm to room temperature. When the reaction was substantially complete, as indicated by HPLC, the reaction was quenched by the addition of 6.4 ml

(76 mmol) of concentrated hydrochloric acid and then concentrated in vacuo to provide an oil which was then redissolved in formic acid containing 1% concentrated hydrochloric acid. The mixture was allowed to react for 4 hours at 95°C. When the reaction was substantially complete, as indicated by HPLC, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo to provide an oil. This oil was separated using reverse phase HPLC (eluent of acetonitrile in water) to provide the cis and trans isomers of the subtitled compound, cis not characterized trans

Analysis for C19H₂₁N₄O₂F2CI :

Calcd: C, 55.55; H, 5.15; N, 13.64;

Found: C, 54.21; H, 4.93; N, 12.98. MS(FD) : 356 (M⁺) . ^λH NMR (300 MHz; d_δ-DMSO) : δ 1.48 (d, 6H) ; 4.73 (septet,

IH) ; 6.71 (s, IH); 7.93 (m, 3H) ; 7.18 (m, 2H) ; 7.25 (d, IH) ; 7.35 (m, IH) ; 7.42 (s, IH) ; 7.52 (s, IH) ; 7.79 (s, 2H) . IR (KBr) : υ 3152, 2982, 1662, 1596, 1483, 1474 and 1269 cm^"1.

UV/VIS (95% EtOH) : λ_maχ - 310 nm (E=9665) ; 223 nm (E=24308) .

The compound was prepared substantially as described in Example IF using N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylacetamide. cis not characterized trans

Analysis for C₂₀H₂3N₄O₂F₂CI :

Calcd: C, 56.54; H, 5.46; N, 13.19; Found: C, 56.32; H, 5.10; N, 13.06. MS(FD) : 370.3 (M⁺) . E NMR (300 MHz; d_δ-DMSO) : δ 2.52 (d, 6H) ; 2.59 (d, 3H) ;

4.81 (septet, IH) ; 6.78 (s, IH) ; 6.94 (m, 2H) ; 7.2 ( , IH) ; 7.4 (m, 2H) ; 7.6 (s, IH) ; 8.19 (m, IH) ; 8.75 (m,

IH) ; 8.79 (s, IH) . IR (KBr) : υ 3068, 1669, 1627, 1589, 1482 and 1474 cm"¹. UV/VIS (95% EtOH) : λ_maχ = 305 nm (E=13688) ; 223 nm

(E=30904) .

The compound was prepared substantially m accordance with Example IE, with the exception that n-butyllithium

(15.85 mmol) was slowly added to a solution that was prepared as follows. A cold (-78°C) solution of

« bis (trimethylsilyl)amide (1 equivalent) and N-ethylacetamide

(1 equivalent) tetrahydrofuran was stirred for 1 hour followed by the addition of chlorotnmethylsilane (1 equivalent) . The resultant solution was stirred for 15 minutes and then allowed to warm slowly Lo room temperature.

NOTE: The solution was cooled to -78°C again before the addition of the n-butyllithium.

not characterized trans

Analysis for C21H22N4OF2 'HC1 Η2O: Calcd: C, 57.47; H, 5.74 N, 12.76; Found: C, 57.25; H, 5.65 N, 12.74.

MS(FD) : 384.2 (M⁺) .

*H NMR (300 MHz; dδ-DMSO) : δ 0.96 (t, 3H) ; 1.49 (d, 6H) ;

3.0 (p, 2H) ; 4.80 (septet, IH) ; 6.74 (s, IH) ; 6.88 (t, IH) ; 6.94 (d, IH) ; 7.16 (q, IH) ; 7.30-7.44 (m, 2H) ; 7.55 (s, IH) ; 8.17 (t, IH) ; 8.75 (s, 2H) ; and 12.8 (s,

IH) . IR (CHCI₃) : υ 2986, 1664, 1602, 1514 and 1482 cm"¹. UV/VIΞ (95% EtOH) : λ_maχ = 304.00 nm (E=13407.11) ; 224.00 nm (E=31891.73) .

The following compounds were prepared substantially as described m Example 1A-F.

CIS MS(FD) : 338 (M⁺) .

Analysis for C₁₉H₁₉N₄OFΗCI :

Calcd: C, 60.88; H, 5.38; N, 14.95; Found: C, 60.62; H, 5.66; N, 14.78. trans MS(FD) : 338 (M⁺) .

Analysis for C₁₉H₁₉N₄OFΗCI ^•1.2H 0:

Calcd: C, 57.56; H, 5.70; N, 14.13; Found: C, 57.26; H, 5.28; N, 13.75.

CIS

7Λnalysιs for C₂₃H₁₈N₄O₂F2 :

Calcd: C, 65.71; H, 4.32; N, 13.33; Found: C, 65.44; H, 4.30; N, 13.05.

MS(FD) : 420 (M⁺) . 1-H NMR (250 MHz; d6~DMSO) : δ 3.83 (s, 3H) ; 6.08 (s, IH) ;

6.29 (s, 2H) ; 6.78 (m, 2H) ; 7.13 (m, 6H) ; 7.33 (m, 4H) IR (CHCI3) : υ 3390, 3013, 1664, 1514 and 1254 cm^"1. UV/VIS (95% EtOH) : λ_maχ = 217 nm (E=40891) . trans Analysis for C23H18N4O2F2 :

Calcd: C, 65.71; H, 4.32; N, 13.33;

Found: C, 63.22; H, 4.63; N, 12.63. MS(FD) : 420 (M⁺) . ^XH NMR (250 MHz; d_δ-DMSO) : δ 3.86 (s, 3H) ; 6.40 (s, 2H) ;

6.49 (s, IH) ; 6.71 (d, IH) ; 6.84 (m, 3H) ; 7.13 (m, 4H) 7.32 (m, 3H) and 7.36 (d, IH) .

IR (KBr) : υ 3416, 3314, 3201, 1664, 1582, 1543, 1513 and

1271 cm^"1. UV/VIS (95% EtOH) λ,max = 330 nm (E=16300; 226 nm

(E=33818) .

cis not characterized trans

MS(FD) : 382 (M⁺) .

Analysis for C21H₂0N₄OF₂-HCl ^•1.2H₂O: Calcd: C, 57.26; H, 5.35; N, 12.72;

Found: C, 57.21; H, 5.08; N, 12.47.

CIS

MS(FD) : 364 (M⁺) .

Analysis for C21H21N4OF' 1.2HC1 :

The following compounds were prepared substantially as described above in Example 2.

CIS MS(FD) : 378 (M⁺) .

Analysis for C22H23N4OFΗCI ^• 0.5H₂0:

Calcd: C, 62.33; H, 5.94; N, 13.22;

Found: C, 62.33; H, 5.74; N, 12.98. trans MS(FD) : 378 (M⁺) .

Analysis for C22H23N40F-HC1 ^• 0.2H2O:

Calcd: C, 63.14; H, 5.88; N, 13.39;

Found: C, 63.00; H, 5.92; N, 13.33.

CIS MS(FD) : 350 (M⁺) .

Analysis for C₂₀H₁9N₄OF-l.5HCl-l.5H₂O:

Calcd: C, 55.59; H, 5.48; N, 12.97; Found: C, 55.92; H, 5.24; N, 12.80. trans MS(FD) : 350 (M⁺) .

Analysis for C_2.Hi N θF-1.6HC1 :

Calcd: C, 58.77; H, 5.08; N, 13.71; Found: C, 58.89; H, 5.42; N, 12.55.

Example 10

CIS not characterized trans

MS(FD) : 366 (M⁺) .

Analysis for C₂iH23 4θF-1.4HC1 :

Calcd: C, 60.42; H, 5.89; N, 13.42,

Found: C, 60.28; H, 6.15; N, 13.24

The following compounds are made substantially as detailed in Example 1A-F.

Example 12

The present compounds appear to inhibit replication of plus-strand viral RNA by interfering with the structure and/or function of the viral replication complex (a membrane-bound complex of viral and cellular proteins) . Mutant rnmovirus and enterovirus have been isolated which demonstrate very low levels of drug tolerance. These mutants contain a single amino acid substitution m the protein that is expressed by the viral gene known as "3A" . Therefore, the compounds of the present invention inhibit the rhmovirus and enterovirus by inhibiting a 3A function. The 3A gene encodes a hydrophobic protein which serves as the scaffolding protein that attaches the proteins of the replication complex to mtracellular membranes .

The replicative strategy of flaviviruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and bovine diarrheal virus (BVDV) is similar to that of the rhinovirus and enterovirus, discussed above. In particular, both families of virus contain single-stranded, messenger-sense RNA that replicates in a cytoplasmic complex via a minus-strand RNA intermediate. In addition, both families of virus translate their genome into a polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved. Furthermore, the replication complexes of both viruses are tightly associated with intracellular membranes. Finally, both families of virus have analogous genomic structures including the presence of a 5 ' and 3' non-translated region which are required by the viruses for replication. There are two HCV proteins that have been implicated with this intracellular association: NS2 and NS4. It is postulated that either NS2 or NS4 is analogous to the picornavirus 3A protein.

Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating or preventing a flavivirus infection comprising administering to a host m need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. It is preferred to inhibit hepatitis C.

As noted above, the compounds of the present invention are useful as antiviral agents. They have shown inhibitory activity against various enterovirus and rhmovirus. An embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating or preventing a picornavirus infection comprising administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The term "effective amount" as used herein, means an amount of a compound of formula I which is capable of inhibiting viral replication. The picornavirus inhibition contemplated by the present method includes either therapeutic or prophylactic treatment, as appropriate. The specific dose of compound administered according to this invention to obtain therapeutic or prophylactic effects will, of course, be determined by the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including, for example, the compound administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated and the individual being treated. A typical daily dose will contain a dosage level of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg of body weight of an active compound of this invention. Preferred daily doses generally will be from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg and ideally from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg.

The compounds can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular and intranasal. The compounds of the present invention are preferably formulated prior to administration. Therefore, another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical formulation comprising an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient therefor.

The active ingredient in such formulations comprises from 0.1% to 99.9% by weight of the formulation. By "pharmaceutically acceptable" it is meant that the carrier, diluent or excipient is compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof .

The present pharmaceutical formulations are prepared by known procedures using well-known and readily available ingredients. In making the compositions of the present invention, the active ingredient will usually be admixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which may be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container. When the carrier serves as a diluent, it may be a solid, semi-solid or liquid material which acts as a vehicle, excipient or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols, (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile mjectable solutions, sterile packaged powders and the like.

The following formulation examples are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. The term "active ingredient" means a compound according to formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Formulation 1 Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following ingredients :

Quantity (mq/capsule) Active ingredient 250 Starch, dried 200

Magnesium stearate 10

Total 460 mg

Formulation 2 A tablet is prepared using the ingredients below:

Quantity (mα/capsule) Active ingredient 250

Cellulose, microcrystall e 400 Silicon dioxide, fumed 10

Stearic acid 5

Total 665 mg

The components are blended and compressed to form tablets each weighing 665 mg. Formulation 3 An aerosol solution is prepared containing the following components :

The active compound is mixed with ethanol and the mixture added to a portion of the propellant 22, cooled to 30°C and transferred to a filling device. The required amount s then fed to a stainless steel container and diluted with the remainder of the propellant . The valve units are then fitted to the container.

Formulation 4 Tablets, each containing 60 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows:

Active ingredient

Starch

Microcrystallme cellulose Polyvmylpyrrolidone

(as 10% solution in water)

Sodium carboxymethyl starch

Magnesium stearate

Talc

Total 150

The active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly. The aqueous solution containing polyvmylpyrrol done is mixed with the resultant powder, and the mixture then is passed through a No. 14 mesh U.S. sieve. The granules so produced are dried at 50°C and passed through a No. 18 mesh U.S. sieve. The sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate and talc, previously passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which, after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets each weighing 150 mg.

Formulation 5 Capsules, each containing 80 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows:

Quantity (mα/capsule)

Active ingredient 80 mg

Starch 59 mg

Microcrystallme cellulose 59 mg

Magnesium stearate 2. mg Total 200 mg

The active ingredient, cellulose, starch and magnesium stearate are blended, passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 200 mg quantities .

Formulation 6 Suppositories, each containing 225 mg of active ingredient, are made as follows: Active ingredient 225 mg Saturated fatty acid glycerides 2 , 000 mg Total 2,225 mg

The active ingredient is passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve and suspended m the saturated fatty acid glycerides previously melted using the minimum heat necessary. The mixture is then poured into a suppository mold of nominal 2 g capacity and allowed to cool. Formulation 7 Suspensions, each containing 50 mg of active ingredient per 5 ml dose, are made as follows: Active ingredient 50 mg Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 50 mg

Syrup 1.25 ml

Benzoic acid solution 0.10 ml

Flavor q.v.

Color q.v. Purified water to total 5 ml

The active ingredient is passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and syrup to form a smooth paste. The benzoic acid solution, flavor and color are diluted with a portion of the water and added, with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.

Formulation 8 An intravenous formulation may be prepared as follows : Active ingredient 100 mg Isotonic saline 1,000 ml

The solution of the above ingredients generally is administered intravenously to a subject at a rate of 1 ml per minute. The following experiment was carried out to demonstrate the ability of the compounds of formula I to inhibit certain virus .

Test Method for Anti-picornaviral Assay African green monkey kidney cells (BSC-1) or Hela cells

(5-3) were grown in 25 cc Falcon flasks at 37°C m medium 199 with 5 percent inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) , penicillin (150 units 1 ml) and streptomycin (150 micrograms per milliliter (μg/ml) ) . When confluent monolayers were formed, the supernatant growth medium was removed and 0.3 ml of an appropriate dilution of virus (echo, Mengo, Coxsackie, polio or rhmovirus) were added to each flask. After absorption for one hour at room temperature, the virus infected cell sheet was overlaid with a medium comprising one part of 1 percent Ionagar No. 2 and one part double strength Medium 199 with FBS, penicillin and streptomycin which contains drug at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12, 6, 3 and 0 μg/ml. The flask containing no drug served as the control for the test. The stock solutions of vinyl acetylene benzimidazole compounds were diluted with dimethylsulfoxide to a concentration of 10⁴ μg/ml. The flasks were then incubated for 72 hours at 37°C for polio, Coxsackie, echo and Mengo virus and 120 hours at 32°C for rhinovirus. Virus plaques were seen in those areas were the virus infected and reproduced in the cells. A solution of 10 percent formalin and 2 percent sodium acetate was added to each flask to inactivate the virus and fix the cell sheet to the surface of the flask. The virus plaques, irrespective of size, were counted after staining the surrounding cell areas with crystal violet. The plaque count was compared to the control count at each drug concentration. The activity of the test compound was expressed as percentage plaque reduction, or percent inhibition. Alternatively, the drug concentration which inhibits plaque formation by 50 percent can be used as a measure of activity. The 50 percent inhibition is indicated by the symbol IC50.

In vitro CPE/XTT ant -BVDV Assay MDBK cells were dispersed in the 96-wells microtiter plate at 10,000 cells per well with Minimum Essential Medium containing Earl's balanced salt solution (EBSS) , 2% horse serum, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) . Plates were grown at 37°C CO, incubator overnight. The MDBK cells were then infected with ^~0.02 moi (multiplicity of infection) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV, ATCC VR-534) . After allowing the virus to adsorb to the cells for 1-2 hours, medium containing serial dilutions of drug or medium alone was added to the wells. After further incubating for 3-4 days (when extensive cpe was apparent m medium alone wells) , the antiviral effect of testing drugs were assessed by performing a XTT assay as described below. XTT [2,3-bιs (methoxy-4-nιtro-5-sulfophenyl) -2H- tetraazolιum-5-carboxanιlιde, inner salt, sodium salt] at lmg/ml for warm medium without FBS were freshly prepared and used immediately. For each 5 ml of the XTT solution, 25 μl of 5mM of PMS (phenazme methosulfate) m phosphate buffer saline was added. Then 50 μl of the freshly prepared

XTT/PMS mixture was added to each of the microtiter wells. Incubate at 37°C (CO,) for 3-4 hours or until color change is prominent. Read absorptance at 450 n /ref. 650 nm in a spectrophotometer. The concentration of drug required to cause 50% cytotoxic effect as compared to the no drug no virus control (TC₅₀) and which to inhibit the development of virus cytopathic effect (cpe) by 50% (IC₅₀) was then determined from the liner portion of each dose response curve.

Claims

Claims

1. A compound of the formula I

wherein: a is 0, 1,

2 or 3; each R is independently hydrogen, halo, cyano, amino, halo (Ci-Cβ) alkyl, di (C₁-C₄) alkylamino, azido, Cχ-C₆ alkyl, carbamoyl, carbamoyloxy, carbamoylamino, Ci-Cβ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl, pyrrolidino, piperidino or morpholino;

R° is hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ alkoxy;

R¹ is halo, cyano, hydroxy, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, methylthio, methylsulfinyl or methylsulfonyl; R² is hydrogen, amino or -NHC (0) (C₁-C6 alkyl) ; R³ is dimethylamino, Cχ-Cιo alkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, halo (C₁-C₆) lkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, furyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino or a group of the formula :

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. A compound according to claim 1

where: a is 0, 1 or 2; each R is independently hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy or di (C₁-C₄) alkylamino; R° is hydrogen; R² is ammo; R³ is dimethylamino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-Cβ) alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, thienyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrrolidino, piperidino or morpholino;

R⁴ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

3. A compound according to claim 2 where:

each R is independently hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, dimethylamino;

R³ is C₁-C₄ alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl or substituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

4. A compound according to claim 3 which

NH₂

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

5. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, associated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.

6. A compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, for use as a pharmaceutical.

7. A compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, for use as an antiviral.