WO1997016838A1 - A battery of photovoltaic cells and process for manufacturing the same - Google Patents
A battery of photovoltaic cells and process for manufacturing the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997016838A1 WO1997016838A1 PCT/IB1995/000936 IB9500936W WO9716838A1 WO 1997016838 A1 WO1997016838 A1 WO 1997016838A1 IB 9500936 W IB9500936 W IB 9500936W WO 9716838 A1 WO9716838 A1 WO 9716838A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- electrically conducting
- porous
- porous layer
- electrically
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M aluminum;oxygen(2-);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[Al+3] VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012777 electrically insulating material Substances 0.000 claims 6
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims 6
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzohydrazide Chemical compound COCCOC1=CC=CC(C(=O)NN)=C1 GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000006193 liquid solution Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- YWCYJWYNSHTONE-UHFFFAOYSA-O oxido(oxonio)boron Chemical compound [OH2+][B][O-] YWCYJWYNSHTONE-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007646 gravure printing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000615 nonconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003678 scratch resistant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2068—Panels or arrays of photoelectrochemical cells, e.g. photovoltaic modules based on photoelectrochemical cells
- H01G9/2081—Serial interconnection of cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2036—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising mixed oxides, e.g. ZnO covered TiO2 particles
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
Definitions
- This invention concerns monolithic, series-connected, dye-sensitized photovoltaic modules consisting of dye- sensitized nanoporous semiconductor layers as photoelectrodes on an electrically conducting, transparent substrate, an electron transferring redox electrolyte and counterelectrodes.
- Single photovoltaic cells of this type have already been described [Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 115 (1993) pp. 6382-6390].
- Tin oxide coated glass as transparent, electrically conducting substrate is covered with a porous semiconductor layer of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide as photoelectrode and sensitized for visible light by adsorption of a dye. The dye is excited by absorption of light and injects an electron into the titanium dioxide.
- the electrons reach the external circuit where they may carry out electrical work.
- the oxidized dye is reduced by the electron transferring electrolyte, which fills the pores of photoelectrode and the space up to the counterelectrode.
- the counterelectrode usually consists of tin oxide coated glass as well, which is catalytically activated with platinum in order to transfer the electrons arriving from the external circuit back to the electrolyte.
- the present invention concerns a battery of photovoltaic cells as specified in claim 1.
- Particularly useful embodiments of the battery are specified in dependant claims 2 to 13.
- the invention also concerns a process for manufacturing the battery as specified in claim 14.
- Particularly useful execution forms of the process are specified in dependant claims 15 to 20.
- the figure shows a schematical cross-section of an embodiment of the battery.
- the nanoporous photoelectrodes 4 are applied on a transparent conducting substrate 1, as in the original version of the dye-sensitized solar cell [Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 115 (1993) pp. 6382-6390], each on a predetermined area of the conducting coating 2. These areas form parallel strips of the required width for each solar cell separated by narrow insulating lines 3, where the conducting coating 2 of the substrate 1 has been removed.
- the photoelectrodes 4 are applied in such a way that each extends slightly over one edge of the corresponding conducting coating 2, while leaving bare the opposite edge.
- the photoelectrodes 4 are then covered with a porous layer of an electrical insulator 5.
- This layer is required to prevent short- circuiting in cases where the material of the counterelectrodes 6 would form ohmic contact with the photoelectrodes 4.
- the insulating layers 5 may at the same time act as a diffuse reflector that reflects light which has not yet been absorbed back into the photoelectrodes 4.
- Porous counterelectrodes 6 of any convenient electronically conducting material are now applied over the bare edge of each conducting strip 2 and the adjacent photoelectrode 4, thereby connecting the solar cells in series.
- the gaps 7 between the counterelectrodes 6 may be filled with a nonporous insulator to prevent electrical shunting through the electrolyte.
- the coatings 4 to 6 may be heat treated at any stage in order to remove undesired additives and make good electrical contacts by sintering.
- the sensitizing dye is then adsorbed through the porous counterelectrodes 6 and insulating layers 5 onto the nanoporous photoelectrodes 4. Finally the pores of layers 4 to 6 are filled with the electrolyte.
- the solar cell module is sealed by a top-cover 8, to prevent evaporation of the electrolyte and intrusion of humidity or oxygen.
- the top- cover 8 may at the same time serve to fill the gaps 7 between the counterelectrodes 6. Contacts are made at the first counterelectrode 6 and the last photoelectrode 10 of the series-connection.
- Both photoelectrodes 4 and counterelectrodes 6 are deposited on top of one another on the same substrate. Their separation is thus minimized independent of the flatness of the substrate. 3.
- the insulating layers 5 act as diffuse reflectors immediately on top of the photoelectrodes 4, and thus improve the efficiency of the solar cell.
- the electrolyte is fixed by capillary forces in the porous matrix of coatings 4 to 6 and does not constitute an additional, free flowing layer.
- the counterelectrodes 6 have an enlarged surface area due to their porosity, resulting in a higher catalytic efficiency for electron exchange with the electrolyte.
- the pattern of the layers 4 to 6 may be produced on a large scale by common printing techniques, such as gravure printing or screen printing.
- the layers 4 to 6 may also be deposited over the whole surface first and be patterned subsequently, e. g. by mechanical, airjet, waterjet or laser scribing.
- the layers 4 to 6 may be produced in a continuous process immediately following fabrication of the glass substrate 1 and coating with the transparent conducting layer 2 by successive deposition, patterning and heat treatment of the layers 4 to 6 on the substrate 1, which is transported continuously in the sense of the lines 3 through the different production stages.
- the porosity of the insulating layers 5 and the counterelectrodes 6 allows application of the heat and humidity sensitive dye and electrolyte after fabrication of the layers 4 to 6 and formation of the electrical interconnections.
- top-cover 8 only serves to seal and insulate the cell but has not any electrical conductor function.
- the transparent conducting layer 2 e.g. fluorine doped tin oxide, tin doped indium oxide
- the insulating substrate 1 e.g. glass, plastic
- the transparent conducting layer 2 is scratched, etched or laser scribed in parallel lines 3 of the required separation (about 1 cm) in order to remove the conducting coating 2, thereby defining the area of each cell.
- a dispersion of nanocrystalline semiconductor powder e.g. titanium dioxide
- is applied e.g. by gravure printing or screen printing through a mask of appropriate geometry
- the photoelectrodes 4 (ca. 10 ⁇ m thick) , each extending slightly over one edge of the corresponding conducting coating 2, while leaving bare the opposite edge.
- the photoelectrodes 4 may also be deposited over the whole surface first, e. g. by doctor blading, printing or spraying, and separated into parallel stripes subsequently, e. g. by mechanical, airjet, waterjet or laser scribing. This patterning may also be carried out after deposition of the insulating layers 5, by removing simultaneously the layers 4 and 5 at the required places.
- a dispersion of an insulator powder (e.g. glass or ceramics, such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide) is now applied over the photoelectrodes 4 to create the porous insulating layers 5 (about 10 ⁇ m thick) .
- an insulator powder e.g. glass or ceramics, such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide
- the insulating layers 5 should contain particles of high refractive index (e.g. the rutile modification of titanium dioxide) and the appropriate size for strong light scattering (about 0,3 ⁇ m diameter in case of rutile) .
- a binder that sinters at the temperature of heat treatment (below 550°C) may be required for the formation of well coherent and adherent layers 5.
- the binder may at the same time serve as insulator between the particles.
- the layers 5 may be obtained from a dispersion of rutile powder with a mean particle size around 0.3 ⁇ m and about 10% of its weight nanocrystalline zirconium dioxide powder with a particle size below 20 nm, which sinters on heat treatment below 550°C and forms a well insulating binder between the rutile particles.
- the rutile particles may be coated with a thin (several nanometer thick) film of an insulator (a low melting glass, silicon dioxide, aluminum dioxide, boron oxide, zirconium dioxide or a combination of these) , which sinters on heat treatment below 550°C.
- the patterning of the insulating layers 5 may be achieved as described for the photoelectrodes 4 by techniques such as gravure printing or screen printing, or by mechanical, airjet, waterjet or laser scribing.
- a dispersion of a metal powder e.g. a platinum group metal, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium), graphite powder, carbon black, a conducting ceramic powder (e.g. fluorine doped tin oxide or tin doped indium oxide) , optionally with a catalytic deposit of a platinum group metal, or a conducting polymer (e.g. polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene) is applied for the counterelectrodes 6 (up to several 10 ⁇ m thick, depending on the required conductivity) .
- a metal powder e.g. a platinum group metal, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium
- graphite powder e.g. fluorine doped tin oxide or tin doped indium oxide
- a conducting ceramic powder e.g. fluorine doped tin oxide or tin doped indium oxide
- a conducting polymer e.g. polyani
- Graphite powder has proven a good choice, because it combines sufficient conductivity and heat resistance as well as corrosion resistance and electrocatalytic activity with respect to the redox electrolyte.
- Graphite powder consists of platelike crystals which, on deposition from a liquid dispersion and drying, will preferentially align in the plane of the counterelectrodes 6, resulting in a high conductivity in this plane.
- the catalytic activity of the counterelectrodes 6 for reduction of the redox electrolyte as well as their conductivity may be considerably enhanced by adding about 20% of carbon black to the dispersion of graphite powder.
- the enhanced catalytic activity is due to the very high surface area of carbon black, while the improved conductivity results from the partial filling of large pores between the graphite flakes with smaller carbon black aggregates.
- photoelectrodes 4 patterning of the counterelectrodes 6 may be achieved by techniques such as gravure printing or screen printing through an appropriate mask or by mechanical, airjet, waterjet or laser scribing.
- the gaps 7 may be filled with a nonporous insulator (e.g. silicone rubber, a low melting glass frit or an organic polymer) to insulate adjacent counterelectrodes 6 from each other.
- a nonporous insulator e.g. silicone rubber, a low melting glass frit or an organic polymer
- Such an insulation is not necessary if just the pores of the coatings 4 to 6 are filled with electrolyte by capillary action later, such that the gaps 7 remain filled with air, nitrogen or another gas.
- the coatings 4 to 6 are heat treated at any stage to remove solvents and other undesired additives and to improve their mechanical strength and electrical properties by sintering.
- the coated substrate 1 is dipped into a dye solution to sensitize the photoelectrodes 4. After drying electrolyte is admitted in order to fill the pores of layers 4 to 6 by capillary action.
- the module is encapsulated with a top-cover 8 (e.g. glass, organic polymer, anodized aluminum, lacquer or any other insulator) .
- the top-cover 8 may also, if necessary, serve to fill the gaps 7 between the counterelectrodes 6. Electrical contacts are made at the first counterelectrode 9 and the last photoelectrode 10 of the series-connected module.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/066,323 US6069313A (en) | 1995-10-31 | 1995-10-31 | Battery of photovoltaic cells and process for manufacturing same |
JP51717797A JP4087445B2 (en) | 1995-10-31 | 1995-10-31 | Photovoltaic cell battery and manufacturing method thereof |
EP95934259A EP0858669B1 (en) | 1995-10-31 | 1995-10-31 | A battery of photovoltaic cells and process for manufacturing the same |
AU36719/95A AU728725B2 (en) | 1995-10-31 | 1995-10-31 | A battery of photovoltaic cells and process for manufacturing the same |
DE69513203T DE69513203T2 (en) | 1995-10-31 | 1995-10-31 | BATTERY ARRANGEMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND PRODUCTION METHOD |
PCT/IB1995/000936 WO1997016838A1 (en) | 1995-10-31 | 1995-10-31 | A battery of photovoltaic cells and process for manufacturing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB1995/000936 WO1997016838A1 (en) | 1995-10-31 | 1995-10-31 | A battery of photovoltaic cells and process for manufacturing the same |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997016838A1 true WO1997016838A1 (en) | 1997-05-09 |
Family
ID=11004384
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB1995/000936 WO1997016838A1 (en) | 1995-10-31 | 1995-10-31 | A battery of photovoltaic cells and process for manufacturing the same |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6069313A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0858669B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4087445B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU728725B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69513203T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997016838A1 (en) |
Cited By (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001097237A1 (en) * | 2000-06-14 | 2001-12-20 | Ivf Industriforskning Och Utveckling Ab | Method and manufacturing of sealed monolithic electrochemical systems and a sealed monolithic electrochemical system |
EP1183698A1 (en) * | 1999-03-18 | 2002-03-06 | Dyesol Ltd | Methods to implement interconnects in multi-cell regenerative photovoltaic photoelectrochemical devices |
EP1200325A1 (en) * | 1999-03-30 | 2002-05-02 | Dyesol Ltd | Methods to manufacture single cell and multi-cell regenerative photoelectrochemical devices |
US6469243B2 (en) * | 1999-12-27 | 2002-10-22 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Dye-sensitizing solar cell, method for manufacturing dye-sensitizing solar cell and solar cell module |
WO2004036683A1 (en) * | 2002-10-15 | 2004-04-29 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Sensitized dye solar cell and sensitized dye solar cell module |
WO2007083461A1 (en) | 2006-01-18 | 2007-07-26 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Dye sensitized solar cell and dye sensitized solar cell module |
EP1840916A1 (en) | 2006-03-27 | 2007-10-03 | IVF Industriforskning och Utveckling AB | A sealed monolithic photo-electrochemical system and a method for manufacturing a sealed monolithic photo-electrochemical system |
WO2008004553A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 | 2008-01-10 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Dye-sensitized solar cell module and method for fabricating same |
WO2008149811A1 (en) * | 2007-06-06 | 2008-12-11 | Fujikura Ltd. | Dye-sensitized solar battery module and method for manufacturing the same |
EP2085986A1 (en) | 2008-01-30 | 2009-08-05 | Swerea IVF AB | A sealed monolithic electrochemical system |
WO2010001877A1 (en) | 2008-07-02 | 2010-01-07 | シャープ株式会社 | Dye-sensitized solar cell, method for manufacturing dye-sensitized solar cell, and dye-sensitized solar cell module |
WO2010125929A1 (en) | 2009-04-30 | 2010-11-04 | シャープ株式会社 | Porous electrode, dye-sensitized solar cell, and dye-sensitized solar cell module |
WO2011052731A1 (en) | 2009-11-02 | 2011-05-05 | シャープ株式会社 | Wet solar cell and wet solar cell module |
WO2011086869A1 (en) | 2010-01-12 | 2011-07-21 | シャープ株式会社 | Wet-type solar battery and wet-type solar battery module |
WO2011096359A1 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-08-11 | シャープ株式会社 | Solar cell and solar cell module |
WO2011155441A1 (en) | 2010-06-09 | 2011-12-15 | シャープ株式会社 | Wet-type solar cell and wet-type solar cell module |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP0858669A1 (en) | 1998-08-19 |
AU3671995A (en) | 1997-05-22 |
DE69513203D1 (en) | 1999-12-09 |
AU728725B2 (en) | 2001-01-18 |
US6069313A (en) | 2000-05-30 |
EP0858669B1 (en) | 1999-11-03 |
JP4087445B2 (en) | 2008-05-21 |
DE69513203T2 (en) | 2000-07-20 |
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