Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B27/10—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of paper or cardboard
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
  • B32B27/306—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl acetate or vinyl alcohol (co)polymers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/34—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyamides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
  • B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
  • B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
  • B65D5/4279—Joints, seams, leakproof joints or corners, special connections between panels
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
  • B32B2307/306—Resistant to heat
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2317/00—Animal or vegetable based
  • B32B2317/12—Paper, e.g. cardboard
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2323/00—Polyalkenes
  • B32B2323/04—Polyethylene
  • B32B2323/046—LDPE, i.e. low density polyethylene
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2329/00—Polyvinylalcohols, polyvinylethers, polyvinylaldehydes, polyvinylketones or polyvinylketals
  • B32B2329/04—Polyvinylalcohol
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2377/00—Polyamides
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1303—Paper containing [e.g., paperboard, cardboard, fiberboard, etc.]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
  • Y10T428/1379—Contains vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit
  • Y10T428/1383—Vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit is sandwiched between layers [continuous layer]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
  • Y10T428/31739—Nylon type
  • Y10T428/31743—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomer[s]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
  • Y10T428/31739—Nylon type
  • Y10T428/31743—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomer[s]
  • Y10T428/31746—Polymer of monoethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
  • Y10T428/3175—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomer[s]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
  • Y10T428/31779—Next to cellulosic
  • Y10T428/31783—Paper or wood
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31909—Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31913—Monoolefin polymer
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31909—Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31913—Monoolefin polymer
  • Y10T428/3192—Next to vinyl or vinylidene chloride polymer

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an extended long life non-foil juice carton structure. More particularly, the present invention relates to a container which has low oxygen permeabili ⁇ ty, is leaJc free for at least 90 days, has a high degree of flavor retention, vitamin C protection, bulge resistance and durability characteristics without sacrificing the ability to skive the side seam of the carton blank or hydrogen peroxide sterilize the carton interior.
• the container structure includes a polyamide polymer layer, a high barrier ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer, and a thin layer of polyolefin on the matte side of the laminate.
• Heat sealable polyolefin polymers such as low density polyethylenes are well known for use as components of current paperboard food and/or non-food packages and have only minimal resistance to the transmission of oxygen. Pinholes, cuts, score line cracks or channels, existent in conventional packaging and cartons, create additional leakage sites. It is well known that impermeable materials such as aluminum foil, polar brittle materials such as polyacrylonitriles, polyvinylidene chlorides, polyvinyl chlorides, etc., provide varying degrees of barrier protection against the transfer of oxygen. However, all these materials lack the requisite strength at high rates of deforma ⁇ tion, namely stress cracking resistance during scoring, package formation and distribution abuse to provide a resultant low permeability structure. In addition, leakage through uncaulked channels of the carton in the top, bottom and side seam have likewise resulted in poor carton performance.
• the existing commercial structures for a paperboard carton for liquid and solid, food and non-food, products have employed an easily heat-sealable barrier laminate composed of a paperboard substrate and a foil oxygen barrier layer, both being sandwiched between two thick layers of polyolefin polymers such as low density polyethylene (LDPE) .
• the polyolefin polymer is a relatively inexpensive heat-sealable moisture barrier material.
• a problem with conventional structures is that the foil layer, which acts as the barrier to the transmission of oxygen into and out of the carton, cracks during blank conversion, carton formation, and package distribution stages.
• An object of the present invention is to produce an extended long life, low oxygen permeable, leak free container laminate structure such as a paperboard based package or carton that prevents the transmission of gases therethrough, and in addition, prevents the escape of flavor components, or the ingress of microbiological contaminates.
• a further object of the present invention is to produce such a package that is economical on a per-package cost basis, is fundamentally compatible with existing converting machinery, and can be formed, filled and sealed at economically high speeds using conventional packaging machine temperatures, pressures and dwell times.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a container laminate structure, such as a gable top carton struc ⁇ ture, for extended long life (ELL) packaging of foods such as juice.
• Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a non-foil container laminate structure with a long shelf life which can be sterilized using hydrogen peroxide (H 2 0 2 ) , which scalps very little flavor oil, which can be skived and side seamed, and which has superior durability and bulge resistance performance.
• the structure will have low oxygen permeability and prevent the ingress of microbiological contaminates.
• the present invention is directed to an extended long life package or carton and a method of making the carton which has a polyolefin polymer layer, such as polyethylene polymers on the matte, or product side, thereby permitting sterilization with hydrogen peroxide.
• the package has a high barrier ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer, which contains approximately 29 mole % ethylene comonomers in the copolymer, along with a thin tie layer and thin polyolefin polymer layer, such as low density polyethylene, to minimize scalping of the flavor oil to less than 10%.
• the provision of the thin tie and polyolefin polymer layers on the matte side of the structure ensure that the side seams of the structure can be skived with standard skiving techniques.
• FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional elevation of the preferred embodiment of the laminate of the present invention
• FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional elevation of the preferred embodiment of the laminate shown in figure 1, showing a possible order of constructing the laminate;
• FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional elevation of the laminate, shown in FIG. 1, in a skived condition.
• the preferred embodiment of the present invention is for an extended long life, low oxygen permeable leak free laminate structure as shown in Fig. 1. All weights are expressed in pounds per 3,000 square feet.
• the preferred structure 5 has a paperboard substrate 10 with a weight 100-400 lbs, to which is applied on one side a coating of polyolefin polymer layer 12 such as low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, or a blend thereof, in a coating weight of between 5-20 lbs and preferably about 12.0 lbs.
• Layer 12 is the "gloss" layer which contacts the atmosphere.
• a polyamide polymer layer 14 which has a coating weight of between 2-20 lbs. and preferably about 5 lbs.
• the polyamide polymer layer can be, but is not limited to, NYLON 6, NYLON 66, NYLON 10, NYLON 6-10, NYLON 12, Amorphous NYLONS, and other suitable polyamides.
• the underside or interior of the polyolefin polymer layer 14 has a tie layer 16 coated thereon.
• the tie layer has a coating weight of between 0.5-7 lbs and is preferably about 1.5 lbs.
• a polyolefin polymer layer 18 is applied to the underside or interior of the tie layer 16, and has a coating weight of between 6-30 lb.s and is preferably approximately 18 lbs.
• the polyolefin polymer layer 18 has another polyolefin polymer layer 20 on its underside or interior, which has a coating weight of between 1-7 lbs and is preferably about 4 lbs.
• a second tie layer 22 is disposed on the underside of the polyolefin polymer layer 20, and has a coating weight of between 0.5-5 lbs. and is preferably approximately 1.5 lbs.
• the underside or interior of the high barrier ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer 24 has a third tie layer 26, which has a coating weight of between 0.5-5 lbs and is preferably approximately 1.5 lbs.
• a layer of polyolefin polymer 28 is disposed on the matte, or product side, on the underside of the tie layer 26.
• the matte side polyolefin polymer layer 28 has a coating weight of between 1-7 lbs and is prefera ⁇ bly approximately 4 lbs.
• the outer gloss and inner matte side layers of the laminate are both polyolefin polymer layers 12 and 28, respec- tively.
• polyolefin polymer As both the matte and gloss side layers 28 and 12, contact between the sterilizing hydrogen peroxide and the ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer is prevented, the polyolefin polymer does not react adversely with hydrogen peroxide, and thus allows the laminate 5 to meet FDA require- ments.
• hydrogen peroxide is the sterilizing agent of choice, the construction of the present invention is desirable over the conventional structures. Hydrogen peroxide is the most effective substance for sterilization to eliminate microbiologi ⁇ cal contamination, and meets FDA requirements.
• the use of the high barrier ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer 24 in conjunction with the tie layer 26 and polyolefin polymer layer 28 minimizes the loss of flavor oil. Trials of the laminate structure indicate that the flavor loss of the structure 5 was less than 10% over a period of at least 90 days, which is considered a long shelf life, and was closer to 6% total flavor loss with orange juice. Conventional ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layers have 44 mole % ethylene comonomer in the copolymer.
• the high barrier ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer 24 of the present invention has an ethylene comonomer content of between 27-32 mole %, and approximately 29 mole % being preferred.
• Conventional cartons utilize an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer having 44 mole % ethylene comonomer content, and provide about 5-6 weeks of shelf life.
• the thickness of such layers of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer must be increased at lest two to threefold.
• the present invention employs an extrusion coated high barrier ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer having an ethylene comonomer content of 29 mole %.
• the high barrier ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer 24 incorporated into the laminate 5 results in a container having the desired extended long shelf life of at least 90 days.
• the layer 24 is approxi ⁇ mately one half the thickness of the conventional ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer having 44 mole % ethylene comonomer.
• the laminate of the present invention has a longer shelf life, at least 90 days, and is less expensive than conventional laminates.
• the conventional ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer to achieve comparable oxygen impermeability, it would have to be 2-3 times thicker. Such a construction is not economically feasible.
• the side seams are to be sk-ived. Skiving is a method of joining the carton side seams so that the paperboard edges of the structure are not exposed to liquid contents to prevent wicking into the laminate.
• the laminate is manipulated so that it overlaps itself at various locations.
• the laminate is folded, as shown in Figure 3, so that the paperboard edges do not contact the container contents.
• the inner side 50 of the laminate 5 has approximately one half of its thickness removed near the end of the laminate, so that it can be folded upon itself. This ensures only polyolefin polymer contacts the contents, and contacts the outer side 60.
• Polyolefin polymers such as low density polyeth ⁇ ylene, linear low density polyethylene, or a blend thereof, are non-polar and work well for skiving purposes.
• the tie layer 26 and polyolefin polymer layer 28 are utilized on the matte side.
• the layers 26 and 28 are relatively thin.
• the polyolefin polymer layer usually has a coating weight of 10-12 lbs.
• the polyolefin polymer layer 14 is provided mostly for mechanical strength and thermal resistance to thereby improve the durability and bulge resistance performance of the laminate 5.
• the polyolefin polymer layer 18 acts as a caulking layer, so that the layer 18 "melts" to some extent during heating to fill channels that form when the laminate is folded to form a package.
• the tie layers 16 and 22 could conceivably be removed without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
• the polyolefin polymer layer 12 is disposed on the substrate 10.
• the polyamide polymer layer 14, tie layer 16 and polyolefin polymer 18 are then produced as a coextrusion 30, and disposed on a second surface of substrate 10.
• the polyolefin polymer layer 20, tie layer 22, high barrier ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer layer 24, tie layer 26 and polyolefin polymer layer 28 are then produced as coextrusion 40 and disposed on the coextrusion 30 to form the laminate 5. While the foregoing is one method of producing the laminate 5, other methods can be employed.
• the adjacent polyolefin polymer layers 18 and 20 could be a single polyolefin polymer layer.
• the critical layer for achieving the desired performance characteris ⁇ tics of the present invention have been discussed previously.
• the remaining tie and polyolefin polymer layers are provided to aid in the handling and production of the coextrusions and to provide the desired amount of material for the laminate 5. Such layers can be replaced or eliminated as needed as long as the laminate retains the proper amount of material to maintain the desired performance characteristics.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Packages (AREA)
• Cartons (AREA)
• Storage Of Fruits Or Vegetables (AREA)
• Wrappers (AREA)
• Table Devices Or Equipment (AREA)

Priority Applications (12)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=24193065

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (16)

Cited By (5)

Families Citing this family (35)

Citations (2)

Family Cites Families (16)

• 1996
  • 1996-10-11 CN CN96197841A patent/CN1078129C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1996-10-11 AT AT96935243T patent/ATE231791T1/de active
  • 1996-10-11 WO PCT/IB1996/001209 patent/WO1997015436A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 1996-10-11 DE DE69626030T patent/DE69626030T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1996-10-11 NZ NZ320541A patent/NZ320541A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1996-10-11 ES ES96935243T patent/ES2187679T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1996-10-11 BR BR9611325A patent/BR9611325A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1996-10-11 JP JP09516447A patent/JP3111357B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1996-10-11 MX MXPA98003255A patent/MXPA98003255A/es unknown
  • 1996-10-11 AU AU73285/96A patent/AU706768B2/en not_active Expired
  • 1996-10-11 KR KR1019980702249A patent/KR100321605B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1996-10-11 EP EP96935243A patent/EP0857103B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1996-10-11 CA CA002233578A patent/CA2233578C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1998
  • 1998-01-22 US US09/010,832 patent/US6110548A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1998-04-27 NO NO19981881A patent/NO318495B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
• 1999
  • 1999-04-19 HK HK99101683A patent/HK1016539A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation

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