WO1996029756A1 - Antenne a deux frequences avec diplexeur integre - Google Patents

Antenne a deux frequences avec diplexeur integre Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1996029756A1
WO1996029756A1 PCT/US1996/002637 US9602637W WO9629756A1 WO 1996029756 A1 WO1996029756 A1 WO 1996029756A1 US 9602637 W US9602637 W US 9602637W WO 9629756 A1 WO9629756 A1 WO 9629756A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antenna
frequency
diplexer
dual frequency
communication system
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/002637
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Edmund J. Ring
Original Assignee
Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company filed Critical Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
Priority to AU51748/96A priority Critical patent/AU696840B2/en
Priority to EP96908536A priority patent/EP0815613A1/fr
Priority to JP8528427A priority patent/JPH11502386A/ja
Priority to BR9607695A priority patent/BR9607695A/pt
Publication of WO1996029756A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996029756A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
    • H03H7/38—Impedance-matching networks
    • H03H7/383—Impedance-matching networks comprising distributed impedance elements together with lumped impedance elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/30—Arrangements for providing operation on different wavebands
    • H01Q5/307—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way
    • H01Q5/314—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way using frequency dependent circuits or components, e.g. trap circuits or capacitors
    • H01Q5/335—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way using frequency dependent circuits or components, e.g. trap circuits or capacitors at the feed, e.g. for impedance matching
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
    • H03H7/38—Impedance-matching networks

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of antennas used for communications. More particularly, it relates to a dual frequency antenna which can transmit and receive on two different frequencies.
  • microstrip antennas have a high Q and have a relatively narrow bandwidth
  • matching networks have been developed to provide matched impedances over a wider range of frequencies, thereby widening the bandwidth of a microstrip antenna to allow both transmission and receiving of information within a single passband. Therefore, microstrip antennas with matching networks, such as the matching device described in U.S. Patent No. 5,233,360 to Kuroda et al., provide a small in size and simple in construction antenna that had a wide bandwidth allowing for radio communication operating at two different frequencies.
  • a transmitter and receiver in combination can easily be implemented with two separate antennas, as shown in Figure 1 a.
  • a first transmitting antenna 2 and a second receiving antenna 4 each have a separate coaxial cable feed, cables 6 and 8, respectively.
  • Transmitter 10 transmits at a first frequency using transmitting antenna 2 while receiver 12 receives information at a second frequency using receiving antenna 4.
  • Figure lb shows another system that operates at two discrete frequency bands. Similar to the system of Figure la, the system of Figure lb has a first transmitting antenna 22 transmitting at a first frequency and a second transmitting antenna 24 transmitting at a second frequency. The signals from the two antennas are combined at duplexer 34, or isolator, thereby allowing both signals to be fed down a single coaxial cable 26. At the transmitter 30 and receiver 32, the signals are separated at block 28 using either a duplexer or isolator.
  • a circulator is a three-port RF component that passes RF energy from port to port in one direction.
  • a transmitter, a receiver and an antenna are connected to each of the three ports of the circulator.
  • the power input from the transmitter in a first port exits the second port to the antenna.
  • the power received from the antenna enters the second port and exits the third port to the receiver. Because any mismatch from the antenna in the transmit mode is reflected into the receiver port, for example, proper operation of the circulator is highly dependent upon the presence of a matched load at each of the three ports to maximize isolation.
  • the present invention provides a dual frequency antenna capable of operating at two widely separated frequencies.
  • the communication system is preferably implemented on a planar substrate with a loop antenna and a diplexer.
  • the diplexer comprises a passive electrical elements for matching impedances of the loop antenna at two operating frequency bands.
  • the diplexer further combines the signals of the two frequency bands such that a single coaxial cable can carry the signals from the two frequencies.
  • Figure 2 shows an matching network for matching the antenna impedance with the impedance of a coaxial cable
  • Figure 3 shows a specific matching network topology for an electrically large loop antenna
  • Figure 4 shows a specific matching network topology for an electrically small loop antenna
  • Figure 5 shows a matching network topology incorporating the matching functions of the matching networks of Figures 3 and 4;
  • Figures 6 and 6a are SWR plots for an antenna system of the present invention;
  • Figure 7 shows a first embodiment of an antenna and diplexer of the present invention implemented on a planar substrate, not shown, with the two metallization layers; and Figures 8a and 8b show a front and back view of a dielectric substrate of a second embodiment of an antenna and diplexer of the present invention.
  • a single-turn loop antenna is a metallic conductor formed into the shape of a closed curve, such as a circular wire, with a gap in the conductor to form the terminals.
  • the loop antenna may implemented in a shapes other than circular, such as square, rectangular, ellipsoid or rhombic. Loop antennas are preferable in many applications, such a vehicle to roadside communications, because they are conformable, can withstand temperature variations and are relatively forgiving in manufacturing.
  • the loop antenna of the present invention is preferably designed or optimized at the higher of the operational frequency bands.
  • the length of the loop is designed to be an electrically large loop, preferably near resonant size at the higher operational frequency such that the circumference of the loop is approximately equal to one wavelength. Because the length of the loop is dependent on the frequency chosen, by designing at the higher frequency, and therefore shorter wavelength, the size of the loop is minimized. By minimizing the size of the loop, it allows flexibility in applications because the size, cost and weight of the antenna is minimized.
  • the electrically large loop to be near resonant size is preferable, it a design choice and not necessary. Designing near resonance assists in impedance matching as the impedance stays relatively constant over a relatively wide bandwidth when the loop is near resonant size.
  • the theoretical input impedance 40 looking into antenna 42 is approximately 100 + j 100 ohms when the circumference of loop antenna 42 is near resonant size.
  • Antenna 42 sends received signals to or receives signals to be transmitted from coaxial cable 44, which typically has a impedance of 50 ohms.
  • the difference in impedance between antenna 42 and coaxial cable 44 requires matching network 46 to match the impedances to optimize the amount of power reaching the antenna.
  • Figure 3 shows a possible matching network topology utilizing a shunt capacitor 50 and a series inductor 52 to match antenna impedance 40 with the impedance of coaxial cable 44.
  • Matching network 46 may be utilized using discrete passive circuit element components.
  • the antenna of the present invention is preferably designed to operate at a first higher frequency, it also is tuned to operate at a lower frequency.
  • the antenna can be tuned to operate at a frequency band right outside the-passband of the higher frequency. In many applications, however, it is preferable to operate at frequency bands that are widely separated.
  • the present invention allows the antenna to operate at frequencies such that the loop antenna approximates an electrically small loop antenna at the lower operating frequency.
  • the total conductor length of electrically small loop antennas is small compared with the wavelength in free space, typically less than approximately one tenth of the operating wavelength. Electrically small loop antennas have uniform axial current distribution and have a constant field radiating from the antenna.
  • FIG. 4 shows a possible matching network topology when antenna is utilized as an electrically small loop antenna, and utilizes a shunt capacitor 54 and a series capacitor 56 to match antenna impedance 40 with the impedance of coaxial cable 44. Similar to when antenna 42 is operating at a higher frequency, matching network 46 may be utilized using discrete passive circuit element components when operating at a lower frequency.
  • the present invention incorporates the network matching functions for both frequencies in a single diplexer topology.
  • a diplexer allows a single antenna to simultaneously feed a receiver and be fed from a transmitter.
  • the diplexer of the present invention allows the antenna to transmit at a first frequency by providing a matching topology that both allows the antenna to transmit at the first frequency and also allows the antenna to receive at a second frequency.
  • FIG. 5 shows a diplexer topology that incorporates the network matching functions for the two frequencies shown in Figures 3 and 4 in a single diplexer topology.
  • Diplexer 60 performs two functions. It first provides an impedance match from the antenna to the transmitter and receiver at both high and low frequencies. It also combines the signals for the transmitter and receiver onto a single coaxial cable 44.
  • inductor 62, Lbioc k has a very high impedance and removes capacitor 64, Gowi, from the circuit.
  • 0 » 2 has a very low impedance and is effectively a short, and only capacitor 66, Chig h , and inductor 68, Lhigh, are electrically in the circuit.
  • diplexer 60 emulates the matching network shown in Figure 3.
  • inductor 62, L iock has a very low impedance and capacitor 64, G o wi, is electrically in the circuit in parallel with capacitor 66, Chig h - Inductor 68, Lhigh, has a very low impedance and is effectively a short, and only capacitor 70, C ⁇ ow2 , and capacitor 64 in parallel with capacitor 66 are electrically in the circuit.
  • diplexer 60 emulates the matching network shown in Figure 4.
  • the diplexer of the present invention allows the antenna to operate at a first higher frequency and a second lower frequency.
  • Figure 6 shows a SWR plot of an antenna between the frequencies of 45 MHz and 1 GHz, the antenna being operational at two widely separated frequencies, a first higher frequency, fi, and a second lower frequency, f 2 .
  • the first higher frequency is 904.5 MHz and the second lower frequency is 49.7 MHz.
  • the antenna is designed at the first frequency, preferably as a resonant wavelength antenna, which results in a relatively wider bandwidth 80, where the SWR is two.
  • the bandwidth at the higher frequency is 296.6 MHz.
  • the frequency of second lower frequency f 2 is a design choice of the system, although at a minimum it is necessary to design the antenna to operate outside the passband of the first frequency when operating at the lower frequency. For example, it would be possible to tune the antenna to operate at approximately 658 MHz, the lower end of bandwidth 80. While it is possible for the upper frequency limit of the bandwidth of second lower frequency to f 2 to be adjacent the lower frequency limit of the bandwidth of first higher frequency fi, it is more preferable for the lower frequency to operate at a relatively widely separated frequency.
  • Figure 6a shows a detailed version of the SWR plot between the frequencies of 40 MHz and 60 MHz of the antenna operating at the widely separated lower frequency of 49.7
  • the lower bandwidth 82 of the lower operating frequency is approximately 930
  • Loop antenna 100 can be constructed on a first side of any appropriate planar substrate, not shown, such as FR4, mylar, polyester, polypropylene, Duroid, or dielectric foams.
  • Diplexer 102 is preferably integrated on the same substrate as antenna 100 and can be constructed on the first side, the second side or both sides of the substrate, depending on the complexity of the diplexer. Diplexer
  • the metallization layers are preferably copper, although any conductive material may be used, such as aluminum, gold, tin, nickel, or silver.
  • Diplexer 102 can be realized using standard inductors and capacitors connected to the substrate. By utilizing the structure that antenna 100 is constructed on allows an integrated unit including both antenna 100 and diplexer 102. Inductors and capacitors needed for the diplexer can be created from the metallization layers on the substrate. Area capacitors can be realized with aligned metallization areas on both sides of the dielectric substrate. Inductors can be realized by thin metallized strips of appropriate length.
  • Figure 7 shows the diplexer 60 of Figure 5 implemented as diplexer 102 on a planar substrate, not shown for clarity of the two metallization layers.
  • Capacitors Gowi 64, Chi h 66 and Gow 2 70 in Figure 5 are realized in Figure 7 as capacitors Go i 104, C igh 106 and Gow 2 108, respectively.
  • Blocking inductor L b ioc k 62 in Figure 5 is realized by inductor L 0 iock 110 in Figure 7 and inductor Lhi gh 68 is realized by inductor L ig h 1 12.
  • Input 1 14 is adapted for a single coaxial cable input.
  • the substrate is FR4, a fiberglass epoxy board, manufactured by AlliedSignal Laminate Systems Inc. of LaCrosse WI and has a thickness of 31 mils (.0787 cm).
  • a standard 1 oz. copper metallization layer (34 ⁇ m thick) is applied to both sides of the substrate and removed to produce the antenna and diplexer components.
  • Loop antenna 100 is implemented as a rectangular loop, with a length L of 3800 mils (9.652 cm) and a width W of 2780 mils (7.0612 cm).
  • Capacitors Gowi 104, C h i gh 106 and G ow2 108 have values of 23.5 pF, 5.5 pF, and 4.6 pF, respectively.
  • Inductor Lb x* 1 1 and inductor L mgh 68 have values of 25 nH and 10 nH, respectively. This implementation of the antenna allows the antenna to operate at a first higher frequency of 904.5 MHz and a second lower frequency of 49.86
  • the length of the rectangular loop is designed to be the resonant length at 904.5 MHz and the impedance looking into the loop at that frequency is 15-J33.3 ohms.
  • the antenna is an electrically short loop antenna and the input impedance was measured as .95+J95.8 ohms.
  • the cost of the antenna is lower and the complete system can be fabricated using a low cost substrate and a standard printed circuit board process. Moreover, there are no discrete components and therefore no assembly issues and associated costs as well as improved reliability. Finally, the integration of the antenna and diplexer on a single board keeps the size of the system relatively small in size.
  • FIGS 8a and 8b show a first side and a second side of substrate 120, respectively, for a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • Loop antenna 122 is formed on a first metallization layer on the first side of substrate 120 and is rhomboidal in shape and had a characteristic impedances of 48.6 - j 11.8 ohms at 905 MHz.
  • Loop antenna 122 further has multiple loops, specifically loop portion 124 that gives loop antenna 122 approximately 1 1/3 loops. Multiple loops can facilitate impedance matching when attempting to minimize the reactance component of the input impedance of the antenna.
  • thin metalized strips 129 and first metalized plates 126 and 128 are formed that are necessary for passive electrical elements, such as inductors and capacitors, for the diplexer.
  • a second side of substrate 120 is shown with additional structure necessary for the passive electrical elements formed on a second metallization layer.
  • Thin metalized strip 134 acts as an inductor while second metalized plates 130 and 132 are aligned with first metalized plates 126 and 128, respectively, to form capacitors.

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  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Abstract

Un système de communication à deux fréquences utilise une antenne (100) et un diplexeur (102) fonctionnant à une première fréquence et à une seconde fréquence plus basse et de préférence très éloignée. L'antenne est de préférence une antenne-cadre (100) et le diplexeur (102), qui se compose aussi bien d'éléments capacitifs (104, 106, 108) que d'éléments inductifs (110, 112), assure une adaptation d'impédance aux première et seconde fréquences de fonctionnement et la combinaison des deux signaux pour qu'un seul câble coaxial suffise à l'antenne. Dans une forme d'exécution préférée, l'antenne est réalisée sur une plaquette à circuits imprimés connue par des procédés connus de fabrication. Les éléments électriques passifs du diplexeur sont également fabriqués sur la même plaquette, ce qui permet de réaliser un système d'antenne intégré plan à deux fréquences.
PCT/US1996/002637 1995-03-20 1996-03-11 Antenne a deux frequences avec diplexeur integre WO1996029756A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU51748/96A AU696840B2 (en) 1995-03-20 1996-03-11 Dual frequency antenna with integral diplexer
EP96908536A EP0815613A1 (fr) 1995-03-20 1996-03-11 Antenne a deux frequences avec diplexeur integre
JP8528427A JPH11502386A (ja) 1995-03-20 1996-03-11 一体型ダイプレクサを有する二重周波数アンテナ
BR9607695A BR9607695A (pt) 1995-03-20 1996-03-11 Sistema de comunicação de frequência dupla sistema plano de antena de frequência dupla e processo para produzir uma antena e um diplexador de frequência dupla

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US40656595A 1995-03-20 1995-03-20
US08/406,565 1995-03-20

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996029756A1 true WO1996029756A1 (fr) 1996-09-26

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ID=23608539

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1996/002637 WO1996029756A1 (fr) 1995-03-20 1996-03-11 Antenne a deux frequences avec diplexeur integre

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0815613A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH11502386A (fr)
KR (1) KR19980702904A (fr)
AU (1) AU696840B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR9607695A (fr)
CA (1) CA2213848A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1996029756A1 (fr)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998007208A1 (fr) * 1996-08-09 1998-02-19 Centurion International, Inc. Structures integrees d'antenne adaptee utilisant des techniques de circuit imprime
GB2328082A (en) * 1997-08-09 1999-02-10 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd Antenna matching circuit for cordless telephone
WO2000013315A1 (fr) * 1998-08-28 2000-03-09 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Circuit d'adaptation d'impedance a deux frequences
WO2001011721A1 (fr) * 1999-08-11 2001-02-15 Allgon Ab Petite antenne multibande
WO2002095872A1 (fr) * 2001-05-23 2002-11-28 Sierra Wireless, Inc. Systeme d'antenne double bande accordable
WO2003071713A1 (fr) * 2002-02-21 2003-08-28 Kyocera Wireless Corporation Systeme et procede fournissant des communications sans fil activees par gps
EP1469552A2 (fr) * 2003-04-17 2004-10-20 Valeo Schalter und Sensoren GmbH Antenne radar à couplage d'ouverture aux surfaces rayonnants
US7035654B2 (en) 2001-07-10 2006-04-25 Kyocera Wireless Corp. System and method for providing GPS-enabled wireless communications
KR100908630B1 (ko) 2004-09-14 2009-07-21 노키아 코포레이션 적어도 두 개의 주파수 밴드에서 선택적으로 변환하기 위한단말기, 관련된 변환기부 및 방법
WO2009088231A3 (fr) * 2008-01-08 2009-10-22 (주)에이스안테나 Antenne intérieure multibande
WO2010040752A1 (fr) * 2008-10-08 2010-04-15 Epcos Ag Circuit d’adaptation d’impédance pour adapter des antennes planaires
US11258180B2 (en) 2018-10-23 2022-02-22 Fuba Automotive Electronics Gmbh Foil antenna

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6329886B1 (en) 1998-05-12 2001-12-11 Nec Corporation Impedance-matching method and circuit at different frequences
KR100735356B1 (ko) * 2005-12-12 2007-07-04 삼성전기주식회사 커플링 패턴을 구비한 광대역 안테나

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0456350A1 (fr) * 1990-04-09 1991-11-13 Panorama Antennas Limited Elément d'adaptation pour antenne mobile
US5233360A (en) * 1990-07-30 1993-08-03 Sony Corporation Matching device for a microstrip antenna
EP0613209A1 (fr) * 1993-02-26 1994-08-31 Nec Corporation Circuit d'adaptation d'impédance à deux fréquences pour une antenne

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0456350A1 (fr) * 1990-04-09 1991-11-13 Panorama Antennas Limited Elément d'adaptation pour antenne mobile
US5233360A (en) * 1990-07-30 1993-08-03 Sony Corporation Matching device for a microstrip antenna
EP0613209A1 (fr) * 1993-02-26 1994-08-31 Nec Corporation Circuit d'adaptation d'impédance à deux fréquences pour une antenne

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998007208A1 (fr) * 1996-08-09 1998-02-19 Centurion International, Inc. Structures integrees d'antenne adaptee utilisant des techniques de circuit imprime
US6396458B1 (en) 1996-08-09 2002-05-28 Centurion Wireless Technologies, Inc. Integrated matched antenna structures using printed circuit techniques
GB2328082A (en) * 1997-08-09 1999-02-10 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd Antenna matching circuit for cordless telephone
WO2000013315A1 (fr) * 1998-08-28 2000-03-09 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Circuit d'adaptation d'impedance a deux frequences
US6331815B1 (en) 1998-08-28 2001-12-18 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Dual-frequency matching circuit
WO2001011721A1 (fr) * 1999-08-11 2001-02-15 Allgon Ab Petite antenne multibande
WO2002095872A1 (fr) * 2001-05-23 2002-11-28 Sierra Wireless, Inc. Systeme d'antenne double bande accordable
US7035654B2 (en) 2001-07-10 2006-04-25 Kyocera Wireless Corp. System and method for providing GPS-enabled wireless communications
WO2003071713A1 (fr) * 2002-02-21 2003-08-28 Kyocera Wireless Corporation Systeme et procede fournissant des communications sans fil activees par gps
EP1469552A2 (fr) * 2003-04-17 2004-10-20 Valeo Schalter und Sensoren GmbH Antenne radar à couplage d'ouverture aux surfaces rayonnants
EP1469552A3 (fr) * 2003-04-17 2004-12-22 Valeo Schalter und Sensoren GmbH Antenne radar à couplage d'ouverture aux surfaces rayonnants
KR100908630B1 (ko) 2004-09-14 2009-07-21 노키아 코포레이션 적어도 두 개의 주파수 밴드에서 선택적으로 변환하기 위한단말기, 관련된 변환기부 및 방법
US7831230B2 (en) 2004-09-14 2010-11-09 Nokia Corporation Terminal and associated transducer assembly and method for selectively transducing in at least two frequency bands
WO2009088231A3 (fr) * 2008-01-08 2009-10-22 (주)에이스안테나 Antenne intérieure multibande
CN101911388A (zh) * 2008-01-08 2010-12-08 Ace技术株式会社 多频段内置天线
WO2010040752A1 (fr) * 2008-10-08 2010-04-15 Epcos Ag Circuit d’adaptation d’impédance pour adapter des antennes planaires
KR20110070891A (ko) * 2008-10-08 2011-06-24 에프코스 아게 평면 안테나의 조정을 위한 임피던스 조정 회로
US8760239B2 (en) 2008-10-08 2014-06-24 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. Impedance matching circuit for matching planar antennas
KR101633464B1 (ko) 2008-10-08 2016-06-24 퀄컴 테크놀로지스, 인크. 평면 안테나의 조정을 위한 임피던스 조정 회로
US11258180B2 (en) 2018-10-23 2022-02-22 Fuba Automotive Electronics Gmbh Foil antenna

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2213848A1 (fr) 1996-09-26
KR19980702904A (ko) 1998-09-05
EP0815613A1 (fr) 1998-01-07
JPH11502386A (ja) 1999-02-23
BR9607695A (pt) 1998-07-07
AU696840B2 (en) 1998-09-17
AU5174896A (en) 1996-10-08

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