WO1996008198A1 - Appareil et procede d'analyse de la composition biologique a l'aide de l'impedance bioelectrique - Google Patents

Appareil et procede d'analyse de la composition biologique a l'aide de l'impedance bioelectrique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996008198A1
WO1996008198A1 PCT/KR1995/000119 KR9500119W WO9608198A1 WO 1996008198 A1 WO1996008198 A1 WO 1996008198A1 KR 9500119 W KR9500119 W KR 9500119W WO 9608198 A1 WO9608198 A1 WO 9608198A1
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Prior art keywords
terminal
terminals
voltage
current
measuring
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PCT/KR1995/000119
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English (en)
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Ki Chul Cha
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Ki Chul Cha
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Publication of WO1996008198A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996008198A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
    • A61B5/4869—Determining body composition
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves 
    • A61B5/053—Measuring electrical impedance or conductance of a portion of the body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves 
    • A61B5/053—Measuring electrical impedance or conductance of a portion of the body
    • A61B5/0537—Measuring body composition by impedance, e.g. tissue hydration or fat content
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
    • A61B5/4869—Determining body composition
    • A61B5/4872—Body fat
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/02—Input arrangements using manually operated switches, e.g. using keyboards or dials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/14—Digital output to display device ; Cooperation and interconnection of the display device with other functional units
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B2560/00—Constructional details of operational features of apparatus; Accessories for medical measuring apparatus
    • A61B2560/04—Constructional details of apparatus
    • A61B2560/0487—Special user inputs or interfaces

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for analyzing body composition based on bioelectrical impedance analysis, and a method therefore.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for quantitatively analyzing body composition such as body fluid and body fat and the like by measuring the impedance of body segments such as arm, leg and trunk, by contacting the palm of hand and the sole of foot to metal plate electrodes, and by analyzing the measured values.
  • a human body is composed of water, protein, bone and fat, in addition to the small amount of elements. The total of these elements constitutes the body weight.
  • the quantitative measurement for the respective element is called body composition analysis.
  • the percentage occupied by fat is called fatness, and the fatness is used as the criterium for assessing the nutritional status, and also is used in diagnosing various adult diseases.
  • fat free mass FFM
  • Patients associated with the nutrition deficit such as cancer are subjected to a periodically measuring FFM to know the curing state or the progress of the illness. In the case where a fatty man performs exercise to reduce the body weight, it frequently happens that the body weight shows little variation within a relatively short period of several months.
  • the body composition is measured, it may be found that the amount of muscle has increased and the amount of fat has decreased. In this way, the effects of the exercise can be measured in a scientific manner. Further, based on the analysis of body composition, the growth in children and the nutrition status in old men can be diagnosed. Particularly, for various patients, the water distribution can be measured, thereby obtaining a clue for the patient's fluid balance.
  • Another conventional method is to measure the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer by using a caliper, ultrasound or near infrared light. These methods has the disadvantage that the accuracy is low. Further, there are imaging methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). However, these methods are too expensive to carry out frequently. Further, there are dilution methods such as heavy water (D2O) dilution or bromide solution dilution. However, these methods are difficult to use.
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • DEXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
  • BIA bioelectrical impedance analysis
  • a small amount of alternating current is passed through the body and the body resistance is measured, then total body water, water distribution between intracelluar and extracellular water, fat free mass can be determined.
  • Total fat is the weight minus FFM and thus percent body fat can be calculated.
  • the conventional method In the conventional method, an examinee should lie on a bed and sticky electrodes are applied on the skin. A calculation process is often required to obtain body composition following the impedance measurement. Because of these cumbersome measurement processes, it is difficult to use it. In addition, the conventional method measures the whole body impedance only and thus individual variations in segmental distribution of lean mass produces measurement errors. In the conventional method, electrodes should be applied on the designated location precisely and the measurement errors are often induced in the electrode application process. It is of further inconvenience that hairs should be removed for the electrode application. The above conventional method requires a long period time for the measurement.
  • the weight is automatically measured by stepping on the machine, the examinee or patient data can be easily typed in using a key pad.
  • the body composition results are displayed on a display unit and are printed out immediately following the measurement. It is a further object of the present invention that impedance is measured for the body segments as well as the whole body.
  • An apparatus for analyzing body composition comprises: metal plate electrodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 contacting the palms and the soles; an impedance measuring instrument 5 for measuring impedance of the body using the current voltage ratio, which includes a terminal Ti consisting of a pair of current Ci and voltage Vi terminals and a terminal T2 consisting of a pair of current C2 and voltage V2 terminals, thereby an alternating current in the magnitude of 0.1-2.0 mA between 1 KHz and 1 MHz passes between said terminals Ti and T2 and a voltage difference is measured between said terminals Ti and T2; electronic s itches 6 connecting said plate electrodes to said impedance measuring terminals Ti and T2; a load cell 10 for measuring the weight; a key pad 11 for inputting the patient data such as height, age, and sex; a microprocessor 18 for calculating the body composition results using measured data; amplifier 15 and filter 16 and A/D converter 17 for interfacing said impedance meter 5 and weight measurement systems 10 to said microprocessor 18; and
  • a body composition analyzer In a body composition analyzer according to the present invention, the results analyzed by a microprocessor 18 are displayed on a display unit 12 and can be printed out with a printer 14.
  • a method for analyzing body composition comprises: connecting a pair of current Ci and voltage Vi electrodes to one plate electrode; connecting the other pair of current C2 and voltage V2 electrodes to the other plate electrode; controlling the on/off of the switch 6 with a microprocessor 18; measuring segmental body impedances; measuring the weight of a body with a load cell 10; inputting patient data such as the height, age, sex on a key pad 11; calculating body compositions such as total body water, fat free mass and percent body fat with a microprocessor 18; and displaying the analyzed results on a display unit 12; and/or printing the analyzed results out with a printer 14.
  • Fig. 1 schematically illustrates electrical connections between four plate electrode analyzer and impedance measuring terminals
  • Fig. 2 schematically illustrates electrical connections between two plate electrode analyzer and impedance measuring terminals
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic view of the invented analyzer using four plate electrodes
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic view of the invented analyzer using two plate electrodes
  • Fig. 5 illustrates components of the analyzer and their electrical connections
  • Fig. 6 illustrates the conventional measurement of the body impedance in which electrodes are attached on the skin of the right hand and foot;
  • Fig. 7 is an electrical model of the body; and Fig. 8 illustrates electrical connections for measuring segmental impedance of the body.
  • Fig. 1 schematically illustrates electrical connections between four plate electrode analyzer and impedance measuring terminals.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic view of the invented analyzer using four plate electrodes, and
  • Fig. 5 illustrates components of the analyzer and their electrical connections.
  • An apparatus for analyzing body composition according to the present invention comprises metal plate electrodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 contacting the palms and the soles; an impedance measuring instrument 5 for measuring impedance of the body using the current voltage ratio, which includes a terminal Ti consisting of a pair of current Ci and voltage Vi terminals and a terminal T2 consisting of a pair of current C2 and voltage V2 terminals, thereby an alternating current in the magnitude of 0.1-2.0 mA between 1 KHz and 1 MHz passes between said terminals Ti and T2 and a voltage difference is measured between said terminals Ti and T2; electronic switches 6 connecting said plate electrodes to said impedance measuring terminals Ti and T2; a load cell 10 for measuring the weight; a key pad 11 for inputting the patient
  • the results are displayed on the display unit 12, and when needed, a printer(14) can be added for printing the results.
  • a conventional impedance method four surface electrodes 19, 20, 21 and 22 are attached on the wrist, the back of hand, the ankle and the back of foot as shown in Fig. 6, electrically connecting the human body to an impedance measuring instrument. Then an electrical current is injected between the hand and the foot and voltage measured between the wrist and the ankle by 4-electrode method.
  • the 4-electrode method utilizes a pair of current electrodes and a pair of voltage electrodes.
  • electrodes are attached on the skin of the body.
  • the device passes a sine wave current in the magnitude of 0.1-2.0mA at the frequency of about 1-1000 KHz between electrode Cl and C2, measures a voltage difference between electrodes VI and V2, and then calculate the body impedance using the voltage- current ratio.
  • Resistance(R) is a function of the length(L), the cross -sectional area(A), and the resistivity( p ) of the conductor,
  • the volume of the conductor is a function of the length L and the cross- sectional area A.
  • Total body water (TBW) and fat free mass (FFM) are conductive mass in the body. Assuming that the length of the conductive mass is replaced by the height(Ht) and the resistivity( p ) is constant between individuals. TBW and FFM can be expressed by equation E4.
  • Equation E4 constants Cl and C2 are determined by the regression between Ht 2 /R and TBW or FFM. Once the prediction equation is completed, TBW and FFM can be found by inserting body resistance and height into equation E4. Total body fat(FAT) is found by the body 'weight minus FFM, and the percent body fat is defined by equation E5.
  • percent body fat 100 (Wt - FFM)/ Wt (E5)
  • 2-electrode method is used, where impedance is measured between terminals TI and T2.
  • a pair of current Cl and voltage VI terminals are connected to terminal TI and the other pair of current C2 and voltage V2 terminals are connected to terminal T2.
  • terminal TI is connected to one or two plate electrodes and terminal T2 is connected to one or two plate electrodes which are not connected to terminal TI.
  • the impedance of the body is measured between terminals TI and T2.
  • the 2-electrode method can reduce the number of electrodes.
  • this method has a contact resistance problem between the skin of the body and the electrodes. Therefore the body composition analyzer according to the present invention utilizes a large contact surface area which reduces the contact resistance.
  • electrolytes-rich cream or solution applied on the palm and the sole can reduce the contact resistance further.
  • a method for analyzing body composition comprises connecting a pair of current Ci and voltage Vi electrodes to one plate electrode; connecting the other pair of current C2 and voltage V2 electrodes to other plate electrodes; controlling the on/off of the switch 6 with a microprocessor 18; measuring segmental body impedances; measuring the weight of a body with a load cell 10; inputting patient data such as the height, age, sex on a key pad 11; calculating body compositions such as total body water, fat free mass and percent body fat with a microprocessor 18; and displaying the analyzed results on a display unit 12; and/or printing the analyzed results out with a printer 14.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a body composition analyzer using two plate electrodes. As shown in Fig.
  • an apparatus includes a hand electrode 7 for contacting the palms, a foot electrode 8 for contacting the soles, an impedance measuring instrument 5, a weight scale 10, an automatic ruler 13, a microprocessor 9, and interfacing electronics 15, 16 and 17 and a printer 14.
  • a key pad for inserting the patient data such as age and sex, and a display unit can be included.
  • a body composition analyzer Using a body composition analyzer according to the present invention, impedance of a body segment such as a right arm, a left arm, a right leg, and a whole body can be measured.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates electrical model of body segments. As shown in Fig. 7, Ri, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are the resistances of the right arm, the left arm, the trunk, the right leg and the left leg, respectively. The whole body resistance (Rw) is measured between the palms and soles as shown in Fig. 8 and is expressed as equation E6.
  • Rw (Ri • R 2 )/(R ⁇ + R2) + R3 + (R 4 • R S )/(R4 + Rs) (E6)
  • the resistance of the right arm (Ri) plus the resistance of the left arm (R2) is measured by a connection shown in Fig. 8(D) and is expressed as equation E7.
  • Resistance(Rw-2) of the both legs and the left arm can be measured as shown in Fig. 8(F) and resistance (Rw-i) of the both legs and the right arm can be measured as show in Fig. 8(E). These are expressed as equations E8 and E9.
  • Rw-2 Ri + R3 + (R4 • Rs)/(R4 + Rs) (E8)
  • arm resistance RI and R2 can be calculated.
  • R 2 (Ra +Rw-2 -Rw- ⁇ )/2 (E12)
  • Resistance of the right leg (R4) plus the resistance of the left leg(R5) can be measured as shown in Fig. 8(C) and can be expressed as equation E13.
  • Rw-s (R ⁇ - R2)/(R ⁇ - ( -R2)+R3- , -R (E14)
  • Rw-4 (Ri - R 2 )/(Ri+R2)+R3+Rs (E15)
  • leg resistances R4 and R5 can be calculated.
  • Resistance(Rt) of the trunk is found by subtracting parallel resistance of arms and legs from the resistance of the whole body.
  • Rt Rw - (Ri • R 2 )/(R ⁇ + R2) - (R4 • R 5 )/(R4 + Rs) (E19)
  • Body composition such as total body water(TBW) and fat free mass(FFM ) can be calculated by using Ht 2 /Rw, where Ht is the height and Rw is the whole body resistance. Segmental resistance ratios such as Ra/Rt can be used as an additional predictor.
  • constants Cl, C2 and C3 are determined by the regression technique between impedance independent variables and TBW or FFM determined by a standard method.
  • Ra can be replaced by RI or Ra+Rl.
  • Segmental composition is a function of segmental impedance.
  • FFM of the right arm is expressed as equation E21.
  • the amount of body fat can be calculated by subtracting FFM from the weight.
  • Percent body fat (%BF) is expressed as E23.
  • %BF 100 x (Wt - FFM )/Wt (E23)
  • An apparatus for measuring the impedance the body utilizes an alternating current in the magnitude of 0.1-2.0 mA at the frequency between 1 and 1000 KHz is frequently employed for a body composition analyzer.
  • ECW to TBW ratio can be expressed by the following equation.
  • the technique for calculation water distribution can be applied to the body composition analyzer according to the present invention as well as a conventional technique.
  • a current and a voltage electrode are separately connected to the surface electrode.
  • a current and a voltage electrode are connected to a metal plate electrode according to two electrode method, and then the body contacts this surface electrode.
  • an examinee steps on the foot electrodes 3 and 4 with bare feet and touches the hand electrodes 1 and 2 with the palms. The measurement can be done much like measurement of the weight on the electronic scale.
  • a person with a light cloth inputs his height, age, sex, and then touches his palms on right hand electrode 1, left hand electrode 2 and steps on right foot electrode 3 and left foot electrode 4.
  • Terminal Ti consisting Ci and voltage Vi terminals, is connected to one or two electrodes and terminal T2. consisting of current C2 and voltage V2 terminal, is connected to one or two electrodes which are not connected to terminal Ti.
  • Impedance measuring instrument 5 measures the impedance of the body between terminals Ti and T 2 .
  • Electronic switches 6 change electrical connections between four electrodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 and terminals, Ti and T2. and measure segmental impedance of the body.
  • a microprocessor 18 controls on/off of electronic switches 6 and measures segmental resistance as shown in Fig. 8(A)-(H).
  • Fig. 8(A) shows the measurement of the whole body between the hands and the feet
  • Fig. 8(B) shows the measurement between the right hand and the right foot
  • Fig. 8(C) shows the measurement between the left foot and the right foot
  • Fig. 8(D) shows the measurement between the left hand and the right hand
  • Fig. 8(E) shows the measurement between the right hand the left foot
  • Fig. 8(F) shows the measurement between the left hand and the both feet
  • Fig. 8(G) shows the measurement between the right foot and the both hands
  • Fig. 8(H) shows the measurement between the both hands and the both feet.
  • the body weight is measured by a load cell located under the foot plate electrodes.
  • a signal of the load cell is sent to the microprocessor 18 though a amplifier 15 and a filter 16 and A/D converter 17.
  • the height is input on a key pad 11.
  • the age and sex are also input on the key pad 11.
  • the microprocessor 18 calculates total body water (TBW), fat free mass (FFM ) and percent body fat (%BF) using the measured values and the typed values.
  • TW total body water
  • FAM fat free mass
  • %BF percent body fat
  • the present invention makes it possible for a person to measure his body composition by himself much like a electronic weight measurement.
  • the plate electrode method according to the present invention provides a highly reproducible electrical contacts between the body and the electrode without any special cautions. Further more a large contact area between the body and the electrodes reduces contact resistance effectively and measure impedance of the body reliably.

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Abstract

La présente invention a pour objet un appareil d'analyse de la composition biologique. L'appareil comprend des électrodes métalliques plates (1, 2, 3 et 4) qui sont mises en contact avec les paumes et les plantes du patient; un instrument de mesure de l'impédance (5) permettant de mesurer l'impédance du corps à l'aide du rapport courant/tension, comprenant une borne T1 constituée d'une borne de courant C1, d'une borne de tension V1 et d'une borne T2 constituée d'une paire de bornes de courant C2 et de tension V2. Un courant alternatif compris entre 0,1 et 2,0 mA d'une fréquence comprise entre 1 KHz et 1MHz s'établit ainsi entre lesdites bornes T1 et T2 et l'on mesure une différence de tension entre lesdites bornes T1 et T2. L'appareil comprend également des commutateurs électroniques (6) reliant lesdites électrodes métalliques plates aux bornes de mesure de l'impédance T1 et T2; une cellule de pesage (10) destinée à mesurer le poids; un clavier (11) permettant d'entrer les données relatives au patient telles que sa taille, son âge et son sexe; un microprocesseur (18) destiné à effectuer le calcul des résultats relatifs à la composition biologique à l'aide des données de mesure; un amplificateur (15); un filtre (16); un convertisseur A/N (17) destiné à assurer l'interface entre l'impédancemètre (5), les systèmes (10) de mesure de poids et le microprocesseur (18); ainsi qu'un écran (12) destiné à afficher les résultats.
PCT/KR1995/000119 1994-09-15 1995-09-15 Appareil et procede d'analyse de la composition biologique a l'aide de l'impedance bioelectrique WO1996008198A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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KR1019940023440A KR0123408B1 (ko) 1994-09-15 1994-09-15 생체전기 임피던스법을 이용한 인체 성분 분석 장치 및 그 분석 방법
KR1994/23440 1994-09-15

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Cited By (14)

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WO1998051216A1 (fr) * 1997-05-16 1998-11-19 St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Procede permettant d'estimer la constitution corporelle d'enfants prepuberes porteurs du virus de l'immunodeficience humaine
EP0940120A1 (fr) * 1998-03-03 1999-09-08 Seb S.A. Appareil et procédé de mésure de la composition corporelle
WO1999052425A3 (fr) * 1998-04-15 1999-12-02 Braun Gmbh Dispositif d'analyse de la composition corporelle dote d'un ecran d'affichage d'evolution
EP1080686A1 (fr) * 1999-09-03 2001-03-07 Tanita Corporation Procédé pour mesurer l'impédance bioélectrique et dispositif de mesure de la composition d'un corps
WO2001056468A2 (fr) * 2000-02-02 2001-08-09 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Sonde arthroscopique a impedance permettant de detecter la degenerescence de cartilage
EP1201187A1 (fr) * 2000-10-25 2002-05-02 Tanita Corporation Appareil pour determiner la masse grasse et la masse non-grasse du corps
EP1203562A2 (fr) * 2000-10-27 2002-05-08 Tanita Corporation Procédé et dispositif pour estimer des surfaces de graisse du corps
EP1222895A1 (fr) * 2000-08-04 2002-07-17 Tanita Corporation Dispositif de controle du poids corporel
US6516222B2 (en) * 2000-01-05 2003-02-04 Tanita Corporation Apparatus for determining degree of fatigue of human body
WO2003030735A1 (fr) * 2001-10-12 2003-04-17 Seb S.A. Appareil de mesure de la composition corporelle
EP2011437A1 (fr) * 2007-07-03 2009-01-07 Tanita Corporation Dispositif et procédé de mesure de composition corporelle
JP2013056151A (ja) * 2011-09-07 2013-03-28 Biospace Co Ltd ユーザの便宜性を極大化した体成分測定装置および生体情報管理システム
WO2014001186A1 (fr) * 2012-06-26 2014-01-03 Seca Ag Procédé et appareil destinés à déterminer des paramètres de composition corporelle à l'aide de la bio-impédancemétrie
JP2014204849A (ja) * 2013-04-12 2014-10-30 トヨタ紡織株式会社 生体情報計測装置及び生体情報計測方法

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KR100355249B1 (ko) * 2000-04-03 2002-10-11 박원희 체성분분석, ecg 및 맥박감지기능을 갖춘 컴퓨터
KR20020092122A (ko) * 2001-06-02 2002-12-11 주식회사 케이멕 체지방 측정방법 및 그 장치
KR100492690B1 (ko) 2002-11-04 2005-06-07 매그나칩 반도체 유한회사 프리스케일러를 포함하는 위상 제어 루프 회로
US10610296B2 (en) * 2017-05-31 2020-04-07 Biosense Webster (Israel) Ltd. Cardiac electrophysiology machine including catheter stability while estimating impedance drop
KR20230144826A (ko) 2022-04-08 2023-10-17 고려대학교 산학협력단 체성분 예측 정보 제공 시스템 및 그 제어방법

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EP0343928A2 (fr) * 1988-05-24 1989-11-29 Bioanalogics Inc Système de saisie de données d'impedance du corps
US4947862A (en) * 1988-10-28 1990-08-14 Danninger Medical Technology, Inc. Body composition analyzer
FR2698779A1 (fr) * 1992-12-08 1994-06-10 Eugedia Laboratoire Appareil pour la détermination de la masse grasse d'un patient.
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EP0343928A2 (fr) * 1988-05-24 1989-11-29 Bioanalogics Inc Système de saisie de données d'impedance du corps
US4947862A (en) * 1988-10-28 1990-08-14 Danninger Medical Technology, Inc. Body composition analyzer
US5335667A (en) * 1992-11-20 1994-08-09 University Of Utah Research Foundation Method and apparatus for determining body composition using bioelectrical impedance
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Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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