WO1996002879A1 - Assistant numerique personnel de format tenant dans la main - Google Patents

Assistant numerique personnel de format tenant dans la main Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996002879A1
WO1996002879A1 PCT/US1995/009298 US9509298W WO9602879A1 WO 1996002879 A1 WO1996002879 A1 WO 1996002879A1 US 9509298 W US9509298 W US 9509298W WO 9602879 A1 WO9602879 A1 WO 9602879A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
μpda
host
interface
personal digital
keyboard
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1995/009298
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Dan Kikinis
Pascal Dornier
William J. Seiler
Original Assignee
Elonex Technologies, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Elonex Technologies, Inc. filed Critical Elonex Technologies, Inc.
Priority to JP8505275A priority Critical patent/JPH10506208A/ja
Priority to EP95926775A priority patent/EP0767936A4/fr
Publication of WO1996002879A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996002879A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0484—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] for the control of specific functions or operations, e.g. selecting or manipulating an object, an image or a displayed text element, setting a parameter value or selecting a range
    • G06F3/0485—Scrolling or panning
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/30—Authentication, i.e. establishing the identity or authorisation of security principals
    • G06F21/44—Program or device authentication
    • G06F21/445—Program or device authentication by mutual authentication, e.g. between devices or programs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/60—Protecting data
    • G06F21/62—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules
    • G06F21/6218—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules to a system of files or objects, e.g. local or distributed file system or database
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/02—Input arrangements using manually operated switches, e.g. using keyboards or dials
    • G06F3/0202—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the input device
    • G06F3/0221—Arrangements for reducing keyboard size for transport or storage, e.g. foldable keyboards, keyboards with collapsible keys
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/033—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor
    • G06F3/0362—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor with detection of 1D translations or rotations of an operating part of the device, e.g. scroll wheels, sliders, knobs, rollers or belts
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2211/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of data-processing equipment not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00
    • G06F2211/007—Encryption, En-/decode, En-/decipher, En-/decypher, Scramble, (De-)compress
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2221/00—Indexing scheme relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F2221/21—Indexing scheme relating to G06F21/00 and subgroups addressing additional information or applications relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F2221/2141—Access rights, e.g. capability lists, access control lists, access tables, access matrices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H2207/00—Connections
    • H01H2207/048—Inductive or infrared coupling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H2223/00—Casings
    • H01H2223/046—Casings convertible
    • H01H2223/052—Casings convertible reductible in size, e.g. for transportation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
    • H04M1/72—Mobile telephones; Cordless telephones, i.e. devices for establishing wireless links to base stations without route selection
    • H04M1/725—Cordless telephones
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M3/00—Automatic or semi-automatic exchanges
    • H04M3/42—Systems providing special services or facilities to subscribers
    • H04M3/42314—Systems providing special services or facilities to subscribers in private branch exchanges
    • H04M3/42323—PBX's with CTI arrangements

Definitions

  • This invention is in the area of portable computers and pertains more specifically to small portable computing devices known in the art as personal digital assistants.
  • PDA Personal Digital Assistant
  • a big drawback of the PDA systems being offered is the way they transfer data between a user's desktop unit, or other host, and the PDA.
  • Known communication is by modem, by infrared communication, and by serial connection. These all require manipulation by a user, modulation on one or both ends of the communication path, and the like, which can be time-consuming, error-prone, and hardware extensive (expensive).
  • Presently the Newton offers a modem and/or LED communication as an option, adding to the overall cost.
  • a PDA unit of this sort is the subject of the present invention, and is termed by the inventors a micro-PDA, or ⁇ PDA.
  • a very important feature of the ⁇ PDA in an aspect of the present invention is a direct parallel bus interface with a connector allowing the unit to be docked by plugging it into a docking bay in a host unit. Moreover, when the ⁇ PDA is docked in the host, there needs to be a means to effectively disable the CPU in the ⁇ PDA and to provide direct access to both the ⁇ PDA software and data storage by the host CPU. This direct access would provide immediate ability to communicate in the fastest available fashion between the ⁇ PDA and the host, and would also facilitate additional important features to be described below.
  • the ⁇ PDA also needs to have an optional compressed bus interface, including a connector separate from the host interface, so add-on devices may be utilized, such as a FAX modem, cellular communication, printer, and so on.
  • add-on devices such as a FAX modem, cellular communication, printer, and so on.
  • An additional feature that could be optionally provided in another aspect of the invention is an interface at the host to allow a user to select pre-arranged software mixes for loading to the ⁇ PDA.
  • This feature comprises a set of control routines operating in conjunction with the host's display and input means, to allow the user to quickly select applications and perhaps data as well to be loaded to the ⁇ PDA satellite, to configure the smaller, more portable unit for specific itineraries and purposes.
  • Another desirable feature is an ability to automatically update data files. In this aspect of the invention, with the ⁇ PDA docked, data on the host, if carrying a later date and/or time stamp than the data on the ⁇ PDA, would be automatically updated on the ⁇ PDA and vice-versa.
  • the host When one returns from an excursion using the ⁇ PDA and docks the satellite at the host, the host gains access, determines the location of the latest files, and accomplishes the update. This feature needs to have some built-in user prompting to be most effective. It makes the ⁇ PDA a true satellite system.
  • a personal digital assistant module comprising an enclosure for enclosing and supporting internal elements, a microcontroller within the enclosure for performing digital operations to manage functions of the personal digital assistant module, and a memory means connected to the microcontroller by a memory bus structure for storing data and executable routines.
  • a power supply means within the enclosure for supplying power to functional elements of the personal digital assistant module, a display means operable by the microcontroller and implemented on a surface of the enclosure, and input means connected to the microcontroller for providing commands and data to the personal digital assistant module.
  • a host interface means comprising a host interface bus structure, which may be configured as a PCMCIA bus interface, is connected to the microcontroller and to a first portion of a host interface connector at a surface of the enclosure, and the host interface means is configured to directly connect the microcontroller to a compatible bus structure of a host computer.
  • the personal digital assistant module has an expansion bus interface comprising an expansion bus structure connected to the microcontroller and to a first portion of an expansion bus connector for connecting the microcontroller to a peripheral device.
  • peripheral devices are provided for use with the personal digital assistant of the invention.
  • the personal digital assistant module also has a nonvolatile storage device, such as an EEPROM connected to the microcontroller and containing one or more codes unique to the personal digital assistant, for uniquely identifying the personal digital assistant to digital devices connected on the host interface.
  • the display and input means for the personal digital assistant are configured as an overlaid touch screen and LCD display on a surface of the outer case of the personal digital assistant.
  • a pointer device implemented as a thumbwheel in one embodiment and as a pressure sensitive pad in another is provided as part of the input capability.
  • the personal digital assistant module forms a unique combination with a general-purpose computer host having the personal digital assistant as a satellite unit.
  • the host in this instance has a docking bay especially configured to dock the personal digital assistant, making a direct bus connection between the local CPU of the personal digital assistant and the CPU of the host.
  • the host may be a desktop unit, a notebook computer, or a smaller portable like a palmtop computer. This combination provides power and convenience not before available.
  • Many other digital devices are also provided according to various aspects of the invention, such as modems, scanners, data acquisition peripherals, cellular phones, and a software vending machine, and all of these devices may be appended to the personal digital assistant by the expansion bus interface or, in many cases, by the host interface.
  • the personal digital assistant provided according to embodiments of the present invention is a unit more compact than conventional PDAs. It represents a new dimension in computer application and applicability, in a form promising to be eminently usable by and useful to almost everyone; and at a price easily affordable. It solves the communication problem intrinsic to personal digital assistants relative to larger and more powerful computers, with a unit that fits into a user's breast pocket, and at a very low price.
  • Fig. 1 A is an isometric view of a ⁇ PDA according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. IB is a plan view of the ⁇ PDA of Fig. 1A.
  • Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the ⁇ PDA of Figs. 1A and IB.
  • Fig. 3 is a block diagram of the ⁇ PDA of Fig. 1 A and some peripheral elements.
  • Fig. 4 is a more detailed plan view of the ⁇ PDA of Fig. 1 A showing in particular an LCD display and touch screen user interface in an aspect of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is an isometric view of a ⁇ PDA and a host notebook computer in an aspect of the present invention, with the ⁇ PDA about to be docked in a docking bay of the notebook computer.
  • Fig. 6 is a block diagram of a ⁇ PDA docked in a docking bay of a host computer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig.7 is a logic flow diagram of the steps in docking a ⁇ PDA in a host computer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is an isometric illustration of a ⁇ PDA software vending machine in an aspect of the present invention.
  • Fig. 10 is a top plan view of a ⁇ PDA with a microphone in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 1 1 is an isometric drawing of a ⁇ PDA docked in a dedicated cellular or cordless telephone according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 12 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA with a speaker and pager interface according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 13 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA with an infrared communication interface according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 14 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA with a scanner attachment according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 15 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA with a fax-modem attached according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 16 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA with a printer adapter interface according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 17 is an isometric drawing of a ⁇ PDA docked in a barcode reader providing a data acquisition peripheral according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 18 is an isometric view of a ⁇ PDA with a solar charger according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 19 is a plan view of four ⁇ PDAs interfaced to a dedicated network console providing inter-PDA communication according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 20 is an isometric view of a ⁇ PDA according to the invention connected by the expansion port to a standard-sized keyboard.
  • Fig. 21 A is a plan view of a flexible, roll-up keyboard according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 21B is an elevation view of Fig. 21A.
  • Fig. 21C shows the flexible keyboard of Fig. 21 A rolled into a compact cylinder and secured by a band.
  • Fig. 22 is an isometric view of a single key cell in the flexible keyboard according to the embodiment of Fig. 21A and 21B.
  • Fig. 24A is a plan view of the lower layer at the position of the Shift key.
  • Fig. 24B is a plan view of the upper layer from the same vantage as for Fig. 24A.
  • Fig. 25A is an isometric view of the end of the flexible keyboard where the control circuitry is housed, showing the layer separated to illustrate internal details.
  • Fig. 25B shows the control circuitry module at an angle of about 90 degrees from the view of Fig. 25A.
  • Fig. 25C is a view of the control module in the direction of arrow 75 to illustrate the arrangement of contact pads relative to the module.
  • Fig. 25D is a section view taken along line 25D-25D of Fig. 25A with the two layers joined.
  • Fig. 26A shows an alternative embodiment that communicates with a suitably equipped computer without a cable.
  • Fig. 26B shows an alternative embodiment wherein the wiring matrix is connected directly to a computer through a connecting cable.
  • Fig. 27A shows a flexible keyboard according to the present invention connected to a computer by a transmission cable.
  • Fig. 28 is a perspective view of a computer with a keyboard according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 29 illustrates a key switch matrix interfaced to a microprocessor and a magnetic transmitter according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 30 illustrates a receiver and demodulation circuitry for receiving magnetically encoded scan codes and reconstructing the associated digital scan codes therefrom.
  • Fig. 31 A is an exemplary trace of emf in a receiving loop according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 3 IB is a serial digital scan code as reconstructed from the magnetically encoded code of Fig. 31 A.
  • a combination I/O interface 16 implemented on one side of the ⁇ PDA, comprising a display overlaid with a touch-sensitive planar structure providing softkey operation in conjunction with interactive control routines operable on the ⁇ PDA in a stand-alone mode.
  • Fig. 1A there may also be guides implemented along the sides of the case of the device for guiding the module in and out of a docking bay in a host computer unit. There may also be one or more mechanical features facilitating engagement and disengagement of the module in a docking bay.
  • Fig. IB is a top plan view of the ⁇ PDA of Fig. 1 A, showing a thumbwheel 18 implemented in one corner of the ⁇ PDA.
  • the thumbwheel in this embodiment is an input device capable of providing input with both amplitude and directional characteristics, and in some cases rate characteristics as well.
  • the thumbwheel has many uses in combination with the ⁇ PDA and I/O interface 16. One such use is controlled scrolling of icons, characters, menus, and the like on the display of the device.
  • the thumbwheel provides many of the functions of a pointer device.
  • a second external connector portion 20 is provided. This connector portion is for engaging peripheral devices as part of an expansion bus interface.
  • Fig. 2 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a means for constructing a ⁇ PDA according to the present invention in a Type II PCMCIA, or other relatively small package.
  • ICs 34 are encapsulated in a conformal material 36, and interconnection is accomplished by traces on a flexible polymer film 32 shown as overlaying the encapsulated structure.
  • the ICs are not packaged in the conventional manner having solder leads for assembly to a printed circuit board. Rather, connections are made directly between the solder pads on the chip and the traces on the Kapton film.
  • ICs indicated by element No. 34 with specific functional ICs in a ⁇ PDA. This cross-section is illustrative of a method of construction only.
  • LCD display 25 is implemented on one side of the ⁇ PDA, and touch-sensitive interface 27 is provided overlaying at least a portion of the LCD display.
  • a metal casing 38 or other suitable material or combinations of material, surrounds the internal components and conforms to Type II PCMCIA form factors. This simplified cross-section illustrates some of the principles of construction that can allow the needed components to be inexpensively fitted into the small form factor needed.
  • the ⁇ PDA is implemented in the form factor of a type III (10 mm thick) PCMCIA unit, using relatively conventional technology, such as PCB technology, rather than the encapsulated construction described immediately above.
  • Various other constructions, form factors, and combinations are possible, as well.
  • Fig. 3 is a simplified electrical block diagram of the ⁇ PDA of Figs. 1A, IB and 2.
  • a unique microcontroller 11 acts as the CPU of the ⁇ PDA in the stand-alone mode, that is, when the ⁇ PDA is not docked in a host unit.
  • microcontroller 11 acts as a slave unit, granting bus control to the
  • Memory 13 is preferably a nonvolatile device from 1 to 2 megabytes in this embodiment, and both control routines for applications and data files are stored in this memory.
  • Memory 13 may be flash memory, CMOS ROM, CMOS RAM with battery, or a combination, with the software stored in ROM and the data in the flash memory.
  • the memory device is interfaced to microcontroller 11 via a dedicated bus structure 17, and microprocessor 11 is configured to drive memory bus 17.
  • a battery 15 is the power source in the stand-alone mode, and may be recharged in one or more of several ways.
  • the power traces are not shown in Fig. 3, but extend to all of the powered devices in the ⁇ PDA module.
  • the host power source may be connected to pins through the host interface to recharge the battery.
  • an attached means such as a solar panel may be configured to charge the battery and/or provide power to the ⁇ PDA.
  • a solar panel for power is described elsewhere in this disclosure.
  • the battery may be easily removed for periodic replacement.
  • Host bus connector 14 is a part of a host interface which comprises a bus structure 26 for providing connection to the host in docked mode, as described above.
  • the host interface is according to PCMCIA Type II, Rev. 3 standard, which is capable of communication either in PCMCIA mode or in a mode similar to PCI mode.
  • PCI mode refers to a high-speed intermediate bus protocol being developed by Intel corporation, expected to become a standard bus architecture and protocol in the industry.
  • the physical interface at the host in this embodiment is a slot-like docking bay, as is typical of know docking bays for PCMCIA devices. This docking bay may be implemented as a docking box, a built-in unit like a floppy-drive unit, or it may take some other form.
  • Connector portion 20 is a part of the expansion bus interface described above, comprising a dedicated bus structure 40 connected to microcontroller 11.
  • This interface can be implemented in a number of different ways.
  • the purpose of the optional expansion bus interface is to connect to optional peripheral devices, such as a printer, a FAX modem, a host cellular phone, and others.
  • the expansion bus interface is not an essential feature in a minimum embodiment of the present invention, but provides vastly enhanced functionality in many embodiments.
  • the expansion interface can take any one of several forms.
  • a preferred form is an extended enhanced parallel port and protocol based on an invention by the present inventors disclosed in a copending patent application.
  • Another form is an indexed I/O port having 8-bit address and 8-bit data capability.
  • the requirement of the expansion port is that the connection and communication protocol be compatible with expansion devices, such as telephone modems, fax modems, scanners, and the like. Many other configurations are possible.
  • Optional equipment such as devices listed in box 19 may be connected for use with the ⁇ PDA through the expansion bus. Selected ones of such devices may also be built in to the ⁇ PDA in various embodiments, providing variations of applicability. In the former case, connection is through path 21 and the expansion bus interface via connector portion 20. In the built-in case, connection is in the interconnection traces of the ⁇ PDA as indicated by path 23.
  • I/O interface 16 (also Fig. IB) is for viewing ⁇ PDA application-related data and for touch-sensitive input via softkeys. By softkeys is meant assignment by software of various functions to specific touch sensitive screen areas, which act as input keys. Labels in I/O interface 16 identify functionality of the touch-sensitive areas in various operating modes according to installed machine control routines. LCD display 25 and the touch-sensitive area 27 together form the combination I/O interface 16 described also above.
  • EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
  • ⁇ PDA 31 holds one or more codes installed at the point of manufacturing to provide security for information transfer between a host and a ⁇ PDA.
  • the purpose is to control access by a host to the memory contents of a ⁇ PDA, so each ⁇ PDA may be configured to an individual.
  • docking and bus mastering machine control routines are initiated at the point of docking, and this security process is described in more detail below.
  • security codes may be provided by a Read Only Memory (ROM) chip or other permanent or semi-permanent memory source.
  • ROM Read Only Memory
  • Fig. 4 is a plan view similar to Fig. IB, of a ⁇ PDA, showing in particular I/O interface 16.
  • the size and location of I/O interface 16 may vary, but in general occupies a major portion of one of the sides of the module.
  • I/O interface 16 comprises an LCD display with a resolution of 256 by 144 pixels in a screen size that displays 32 by 12 characters. Each character in this embodiment is displayed in an area eight pixels wide and twelve pixels high. In another embodiment, the pixel resolution is 320 by
  • the touch-sensitive areas of the touch-sensitive screen correspond to the character areas of the display. By touching an area with a finger or stylus, data can be entered quite quickly and with minimal CPU demand.
  • thumbwheel 18 provides a two-directional means of controlling the configuration of the display according to installed control routines.
  • a menu 70 is configured at one side to represent the current status of any application in progress and to provide appropriate user menu selections.
  • input from thumbwheel 18 is used for scrolling through menu 70, and active areas may be indicated by a cursor.
  • a user makes a menu selection by pressing the appropriate touch-sensitive area.
  • a specific input may be provided to cause the menu area to be displayed on either side of the display according to a user's preference.
  • Characters and punctuation, etc. could just as simply be displayed in a single strip along a region of the display, and scrolled by input from the thumbwheel or other pointer-type input device.
  • menu 70 may optionally provide for a character display in different fonts and sizes, although a single font is preferred to minimize memory demand. It will be apparent to those with skill in the art that there are many alternatives for character selection and display, and many ways thumbwheel 18 may be configured to allow for scrolling and panning.
  • a document window 72 is provided in this embodiment at the top or bottom of I/O interface 16. A cursor locates the active position within the document for editing purposes.
  • Menu 70 provides selection of available fonts, and input by thumbwheel 18 controls cursor movement over the document.
  • a document will in almost all cases be much larger than the display capability of region 72, it is necessary to pan the document window in essentially the same manner as the keyboard window is panned.
  • rotating thumbwheel 18 in one direction may display horizontal strips of a document, while rotating the thumbwheel in the opposite direction moves the window vertically strips of the same document.
  • a soft key or optional hard key may be configured to switch between the document and keyboard window, and the same or another key may be configured to switch between scrolling left or right, up or down, document or keyboard.
  • a switch key may be used to change the thumbwheel mode of operation.
  • a switch key may also be used in combination with a floating pointer to select characters and menu items. In this embodiment, the user can keep his or her hands relatively stationary on just the thumbwheel and the switch key, making all possible selections. Use of a switch key in combination with a floating pointer facilitates the use of small fonts.
  • a switch key may also be incorporated as an additional hard key in a convenient location on the case 12.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention provides an I/O set-up application wherein a user may completely customize features of I/O area displays.
  • One is a four-way force-sensitive mouse button and a selector button, which may be located at opposite ends of case 12 below I/O interface 16. Each button is designed to be operated by one finger.
  • the four- way force-sensitive mouse button can provide menu scrolling of a cursor and panning and/or indexing of keyboard and document windows, while the selector button is used to select and edit according to position of a cursor. This configuration minimizes hand movement and keeps the I/O area clear for viewing.
  • thumbwheels including the translation of mechanical motion and pressure to electrical signals and provision of such signals to a microcontroller. For this reason, details of such interfaces are not provided in this disclosure. Combinations of such inputs with displays and input areas may, however, be considered as inventive.
  • Fig. 5 is an isometric drawing of a ⁇ PDA 10 in position to be docked in a notebook computer 172 via a Type II PCMCIA docking port 105 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the ⁇ PDA is activated and a procedure is initiated with the host computer to manage communication and verify memory access rights (security).
  • Access rights are considered important by the inventors for a number of reasons. Firstly, through the expedient of one or more specific codes, unique to each ⁇ PDA, a user may protect files stored in his module from access by unauthorized persons.
  • the code can be used both to control access to data and files via I/O interface 16, and also through the host bus interface, so data and files may be secure from access by an unauthorized host system.
  • EEPROM 31 (Fig. 3), or in whatever ROM device may be devoted to the purpose.
  • the code may by mask- programmed at manufacture, so it is not alterable. In others, the code may be accessible and changeable by special procedures in the field.
  • a portable or desktop computer may have a docking port physically configured to receive a ⁇ PDA, yet not be configured to communicate with the ⁇ PDA. This certainly might be the case where the ⁇ PDA is in the PCMCIA form.
  • this specification terms such a unit a generic host. If the unit is configured to communicate with a ⁇ PDA it is an enabled host. If a host is configured for full access to a particular ⁇ PDA, it is a dedicated host.
  • a docking unit is a generic host, there will be no communication unless the person presenting the ⁇ PDA provides the control routines to the host. This may be done for a generic host such as by transfer from a floppy disk, from a separate memory card through the docking port, or, in some embodiments, the communication software may be resident in memory 13 (Fig. 3) of a docked ⁇ PDA, transferrable to the host to facilitate further communication. If the docking unit is in fact an enabled host, or is configured after docking to be an enabled host, the stored code or codes in
  • EEPROM 31 (or other storage unit) may be used to verify authorization for data and program transfer between the host and a ⁇ PDA. In one embodiment this procedure is in the following order:
  • the host interface menu may be formatted in part as a display of the ⁇ PDA I/O interface 16 as seen in Fig. 4 and described in accompanying text.
  • the docked ⁇ PDA can be operated in situ by manipulating the input areas of the ⁇ PDA displayed on the host's screen.
  • a visitor protocol is initiated.
  • a visitor menu is displayed on host display 104 for further input, such as password queries for selections of limited data access areas in the docked module.
  • a user may gain full access to the docked module's memory registers by entering the proper password(s). If the host is a fully compatible host home unit, full access may be immediately granted to the host to access memory contents of the docked module, including program areas; and both data and programs may be exchanged.
  • the on-board module microcontroller again gains full control of the internal ⁇ PDA bus structures.
  • Fig. 6 is a simplified block diagram of a ⁇ PDA docked in a host computer
  • Fig. 7 is a basic logic flow diagram of the steps involved in docking a ⁇ PDA in a host computer 66 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Host computer 66 is represented in a mostly generic form, having a host CPU 24, and input device 60, such as a keyboard, a mass storage device 28, such as a hard disk drive, and system RAM 62. It will be apparent to those with skill in the art that many hosts may have a much more sophisticated architecture, and the architecture shown is meant to be illustrative.
  • connector 14' in Fig. 6 comprises portion 14 shown in Figs. IB and 3 and a mating connector portion for engaging portion 14 in port 105 (Fig. 5).
  • the engagement of the separate portions of the connector cause bus 26 in the ⁇ PDA and bus 26' in the host to become directly connected.
  • microcontroller 11 and host CPU 24 Fig. 6
  • step 42 represents insertion of a ⁇ PDA module into the docking port.
  • the signalling pin configuration signifies physical docking is accomplished.
  • host interface bus 26 is activated, including the mated host bus 26' in the host.
  • microcontroller 11 in the ⁇ PDA starts a preprogrammed POST procedure.
  • Microcontroller 11 in this embodiment has a page of RAM 68 implemented on the microcontroller chip. In other embodiments RAM may be used at other locations.
  • the POST routine loads a bootstrap program to RAM 68, which includes a code or codes for security matching. This code or codes comprise, for example, a serial number.
  • the bootstrap program begins to execute in microcontroller 11 , and at step 56 the microcontroller looks for a password from the host on host interface bus 26 (Fig. 6).
  • the fact of docking assuming an enabled or dedicated host, also causes a communication routine, which may be accessed from, for example, mass storage device 28 at the host, to display a user interface on monitor screen 104 of the host unit, as partly described above. It is this communication program that makes a generic host an enabled host.
  • microcontroller 1 1 will allow full access to memory 31 at function 52, Fig. 7, for the host CPU, or limited access at some level at function 58, defined by received codes (or no matching code at all).
  • the access protocols and procedures allowing partial or direct access to ⁇ PDA memory 13 are relatively well known procedures in the art, such as bus mastering techniques, and need not be reproduced in detail here.
  • bus mastering techniques In addition to simple comparison of codes, there are other techniques that may be incorporated to improve the integrity of security in the communication between a ⁇ PDA and a host.
  • executable code might also be uploaded to onboard RAM 68, or code keys to be used with executable code from other sources, or relatively simple maps re-allocating memory positions and the like, so each ⁇ PDA may be a truly unique device.
  • executable code might also be uploaded to onboard RAM 68, or code keys to be used with executable code from other sources, or relatively simple maps re-allocating memory positions and the like, so each ⁇ PDA may be a truly unique device.
  • Auto-updating has various options, such as auto-updating by clock signature only, flagging new files before transfer, and an editing means that allows the user to review both older and newer versions of files before discarding the older in favor of the newer.
  • This automatic or semiautomatic updating of files between the satellite and the host addresses a long-standing problem.
  • the updating routines may also incorporate a backup option to save older files.
  • Another useful feature in host/ ⁇ PDA communication is a means for a user to select and compose a mix of executable program files for downloading to a ⁇ PDA, either replacing or supplementing those executable routines already resident.
  • a user can have several different program lists for downloading as a batch, conveniently configuring the applicability of a ⁇ PDA among a wide variety of expected work environments.
  • Such applications as databases, spreadsheets, documents, travel files such as currency converters, faxing and other communications programs, time clocks, address and telephone records, and the like, may comprise customized lists of user-preferred applications.
  • an undocked ⁇ PDA can transfer data via the optional expansion bus 40 (Fig. 3) directly to a host.
  • a ⁇ PDA user without access to a PCMCIA interface on his host (notebook or desk-top) computer, he or she can connect to a host via an auxiliary port on the host, such as a serial port, via the expansion bus interface.
  • the ⁇ PDA still requests password(s) from the host, and controls access to its on-board memory according to the password(s) received.
  • the optional expansion interface may also be used in some embodiments while a ⁇ PDA is mastered by a host, wherein the host may effectively send data through the bus structures of the ⁇ PDA.
  • FIG. 8 is an isometric view of such a vending machine 61 having a docking bay 63 for a ⁇ PDA, a credit card slot 65, and a paper money slot 67.
  • a display 69 provides a user interface for reviewing and purchasing software from the vending machine, along with selector buttons such as button 71 along the sides of the display.
  • the display may also have a touch screen, and may, in some embodiments, emulate the ⁇ PDA I/O area on a larger scale.
  • the vending machine once all the requirements are met, such as proper identification and payment, copies the selected application(s) to the memory of the ⁇ PDA, or, alternatively, to a floppy disk provided by either the user or the vending machine.
  • a floppy disk drive 73 in the vending machine and a port 75 for dispensing formatted floppies for a customer to use in the disk drive. This mode is useful for the instances where a user's ⁇ PDA is loaded beyond capacity to receive the desired software, or the user simply wishes to configure the software mix himself from his or her own host computer.
  • each user's ⁇ PDA includes an EEPROM or other storage uniquely identifying the ⁇ PDA by a serial number or other code(s), so the vending machine may be configured in this embodiment to provide the software in one of several modes.
  • a user may buy for a very nominal price a demo copy of an application, which does not provide full capability of the application, but will give the user an opportunity to test and become familiar with an application before purchase. Also, the user may buy a version of the same application, configured to the ID key of the ⁇ PDA to which it is loaded, and operable only on that ⁇ PDA.
  • the software is transferable between a family of keyed ⁇ PDAs, or has the ability to "unlock" only a limited number of times.
  • the applications would be sold at a lesser price than an unlocked version.
  • the unlocked version works on any ⁇ -PDA and/or host/ ⁇ PDA system.
  • the higher price for the unlocked version compensates for the likelihood of unauthorized sharing of the vended applications.
  • the vending machine could also offer a keyed version, customized to operate only on the ⁇ PDA docked in the software vending machine, or upon a family of ⁇ PDAs.
  • This keyed version is possible because of the individual and unique nature of each ⁇ PDA, which has, at a minimum, a unique serial number, and may also have other security programming, as described above, which allows a vending machine to prepare and download a customized copy of an application that will operate only on the particular module for which it is purchased.
  • unique correspondence might be accomplished, as will be apparent to those with skill in the art.
  • a standard version stored in the memory facility of a vending machine might be recompiled, for example, on downloading, using a unique code from the docked or identified ⁇ PDA as a key in the compilation, so only the specific ⁇ PDA may run the program by using the same unique key to sequence the instructions while running.
  • the key for scrambling or otherwise customizing an application might also comprise other codes and/or executable code sequences stored uniquely in a ⁇ PDA.
  • a printer outlet 77 which prints a hardcopy manual for the user. It is, of course, not necessary that the software vended be specific to the M-PDA. Applications may also be vended for other kinds of machines, and transported in the memory of the ⁇ PDA, or by floppy disk, etc. In this embodiment a non- ⁇ PDA user can acquire a wide assortment of software.
  • the software vending machine may also serve as an optional informational display center in such locations as airports, train stations, convention centers, and hotels.
  • a user may interface directly and upload current information including, but not limited to, local, national, and world news; stock quotes and financial reports; weather; transportation schedules; road maps; language translators; currency exchange applications; E-mail and other direct on-line services.
  • a customized vending machine could be tailored to business travelers and allow fast access to pertinent information, allowing the user to download files to send via E-mail.
  • the vending machines are linked to each other allowing users to send messages to associates travelling through locations of associated vending machines.
  • Such dedicated ⁇ PDA E-mail is immediately downloaded to a specific ⁇ PDA as it is docked.
  • the sender may have the associate's ⁇ PDA unique encoded key as identification, or some other dedicated identifying means for E-mail.
  • each business associate may prompt the custom vending machine in that location via an optional installed infrared interface (not shown) in their ⁇ PDA.
  • the custom vending machine also equipped for infrared communication, receives the signal and sends/or receives any messages that are waiting.
  • Fig. 9 is a plan view of an enhanced I/O interface unit 79 according to an aspect of the present invention.
  • Interface unit 79 with about a 5 -inch diagonal measurement, comprises a combination
  • LCD display at least partially overlaid by a touch-sensitive input screen, providing an I/O area 80 in much the same manner as in a ⁇ PDA.
  • docking bays 81, 83, 85, and 87 are provided in the left and right edges of interface unit 79 in this embodiment, and are configured for PCMCIA type II modules.
  • One of these bays may be used for docking a ⁇ PDA according to the present invention, and the other three to provide a larger CPU, additional memory, battery power, peripheral devices such as modems, and the like by docking functional PCMCIA modules.
  • a docked ⁇ PDA in this embodiment is configured to produce its I/O display on I/O area 80.
  • the thumbwheel on the M-PDA is accessible while docked and acts as described above in the stand-alone mode in this case.
  • the enhanced display has a re-configured output that enables the user to manipulate the data from the touch-screen alone and/or additional hardware selector buttons and/or a standard keyboard attached to the enhanced display via a dedicated bus port, or even through the expansion port of a docked ⁇ PDA.
  • the enhanced display has a dedicated mouse port and or a dedicated thumbwheel.
  • interface unit 79 has an inexpensive, conventional, replaceable battery and/or a rechargeable battery. Also, in another aspect, interface unit 79 may dock two or more individual ⁇ PDAs and cross-reference data files between them according to control routines that can manipulate mutually unlocked files. Further still, interface unit 79 may be placed and structurally supported for easy viewing on a dedicated standard or smaller-sized keyboard, connecting to the keyboard as an input device. The keyboard would then automatically serve as the input device.
  • Interface unit 79 for a ⁇ PDA is small and compact enough to slip into a pocket book or briefcase, providing a very portable, yet very powerful, computer.
  • Fig. 10 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA 1 10 with an I/O interface
  • ⁇ PDA 1 10 has all the features previously described and additionally a microphone 88.
  • control routines in the ⁇ PDA use a linear predictive coding (LPC) approach to convert analog input from the microphone to a digital voice recording.
  • LPC linear predictive coding
  • a two-step integrator may be used in order to separate the analog signal and synthesize a closer digital representation.
  • a user's voice notes can be recorded and later uploaded to a host for processing.
  • the digital signals may be converted to text or sent as voicemail on a network.
  • the microphone is integrated with a speaker for editing purposes.
  • Fig. 11 is an isometric view of a ⁇ PDA 10 docked in a dedicated cellular telephone 45 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Telephone 45 has a docking port 49 for a ⁇ PDA according to the invention.
  • port 49 is on one side of telephone 45, and there is a window 51 to provide access to I/O interface 16 of the ⁇ PDA after it is docked.
  • I/O interface 16 the software and memory of the ⁇ PDA is available to the telephone and a user may operate the phone by I/O interface 16.
  • unique control routines and display configurations are provided to enhance use of the cellular phone. For example, all of the user's collection of phone numbers, associated credit card numbers, access codes, etc. are readily available and may be quickly and conveniently accessed and used.
  • a simple input displays alphabet letters to select, and once a letter is selected, a partial list of parties that might be called is displayed. One may scroll through the list by touch input or by use of the thumbwheel of the ⁇ PDA and select a highlighted entry. It is not required that the telephone numbers be displayed.
  • the ⁇ PDA dials the call, including necessary credit card information stored in the memory of the ⁇ PDA for this purpose.
  • the calls are timed and time-stamped and a comprehensive log, with areas for notes during and after, is recorded.
  • conversations are digitally recorded and filed for processing later.
  • a future embodiment may include a voice compression program at a host or within cellular phone 45.
  • Compressed voice files such as, for example, messages to be distributed in a voicemail system, may be downloaded into the ⁇ PDA or carried in a larger memory format inside the cellular telephone.
  • the ⁇ PDA can then send the files via a host or dedicated modem attached at connector portion 20 to the optional expansion bus 40 (Fig.
  • the cellular telephone may, in this particular embodiment, have a bus port for digital transmission.
  • the compression algorithm along with voice system control routines are also established at the receiving end of the transmission to uncompress the signal and distribute individual messages.
  • voice messages may be sent in a wireless format from the cellular telephone in uncompressed digital synthesized form, distributing them automatically to dedicated receiving hosts, or semi-automatically by manually prompting individual voicemail systems before each individual message.
  • a microphone/voicenote ⁇ PDA as in Fig. 10 may send previously stored voicenotes after docking in a cellular telephone interface.
  • a phone system In Europe and Asia a phone system is in use known as CT2, operating on a digital standard and comprising local substations where a party with a compatible cellular phone may access the station simply by being within the active area of the substation.
  • a CT2 telephone is provided with a docking bay for a ⁇ PDA, and configured to work with the ⁇ PDA.
  • a compression utility as disclosed above is provided to digitally compress messages before transmission on the CT2 telephone system.
  • control routines are provided to enable the microphone/voicenote ⁇ PDA as illustrated in Fig. 10 to carry digital voicenotes, either compressed or uncompressed.
  • the ⁇ PDA in this embodiment can transmit the digital voicenotes in compressed form.
  • Fig. 12 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA 210 with a microphone/speaker area 90 and a pager interface 92 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • This ⁇ PDA has the ability to act as a standard pager, picking up pager signals with installed pager interface 92 and alerting a user through microphone/speaker 90.
  • ⁇ PDA 210 can be docked in a compatible cellular telephone as illustrated in Fig. 11 and the ⁇ PDA will automatically dial the caller's telephone number. All other aspects are as described in the docked mode in the cellular telephone.
  • the speaker/pager ⁇ PDA can be prompted to generate DTMF tones. The DTMF tones are generated from a caller's telephone number.
  • the speaker/pager ⁇ PDA can store pager requests in its onboard memory. It can also display all pager requests including time and date stamps, identification of the caller, if known, and other related information, on I/O interface 216.
  • a user can receive a page, respond immediately in digital voicenotes on the ⁇ PDA via speaker/microphone 90, and then send the response from a dedicated ⁇ PDA-compatible cellular telephone or conventional telephone.
  • Fig. 13 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA 310 with an IR interface 94 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the ⁇ PDA may communicate with an array of conventional appliances in the home or office for providing remote control.
  • Unique signals for the appliances are programmed into the ⁇ PDA in a learning/receive mode, and filed with user password protection.
  • an icon-based menu is displayed on I/O area 316 in a user-friendly format.
  • a master routine first queries a user for which device to access. For example, in a residential application, icons are displayed for such things as overhead garage doors, security systems, automatic gates, VCRs, television, and stereos.
  • a receiving station such as a host computer or peripheral interface has IR capabilities to communicate data directly from a nearby ⁇ PDA with an infrared interface.
  • the ⁇ PDA may interface in a cellular network and act as a wireless modem.
  • a ⁇ PDA may serve as the platform for various peripheral attachments via expansion port 20 (Fig. IB and others).
  • a dedicated pin or pins within expansion port 20 signal microcontroller 11 , and a peripheral boot-strap application is executed.
  • Interfacing control routines which may reside in the peripheral or in the memory of the ⁇ PDA, are then executed, and the ⁇ PDA I/O interface displays the related menu-driven options after the linking is complete.
  • Fig. 14 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA 10 with a scanner attachment 55 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the scanner attachment is assembled to the ⁇ PDA, making electrical connection via expansion port 20.
  • the physical interface of the scanner is shaped to securely attach to the ⁇ PDA.
  • Scanner attachment 55 has a roller wheel 57 or other translation sensor, which interfaces with wheel 18 of the ⁇ PDA, providing translation sensing in operation for the resulting hand-held scanner.
  • scanner attachment 55 has a translation device which transmits the proper signal through expansion port 20.
  • the scanner bar is on the underside, and one or more batteries 59 are provided within the scanner attachment to provide the extra power needed for light generation.
  • scanner attachments 55 of different width D2 may be provided for different purposes.
  • the bar may be no wider than the ⁇ PDA, or may be eight inches or more in width to scan the full width of U.S. letter size documents, or documents on international A4 paper.
  • Unique control routines display operating information on the ⁇ PDA's I/O area 16 for scanning, providing a user interface for setup of various options, such as the width of the scanner bar, and providing identification for files created in the ⁇ PDA memory as a result of scan passes. Scanned data stored in the ⁇ PDA memory may be quickly transferred to the host via host interface 14 when the ⁇ PDA is docked.
  • Unique routines may be provided to automate the process, so the user does not have to search for files and initiate all of the transfer processes.
  • Fig. 15 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA with a fax-modem module 89 attached according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a fax and telecommunication capability is provided via conventional telephone lines to the ⁇ PDA by fax-modem 89 interfacing to expansion bus interface 20.
  • the fax-modem has internal circuitry for translating from the bus states of the expansion bus to the fax protocol, and a phone plug interface 91.
  • the ⁇ PDA can be docked in a host and be used in combination with fax-modem
  • fax-modem routines are displayed on the host monitor.
  • Fig. 16 is a plan view of a ⁇ PDA with a Centronics adapter interface according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a printer connector 93 engages expansion interface 20 by a connector 95 through a cable 97.
  • Translation capability resides in circuitry in connector 93, which is configured physically as a Centronics connector to engage a standard port on a printer.
  • Fig. 17 is an isometric view of a ⁇ PDA 10 docked in a barcode reader and acquisition peripheral 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • ⁇ PDA 10 is docked in docking bay 149.
  • I/O interface 16 displays information through opening 147 according to specialized data acquisition applications.
  • peripheral 100 has an IR interface 94, a microphone 103, a scanner port 101 (not shown), battery pack 105, and a numeric keypad pad 96 implemented as a touch-sensitive array.
  • Application routines enable the data acquisition peripheral to operate as, for example, a mobile inventory management device.
  • the user may scan barcode labels with scanner 101 and enter information, such as counts, on keypad 96 or by voice input via microphone 103. Since applications of peripheral 100 are very specialized, only a limited voice recognition system is needed. The voice recognition system may prompt other command routines within the master applications as well.
  • the database may be displayed and also manipulated directly via I/O area 16 in open bay 147, or information may be downloaded at a prompt to a nearby host via IR interface 94.
  • data may be stored or an auxiliary option memory location in peripheral 100.
  • the data acquisition peripheral may be interfaced to the analog output of a monitoring device, such as a strip chart recorder, and may digitize and store the incoming analog signals.
  • a monitoring device such as a strip chart recorder
  • Fig. 18 is an isometric view of the side of a ⁇ PDA 10 opposite the I/O interface with a solar charger panel 98 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Panel 98 is positioned so that when ⁇ PDA 10 is in strong light, such as sunlight, the solar charger absorbs the solar energy and converts it to electricity to recharger battery 15 inside the ⁇ PDA.
  • Solar charger 98 may be permanently wired to the circuitry of the ⁇ PDA or attached by other means and connected to a dedicated electrical port or the expansion port. The solar charger is placed so that the ⁇ PDA can be fully docked in a docking port with the panel in place.
  • a detachable solar charger may be unplugged before docking the ⁇ PDA, and the detachable charger may then be of a larger surface area.
  • Fig. 19 is a largely diagrammatic representation of a Games Center unit 33 according to an aspect of the invention for connecting several ⁇ PDA units (37, 39, 41, and 43) together to allow competitive and interactive games by more than one ⁇ PDA user.
  • Games Center unit 33 is controlled by an 80486 CPU in this particular embodiment.
  • ⁇ PDAs may be connected to the central unit by cable connection via the expansion bus or the host interface of each ⁇ PDA, through a connector such as connector 35.
  • the drawing shows four connectors, but there could be as few as two, and any convenient number greater than two.
  • the gaming center may serve as a conference center where a number of ⁇ PDAs may exchange information.
  • a manager may update a number of salespeoples' ⁇ PDAs, including but not limited to merchandise databases, spreadsheets, price sheets, work assignments, customer profiles, address books, telephone books, travel itineraries, and other related business information while in conference.
  • Fig. 20 is an isometric view of a keyboard 151 connected by a cord and connector 153 to a ⁇ PDA 10 via the expansion port 20.
  • the keyboard is a mechanical keyboard having a full-size standard key array and an on-board controller and interface for communicating with the ⁇ PDA.
  • the keyboard may take many other forms, including a two-layer, flexible, roll-up keyboard as taught in U.S. Patent 5,220,521.
  • keyboards In addition to keyboards, other input devices, such as writing tablets and the like may also be interfaced to a ⁇ PDA via expansion port 20.
  • an IR- equipped ⁇ PDA attached to scanner 55 may transfer large graphic files in near real time to a host computer. If the files were of text, the host may further process the files automatically through an optical character recognition (OCR) application and send the greatly reduced
  • the ⁇ PDA family of devices establishes a protocol of software security and distribution as well as having the ability to be bus mastered by a host computer system for numerous applications.
  • Fig. 20 above and the accompanying text to Fig. 20 describes a full sized keyboard for use with a ⁇ PDA according to the present invention.
  • a keyboard allows a user to provide keyed-in input to the memory of a ⁇ PDA, but still has a disadvantage in that the keyboard is less portable than the ⁇ PDA itself.
  • a flexible keyboard is provided which may be rolled up for transport and storage, and which, in one embodiment, is also cordless, communicating with a ⁇ PDA by code carried on a dynamic magnetic field.
  • a keyboard and inductive coupling technology for cordless communication is described below.
  • Fig. 21 A is a plan view of a flexible, roll-up keyboard 101 1 according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 IB is an elevation view of
  • Fig. 21 A In the embodiment shown by Fig. 21 A, the keyboard has a layout according to the popular "IBM advanced" format.
  • the flexible keyboard of the invention can be implemented in any convenient format. In this embodiment the dimensions are about 50 cm. long and 20 cm. wide.
  • the keyboard is formed by two molded layers of flexible material, such as polyurethane, although there are a number of other suitable materials, among them natural rubber and several types of synthetic rubber.
  • An upper layer 1013 has shaped pads for keys, and a lower layer 1015 has electrically conductive traces forming circuitry for communicating keystrokes to control circuit module 1017 located in a pocket between the layers.
  • a battery may also share the pocket in some embodiments, or be carried in a similar pocket elsewhere between the layers.
  • the two flexible layers fasten together in the embodiment of
  • Fig. 21 A and Fig. 21 B by flexible appendages from one layer “snapping" into receptacles in the other, which provides for relative movement between the layers when the keyboard is rolled up for transport or storage. Details of a key cell, traces, layer attachment, and so forth are provided further below.
  • Fig. 21C shows flexible keyboard 1011 of Fig. 21 A rolled into a compact cylinder and secured by a band 1019.
  • the band is a simple plastic cylinder, but could be any of a number of alternative devices, such as rubber bands, cord, Velcro loops, and the like.
  • fasteners may be attached to the keyboard to keep the keyboard rolled up, such as Velcro pads attached by adhesive.
  • Fig. 22 is an isometric view of a single key cell 1021 in the flexible keyboard according to the embodiment of Figs. 21 A and IB.
  • the key cell is based on a dome shape 1023 molded into upper layer 1013, which provides for necessary vertical movement to accomplish a contact closure for a keystroke and to prevent closure otherwise.
  • the molded dome shape includes a finger pad 1025 molded at the top of the dome.
  • the finger pad may have a concave upper surface with ⁇ letter or character symbols, such as the letter "A" shown in Fig. 22, applied to the upper surface.
  • the letters or characters may be silkscreened, printed, or applied by a number of other techniques known in the art.
  • Fig. 23A is a section view of the key cell of Fig. 22 taken along line 23A-23A.
  • Lower layer 1015 and upper layer 1013 are joined by a fastening technique (not shown) in a manner to position each dome structure in upper layer 1013 over the corresponding conductive structure of lower layer 1015. The fastening technique is described in detail below.
  • Lower layer 1015 has electrically conductive traces for signalling keystrokes to control circuit module 1017, for encoding the signals to be transmitted to a computer.
  • Fig. 23B is a plan view of layer 1015 at the key cell of Fig. 23 A in the direction of arrow 1029.
  • Dotted circle 1031 represents the outer periphery of dome structure 1023 of upper layer 1013. In about the center of the dome structure area, lower layer
  • Raising portion 1033 above the level of the surface of layer 1015 is primarily a convenience rather than a requirement. Also, there are a number of ways conductivity might be imparted to the conductive regions. For example, the traces could be formed by coating the entire surface with conductive material, then removing material to shape the traces. Conductive material could be molded into the flexible material, as well, and there are other ways.
  • a contact closure extender portion 1045 on the lower surface of finger pad 1025 that is similar to raised portion 1033 on lower layer 1015, and positioned directly above portion 1033 when layers 1013 and 1015 are joined.
  • the underside of extender portion 1045 is also electrically conductive, and forms a contact closure element for selectively providing electrical closure between traces 1041 and 1043 when a user depresses dome 1023 by finger pressure.
  • Contact closure causes a signal to be transmitted to control circuit module 1017 to be coded for transmission.
  • the traces and other regions of conductive material can be formed on the flexible surfaces of the molded layers in a number of different ways. In the embodiment described here, these conductive regions may be provided by a conductive, rubber-based coating applied in a conventional manner, such as by silkscreening, and other masking techniques.
  • Wall thickness and angle can be varied, for example, to vary the force required to perform a keystroke, which affects the "feel" of the key to a user.
  • the key cell can be designed with different distances between raised portion 1033 and extended portion 1045.
  • vents 1027 in dome 1023 to allow air to escape from the key cell when it is depressed.
  • the feel of a keystroke can also be varied by varying the number or size of vents 1027. It is apparent in the plan view Fig.
  • FIG. 21 A that there are several different sizes and shapes of key cells in the pattern of the keyboard that are not of the size and shape of the key cell shown in Figs. 22, 23A, and 23B, but larger.
  • the Enter key is an example.
  • substantially all of the upper surface is a finger pad, and the wall and upper sections are designed to provide a similar resistance to manipulation as a smaller key cell.
  • more extensive contact closure patterns are provided on raised portions of lower layer 1015 than the simple pattern shown in Fig. 23B, and corresponding contact closure pads are provided so a keystroke will be accomplished regardless of where on the fingerpad a user depresses the fingerpad.
  • Fig. 24A is a plan view of lower layer 1015 at the position of the Enter key to illustrate this principle. Upper layer 1013 is removed in this view. In Fig. 24A, dotted line 1047 outlines the region of the Enter key on the keyboard of Fig. 21 A. Raised portion 1049 is shaped to cover the central area enclosed by the extended key cell. Regions 1051 and 1053 are electrically conductive, and region 1055 between the conductive regions is non-conductive. Trace 1057 connects to region 1053 and trace 2059 connects to region 1051.
  • Fig. 24B is a plan view of upper layer 1013 from the same vantage as for Fig. 24A.
  • Line 1061 is the outline of the dome area for the Enter key
  • line 1063 is the outline of the fingerpad area for the Enter key
  • Dotted outline 1065 is the outline for a contact closure extension on the bottom surface of upper layer 1013 matching the shape of raised portion 1049 of Fig. 24A.
  • the underside of the contact closure extension is electrically conductive as described for the single key cell of Fig. 23A. This arrangement for the contact closure structure allows larger areas to function similarly to the smaller areas.
  • the keyboard of the present invention as thus far described is what is known in the art as a "hard contact” keyboard, which simply means that the keystrokes are contact closures.
  • the "wiring” provided by the electrically conductive traces described above amounts to a conventional matrix circuit generally used in the art for this kind of keyboard.
  • the matrix circuit may be connected to an on-board microprocessor which "reads" the contact closures and codes the information for transmission to a computer.
  • the matrix circuit could interface with a multi-lead cable for connection to a computer, and the controller for converting key strokes to digital data for the computers data bus could be in the computer itself, rather than at the keyboard.
  • Fig. 25 A is an isometric view of the end of the flexible keyboard where the control circuitry can be housed, showing layers 1013 and 1015 separated to illustrate internal details.
  • Lower layer 1013 and 1015 are separated to illustrate internal details.
  • FIG. 1015 has a pocket 1067 for positioning and retaining control circuit module 1017, and upper layer 1013 has a matching pocket 1069, such that when the layers are joined, the control circuit module is enclosed and retained.
  • Electrically conductive traces 1071 comprise the traces described above associated with the individual key cells, arranged in a conventional matrix for signalling contact closures of individual keys and key combinations. The traces are formed on the surface of lower layer 1015 and wrap over the edge of pocket 1067, and down the side of the pocket, forming contact pads for interconnecting with control circuit module 1017.
  • Fig. 25B shows control circuit module 1017 at an angle of about 90 degrees from the view of Fig. 25A.
  • Control circuit module 1017 is shown as an encapsulated unit comprising a microprocessor and associated circuitry for monitoring key activity, encoding the activity, and transmitting the encoded data an associated computer. Encapsulated with module 1017 are contact pads 1073 formed of metallic conductor material, such as wire or strip. Module 1017 comprises the conventional control circuitry commonly used in the art for coding keystrokes, as communicated by the conventional wiring matrix to the key closures, for transmission to an associated computer.
  • Fig. 25C is a view of module 1017 in the direction of arrow
  • Contacts 1073 are formed to extend from module 1017 to one side, so when module 1017 is inserted in pocket 1067, contact pads 1073 urge against traces 1071 on the side of the pocket, establishing electrical contact between pads 1073 and traces 1071.
  • the arrangement shown allows relative movement between components when the flexible keyboard is rolled for transport or storage, without damage to conductors or other components.
  • Keyboard 1011 of the present invention has been described above as having two layers, which is preferred by the inventor to facilitate matrix wiring and other details of the invention. It has been found that some relative movement between the layers is useful when rolling the keyboard as shown in Fig. 21C. Accordingly, keyboard layers 1013 and 1015 are connected by providing receptacle openings in one layer and connector extensions in the other. Extension 1075 from lower layer 1015 and opening 1077 in upper layer 1013 as shown in Fig. 25A are exemplary of such connection means.
  • Fig. 25D is a section view taken along line 25D-25D of Fig. 25A with layer 1013 and 1015 joined.
  • Bore 1077 is formed in the shape of an inverted, truncated cone when layer 1013 is molded, and extension 1075 is formed in a similar shape when layer 1015 is molded. To join the two layers, the molded extensions are forced into the openings. When the keyboard is subsequently rolled, the extensions flex, allowing limited relative movement between the layers.
  • keyboard 1011 of the present invention is provided with a controller for transmitting codes to the computer indicating the keystrokes and combinations of keys depressed.
  • a connector receptacle for transmitting codes to the computer indicating the keystrokes and combinations of keys depressed.
  • a connector cable 1081 is provided with an end 1083 configured to nest in receptacle 1079.
  • Conductive traces 1085 similar to the matrix traces described above are applied to lower layer 1015 between pocket 1067 and receptacle 1079, and along the vertical walls of both openings.
  • Module 1017 has contact pads (not shown) on the end facing receptacle 1079, similar to the contact pads 1073 illustrated in Fig. 25B and Fig. 25C.
  • cable end 1083 has contact pads 1087 for contacting the traces in receptacle 1079. The other end of cable
  • Fig. 26A shows an alternative embodiment that communicates with a suitably equipped computer without a cable.
  • Layers 1013 and 1015 have pockets 1089 and 1091 respectively for positioning and retaining a battery 1093 which connects to a control module 1101 through traces 1098 between the pockets, similar to traces described above for other connections.
  • the battery is made to be about the width and height of the control module to facilitate rolling of the keyboard.
  • the coil is driven at a controlled frequency, and data to be transmitted to a computer is coded into the changing magnetic field produced by the coil.
  • a sensing coil in a computer senses the coded data, decodes it, and puts it on the computer bus as digital data. Further detail relative to inductive coupling is provided below.
  • a light transmitter replaces coil 1099, and control module 1101 drives the transmitter to send coded signals to a receiver at the computer.
  • Coded light transmission is known in the art for sending data from a keyboard to a computer.
  • Fig. 26B shows yet another alternative embodiment wherein there is no local control module.
  • conductive traces 1071 lead to a pocket 1102 formed in layer 1015, and a connector 1100 and a cable 1104 have a number of conductors equal to the number of conductive traces. The connector resides in pocket 1102, and the key strokes are communicated through the cable to the computer (not shown).
  • FIG. 27A shows a flexible keyboard 2103 according to the present invention connected to a computer 1105 by a transmission cable 1081 as described above.
  • the computer may be of many types, including the popular desktop models.
  • Computers that use keyboards typically include a CPU, an electronic storage system such as a hard disk drive, connected to the CPU and other devices by a bus system, and may also have a display terminal.
  • Fig. 27B shows a flexible keyboard 1107 according to an embodiment of the invention wherein code is transmitted by a magnetic field, coupled with a computer 1109.
  • the computer in this case has a coil for sensing the magnetic field 1111 produced by the transmission system of the keyboard, and a demodulation system (not shown) for decoding the data transmitted and putting it on the digital bus of the computer for use by the CPU. Further detail regarding inductive coupling is provided below, with examples of a rigid keyboard, although the coupling apparatus and technique is applicable to a flexible keyboard as well.
  • Fig. 28 is an isometric view of a general-purpose portable computer with a keyboard coupled by induction apparatus according to the present invention.
  • the computer system of Fig. 28 comprises a principle unit 2013 including a housing 2017 and a tilt-up display 2019.
  • the display may one of several types of available flat-panel displays.
  • Housing 2017 contains the principal electronic operating elements, such as a CPU microprocessor, an I/O bus, and system Ram memory. There are connectors (not shown) for connecting to serial devices and the like, which is typical for portable computers.
  • a separate keyboard unit 2015 provides alphanumeric and other keystroke input without benefit of a cable connection, by means of encoded information transmitted on a magnetic field represented by magnetic lines of force 2021.
  • Fig. 29 is a schematic illustrating some of the internal elements of keyboard 2015.
  • the key switches (hereinafter the keys) are connected in a matrix 2023 and scanned by a microprocessor 2025 contained within the framework of the keyboard.
  • the scanned matrix arrangement greatly reduces the number of I/O port bits needed for large numbers of keys.
  • This scanned matrix arrangement is but one of a number of convention means by which the key operations may be recognized by an on-board microprocessor, and is used here as an example.
  • the invention may actually be combined with virtually any means known in the art for recognizing and coding the keystrokes.
  • there are a number of other conventional features about keyboards that are not covered here because they have little bearing on the invention. For example, keyboards typically have a small number of indicative LED's for indicating Num Lock, Caps Lock, Scroll Lock, etc., and these features are not described herein.
  • the scanned matrix of Fig. 29 shows 16 keys interfaced to microprocessor 2025 through a four-bit input port 2029 and a four-bit output port 2031.
  • Pull up resistors resistor 2033 is an example
  • resistor 2033 is an example
  • the connections are not shown in Fig. 29
  • the matrix In scanning, the matrix is read one row at a time. One of the output port bits is set to 0 while all the others are set to 1. In Fig. 29 the second row down is being read. The keys in rows with the output bit set to 1 are effectively disabled, as pressing a key would only connect a high-level output port bit to an input port bit that is already pulled high by the pull-up resistor. The keys in the row driven by the 0 set bit are active. Pressing any key in the active row pulls the input port bit in the corresponding column low. Each row is read in turn, and the sequence is repeated indefinitely. The matrix must be fully scanned at a rate to insure if a user quickly presses and releases a key, the contact will not be missed by the microprocessor.
  • the 16 key matrix is provided as an example, and is extensible in a number of ways to more keys. For example, input and output ports with more bits may be used. One 16 bit input and one 16-bit output port will support a matrix of 256 keys. Alternatively more ports with four or eight bits may be used. Typically a complete keyboard scan is made once every few milliseconds.
  • the on-board microprocessor converts the information derived from scanning to hexadecimal scan codes.
  • Many sorts of scan codes may be used, and the invention is not limited by the selection of scan codes to be used.
  • microprocessor 2025 operates a current controller 2035 controlling current in a circuit 2037 from a power supply 2039. The controlled current passes through a one-turn generator loop 2041, creating a magnetic field represented by exemplary field lines 2043.
  • Fig. 29 generating loop 2041 is shown in plan view, so magnetic field lines 2043, which are generated orthogonal to the plane of the loop and conventionally circular in nature, are shown as lines.
  • Fig. 30 shows generating loop 2041 of Fig. 29 and a receiving unit 2045 located in housing 2017.
  • Receiving unit 2045 provides the function of the special I/O port that receives scan codes by serial cable for a conventional system, and forwards the codes to the system CPU.
  • receiving unit 2045 is implemented as an add-in card for a general-purpose computer, but in other embodiments, the receiving unit is a hard-wired unit in the computer housing. The latter is the preferred case for notebook, laptop, and other computers meant to be highly portable.
  • a current i produced in loop 2041 produces an emf V, in loop 2047 by virtue of the change in magnetic field 2043 produced by the change in the current in loop 2047 from 0 to i (and from i to 0).
  • current controller 2035 driven by microprocessor 2025 (Fig.
  • the cross section of the transmitting loop is relatively large so as to not present an impediment of high resistance to a rapid rise of current as a result of imposing a voltage on the transmitting loop.
  • the transmitting loop is made of square conductor about 2 millimeters on a side and with a mean diameter of about 25 millimeters.
  • the current for the transmitting loop and for other operations of the keyboard is provided by battery-based power supply 2039. It is desirable therefore that the power requirements for the keyboard be kept to a minimum level. Nevertheless, it is also desirable to operate in a manner to avoid corruption of transmissions with spurious signals caused by ambient magnetic fields, due to current levels in other circuitry of the keyboard, the computer elements in housing 2017, or other equipment that may be in the vicinity of the computer system according to the invention. In the described embodiment current in the transmitting loop is limited to several milliamps, and interference is handled at the receiving unit rather than by higher power requirements for the transmitter.
  • the induced emf in receiving loop 2047 is monitored by sensing and demodulation circuitry 2049 in the receiving unit according to control routines implemented as part of the system BIOS preferably, and an output register 2051 is set up with received scan codes transmitted from the keyboard.
  • sensing and demodulation circuitry 2049 in the receiving unit according to control routines implemented as part of the system BIOS preferably, and an output register 2051 is set up with received scan codes transmitted from the keyboard.
  • an output register 2051 is set up with received scan codes transmitted from the keyboard.
  • a scan code is "ready" unit 2049 issues an interrupt via I/O bus 2053 to system CPU 2055 that a scan code is available to be read. After a received scan code is read by the system CPU, the output register is reset for the next scan code received.
  • Fig. 31 A is an exemplary trace of a received emf waveform 2057 (V, across the ends of loop 2047) as a result of managing i in transmitting coil 2041 according to a pre-programmed code protocol.
  • Fig. 3 IB shows a serial bit pattern 2058 developed as a result of monitoring the received emf waveform.
  • a very modest ten megahertz clock rate has a period of 10 "7 seconds. Assuming, for example, a bit time of 1000 times the clock period and twelve bit times minimum to transmit one scan code, the code may be transmitted in 1.2 x 10 "3 seconds. Few people type that fast.
  • the protocol consists of emf spikes across the ends of the receiving loop produced by current bursts in the transmitting loop.
  • Keyboard microprocessor 2025 (Fig. 29) reads the keystrokes, both make and break and key combinations, and sends the scan codes in serial bursts timed according to the bit time.
  • Each current burst in loop 2041 produces a spike such as spike 2059 in loop 2047 which spans about one-fourth of a bit time (this time may vary widely within the bit time).
  • the scan codes in the present embodiment are the conventional scan codes for U.S. IBM compatible keyboards as referenced above, but there are many alternative codes that might be used in other embodiments.
  • a code start signal is provided by three spikes 2061 timed at twice the bit time rate.
  • Circuitry 2049 (Fig. 30) recognizes the code start signal and monitors the next eight bit times for spikes as indicative of data bits, setting an output register 2051 according to the bits sensed.
  • a bit time with a definite spike is a logical one, and a bit time with no spike produces a logical zero.
  • the transmitter issues a stop code 2065 of five spikes at twice the bit rate, and looks for another start signal.
  • start and stop codes signals
  • the scan code transmitted in the example of Fig. 31, 00101101 is hex 2D, which is the make code for the "x" key according to the protocol used in the preferred embodiment, which is the conventional scan codes used by most IBM compatible computer keyboard systems.
  • the system according to the invention continues to interpret the key makes and breaks, and the key combinations used, and sends the scan codes to the computer via the transmission loop and the receiving loop.

Abstract

Cette invention se rapporte à un module d'assistant numérique personnel (10) avec unité centrale locale (11), mémoire (13), et interface E/S (16), ce module comprenant une interface hôte (29) comportant un bus (26) connecté à l'unité centrale locale (11) et un connecteur à une surface de l'assistant numérique personnel (10) pour établir une interface avec un connecteur de bus d'un ordinateur hôte universel (66), afin d'assurer une communication par bus directe entre l'assistant numérique personnel (10) et l'ordinateur hôte universel (66). Dans un premier mode de réalisation, cet assistant numérique personnel (10) comprend également un moyen pour stocker un code de sécurité. Cet assistant numérique personnel (10) forme une combinaison hôte/satellite avec un ordinateur hôte (66) ayant un logement d'accueil de sorte que, lors d'une connection dans ce logement d'accueil, un protocole d'accueil commande l'accès par l'ordinateur hôte (66) à la mémoire (13) de l'assistant numérique personnel (10) sur la base d'un ou de plusieurs mots de passe fournis par l'utilisateur à l'ordinateur hôte (66). Dans un deuxième mode de réalisation, l'assistant numérique personnel (10) comporte également un port d'extension (20) connecté à l'unité centrale locale (11), et des périphériques d'extension peuvent être connectés et exploités par l'intermédiaire de ce port d'extension (20).
PCT/US1995/009298 1994-07-19 1995-07-18 Assistant numerique personnel de format tenant dans la main WO1996002879A1 (fr)

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JP8505275A JPH10506208A (ja) 1994-07-19 1995-07-18 マイクロパーソナルデジタルアシスタント
EP95926775A EP0767936A4 (fr) 1994-07-19 1995-07-18 Assistant numerique personnel de format tenant dans la main

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US08/277,164 1994-07-19

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EP1214786A1 (fr) * 1999-09-07 2002-06-19 Cirque Corporation Clavier miniature pour assistant personnel numerique et dispositif integre de navigation sur le web et d'introduction de donnees
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EP1214786A1 (fr) * 1999-09-07 2002-06-19 Cirque Corporation Clavier miniature pour assistant personnel numerique et dispositif integre de navigation sur le web et d'introduction de donnees
EP1214786A4 (fr) * 1999-09-07 2003-05-14 Cirque Corp Clavier miniature pour assistant personnel numerique et dispositif integre de navigation sur le web et d'introduction de donnees
WO2002003186A2 (fr) * 2000-06-30 2002-01-10 Intel Corporation Procede et appareil permettant d'utiliser un dispositif d'entree d'un premier systeme informatique de façon a entrer des donnees sans fil dans un second systeme informatique
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EP0767936A1 (fr) 1997-04-16
JPH10506208A (ja) 1998-06-16
EP0767936A4 (fr) 1998-03-04

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