WO1996001943A1 - Procede d'exploitation d'un moteur a explosion a pistons, et moteur a explosion a pistons - Google Patents
Procede d'exploitation d'un moteur a explosion a pistons, et moteur a explosion a pistons Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1996001943A1 WO1996001943A1 PCT/MD1995/000002 MD9500002W WO9601943A1 WO 1996001943 A1 WO1996001943 A1 WO 1996001943A1 MD 9500002 W MD9500002 W MD 9500002W WO 9601943 A1 WO9601943 A1 WO 9601943A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- piston
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- working medium
- working
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D15/00—Varying compression ratio
- F02D15/04—Varying compression ratio by alteration of volume of compression space without changing piston stroke
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/02—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/04—Engines with variable distances between pistons at top dead-centre positions and cylinder heads
- F02B75/045—Engines with variable distances between pistons at top dead-centre positions and cylinder heads by means of a variable connecting rod length
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/32—Engines characterised by connections between pistons and main shafts and not specific to preceding main groups
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
- F02D19/12—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with non-fuel substances or with anti-knock agents, e.g. with anti-knock fuel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C7/00—Connecting-rods or like links pivoted at both ends; Construction of connecting-rod heads
- F16C7/04—Connecting-rods or like links pivoted at both ends; Construction of connecting-rod heads with elastic intermediate part of fluid cushion
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2360/00—Engines or pumps
- F16C2360/22—Internal combustion engines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- This invention relates to engine-building and more particularly, to a method of piston internal combustion engine working and may be used in stationary power-generating plants and in transport.
- It is known a method of internal combustion engine working which comprises: fresh charge pumping into at least switched-off cylinders; further burning out of a charge; expanding and exhausting the combustion products; switching-off at least one cylinder during load reducing; disconnecting the piston crown and the skirt and further fixating of the piston crown at the upper dead point on the cavities under the crown and the skirt of the switched- off cylinder they provide the pressure exceeding the pressure in the cavity over the piston crown at the moment of the cylinder switching off, but at the moment of switching on the switched-off cylinder they provide the pressure in the cavity over the piston crown exceeding the pressure in the cavities under the skirt and the piston crown.
- the pressure in the cavity over the piston crown of the switched-off cylinder which is less than the pressure in the cavities under the piston crown and the skirt is provided at the end stroke of the exhaust ( Russian Federation Patent N_ 2013624, cl. F02D 17/02).
- a method of internal combustion engine working which comprises: opening of the inlet valve into the cylinder over-piston cavity; feeding into it the fuel-air mixture from the carburettor before the inlet valve closing, after that they compress the fuel-air mixture and ignite it by the electric spark; during this process the main quantity of the fuel-air mixture is burning out when the piston is near the upper dead point at the expansion step beginning.
- the maximum pressure of the combustable mixture in the cylinder is reached when the piston is at the upper dead point. Burning out of the fuel-air mixture takes place with intensive heat emission at the point corresponding the crankshaft turn on 10 -15 before the upper dead point and 15°-20° after the upper dead point. The main quantity of the fuel-air mixture burns out at the variable pressure and constant volume'. Further, they make expansion step (piston working stroke), i.e. because of the fuel burning out and gas heat exchange the piston is moved to the lower dead point.
- the crankshaft is 40°-45° before the lower dead point the inlet valve opens and the combustion products are removed from the over-piston cavity. Removing of the said products is done before the piston coming to the upper dead point (S.N. Bogdanov and other "Automobile engines", M., "M__-__inostroer_ie", 1987).
- an internal combustion engine which comprises a casing, a carter, switched-off and non-switched-off cylinders with inlet and outlet means; the pistons in the cylinders which are cinematically connected with the shaft, the engine controlling means; moreover, the pistons of the switched-off cylinders are done composite; an ejector for the remaining gases sucking from the over-piston cavity of the switched-off cylinders with active and passive nozzles; additional outlet means set in the switched-off cylinders for disconnecting the over-piston cavity and the passive nozzle; a compressor relating with the over-piston cavity through the inlet means; moreover, the additional outlet means are connected with the shaft or the engine controlling means; besides, the engine has a safety valve set in the carter which is made hermetic (Russian Federation Patent Ne 2013624,,cl.
- F02D 17/02 It is also known an internal combustion engine which has a carter, a cylinder block, a rocker connected with the crankshaft by the lower head and with the piston by the upper head.
- the cylinder block head has suction and outlet valves and tunnels and also a distributing shaft (S.N. Bogdanov and other "Automobile engines", M., “Mashinostroenie”, 1987).
- the object has been achieved by the piston internal combustion engine working, comprising: the suction valve opening into the cylinders over-piston cavity, feeding the working medium into it before the suction valve shutting, further compressing of the working medium and discharging of the worked out gases; a detonating additive is added to the working medium and the working medium expansion is preferably affected at the constant pressure and variable volume of the over-piston cavity.
- the object has also been achieved by the piston internal combustion engine containing a carter, a cylinder block, a gas distributing means, a ' rocker having variable length connected by the lower head with the crankshaft, but by the upper head with the piston, connected with the stem and the hydrocylinder, the piston of which is connected with the stem makes chambers of variable volume communicating by the inlet outlet holes, which are filled with the fluid, the cylinder block head, in which there are suction and exhaust valves and also a compensator, the rocker hydrocylinder is done in crankshaft boss, but the stock is connected with the piston head, the inlet channel is supplied with the back valve and is done in the hydrocylinder wall parallel to the rocker axis making communication between the hydrocylinder chambers and the engine carter space; moreover, on the rocker stem there is a telescopic compression spring of variable rigidity, the lesser base of which is set on the hydrocylinder end, but the greater one is set on the piston crown of the rocker, the compensator of the cylinder multiple head is made in the form of the
- the present invention also provides decreasing of specific fuel consumption twice, increasing the efficiency up to 50%, decreasing discharge of the worked out gases into the atmosphere by 50%, decreasing metallic capacitance twice; increasing Utre capacity twice.
- Fig. 1 represents general view of the piston internal combustion engine
- Fig. 2 represents longitudinal view of the rocker
- Fig. 3 represents longitudinal view of the compensator
- Fig. 4 represents an indicator diagram of the engine in the coordinates P - V. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
- the gas dividing mechanism opens the suction valve 1 and the working medium is sucked between the over-piston cavity and the cylinder head 2, for example, the petrol-air mixture with a detonating additive.
- a detonating additive there is used a plastic explosive which has been preliminary dissolved in the water in a 0,01-0,05% ratio between the detonating additive and the fuel.
- the working medium is sucked till the suction valve 1 is closed. After that the piston 3 compresses the working medium while the compensator 4 provides automatic adjustment of the extent of the working medium compression. Near the upper dead . point the working mixture is ignited by the electric spark. As a result of its burning the working gases are expanded at the working medium constant pressure and variable volume of the over-piston cavity, , what is caused by the construction of the rocker 5 having variable length, while the piston 3 is moving from the upper dead point to the lower one. At the end of the expansion step of the working mixture by the gas dividing mechanism (is not shown) the exhaust valve 6 opens and the worked out gases are forced into the atmosphere.
- the 4-stroke piston internal combustion engine has a carter 7, connected with a cylinder block 8, in which there is a crankshaft 9, connected with a piston 3 by means of a rocker 5 of variable length and by means of mechanical transmission with the gas-dividing mechanism (is not shown).
- a cylinder head 2 At the upper part of the cylinder block 8 there is a cylinder head 2, comprising the inlet valve 1 and the exhaust valve 6 and the compensator 4.
- the rocker 5 of variable length has the piston head 10 and the crank head 11, connected by the stem 12, which by one and for example, by means of thread is rigidly connected with the piston crown 10.
- the crank head 11 there is a blind hole, serving as the hydrocylinder 13 for the piston 14 located on the stem 12 free end.
- the channel 18 connects the hydrocylinder 13 cavities 21, 22, situated on the both sides of the piston 14, with the oil system of the engine.
- the back valve 23 is installed in the inlet hole of the channel 18, communicating with the engine carter space.
- the compensator 4 of the cylinder multiple head 8 is done in the form of the cylinder 25 divided by a rigid cross partition 26 into two cavities.
- a piston 27 In the lower cavity of the cylinder 25 facing the combustion chamber there is a piston 27, which is spring-loaded by telescopic spring 28 of variable rigidity, leaning upon a rigid cross partition 26 by means of its other end.
- the spring-loaded piston 27 is connected with the stem 29, passing through the rigid partition 26 and connected with the piston 30 of the hydrocylinder 31.
- the cylinder 25 upper cavity is limited by the additional rigid cross partition 32.
- the piston internal combustion engine works as follows.
- the fresh charge (petrol-air mixture with the detonating additive) enters the over-piston cavity of the cylinder 8 through the suction valve 1 when the piston 3 is moving from the upper dead point to the lower one. Filling process is ended when the piston 3 is coming into the lower dead point. After that the suction valve 1 closes and the piston 3 moves to the upper dead point and charge compression of the working medium takes place.
- the compensator 4 automatically adjusting the given compression pressure rate, starts working. If the pressure of the working medium in the combustion chamber exceeds the given rate gases affect on the piston 27 in the lower cavity of the cylinder 25, consequently, the telescopic spring 28 is compressed and the oil from the piston 30 upper cavity flows to the cylinder 25 lower cavity through the channel 34.
- the telescopic spring 24 which is intended for certain load, compresses.
- the oil from the oil engine system begins to flow from the hydrocylinder 13 lower cavity 21 to the engine carter through the spout hole 16.
- the piston 14 upper edge opens the hole 20, the oil enters only the piston 14 upper cavity 22 along the longitudinal channel 18.
- the oil remaining in the cavity 21, serves as a damper cushioning the piston 14 shock.
- the piston internal combustion engines working according to the present invention can be applied in the air, above-water power- generating plants and in the transport systems, using gaseous fuel, petrol, ligroin and nontraditional ecologically pure fuels in two - and four-stroke cycles.
- a method of the piston internal combustion engine working which comprises: opening of the suction valve 1 into the cylinder over-piston cavity; feeding the working medium into it before the inlet valve 1 shutting off; further compressing and ignition of the working medium with its further expansion and discharge of the worked out gases, characterised in that a detonating additive is added into the working medium, but the working medium expansion is preferably carried out at its constant pressure and the over-piston cavity variable volume.
- the piston internal combustion engine comprising: a carter 7; a cylinder block 8; a rocker 5 of variable length, connected by its lower head 11 with a crankshaft 9 and by its upper head 10 with a piston
Abstract
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP8504232A JPH10502986A (ja) | 1994-07-07 | 1995-07-06 | ピストン内燃機関の作動方法およびピストン内燃機関 |
EP95925157A EP0769099A1 (fr) | 1994-07-07 | 1995-07-06 | Procede d'exploitation d'un moteur a explosion a pistons, et moteur a explosion a pistons |
KR1019970700094A KR970704957A (ko) | 1994-07-07 | 1995-07-06 | 피스톤내연엔진 작동방법과 피스톤내연엔진 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
MD94-0171A MD559C2 (ro) | 1994-07-07 | 1994-07-07 | Bielă cu lungime variabiă |
MD94-0171 | 1994-07-07 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1996001943A1 true WO1996001943A1 (fr) | 1996-01-25 |
Family
ID=19738548
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/MD1995/000002 WO1996001943A1 (fr) | 1994-07-07 | 1995-07-06 | Procede d'exploitation d'un moteur a explosion a pistons, et moteur a explosion a pistons |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0769099A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH10502986A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR970704957A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2194587A1 (fr) |
MD (1) | MD559C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1996001943A1 (fr) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL1005395C2 (nl) * | 1997-02-06 | 1998-08-07 | Leon Ruben Van De Werve | Verbrandingsmotor met variabele compressieverhouding. |
WO2016154652A1 (fr) * | 2015-03-31 | 2016-10-06 | Avl List Gmbh | Bielle réglable en longueur |
WO2018078482A1 (fr) * | 2016-10-27 | 2018-05-03 | MAJAGE, Abhijit | Autre procédure pour faire fonctionner un moteur à combustion interne |
US10669930B2 (en) | 2015-08-10 | 2020-06-02 | Avl List Gmbh | Reciprocating piston machine comprising a length adjustable connecting rod and an inductively actuatable control valve |
CN111527291A (zh) * | 2017-12-28 | 2020-08-11 | 株式会社 Ihi | 可变压缩装置和发动机系统 |
US10738690B2 (en) | 2016-07-06 | 2020-08-11 | Avl List Gmbh | Connecting rod having an adjustable connecting rod length with a mechanical actuating means |
US10876474B2 (en) | 2016-05-31 | 2020-12-29 | Avl List Gmbh | Length-adjustable connecting rod, device for setting a compression ratio and internal combustion engine |
US10954849B2 (en) | 2015-12-14 | 2021-03-23 | Avl List Gmbh | Length-adjustable connecting rod with electromagnetically-actuatable switching valve |
US11066987B2 (en) | 2017-02-24 | 2021-07-20 | Avl List Gmbh | Method for operating a reciprocating piston machine having at least one piston rod that is hydraulically adjustable in length |
US11162440B2 (en) | 2018-04-06 | 2021-11-02 | Ihi Corporation | Variable compression device and engine system |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
MD97Z (ro) * | 2008-03-27 | 2010-05-31 | Технический университет Молдовы | Motor electrohidraulic |
CN103953437B (zh) * | 2014-04-02 | 2016-09-21 | 孙大林 | 一种双活塞内燃机 |
JP7031458B2 (ja) * | 2018-04-06 | 2022-03-08 | 株式会社Ihi | 可変圧縮装置及びエンジンシステム |
JP7031457B2 (ja) * | 2018-04-06 | 2022-03-08 | 株式会社Ihi | 可変圧縮装置及びエンジンシステム |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE290786C (fr) * | ||||
BE392783A (fr) * | ||||
FR1153247A (fr) * | 1956-06-29 | 1958-03-04 | Embiellage élastique pour moteurs à explosion | |
DE2753563A1 (de) * | 1977-12-01 | 1979-06-07 | Daimler Benz Ag | Hubkolben-brennkraftmaschine |
GB1579373A (en) | 1977-04-02 | 1980-11-19 | Moiroux A | Internal combustion engine |
EP0080314A1 (fr) | 1981-11-17 | 1983-06-01 | Aeci Limited | Nitrato-polyéthers et leur utilisation |
JPS5954735A (ja) * | 1982-09-22 | 1984-03-29 | 「峰」岸 律夫 | 伸縮ストロ−ク・4サイクルエンヂン |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SU647468A1 (ru) * | 1977-09-05 | 1979-02-15 | Машиностроительный Завод Им. Ф.Э. Дзержинского | Шатун переменной длины |
-
1994
- 1994-07-07 MD MD94-0171A patent/MD559C2/ro active IP Right Grant
-
1995
- 1995-07-06 WO PCT/MD1995/000002 patent/WO1996001943A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1995-07-06 KR KR1019970700094A patent/KR970704957A/ko active IP Right Grant
- 1995-07-06 EP EP95925157A patent/EP0769099A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-07-06 CA CA002194587A patent/CA2194587A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1995-07-06 JP JP8504232A patent/JPH10502986A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE290786C (fr) * | ||||
BE392783A (fr) * | ||||
FR1153247A (fr) * | 1956-06-29 | 1958-03-04 | Embiellage élastique pour moteurs à explosion | |
GB1579373A (en) | 1977-04-02 | 1980-11-19 | Moiroux A | Internal combustion engine |
DE2753563A1 (de) * | 1977-12-01 | 1979-06-07 | Daimler Benz Ag | Hubkolben-brennkraftmaschine |
EP0080314A1 (fr) | 1981-11-17 | 1983-06-01 | Aeci Limited | Nitrato-polyéthers et leur utilisation |
JPS5954735A (ja) * | 1982-09-22 | 1984-03-29 | 「峰」岸 律夫 | 伸縮ストロ−ク・4サイクルエンヂン |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 8323, Derwent World Patents Index; Class A95, AN 83-54393K * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 008, no. 160 (M - 312) 25 July 1984 (1984-07-25) * |
S.N. BOGDANOV: "Automobile engines", MASHINOSTROENIE, 1987 |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL1005395C2 (nl) * | 1997-02-06 | 1998-08-07 | Leon Ruben Van De Werve | Verbrandingsmotor met variabele compressieverhouding. |
WO2016154652A1 (fr) * | 2015-03-31 | 2016-10-06 | Avl List Gmbh | Bielle réglable en longueur |
US10669930B2 (en) | 2015-08-10 | 2020-06-02 | Avl List Gmbh | Reciprocating piston machine comprising a length adjustable connecting rod and an inductively actuatable control valve |
US10954849B2 (en) | 2015-12-14 | 2021-03-23 | Avl List Gmbh | Length-adjustable connecting rod with electromagnetically-actuatable switching valve |
US10876474B2 (en) | 2016-05-31 | 2020-12-29 | Avl List Gmbh | Length-adjustable connecting rod, device for setting a compression ratio and internal combustion engine |
US11199130B2 (en) | 2016-05-31 | 2021-12-14 | Avl List Gmbh | Length-adjustable piston rod with a control device that can be hydraulically actuated and a switching valve that can be electromagnetically actuated, a reciprocating piston engine and a vehicle |
US10738690B2 (en) | 2016-07-06 | 2020-08-11 | Avl List Gmbh | Connecting rod having an adjustable connecting rod length with a mechanical actuating means |
CN109891067A (zh) * | 2016-10-27 | 2019-06-14 | 阿比吉特·马亚戈 | 操作内燃发动机的替代程序 |
WO2018078482A1 (fr) * | 2016-10-27 | 2018-05-03 | MAJAGE, Abhijit | Autre procédure pour faire fonctionner un moteur à combustion interne |
US11066987B2 (en) | 2017-02-24 | 2021-07-20 | Avl List Gmbh | Method for operating a reciprocating piston machine having at least one piston rod that is hydraulically adjustable in length |
CN111527291A (zh) * | 2017-12-28 | 2020-08-11 | 株式会社 Ihi | 可变压缩装置和发动机系统 |
CN111527291B (zh) * | 2017-12-28 | 2022-03-01 | 株式会社 Ihi | 可变压缩装置和发动机系统 |
US11162440B2 (en) | 2018-04-06 | 2021-11-02 | Ihi Corporation | Variable compression device and engine system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH10502986A (ja) | 1998-03-17 |
EP0769099A1 (fr) | 1997-04-23 |
MD559C2 (ro) | 1997-01-31 |
KR970704957A (ko) | 1997-09-06 |
MD559B1 (en) | 1996-05-31 |
CA2194587A1 (fr) | 1996-01-25 |
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